Class 9 – Page 39 – MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 Growth of Rural Economy

October 18, 2024October 17, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 Growth of Rural Economy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Who owns resources in a capitalistic economy?
(a) Government
(b) Both
(c) Individual
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Individual

Question 2.
Which Mughal ruler did give priority to the construct canals to increase irrigation facilities?
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Akbar
(b) Shahjailan
(d) Humayun.
Answer:
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq

Question 3.
Before the arrival of Britishers the rural economy was based on –
(a) Currency system
(b) Self-sufficiency
(b) Imports
(d) Exports.
Answer:
(b) Imports

Question 4.
The percentage of rural population India in the year 2001 was –
(a) 21.4
(b) 32.0
(c) 65.1
(d) 72.2.
Answer:
(d) 72.2.

Question 5.
When was land reform introduced in India?
(a) After independence
(b) Before the arrival of Britishers
(c) In vedic period
(d) In Mughal period.
Answer:
(d) In Mughal period.

Fill in the blank:

An …………… is a system by which people earn their living.
Now mainly ………….. crops are produced during a year.
The primary objective of farming was ……………. before the arrival of the Britishers.
The zamindari system was started by ………………

Answer:

economy
three
self sufficiency
Lord Cornwallis.

True or False:

The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.
Villages got completely independent after the arrival of the British.
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into one big farm.
Contribution of agriculture in the national income is increasing after independence.

Answer:

True
False
True
False

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term ‘economy’.
Answer:
An economy is a system by which people earn their living and it comprises of the production units existing in that area. In other words we can say, an economy of a country includes shops, mines, banks, roads, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals etc. which provide employment to people and produce goods and services which is also used by the people of that place.

Question 2.
How were the village economies in India organised before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
In ancient times majority of population resided in villages. In fact villages were a major unit of the economy. At that time villages were self-sufficient, prosperous and happy. The villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only.

Question 3.
What is meant by self – sufficiency of villages?
Answer:
Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only before the arrival of the British.

Question 4.
What were the main categories of working population of ancient villages?
Answer:
The main categories of working population of ancient villages were:

Farmers
Artisans
Village officer.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the structure of Indian rural working community before the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
There were three main components of the working population or community is before the terminal of Britishers Farmers, artisans and village officer.

Farmers:
The most important component of the rural economy was the fainer. The special feature was that every farmer in the village had his own house and share in the land. They were resourceful. Livelihood was the primary objective of farming.

Artisans:
Artisans included carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers weavers etc. They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself.

Village Officers:
The village officers were of three types:

Mead
Maal Gujar
Kotwal.

Question 2.
Why did the transfer of land – holding start after the arrival of the Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. Farmers lost their prosperity.

They started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the moneylenders started confiscating ‘ their land. Thus, the agricultural, land was transferred to the money- v lenders from farmers – As a result the farmers became landless.

Question 3.
Why did’ the Barter system of exchange prevail in India?
Answer:
Before the arrival of the British the villages were self – reliant and self – sufficient. They fulfilled their heeds through local resources. Hence barter system of exchange prevailed in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and moneylenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit doctor, barber, washserman, were made in the forms of grains or other things.

Question 4.
What changes occurred in the structure of rural economy 1 after independence?
Answer:
Several changes occurred in the structure of rural economy after independence:

Structure of community on the basis of availability of land we can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them big farmers, medium farmers, small farmers and landless farmers.
Multiple cropping Mainly three crops are produced during a year kharif, rabi and jayed.
Migration of population towards cities – The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment etc.
Rise of monetary system -Barter system is not in existence. Today currency is used everywhere.
Inadequate facilities of transport and communication In villages, most of the roads are kachha roads. In rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas.
Development of subsidiary and cottage industry.
Institutional changes.
Extension of education and health facilities in India.

Question 5.
Why did the population migrate from villages to cities?
Answer:
The Britishers exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous villagers had to face poverty and starvation. They became prey to unemployment and lack of basic facilities. As a result they began to flee towards cities in pursuit of a better life.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question l.
Write about the characteristics of ancient rural economy of India.
Answer:
Characteristics of ancient rural economy are given below:

Self – sufficiency:
Villages were self-reliant and self – sufficient. Self – sufficiency means that villagers fulfilled their needs through local resources only. It was possible because of two reasons. First the needs of villagers were limited and second there was lack of the means of transport and communication.

Barter System:
Barter system of exchange was prevalent in the ancient rural economy. The farmers obtained the required goods and services from artisans and money – lenders and gave them food – grains in exchange. All the payments for the services of pandit, doctor, barber, washer – man were made in the form of grains or other things.

Simple Division of Labor Economic activities were divided. The division of work was heredity or based on tradition as farming and animal husbandry, and on caste or in accordance to traditions blacksmith, goldsmith, carpenters, cobbler, barber, washer-man etc. This division of labor was absolutely simple. , Immobility of Labor It was a significant characteristic of ancient economy.

Due to lack of means of transport, caste system, problem of language and food habits, laborers used to stay in their villages. Generally ’they did not go out of their villages. Indifferent Attitude Towards State: The villagers were not interested in the activities of the state.

Question 2.
What efforts did the government take for the development of rural economy after independence?
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self – help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable.

For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

Crop insurance policy has also been introduced. The loan facilities has been provided for the modernization of agriculture by establishing rural banks and government banks for the fulfillment of rural finance. The government decides a minimum support price for the sale of crops at reasonable price.

The facility for storage and marketing is also provided. Efforts have been made to connect all the villages through road network. An aim to connect rural areas throughout the year through roads under the Prime Minister road scheme of Central government has been made.

2. Housing, Cleanliness and Health:
The government has introduced Indira Awas Yojna in villages for healthy hopsing system ‘ in place of unhealthy housing system. The Central rural cleanliness programmer contributed a lot for the cleanliness of rural areas. It has some other aspects also to bring quality to life and to provide, dignity to women.

Attention is also being paid towards cleanliness. of drinking water and basic needs in schools. In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

3. Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Cottage and small; scale industries play a significant role for the development of rural areas. The government is continuously making efforts to develop them in rural areas. Such as

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Handloom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(3) The government departments give preference to these sector over Gather sector in making purchase of goods produced by small scale industries. Apart from this, fare, exhibition, temporary markets are arranged to promote their sale in foreign countries as well as our country.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

(5) Thus by providing various type of protection to these industries their competition with large industries has been ruled out. In this manner through the efforts of government all efforts are being made for the upliftment of villages. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi father of nation have been made the basis and efforts are being made for strengthening the rural economy.

Question 3.
How do cottage and small industries help in the development of rural economy of India? Explain.
Answer:
From the very beginning, Central Government and State Government have endeavored’ for the development of villages and village economy through five year plans and have achieved enough success. But, a lot of work is still to be accomplished.

The government emphasized on the public participation for the development programmers through self-help groups and Panchayati Raj institutions. The government efforts can be explained on the basis of the following points:

1. Land Reforms:
Through the abolition of Zamindari system, land ceiling, land consolidation and by bringing cultivable wasteland under cultivation uneconomic land holdings have been made profitable. For restoration of land and to restrict its transfer in , rural areas, the government has distributed the wasteland and land obtained through ceiling of land holdings, and ‘Bhoodan’ among the farmers.

In villages awareness regarding food, health, and education is being spread through family welfare center and Aaganwadi Kendras. Television and Radio are also, playing an important role in this work.

(1) Government has established special institutions to solve the problems of these industries. All India Board of Hand-loom Industry, Indian Cottage Industry, Khadi Gramudhyog etc are examples of these type of institutions.

(2) Bhartiya Laghu Udhyog is established for financial help.

(4) Training centers have been set up for technical assistance.

Question 4.
Give a comparative study of rural and modern economy.
Answer:
A comparative study of rural and modern economy:

Thus at present villages and villagers both have developed sufficiently. Most important fact is the awareness among the villagers. As soon as they get the resources, they become active for the welfare of themselves and their families. They have knowledge and understanding of education, training, health, cleanliness and politics. Awareness leads to increase in involvement and co-operation of people which ensures the success of plans.

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of an ‘ideal village?’ Explain.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

1. Advanced Agricultural System:
For the development of agriculture the small non-economic farms should be merged into- one big farm. Consolidation of land should be adopted. Group farming, use of bio and chemical fertilizers to increase the quality of crop, use of high yielding variety seeds and modern facilities of irrigation should be in practice. There should be proper arrangements for storage of crops and sale of crops through cooperatives and government assistance.

2. Housing Facilities:
In villages there should be proper facilities of housing. The houses should be clean whether they are kuchcha or pucca and along with this there should be toilets arid bathrooms within the houses. There should be separate space for \ animals and a proper system of preparing bio-gas by collecting cow dung.

3. Drinking Water Facilities:
The wells, tanks and pucca well with steps should be renovated for clean and safe drinking water. Arrangements should be such that no villager can dump waste into it. Attention should be paid for raising underground water in villages. Thus in villages there should be arrangements for proper drinking water for villagers.

4. Health Facilities:
In every village, there should be primary health centers, as well as doctors and medicines so that the problems of villagers can be solved at the village level itself. The villagers can avail the benefits of the government plans regarding health.

5. Education Facilities:
Efforts should be made to educate each and every child of the village. There should be awareness among villagers for education of girls. There should be provision of adult education in villages along with traditional education. Nutritive and clean mid-day meal should be provided.

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that’ it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

8. Awareness towards Energy and Environment:
There should be a provision of electricity for power in villages. If possible alternative energy should be used. There should be awareness among villagers towards their environment.

Such a system should be; developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

10. Administrative System:
We have a system of Panchayats in our villages. The members of Gram Panchayat. and Sarpanch should be aware and active for the development of villages so that the facilities of cleanliness, drinking water, health and security can be made available to villages. Administrative transparency should, be increased.

The employees of each office in which village secretariat, Panchayat Bhawan, Aaganwadi, Cooperative Societies and School buildings are included should be motivated to keep their offices clean. The name of buildings should be written permanently.

11. Facility of Finance:
The villagers mainly depend on local moneylenders for finance who often exploit them. In an ideal village, facilities of rural banks and co-operative banks should be provided, so that villagers may have facilities of finance. The saving habits in’ villagers can be increased by making them aware towards self-help groups.

Question 6.
Discuss the efforts which are needed to make a village self-sufficient and developed.
Answer:
The important heritage of a country is its land and the people residing is it. The spirit of India is in its villages. This is a country of villages. Today 72% of population resides in rural areas. But the condition of villages is not good. Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villages ideal villages. An ideal village should have the following characteristics:

6. Facilities of Transportation:
For proper facility of transport there should be roads in villages so that it can be connected with nearby villages, small towns and district headquarters. Roads should be such that they can be used in all seasons by all people.

7. Communication Facilities:
There should be proper provision for communication facilities; telephone, post offices, internet facilities should be available.

Such a system should be developed by which the villagers use the refuse in a proper way, and if possible recycle it. Villagers should be active towards the; use of trees and plantation so» that greenery spreads in villages.

9. Industrial Development:
The agrobased industries should be developed in village for example dairy industry, poultry ‘ industry etc. Cottage industry should be developed in villages through which villagers can get employment in their own villages and their income can also be increased.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Measurement of land was done by –
(a) Mohammad Tughlaq
(b) Sher Shah Suri
(c) Jehangr
(d) Shahjahan.
Answer:
(b) Sher Shah Suri

Question 2.
The working population in ancient time was divided into –
(a) Farmers and artisans
(b) Farmers, carpenters and landlords
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer
(d) Farmer, landlord.
Answer:
(c) Farmers, artisans and village officer

Question 3.
The chief officer of the village was –
(a) Plead
(b) Maal Gujar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Panchayat.
Answer:
(a) Plead

Question 4.
The total population of India that resides in urban areas according to 2001 census is –
(a) 72.2%
(b) 27.8%
(c) 30.2%
(d) 19.2%.
Answer:
(b) 27.8%

Question 5.
Kharif crops are crops of –
(a) Winter season
(b) Summer season
(c) Rainy season
(d) Autumn season.
Answer:
(c) Rainy season

Fill in the blank:

……………. controls the resources in socialistic economy.
India is an …………….. country.
Exchange of goods in called ………………
In Bengal the Zamindari system was introduced in 1793 by ………………
Small farmers own less than …………….. hectares of land.

Answer:

Government
agricultural
Barter system
Lord Cornwallis
2.

True or False:

Before the arrival of Britishers, the rural economy was based on imports.
During Akbaris Srign Todarmal got the measurement of land done in an accurate manner.
In the ancient rural economy there was Bartor system.
Joyed is an annual crop.
India has 6,00,000 number of villages today.

Answer:

False
True
False
True
True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Mohammad Tughlaq construct canals?
Answer:
Mohammad Tughlaq constructed canals to increase facilities of irrigation.

Question 2.
Mention the two categories of Indian economy.
Answer:
Rural economy and urban economy.

Question 3.
In which three parts can Indian rural economy be divided?
Answer:

Rural economy before the arrival of the British.
Rural economy after the arrival of British.
Rural economy of Britisher after the independence.

Question 4.
Who were the artisans?
Answer:
Carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, goldsmiths, craftsmen, cobblers, weavers etc. were the artisans.

Question 5.
What did they do for the villagers? What did they get in return?
Answer:
They fulfilled the needs of villagers in the village itself. The remuneration of their work was paid in the form of grain or commodities.

Question 6.
Who kept the record of land revenue?
Answer:
Maal Gujar kept the record of land revenue.

Question 7.
What do you mean by ‘Barter System’?
Answer:
Barter System of exchange was a system of exchange in which goods were exchanged directly with goods or services. Money was not used in it.

Question 8.
What do you mean by ‘big farmers’?
Answer:
‘Big farmers’ means those farmers who own land up to 2 -10 hectares.

Question 9.
With which season is jayed crop associated?
Answer:
Jayed crop is associated with summer season.

Question 10.
Who are ‘small farmers’?
Answer:
‘Small farmers’ are those who own less than 2 hectares of land.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British?
Answer:
Following were the characteristics of rural economy before the arrival of the British:

Structure of rural working community
Self-Sufficiency
Barter System
Simple division of labor
Immobility of labor
Lack of contact with the outer world.
Indifferent attitude towards the state.

Question 2.
What were the three types of the village officers?
Answer:
The village officers were of three types:

1. Head:
He was the chief officer of the village and was liable to collect the rent from the farmers and then pay it to the ruler.

2. Maal Gujar:
He was the record keepers of land revenue.

3. Kotwal:
He informed about criminals and provided other important information to the ruler.

Question 3.
What changes were seen in the structure of economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
The Britishers affected agriculture and industry adverse and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change. Following changes were – seen in the structure of the economy:

Decline of workmanship and handicraft.
Change in the structure of rural community
End to self – sufficiency of villages.
Transfer of agricultural land
Backwardness of agriculture.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of an ideal village?
Answer:
Village reform is essential to make the country a leading country. We will have to make our villagers ideal villages. In an ideal village agriculture, should be developed and there should be proper arrangement for education, health and housing. In the village there should be awareness towards cleanliness and complete use of available resources.

Thus, an ideal village should have the following characteristics:

Advances agriculture system.
Housing facilities
Drinking water arrangement
Health facilities
Education facilities
Facility of transport
Facility of communication
Awareness towards energy and environment
Industrial development
Administrative system
Financial facilities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail the changes that were seen in the structure of Indian economy after the arrival of Britishers?
Answer:
We know that the Britishers made India their colony and ruled over our country for about 200 years. They exploited India as well as Indians from every point of view. They adopted such policies due to which prosperous India had to face poverty and starvation. It affected agriculture and industry adversely and the nature of Indian economy also underwent a change.

Following changes were seen in the structure of the economy:
Decline of Workmanship and Handicraft:
As a result of policies of the British the handicrafts man-ship in Indian villages declined. The artisans of the villages became unemployed. Prosperity and well-being of villages came to an end.

Changes in Structure of Rural Community:
The rural community which was divided into three parts farmers, artisans and village officer. This was now divided into several parts Zamindars, farmers, landlords, land – less farmers, cultivators, agricultural laborers etc. This division was an important reason of backwardness of agriculture.

End to Self – Sufficiency of Villages:
As a result of commercialization of agriculture the crops were transported and sold out of the villages and the required commodities were brought from outside to the villages. Thus, the self-sufficiency of villages ‘came to an end.

Transfer of Agriculture Land:
Farmers started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans the money – lenders started confiscating their land. Thus the agricultural land was transferred to the moneylenders from farmers. As a result the farmers became landless and homeless.

Backwardness of Agriculture:
The Zamindari system started by the English had a bad effect on farmers and farming. The farmers became poor and indebted. Neither the government nor the Zamindars showed interest in the improvement and productivity of land which resulted in the exploitation of farmers and farming.

Question 2.
What changes were observed in Indian rural economy after independence? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Even after half a century of India’s Independence 72.2 per cent of the total population of India resides in villages and only 27.8 per cent population resides in urban areas according to 2001 census. In the same way the number of villages is 6,38,588 while the number of cities is only 5,161. It means that out of 10 persons, 7 reside in villages. Today also India is a country of villages, and the economy is Agrobased.

\(\frac { 2}{3}\) ^rd population of the country directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture for their livelihood. But the contribution of agriculture to the gross product of the country is only 26 per cent. Rapid economic growth has taken place through the five year plans and the rural economy is also not left untouched due to this. The form of villages is changing the shape of villages. Several changes are observed in the rural economy. Of those, the chief are as following:

I. The structure of community On the basis of availability of land:
We can divide the farmers into four categories on the basis of ownership of land available to them –

Big farmers – Who own land up to 2 – 10 hectares.
Medium farmers – Who own 2 hectare or some more than 2 hectares of land.
Small farmers – Who own less than 2 hectare of land.
Landless farmers – Who do not own any land are tenant farmers or are agricultural laborers.

II. Multiple cropping:
Now mainly three corps are produced during a year. Kharif, Rabi and Jayed. Kharif crops are crops of rainy season which are harvested up to September – October. Jayed is crop of summer. Today apart from traditional crops cultivation of cash crops is also practiced for example farming of flower, oil-seeds etc.

1. Migration of Population towards cities:
The rural population is fleeing towards urban areas due to poverty, starvation, unemployment, lack of basic facilities etc. In 1951 out of the total population, the percentage of rural population was 82.7 per cent which came down to 72.2 per cent in 2001 whereas the population in 1951 was 173 which increased to 27.8 in 2001.

2. Rise of Monetary System:
The earlier system of barter prevalent in villages is now almost extinct. Today currency is used everywhere. In the rural areas also money as a medium of exchange is used for buying and selling.

III. Inadequate Facilities of Transport and Communication:
Today a lot of efforts are being made to link all villages through means of transport and communication but most of the roads are Kachcha roads. Therefore in rainy season many villages are cut off with their nearby village areas. Rest of the year truck, bus, train, jeep, motorcycle and cycle are being used. At present villages are also linked by means of television and telephones.

IV. Development of Subsidiary and Cottage Industry:
After independence a lot of attention was paid towards the cottage and small scale industries to make them strong and developed. According to the availability of local raw material in each village cottage industries were developed which has increased employment opportunities and farmers are able to increase their income by working in their free time.

V. Institutional Changes:
Comparatively in very short span of time the farmers in the villages have started adopting new technology. Now pumps are being used instead of ‘Rahat’ for irrigation. The plough is substituted by furrow and bullock cart by truck and tractor trolley. The big machines are being used by big farmers. The use of thresher is very common today.

VI. Extension of Education and Health Facilities in India:
The modern villages are generally becoming aware towards education and health. The children of big farmers are acquiring higher education.

In all villages there are primary, middle and higher secondary schools. Girls have also started studying with boys in schools. Health facilities are also available in villages. Through the means of communication also, the villagers are becoming aware of their health.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 History of Ancient India

October 17, 2024October 16, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 History of Ancient India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following cities is not related to Indus civilization?
(a) Mohen-jo-daro
(b) Kalibanga
(c) Lothal
(d) Pataliputra.
Answer:
(d) Pataliputra.

Question 2.
Which of foreign travelers come to India during Chandra Gupta Maurya’s period?
(a) Falien
(b) Arian
(c) Hieun Tsang
(d) Megasthenese.
Answer:
(d) Megasthenese.

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d) Magadh
2. (a) Kautilya
3. (b) Mahatma Buddha
4. (c) Vikrmaditya
5. (e) Kalinga War

Fill in the blank:

The founder of the Jain religion was ……………….
Mahatama Buddha attained enlightenment under the …………… tree.
India’s two great epics are the …………….. and …………….
The founder of the Gupta’s dynasty was …………….

Answer:

Vardhaman Mahavir
Pipal
Mahabharta, Ramayan
Sri Gupta

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write names of Vedas.
Answer:
There are four Vedas:

Rigveda
Samveda
Yajurveda
Atharvaveda.

Question 2.
Write the names of the four chief cities of the Indus civilization.
Answer:
The four chief cities of Indus civilization are:

Mohen-jo-daro
Harappa
Ropar
Kalibanga.

Question 3.
Who was Megasthenese? Name the book written by him.
Answer:
Megasthenese w’as a foreign traveler who came to India during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya. The name of the book written by him is Indica.

Question 4.
Write the names of chief education institutions of ancient India.
Answer:

Taxshila University
Nalanda University

Question 5.
Who was Kautilya? Write the name of the book written by him.
Answer:
Kautilya was a famous economist during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya. The name of the book written by him is Arthashastra.

Question 6.
Which Gupta ruler was successful in repulsing the Huna attacks?
Answer:
Skanda Gupta was successful in repulsing the Huna attacks.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who discovered the cities of Mohen-jo-daro and Harappa?
Answer:
The city of Mohen-jo-daro was discovered by Rakhaldas Banerjee and the city of Harappa was discovered by Dr. Day a ram Salmi.

Question 2.
Write about the new information received about river Saraswati.
Answer:
New discoveries have revealed that almost two-thirds of the Indus civilization is spread in the areas of the extinct Saraswati river and its tributaries. The contribution of Dr. Vishnu Shreedhar Wakandar’s research on the river Saraswati is of vital importance. During the Vedic period Saraswati was a very big river.

It is believed that the river Saraswati must have originated from the Shivalik ranges of the Himalayas and from it flowed to Ambala, Thaneser, Kurukshetra, Pahova, Sirsa, Hansi, Agroha, Hanumanganj and via Kalibanga to Anupgarh to Suratgarh. In due course of time due to ecological changes the Saraswati river slowly dried up and became extinct after some time.

Question 3.
What is the importance of Kalinga war in Indian history?
Answer:
The Kalinga war proved to be a turning point in the life of king Asoka. This war changed Asoka’s attitude and he followed a policy of peace rather than that of war. After this war, the era of military conquests or Digvijay was over and an era of spiritual conquest or Dhammavijay began. Asoka finally became a follower of Buddhism. Thus the Kalinga war gave a new direction to Asoka’s life.

Question 4.
State the political significance of matrimonial alliances made by Chandra Gupta – II.
Answer:
Chandra Gupta – II married Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty. This led to friendly relations between both the dynasties. He married his daughter Prabhavati Gupta to Rudrasena – II, the Vakataka King. This relationship secured Chandra Gupta’s control over the Sakas.

These matrimonial alliances proved to be politically very significant. The daughter of Kadama dynasty was also married in the Gupta dynasty. Due to this matrimonial alliances the glory of Chandra Gupta II spread to southern India as well.

Question 5.
Write about the chief features of the administrative organization during the Gupta period.
Answer:
Like Maurya rulers, the Gupta rulers also made public welfare as the basic foundation of their administration. The King was the highest official of the state. The final authority of the state was in his hands. There was a council of ministers and other officials to assist the King. The chief source of income was the land revenue, which was called ‘Bhaga’.

This was generally one sixth of the produce. Gupta Empire was divided into three parts Central, Provincial and Local administration. The chief objective of the Gupta rulers was public welfare. For this they made hospitals, Dharamshalas, or rest-houses, schools, roads, etc.

Question 6.
Write about the expansion of Harsha’s Empire.
Answer:
Emperor Harshavardhan was the son of ruler of Thanesar Prabhakar Vardhan. After Prabhakar Vardhan his son Rajyavardhan ascended the throne. When Rajyavardhan learnt of war between the ruler of Kannauj Grahavarman, husband of his sister Rajshree he fought against the King of Malwa Devgupta who had killed Grahavarman.

Rajyhavardhan defeated Dev Gupta but the King of Bengal Shashank, who was also the friend of Dev Gupta treacherously killed Rajyavardhan. Under these circumstances Harsha became the ruler of Thanesar. He ascended the throne in 606 A.D. at the ate of 16.

Since his sister Rajshree did not have any issue the throne of Kannauj also came in his hands. In this way he became the ruler of both Kannauj and Thanesar. His empire spread from Himalayas in the north to river Narmada in the south. To Bengal in the East to Indus. He had political relations with China and Persia.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about the contribution of the Indus civilization?
Answer:
The contribution of Indus Civilizations:
1. The People of Indus civilization had an artistic bend of mind. They were well-versed in the art of hairstyles, indulged in ornaments and cosmetics. People excelled in singing, music and dance.

2. Ornaments were made of copper, bronze, shells, ivory, clay, beads, etc.

3. Indus civilization paved the way to trade. Internal and external trade were is existence. Indus people had trade relatives with foreign countries. The contact with foreigners was both through land and water route.

4. Indus civilization gave a well – organized city planning system. For maintaining and keeping the city clean waste disposal terracotta pots (dustbins) and tins were placed at different places. Every city must have had an institution similar to Municipality for construction and renovation of roads, bridges, canal, public buildings, for controlling the shop and type of construction of individual homes, buildings, window, drains etc.

5. Indus civilization familiarized with the art of writing.

6. Indus people gave knowledge of efficient water drainage management.

Question 2.
Describe the Vedic civilization.
Answer:
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda, Atharvaveda, these four Vedas together with other contemporary literary works, is known as Vedic civilization. The entire vedic period indicates an extensive time period.

Social Life:
The Indian society during the Vedic period was formed of Aryans. Aryans had thousands of domesticated animals. They settled wherever food and fodder for animal was available. ‘The chief basis of social organization of the’ Aryans was the family or the clan. The oldest male member was the head of the family. Joint family system was prevalent during the period in which people of many generations lived together.

Varna – system was prevalent during the vedic period. There were 4 Varanasi Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. These Varanasi were, however not hereditary. For regulation of the social system Aryans considered life expectancy be 100 years and divided it into four Ashrams. These were Brahamcharya, (for learning and education), Grahastha (family life), Vanprastha (retirement from family life), Sannyas (giving up of worldly affairs).

Women enjoyed a high status in the society. Social evils like dowry, purdah system, child marriages were not prevalent. Women took keen interest in dressing up. Rice, Barley, Ghee (processed butter) and, milk formed the chief food of the Aryans. Chariot race, horse riding, hunting, dancing, gambling, game of dice were the chief means of entertainment.

Economic Life:
Vedic civilization was rural and was primarily ‘agrarian. Wheat, Jowar, Urad, Masoor (pulses) and Sesame were basically cultivated. Irrigation system was well developed. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry was the chief occupation. The status in the society was determined by the number of cows one had horse, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat etc. were domesticated.

Domestic systems of production and artisan-ship were highly developed. Carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith, cobblers, had great importance. Both internal and external trade flourished. Barter system was’ prevalent.

Religious Life:
Aryans made great progress in religious and spiritual sphere. The chief features of their religious lives were as follows:

Vedic Aryans was nature worshipers. They worshiped various forms of nature. Sun, moon, wind, clouds (Megh) Usha (Goddess of Light) were chief Gods and Goddesses.
There was a provision of ‘Yagyan’ for every Aryan. They believed that Yagyans pleased God and fulfilled all wishes. Yagyans were the chief basis of rites and rituals.
Though Aryans worshiped many Gods still they believed in Monotheism.

Political Life:

Vedic Aryans were organized into various ‘Janas’ or tribes. A tribe had members of the same clan or family.
The basis of political system was the clan. The father was head of the clan. Many clans together formed a ‘tribe or village’.
Many villages together formed the ‘Vish’ the head of the Vish was called the Vishapati.
Many ‘Vish’ together formed ‘Jana’ the head of which was ‘Gopa – 1.

Rig Vedic people organized themselves into communities which were called ‘Janas’. The chief of the tribe the Pradhan or leader was called ‘Rajan’ or Gopit, who was responsible for the safety of his community and animals. Vedic period administrative system was primarily monarchical. The position of the king was hereditary.

The chief duties of the king were – protection of the subjects waging wars, to maintain peace and give justice to the subjects. There were many subordinates to assist the King. The chief among them were the Purohits or the priest. The commander of the army Senani, Gramin (village officer, Sangrahita or the treasurer, revenue collector, charioteer, Palagal’ (King’s friend and amuser)

Sabha and Samiti:
Sabha and Samiti were important and effective political organizations of the vedic period. Probably they checked the arbitrary decisions of the king. Rigveda refers to these institutions.

Military Organization:
Tire Military Organization and art of warfare were considerably developed during this period. Infantry, cavalry and charioteers formed the main army. The main objective of the wars was self-defense, victory and to destroy the glory of neighboring kingdoms.

Question 3.
State the chief features of Chandra Gupta Maurya’s administrative organization.
Answer:
We learn about Chandra Gupta’s administrative system through Megasthenese’s. Indica and Kautilya’s Arthashastra.

chief features of his administration were as follows:

The King was the highest official of the Empire. He was the head of the army and administrator of justice. He was involved in the works concerning the welfare of his subjects.
There was a council of ministers to assist the King.
Espionage system, Judicial system and Military organization was strong.
Land revenue was the chief source of states income \(\frac { 1 }{6 }\)^th of the produce was taken as the tax.
The officer collecting taxes was called Samaharta.
Empire was divided into provinces. They were governed by Princes or members of royal family.
There were six Boards for city administration. Each had members.
Military system was very strong. It was looked after by six Boards. These were – Admiralty, Infantry, Cavalry, war chariots, elephant army board and commensurate which managed military transport.
Code of punishment were very strict.
From Kautilya’s Arthashastra we come to know that there were two types of Courts – civil (Diwali) and criminal (Faujdari).

Question 4.
Write about Asoka’s Dhamma and mention its chief features.
Answer:
Asoka was the third and most famous Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty. He proved his ability and talent during his father Bindusar’s reign. He was crowned in around 269 3.C. He fought a war with Kalinga which proved to be a turning point in his life. The war gave a new direction to him.

After the Kalinga war, Asoka embraced Buddhism. In his inscriptions he not only propagated the fundamental principles of Buddhism but also moral principles. His Dhamma was the summary of all religions. Asoka’s Dhamma aims for the welfare of all, and aims at mental, moral and spiritual upliftment of all living beings. His Dhamma was extremely simple and practical.

Mercy on all beings, speaking truth, wishing well being of all, respect to parents and teachers, were chief features of Asoka’s Dhamma. He sent for the spread of Buddhism in foreign countries. Asoka got many rock inscriptions and pillar inscriptions made.

His son and daughter Mahendra and Sanghamitra went to Srilanka for propagating Buddhism. He got Stu pas,constructed inscribed religious inscriptions established a department of religion and appointed officers called Dhamma Mahamatras. Most of the inscriptions of Asoka describe him as Devana Priyadasi which means favorite of Gods.

Chief features of Asoka’s Dhamma:

Sovereignty
Importance given to self-discipline and etiquette.
Non-violence and religious toleration.
Prominence of moral values.
Emphasis on practicing truth in life.

Question 5.
‘Gupta period is known as the golden period of Indian history’Justify the statement.
Answer:
There was an all round development during the Gutpa period. Therefore this period is referred to as the golden period. During this period there were great rulers like Chandra Gupta – I, Samudra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II, Vikramaditya. The rulers paid great attention towards the welfare of their subjects. They maintained peace and good administration. Each ruler made efforts to organize India into one political unit.

There was economic prosperity everywhere. Consequently art and literature saw a remarkable growth. The period produced mathematician and astronomers like Varahmihira, Aryabhatta and Bhramagupta. Aryabhatta in his ‘Surya-Siddhanta’ explained the causes of solar and lunar eclipses. He also declared that the earth revolves round its axis. He also wrote a book ‘Aryabhatiya’.

The invention of zero and decimal system also started during this period. The prominent mathematicians of Gupta period were also skilled in astrology. Besides, astrology and mathematics, literature, painting, architecture, physics, metallurgy and knowledge of astronomical occurrences was at its peak.

The reasons why the Gupta age is called the Golden age.

Era of great rulers.
Era of Peace.
Era of Political unity.
Ear of Econometric prosperity.
Era of Artistic progress.
Era of Literary progress.
Era of Scientific progress.
Security from foreign aggression.

Question 6.
Briefly describe the victory campaign of Samudra Gupta.
Answer:
After Chandra Gupta I his son Samudra Gupta inherited the throne. He extended the boundaries of the Empire inherited by him and gave political unity to India. In his victory campaign Samudra Gupta conquered nine powerful states of northern India and merged them into his Kingdom. He also conquered the Atavika states of central India.

In his conquest of the south ‘Dakshinapath’ he won over 12 states but returned them to the Kings. These states gave annual taxes to the Gupta rulers. Due to his victory over Aryavratai and Dakshinapath the frontier states and republics got scared and they accepted the sovereignty of Samudra Gupta. After his victory he performed the Ashvamedha Yagyan and issued gold currencies. References of his. victory are mentioned in Harisen’s Allahabad pillar inscription.

Samudra Gupta was a great Military commander, efficient politician and an invincible warrior. The famous historian Smith has called Samudra Gupta the ‘Indian Napoleon.’ Some of the Indian historians call Samudra Gupta greater and more practical than Napoleon because Samudra Gupta accomplished many victories but never incorporated the won states in his Empire nor did he try to impose his will upon these states. He only took gifts or taxes from’ the rulers and allowed the rulers to be independent but friendly states.

Question 7.
Write about the administrative organisation of Harsha – vardhan.
Answer:
Besides beings a conqueror, Harsha was also an able administrator, with a few changes he followed the Gupta organization. The pattern of Harsha’s administration was monarchical. The Emperor had the most prominent place in the central administration. He was the chief of the army and the highest court of appeal.

Tire main aim of the rule was the welfare of the subjects. There were many ministers and secretaries to assist the Emperor. The King was not bound to the decisions of the Council of Ministers. There were departmental heads like Mahasenapati (Commander in chief) and Maha Sandhivigrahdhikrt (Secretary of war and power).

For administrative convenience the vasts .empire was divided into provinces. Province-were called Bhukti or Desh. The administrator of Bhukti was called Uparik. Only the princes of the royal dynasty or members of The royal family were appointed to these positions. Each province was divided into various Vishayas (districts).

The administrators of Vishayas were called Vishayapati. He supervised the various activities of the district. The smallest unit of administration was the village. Harsha had a large army. The code of punishment during Harsha’s period was very strict. There were capital punishments for some crimes. Due to the strict code of punishment the rate of crime was less.

The sources of information on Harsha have been derived from Bana’s Harsha Charita and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues. The chief source of states income was land revenue. Generally land revenue was one/sixth of the produce. Taxes could be paid in the form of grain. Besides markets river banks tax on traders and fines were chief sources of state income.

The sources of information on Harsha have been derived from Bana’s Harsha Charita and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues. The chief source of states income was land revenue. Generally land revenue was one / sixth of the produce. Taxes could be paid in the form of grain. Besides markets river banks tax on traders and fines were chief sources of state income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who did write Rajtarangini?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Panini
(c) Kalhan
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Kalhan

Question 2.
From geographical point of view the world’s largest civilization is –
(a) Harppan civilization
(b) Vedic civilization
(c) Epic period civilization
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Harppan civilization

Question 3.
The most ancient epic is –
(a) Yajurveda
(b) Rigvdea
(c) Samveda
(d) Atharvaveda.
Answer:
(b) Rigvdea

Question 4.
Vanprastha means –
(a) family life
(b) retirement from family life
(c) giving up of worldly affairs
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) retirement from family life

Question 5.
The founder of Gupta dynasty was
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Samudra Gupta
(c) Skanda Gupta
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Sri Gupta

Question 6.
Which Gupta ruler has been called the ‘Indian Napolean’?
(a) Skanda Gupta
(b) Samudra Gupta
(c) Sri Gupta
(d) Chandragupta
Answer:
(b) Samudra Gupta

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (c) Fa-Hein
2. (d) Indica
3. (e) Indian Nepolean
4. (a) Gautam Buddha
5. (b) Kalinga

Fill in the blank:

In ……………….. many janpads are mentioned.
Mohen-jo-dro was discovered in 1922 by …………….
Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samveda are called …………….
………….. is the oldest work in the world.
Buddha was born at ……………..

Answer:

Mahabharata
Rabhaldas
Vedatriji
Rigveda
Lumbini.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of two epics.
Answer:
Mahabharata and Ramayan.

Question 2.
What is the literal meaning of ‘Mohen-jo-daro’?
Answer:
The literal meaning of Mohen-jo-daro is ‘The Mound of the Dead.’

Question 3.
What is known as Vedic civilization?
Answer:
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda, Atharvaveda – These four Vedas together with other contemporary literary works is known as vedic civilization.

Question 4.
Name the four varnas.
Answer:
Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras.

Question 5.
What was the commander of the army called during vedic civilization?
Answer:
He was called Senani.

Question 6.
Which two religions emerged during the period 6th century B.C.?
Answer:
Jainism and Buddhism emerged during the period 6th century B.C.

Question 7.
What is the main principle of Jainism?
Answer:
The main principle of Jainism is Ahimsa or nonviolence.

Question 8.
Name three famous rulers of the Mauryan empire?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusar and Asoka-the-Great.

Question 9.
Whom did Chandra Gupta defeat in around 305 B.C.?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta defeated the Greek Commander Seleucus Nicator in around 305 B.C.

Question 10.
Who fought a war with Kalinga?
Answer:
King Asoka fought a war with Kalinga.

Question 11.
What do you know about Asoka’s Dharma?
Answer:
Asoka’s Dharma was the summary of all religions. It aims for the welfare of all. It aims at mental, moral and spiritual upliftment of all living beings.

Question 12.
Who was the last Mauryan ruler?
Answer:
The last Mauryan ruler was Brihadrath.

Question 13.
What happened to him?
Answer:
He was killed by his commander Pushyamitra Sunga.

Question 14.
When did Harsha become ruler of Thanesar?
Answer:
Harsha became the ruler of Thanesar in 606 A.D.

Question 15.
Write the two sources of information on Harsha.
Answer:
The two sources of information on Harsha are Bana’s Harsha Charita – and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the chief civilizations and dynasties of Ancient India in Chronological order.
Answer:

Question 2.
Describe the literary sources that throw light on ancient Indian history.
Answer:
Indian literature has worldly and religious elements. Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajur / eda and Atharvaveda) Aranyakas, Upanishads, Vedangs, Sutras, Epics (Mahabharata and Ramayana) Smrities, Puranas, Buddhist liters Lure, Jain literature, Visakhadutta’s Mudrarakshhas, Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Patanjali’s Mahabhashya, Panini’s Ashtadhyayi, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini and other literary sources are chief sources of information about ancient Indian geographical, political, cultural, religious and economic life.

Question 3.
Write a note on ‘Public Bath’.
Answer:
In the excavations of Mohen – jo – daro a big bath has been found which is rectangular. It has a balcony on all the four sides and there are rooms behind the balconies, swimming pool and big wells to fill water in.

Every corner of the bath has staircase and the bath is made of baked bricks. This bath probably had religious significance and on sacred occasions people bathed in it. The great bath was so well constructed that it exists even today.

Question 4.
Write a note on Jainism.
Answer:
Vardharnan Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankar of the Jain religion. Mahavir was born to King Siddharth of Kundgrama. Vardharnan (Mahavir) was thoughtful and sober since childhood. He renounced the world after the death of his father. He attained Kaivalyagyan (highest knowledge) after 12 year’s of penance and meditation.

He was called a Jain (or victor over senses) as he got victory over his senses; and his followers were called Janis. The main principle of Jainism is Ahimsha or non – violence. According to Jainism non – violence it is not enough to refrain from violence but violence in thought, speech and allowing violence by others was also against religion. Mahavira professed the five vows.

Question 5.
Describe the chief features of Asoka’s Dharma.
Answer:
The chief features of Asoka’s Dharma are:

Sovereignty.
Importance given to self – discipline and etiquette.
Non – violence and religious tolerance.
Prominence of moral values.
Explains on practicing truth in life.

Question 6.
What were the causes of downfall of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
There were several causes of downfall of the Mauryan Empire:

The successors of Asoka were incapable. They divided the Empire among themselves and could not keep the Empire of their ancestors intact.
The oppression of Provincial officers.
Lack of nationalism in the subjects.
Asoka’s policy of non-.violence made Military administration weak.
There was lethargy also in the administrative system.

Question 7.
Some of the Indian historians call Samudra Gupta greater and more practical than Napoleon. Justify it.
Answer:
Samudra Gupta was really greater and more practical than Napoleon beacuse he (Samudra Gupta) accomplished many victories but never incorporated the won states in his empire nor did he try to impose his will upon these states. He only took gifts or taxes from the rulers and allowed the rulers to be independent but friendly states.

Question 8.
How can you say that Harsha was one of the greatest rulers of India?
Answer:
Harsha was one of the greatest rulers of India. It is generally believed that Harshvardhan had control over the entire northern India. He was a great conqueror, able administrator promoted welfare of the people. He was religious person and a patron of learning. Due to his victories and spread of religious works he has been called an assimilation of Samudra Gupta and Asoka.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the contribution of Chandra Gupta II in consolidating and strengthening the Gupta Empire.
Answer:
Chandra Gupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, was a great ruler of the Gupta Empire. His contribution to the Empire is noteworthy.

1. Chandra Gupta – II married Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty. This led to friendly relations between both the dynasties. He married his daughter Prabhavati Gupta to Rundrasena II the Vakataka King. This relationship secured Chandra Gupta’s control over the Sakas.

These matrimonial alliances proved to be politically very important. The daughter of Kadama dynasty was also married in the Gupta dynasty. Due to this matrimonial alliance the glory of. Chandra Gupta II spread to southern India as well.

2. An important achievement of Chandra Gupta – II’s reign was victory over Sakas. As a result of this victory western Malwa, Gujarat, Saurashtra, states of Kathiawad came under the Gupta Empire. The western boundaries of Gupta empire reached the Arabian sea.

3. Chandra Gupta – II is also described as Vikramaditya. He was an able politician. He was a great victor, able administrator, admirer of knowledge, benevolent, and protector of intellectuals. Among the Navratnas (nine Gems) in his court Kalidas was supreme.

During Chandra Gupta’s period science, architecture, sculpture, saw remarkable progress. The Chinese traveler Fa-Hein came during his reign and stayed in India from 405-411 A.D. In his travelogues he has described the contemporary political, social and economic condition of India.

Question 2.
Describe the social and economic life of the Indus civilization.
Answer:
Social life in the Indus Civilization:
The study of the archaeological sources the Tarappan civilization proves that the society was divided into various groups. The prominent among them were potters, carpenters, weavers, plumbers, masons, artisans, bricks makers, bead-makers and sculptors. During the period, the priests must have occupied an important position and performed special duties. The remains found at Mohen – jo – daro point in this direction.

Besides these bureaucrats, military and government officials, intellectuals and traders and laborers also resided. The people of the Tarappan civilization had an artistic bend of mind. The people of the Harappan civilization were well versed in the art of hairstyles, indulged in ornaments and cosmetics. During this period people excelled in singing, music, dance etc. The statue of a dancing girl found during the excavation certifies the same.

Food habits of the period included both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. Ornaments were made of copper, bronze, shells, ivory, clay beads, beads made of horn and bones, hair clips, finger rings, bangles, necklace, amulets, bracelet, anklets, earrings were worn as ornaments.

They were also fond of hunting. From the remains found at Mohen-jo-daro a Yogi’s image on one of the seal (resembling Pashupatinath – Shiva) Rock Lin – gas (resembling Shiv Linga) can form an idea of the religious beliefs of the people. Besides these evidences of worship of snake, trees, the sun and water have also been found from excavation.

Economic Life in the Indus Civilization:
The economy I of this period was well developed. Agriculture was the main occupation. Besides agriculture, animal rearing, industry, internal and external trade, statue making industry, bricks industry, sculpture etc. were the chief industries. Indus people had trade relations.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

October 17, 2024October 16, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a Democracy?
(a) Government of elected representatives.
(b) Respect of Rights.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person
(d) Free and impartial elections.
Answer:
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person

Question 2.
Which is the Democratic concept?
(a) Freedom
(b) Exploitation
(c) Inequality
(d) Individualism.
Answer:
(a) Freedom

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a demerit of democracy?
(a) Waste of public time and money
(b) Dominance of the wealthy
(c) Partisanship
(d) Public welfare.
Answer:
(b) Dominance of the wealthy

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the people, by the people, for the people-
(a) Machaivelle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Roussean
(d) Hautes.
Answer:
(d) Hautes.

Fill in the blank:

Aristotle has called Democracy as the …………….
The propounders of communism was …………… and ………………
A ……………….. constitution is essential for successful Democracy.
There is a wastage of ………….. and …………… in Democracy.

Answer:

Rule of many
Karl Marx and Lenin
written
time, money.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has been mentioned with reference to democracy in the later Vedic Period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic Period the Republican Form of Government and local self-governing institutions were prevalent.

Question 2.
What was the basic unit of administration in ancient India?
Answer:
In ancient India the basic unit of administration was Panchyat.

Question 3.
What right does the Marxist principle of democracy lay emphasis on?
Answer:
The Marxist principle believe that the political power must be rested in the hands of the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be rested in the hands of the entire society. This principle lays emphasis on a classless and stateless society.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two definitions explaining the meaning of democracy?
Answer:

Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation.

Question 2.
State the importance of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society.

In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions does not vest is an individual but in the hands of representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings pf the people. In the social sphere of man’s life democracy gives a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth.

Question 3.
What do you understand by indirect or representative democracy?
Answer:
When the people participate in the making of law and controlling the working of administration through the elected representatives, it is called indirect democracy. In present times indirect democracy is practiced. In this the people choose their representatives for a definite period who form the legislature and make the laws. In this system the wishes of the people are expressed through the elected representatives.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by democracy. Write down its chief characteristics.
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘Demos’ and ‘Cretin’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’. It means a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives. It is also reformed to as Loktantra’ or ‘Jantantra’.

Characteristics of Democracy:
1. Accountable Ruling System:
The people can make the Government work in an accountable manner by asking question and criticizing it. Here the power to govern is basically with the people which is handed to the representatives for a fixed term. Therefore the accountability of the governing is essential for the people else the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

2. Rule based on Equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. In this form of government all citizens without any discrimination have equal civil and political rights. Elections in a fixed time period are essential for democracy. All adult citizens have equal rights to vote and contest elections as candidates in these elections.

The present democracies emphasis on social and economic equality as well. The basic traits of democracy are equal social and economic opportunities and equal importance to an individual personality. Therefore ‘one person one vote’ is the axis of democracy.

3. Strengthening System of Freedom:
In a democracy various types of freedom are given to the criticizers for their all-round development. Besides political freedom rights to various types of religious and cultural freedoms are also given to the citizens. In a democracy elasticize have the right to vote, get elected, hold public offices, give speeches, freedom to express, form associations, organize meetings, address people or practice any profession or trade.

4. Rule of Law:
By rule of law is meant that everyone is equal before law. Similar punishment is given for similar crime, whatever be the status and position.

5. Independent and Impartial Elections:
Conducting elections only is not enough in democracy but elections must be conducted in an independent and impartial manner so that the possibility of winning or losing election for the people in power is also there. There should be no pressure on the voters during elections and the election process should also be impartial.

The will of the people is supreme in a democracy. In this form of Government elections are held from time-to-time. For forming the Government various political parties and independent candidates also have the freedom to participate in these elections.

6. Existence of Written Constitution:
Definite fundamental principles and procedures of administrative organization is the most important feature of Democracy so that any ruling party on the basis of its majority may not define or change it according to its whims and fancies. The constitution of organs of government, procedures etc.

must be clearly defined in the constitution. Therefore, a written constitution is considered to be very important. Democracy is based on equality and freedom of the citizens. Therefore it is necessary to define them in the fundamental laws of the constitution.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure the rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. Therefore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

Question 2.
Describe the merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits:
1. Based on Highest Values of Humanity:
Democracy is based on higher values like equality, justice and brotherhood and everyone is treated with equality respecting every individuals dignity. It develops virtues like self-respect and self-reliance in the citizens.

2. Public Welfare:
In a democracy the representatives of the people govern who are elected by the people for a definite period. They are always afraid that if they do not work in accordance with the wishes, feelings and need of the people then they will be defeated in the next elections. Therefore, the government is responsible to the people in a democracy and is always vigilant about their interests. Therefore public welfare is always kept in mind in a democracy.

3. Political Education:
Democracy is the best means of political education. People take interest in political field naturally, due to the right to vote and freedom to hold political position. Freedom of expression and the use of means of communication, promote the tendency to exchange ideas among citizens.

4. Growth of Feeling of Patriotism:
Democracy is the rule of the people for attaining public welfare for the people. People feel associated with the Government and state since they are politically conscious. This association promotes the feelings of love and commitment for the nation. This leads to the cultivation of nationalism.

5. Minimum Possibility of Violent Revolution:
Democracy is a philosophy of peace and tolerance. Its based on understanding and consensus. The opposition also has a right to put forth its views. Therefore, the opposition also criticizes and condemns the Government. If the majority of the people are dissatisfied with the ruling class it can easily remove them through constitutional methods. Therefore there is a least possibility of a violent revolution in the democracy.

Demerits:
1. Emphasis on Quantity rather than on Quality:
In a democracy more importance is given to quantity than quality. Only the votes are counted in this system. The vote of every voter has equal value irrespective of whether he is capable or incapable.

2. Rule of the Incapable:
Governance is an art. For this special knowledge and qualifications are required. The aim of welfare of the entire society cannot be realized if the ruler does not have the knowledge of this art. Only a few people have the art, capability and the potential to govern.

But in a democracy there is a rule of the majority and a capable person is also equated with an incapable. In developing countries the situation is even me e pitiable. Therefore critics also call democracy as a rule of the incapable.

3. Waste of Public Time’ and Money:
Only after a long and complex procedure the legislature is formed. Sometimes it takes years to make important laws. Lot of money is spent on the election process. A lot of money is also spent on the members of parliament.

4. Domination of the Wealthy:
To say that everyone participates in the political process in a democracy is only theoretical. Practically the elections have become so expensive that common people cannot even think of participating in the election for any position. To contest elections on money has become a common features of Democracy system. Candidates contesting elections spend a lot of money in campaigning. This has led to the transformation of Democracy from ‘Rule of the People’ to the ‘Rule of the Rich’.

5. Partisanship:
For the regulation of present Democracy political parties are becoming essential. Political parties are formed on the basis of ideologies but their main aim is to acquire power. To influence people and win popularity political parties levy baseless charges against each other opposition for the sake of opposing and not for principles or values becomes the aim of the political parties.

Political parties become a battling ground for those who influence the feelings of the people through negative campaigning and find ways and means to fulfill their selfish motives and establish their supremacy. Their immoral behavior during elections embitters the entire environment. Partisan interests becomes more important than public welfare and they also use political power to fulfill their selfish interests.

6. Weak during Wars and Emergencies:
There is a need to take quick decisions during a war or an emergency, but democracy proves to be ineffective during such times.

Question 3.
Describe the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
The fundamental principles of democracy are:

1. The Classical Principle of Democracy:
According to this principle the basis of governance is the consent of the people, but if the government does not come up to the expectations of the people, then the people can remove the government through next election. The welfare of the people is the aim of the government. This is also known as the liberal principle of Democracy, because it lays emphasis on the freedom of the people and supremacy of the society.

2. The Elitist Principle of Democracy:
This principle has been propounded in the beginning of the 20^th century. It lays emphasis on the basic natural inequalities among man and believes that in all political systems there are two classes the ruling and the ruled. Though the ruling class is in a minority still as a center of power it is an elite class. The power of governing is in the hands of this elite. class.

Generally people think that they are participating in the political process but actually their influence is confined to elections. The basis of elite is selection on the basis of superiority. Their superiority can be on any basis nature, thought, economic status, social and educational background, which makes them different from common people. Elite also consider themselves different and superior but they act and react with the common people.

Secondly this way integration of peoples sovereignty is attained. Elite have an influential role in deciding the policy or in the money and wealth of the society but in a democracy everyone has an equal opportunity to enter this elite class. On the other hand regulated and open election process acts as a hindrance for elite to work for the welfare of the people.

3. Pluralist Principle:
This principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organize himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the Government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interest.

This principle also believes that actually power is divided among these groups therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

4. Marxist Principle:
In the later 19th century a new principle of democracy based on the ideology of modern profounder of communism Karl Marx and Lenin came forward. According to this principle for the establishment of true democracy a classless and stateless society should be established first. Resourceful class is empowered with political therefore state itself becomes a group of exploiters.

The Marxist principle believes that the political power must be rested in the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be in the hands of the entire society. In such a condition alone will the administration be regulated for all and in the interests of all. This principle of democracy lays more emphasis on economic equality rather than on political and civil equalities. It recognizes that if a person has no food, clothing or shelter then the right to vote or to get elected is meaningless for him.

Question 4.
Describe the form and importance of democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy and ideas of democratic institutions are not new for India. It is believed that around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. during the Vedic period the tradition of representative consultation was prevalent among Indians. During the later Vedic period the Republican form of Government and local self – governing institutions were prevalent. In Rigveda and Atharvaveda a reference of Sabha and Samiti is found.

After the war of Mahabharat big empires started disappearing and many republican states rose. During the Mahajanpad period there was a birth of sixteen Mahajanpads which included Kashi, Kaushal, Magadh, Matsya etc. Some of the Mahajanpads were monarchical and others republic. Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both came from Republic.

Many rules of Buddhist monasteries resemble the rules of modern parliamentary system. For example Seating arrangement, various types of proposals, calling attention quorum, whip, counting of votes, motion thoughts related to justice etc. In the Vajji union everyone assembled for a meeting.

It was a form of direct democracy. Union of Vajji was formed by association of six republics. There was an elaborate system of self-government in villages and cities during the Mauryan period in India. Indian society was predominantly agrarian when the fundamental unit was self-governing and independent villages. The political structure was based on these village communities.

The village was administered by an elected Panchayat. The center of the village was a Panchayat Ghar where young and the old assembled. All members of the village elected the Panchayat every year. These elected Panchayats had ail rights in the matters of the village and the right to administer justice.

Panchayats distributed the land and collected taxes for the Government from the entire village. Some committees were formed from the elected members of the Panchayats. Each committee was formed for one year if any member misbehaved he could be immediately removed. If a member was unable to give a proper account of public exchequer he was declared incapable.

At the central level the king ruled. The king did not have autocratic rights based on Divine rights like kings in Europe. If the king misbehaved the subjects had the right to remove the king. There was a state council to give advice to the king. The king worked in accordance with the wisbs of the people and the advisors of the king (ministers / officers) respected the Panchas at the local levels. Therefore in ancient India the meaning , of Rule of Kings’ was serving the subjects.

Question 5.
What is the concept of democracy? Describe the present form of Indian democracy.
Answer:
The main concept of democracy is that the entire power of the state vests in the. people and not in any individual, group or dynasty. Therefore participation of the people is the basic , foundation of democracy. All must participate in the taking of such decisions or work which affects everyone.

By democracy is a meant a system of governance where public welfare is of utmost importance. Democracy is not confined to a system of governance. It is a form of state and society. Therefore, it is a mixture of state, society and governance.

Present Form of Indian Democracy:
In present times India is world’s largest democratic country. After getting independence Indian constitution came into force on 26^th Jan., 1950. India became a sovereign democratic republic after the enforcement of the constitution. Citizens were given universal adult suffrage in accordance with the fundamental principles of democracy by the constitution.

All adult Indian citizens were given . the right to vote without any discrimination by which the people could elect the representatives of their choice and form a popular Government. Indian citizens have shown an active participation and maturity in all the parliamentary and legislative elections. Barring the exception of emergency (1975-1977) holding of timely and impartial elections is an indicator of perpetual democracy in India.

Besides the elections for Panchayats and in cities municipalities and municipal corporation is also an example of Indian democracy being broad based. There are some challenges to Indian democracy. Indian democracy is getting affected i by illiteracy, caste-ism, linguism, regionalism, separatism, communism, political violence, social and economic inequalities, dominance of money and muscle power corruption and politics of vote banks.

Indian democracy can be freed from these problems by removing social – economic inequalities, expansion of education and establishing moral values. The commitment of Indian people towards democracy is clear from the various time bound elections and through change in power from time – to – time through constitutional methods. Therefore we can hope for perpetuation and success of democracy in India

Project Work

Question 1.
Collect information on the student council elections in your school. Write the process or procedure adopted in the elections of class representatives or student council. Make a beautiful chart of all representatives and office bearers.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information on the elections of your village Panchayat. Make a chart of winning and defeated candidates. Write the role of people of the village in the election process of the Panchayat.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who called democracy a rule of many’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Dicey
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 2.
Democratic system believes in –
(a) Inequality
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers
(c) Classless society
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers

Question 3.
Communism was in practice in Soviet Union till –
(a) 1980
(3) 2000
(c) 1990
(d) 2002.
Answer:
(c) 1990

Question 4.
Direct democracy is possible only in –
(a) States with less population
(b) States with big population
(c) Communist states
(d) Society with big population.
Answer:
(a) States with less population

Question 5.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation. Who is related with this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Dicey
(c) Lincoln
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Dicey

Fill in the blank:

………….. means a ruling system in which welfare of people is prominent.
Democracy is of …………………. types.
At present India is the biggest ……………….. country in the world.
After independence Indian constitution came into force on ……………
A group formed by definite geographical area, population, government and sovereignty is called a ………….

Answer:

Democracy
two
democratic
26 January , 1950
State.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The word democracy has been derived from which two Greek words? What do they refer to?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’.

Question 2.
What do you mean by direct democracy?
Answer:
When the people residing in a state themselves directly discuss on public issues on the basis of which policies are decided and laws made, then such a governance is called direct democracy.

Question 3.
Why is the accountability of the governing essential for the people?
Answer:
It is essential otherwise the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

Question 4.
Mention some freedoms given to the citizens in a democracy to their all round development.
Answer:
Freedom of holding officer, giving speeches, forming associations, organizing meetings, addressing people or practicing any profession or trade.

Question 5.
In which situation can judiciary give verdict against the Government?
Answer:
Judiciary can give verdict against the Government if it works against the constitution.

Question 6.
Where is direct democracy possible?
Answer:
Direct democracy is possible only in states with less population and small in size.

Question 7.
Where is direct democracy prevalent today?
Answer:
Direct democracy today is prevalent in some cautions of Switzerland and under the Panchyati raj system in the Gram Sabhas in India.

Question 8.
Write any two chief features of democracy.
Answer:

Accountable ruling system.
Rule based on equality.

Question 9.
On what bases is democratic system established?
Answer:
Democratic system is established on the dignity and equality of citizens, freedom, brotherhood and justice.

Question 10.
What is the fundamental belief of democracy?
Answer:
The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interest of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

Question 11.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives.

Question 12.
Write the main types of democracy?
Answer:
The main types of democracy:

Direct Democracy
Indirect Democracy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions does Marxism give for the establishment of a real democracy?
Answer:
For the establishment of a real democracy Marxism gives the following suggestions:

Social ownership of means of production and distribution.
Equal distribution of wealth and fulfillment of everyone’s fundamental needs.
For representation of people with similar economic interests the complete power to administer must be in the hands of one party. Marxism believes such a democracy to be actual and best democracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about the pluralist principle of democracy?
Answer:
The pluralist principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organised himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interests.

This principle also believes that actual power is divided among these groups. Therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

Question 3.
What is the need and importance of a constitution for a democracy?
Answer:
In the present democratic system the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interests of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

In a democracy the common people easily get to know the procedure of formation of the Government and rights and duties of the citizens. There should also be a provision to ensure that the constitution may not be easily changed.

In this manner it is important to have a written constitution for safeguarding democracy. Democracy is therefore called the Rule of Law. Here the Law is above an individual or a group of individuals, which is ensured through written constitution. Therefore a constitution is very important for a Democracy. For strengthening democracies, democratic traditions are also important which give flexibility to a written constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of independent and impartial judiciary in the democracy?
Answer:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. There fore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not only a special type of ruling but it is a special perspective towards life. Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society. If the importance of a person is only in the political field then democracy will remain incomplete.

For realization of true democracy it is important that individual get equal opportunities of growth in political, social and economic sphere of life. In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions, does not vest in an individual but in the hands of the elected representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings of the people.

In the social sphere of mans life democracy imply a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste,, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth. Everyone must have equal right and opportunities to grow in one’s life equally without any discrimination and the society must have the underlying feeling of brotherhood and mutual cooperation.

In the economic sphere of man’s life by democracy is mean! a system, where every member of the society gets the freedom and the right to choose his means of livelihood or any profession. An effort to establish such a system is made where there is no exploitation of one by the other.

An effort is made to provide basic facilities so that he may fulfill his minimum economics need and live a dignified life, meaning to provide the facilities of food clothing, shelter, health, education, employment is the basis democracy. Democratic system believes in an organized and regular change of the rulers.

Democracy also believes that whatever changes have to be done in the political, social arid economic spheres can be done in a peaceful manner. This is the only administrative system which ensures the participation of the people in the political process. Therefore it is valued more than any other system of governance.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Major Cultural Trends

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Major Cultural Trends

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Where has the chariot driven bronze statue been found from?
(a) Diamabad
(b) Mohen-jo-daro
(c) Kalibanga
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Mohen-jo-daro

Question 2.
When did the first urbanization take place?
(a) New stone age
(b) Indus Civilization
(c) Mauryan period
(d) Gupta period.
Answer:
(a) New stone age

Question 3.
Who did talk about scientific basis of teaching?
(a) Vatsayan
(b) Asoka
(c) Samudra Gupta
(d) Kumar Gupta.
Answer:
(b) Asoka

Question 4.
Which dynasty did start coins with the Vina emblem?
(a) Maurya dynasty
(b) Gupta dynasty
(c) Vardhan dynasty
(d) Rajput dynasty.
Answer:
(b) Gupta dynasty

Question 5.
Who was the originator of Qauwali?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Tansen
(d) Amir Khusro
Answer:
(d) Amir Khusro

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d) Jainendra Vyakaran
2. (a) Temple of Khajuraho
3. (b) Mt. Abu
4. (c) Mohan-jo-daro and Harappa
5. (f) Mattavilasa Prahasana
6. (e) Gupta period

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has how many alphabets there?
Answer:
The longest inscription of Indus civilization has 17 alphabets.

Question 2.
DeepavanSa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to which literature?
Answer:
Deepavansa, Mahavansa and Divyadan are related to Buddhist literature.

Question 3.
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of which religion?
Answer:
Kalpa Sutra and Parishishta Pawan are literary creations of Jain religion.

Question 4.
Tulsidas, Surdas, Meerabai, Raskhan were follower of which Bhakti worship?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
In which period were the Ellora temples constructed?
Answer:
The Ellora temples, were constructed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal.

Question 7.
Who was Tansen?
Answer:
Tansen was an accomplished singer at Akbar’s court.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the feature of the Gupta period paintings?
Answer:
The features of Gupta period paintings are following:

Paintings was based on scientific lines.
The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These paintings are mostly based on religious themes.
They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisatva.
Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen.
These paintings are original, lively and impressive.
During Gupta period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

Question 2.
Write the Characteristics of architecture during the Indus civilization.
Answer:
The excavations at Indus valley provide information about the contemporary architecture. People of this period were experts, in the field of architecture. Big granaries, well – planned houses and cities, big palaces, ports, great bath throw suffice . light on the architecture.

Covered drains, doors and windows of buildings, direction away from the main road, kitchen inside the buildings, bathroom, adequate provision of ventilators, construction of ordinary and state buildings etc. are unique examples of architecture of Indus Civilization.

Question 3.
Write a note on Asoka pillars.
Answer:
The best specimen of Mauryan architecture are the pillars of Asoka, which were constructed by him for propagation of Dharma. These pillars are nearly 20 is number and located in various parts of India, Sarnath, Prayag, Kausmbhi in Uttar Pradesh. Pillars have been found in Lumbini and Nigilva in the plains of Nepal. Besides these at Sanchi, Lorya, Nandgarh and at various other places too, Asoka pillars have been found in Sanchi. The capital on the pillars was extremely creative.

Question 4.
Mention the features of temples of Gupta period.
Answer:
The special achievement of the period was in the field of temple construction. Temples were constructed with stones and bricks. The temples constructed during the Gupta period had flat roof. First Shikhar was constructed at Dasavatara in Devgarh temples (Jhansi U.P.).

After the construction of this temple, construction of Shikhars in the temples started. Many of these temples still exist such as Buddhist shrine in Sanchi, in Vidisha district of M.P., Bheetaragaon in Uttar Pradesh and temple at Deogarh are a few examples.

Question 5.
Write the differences between Nagara and Dravidian styles.
Answer:
The temples constructed during the early medieval period are classified into turn styles:

Nagara style
Dravidian style.

Differences between these two styles
1. Nagara style:

Nagar style temples were mainly constructed in north India.
In Nagar style the Shikhar is nearly spiral.
On the top is found around dome and kalash.

2. Dravidian style:

Dravidian style temples were constructed is south India.
In Dravidian style teiriples
the likars re rectangular constructed by placing rectangular blocks one over the other.

Question 6.
Write the differences between Mathura and Gandhara art.
Answer:
Mathura art:

Remains of Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanicai ali three religions have been found at Mathura.
The statues of Lord Buddha and Bodhisattva have been found in Mathura art.
The statues of Buddha are covered with drapery.
Statues have been constructed using the sand stone.

Gandhara art:

The subjects of Gandhara art were Indian while the . technique was Greek.
Statues were mostly built of slate.
Creased clothes have been shown on the statues.
Mahatma Buddha is also shown to be seated on a throne.

Question 7.
State the features of medieval period paintings.
Answer:
Medieval period paintings declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day-to-day life were presented. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

Mughal style painting is the Hamzanana which is also popular as Dastan-e-Amir Hamza. The specialy of these paintings are foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers. Fresco painting was started for the first time during Akbar period. During Jehangir’s period portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to person’s life started.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the main cultural trend of India? Write a comparative description of any one with reference to ancient and medieval period. Describe
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones.
In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

People of Indus valley civilization had knowledge of painting. We have enough evidence of this. Many paintings can be seen in the utensils and seals found here. Painting was also done on the walls of the buildings. In paintings natural scenes and animals both can be seen. Co-lours were also used in the paintings. On the basis of literature it can be said that these people expressed their feelings on walls, utensils and also through embroidery on the clothes.

Mayryan period painting grew as folk – art. Paintings were depicted on Mauryan buildings and pillars. Some of the paintings in Ajanta caves belong to the 1st century E.C. The painting of Chhadat Jatak in cave No. 10 is worth mentioning. Painting was based on scientific lines during the Gupta period. The finest examples of paintings are in the Ajanta caves. These . have been included in the world heritage sites.

These paintings are mostly based on religious themes. They have depicted Buddha and Bodhisattva. Descriptive scenes from Jataka stories can also be seen. These paintings are original, lively and impressive. The paintings of this period can be seen in the caves of Bagh (in M.P. Dhar district). The themes of the pictures in these caves are worldly. During this period beautiful colors in the pictures have been used.

During Harsha’s period paintings were made on the clothes. Reference of skilled painters during marriage celebrations have been found. These painters have painted various scenes. Women on this” occasion painted on utensils of clay. During Rajput period the art of painting had fully developed During this period many regional styles of painting had developed. Such as Gujarat style, Rajputana style etc.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Radha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 2.
How did literature grow from ancient to the medieval period?
Answer:
The Indian literature is as prosperous as glorious in Indian history. It has a vast store of Sanskrit literature. Indus civilization has the knowledge of script. Vedic period literature is very prosperous from the creativity point of view. The literature of this period was a very lively description of ancient life and values. Jain literature has three branches religious books, philosophical and secular writings.

These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Buddhism has greatly enriched the Pali and Sanskrit languages. There are enough evidences of Mauryan period literature. Though the inscriptions of Asoka it seems that two types of scripts were used – Brahmi and Kharosthi. During the Sunga Satvahana period there were scholars like Patanjali who wrote Mahabhasya on Panini’s Ashtadhyas and presented the rules of Sanskrit in revised form.

Gutpa period was the Golden age of literature. This period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. There were literary creations in many fields of Science and knowledge. Nalanda university was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Patliputra were chief centers of education. Harsavardhan respected the scholars. Banabhatta was a great writer of this period ,who wrote two books – Harsha Charita and Kadambari.

Harshavardhan himself wrote three Sanskrit plays Naga Nanda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. The creation of literary and extremely flowery work was towards rise during the Rajput period. Literature was predominantly romantic. Rajput rulers were scholars of highest order. King Munja, Bhoja, Amoghvarsha were prominent among them. During this period books were written on medicine, astrology, grammar, sculpture and various other subjects.

Along with North India there was literary creations worth- mentioning in South India as well. Pulkesin’s vassal wrote a book called Shabdavatar. Scholar Udaidev wrote a book called Jainendra Vyakaran. South India had special contribution to Sanskrit literature during the Pallava rule. Mehandra Verman – I wrote a book “Matvilas Prahsan”. There was growth of Tamil language during the Pallavas and Cholas.

The famous writer of the Tamil period was Jaigondar who wrote Kaligtuprani. Kamban wrote Ramayana in Tamil. Karichi was the chief center of learning where people from far off came for education. The growth of literature continued in the medieval period. The creation of religious and secular literature started during the period. Doha’s and puzzles became popular. Compositions of Namdev, Ramanand, Guru Nanak, Kabir, etc.

have a place of special importance in Hindi. Literary writings were done is Persian and Turkish language during the period. Urdu literature developed the most during the Mughal period.

Question 3.
Write the features of painting from the ancient to the medieval period.
Answer:
The contemporary social, cultural and political life can be understood through literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance and music and other performing arts. By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian culture which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts. (In this chapter we will study these in a sequential manner.) Comparative description of painting with reference to ancient and medieval period:

Painting:
The growth of painting depicts on the expression of man’s thoughts through paintings. The rich tradition of Indian painting reflects the sensitivity of Indian art towards colors. During different periods paintings have been made by the painters of contemporary society. In India paintings of prehistoric times, can be seen on various rocks and stones. In Bhimbetka caves near Rock Art of Bhimbetka Bhopal we can see a fine examples of this art.

Gujarat style has scenes depending Jain life style and religion. In Rajputana style, romantic scenes of Rad-ha Krishna have been depicted. Frescoes were made to decorate temples and palaces. The art of Miniature painting also developed during this period. These paintings were made to decorate the books.

Question 4.
Describe the Mughal period architecture.
Answer:
The influence of Islamic architecture can be dearly seen on the medieval architecture. The buildings constructed during the reign of various Sultans and Mughals. There was intermingling of Indian architecture with Persian, Turkish and Indian styles and architecture prevalent in other Islamic countries. Primarily Mosques, Mausoleums, Palaces, Massive gates (Torans), domes, Mehrabs and minar were constructed in Islamic architecture.

The Qutub-ul-islam mosque ih Mehrauli (Delhi) was constructed in 1139 A.D. and is recognized as the first mosque in India. The Qutub minar was constructed during the Sultanat period. It is 238 ft. tall and narrow towards the top. At various heights there are open balconies, which makes it distinct. The mosques of the period bad minarets four sides.

There are enough evidences of Mughal period architecture. In the history of architecture a new era started during the period. Scholars have called the new architectural style as Mughal architect. Mughal style developed as a result of fusion between foreign and Indian styles. Hence Mughal period architecture a mixed influence of Jain, Buddhist, Rajput, Persian, Baghdad style can be seen.

The engraving of diamonds in white marble, pietra dura and running water in the palaces are some of the salient features of Mughal architecture. The chief architectural places were Mosque of Qutub Minar Kabuli Bagh, Mosque of Panipat, Babri Mosque at Ayodhya, mosque at Agra fort. Not much progress in the field of achitecture was made during Humayun’s reign. During his reign two mosques were constructed at Ferozabad in Hissar. Shershah showed great interest towards architecture.

The most important architectural structure of Shershah’s period is a mosque constructed on a raised platform in the midst of a lake at Sasaram in Bihar. Beautiful amalgamation of Indian and Islamic architecture can be seen here. During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by red sandstone.

Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharnik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza are specimens of Akbar period architecture. Jehangir got Akbars and Itmad – ud – daulas mausoleum built. Raja Manning’s palace at Gwalior and Jaisinghs palace at Jaipur are unparalleled examples of architecture.

Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture. The chief features of architecture of the period were carved Mehrabs, and Minars. The famous buildings of Shahjahan’s period are Red Fort, at Delhi, Diwan-i-Khas, Jama Masjid and Taj Mahal at Agra. The biggest accomplishment of the period is the Taj Mahal when architecture reached its pinnacle of progress. Taj Mahal is 313 ft.

high square mausoleum made of white marble which has been built on 22 ft. high platform. The four corners 146 of the Mausoleum have a minar. It is two – stored on the top of a dome. In Gurudwaras Harminder at Amritsar is a unique creation of the contemporary period. It was constructed between 588 to 1601 A.D. After Shahjahan Mughal period architecture started declining.

Question 5.
How did sculpture develop in the medieval period?
Answer:
There was a splendid development in the field of sculpture in south India during the medieval period. Statues ‘and sculptures were used to decorate the interiors and outside of the temples. Islam did not believe in idol worship. This affected medieval sculpture. The art of sculpture began during the Akbar’s period. Sculpture was also encouraged during Jahangir’s region.

In Agra Fort, Amar Singh’s and Kama Singh’s statues were put up beneath ‘ the window. Tire palace of Fatehpur Sikri’s Elephant gate entrance is decorated with two massive elephants. The art declined during Aurangzeb’s reign. On the whole sculpture did not receive encouragement during the medieval period which affected it.

Question 6.
Give an analytical description of growth of music and j dance during the medieval period.
Answer:
The tradition of dance and music of ancient period was carried forward in the medieval period. Some of the books were compiled on dance and music. Of these Bhoja, Someshwar and Sarangdev’s Sangeet Ratnakar are very famous books. In the later period many more books on music were written. Jaydev’s Gita Govind in the 13th century can be called an important step in this direction.

Bhakti or devotional music received more importance in the medieval period. People sang with devotion the Bhajans (devotional songs) of Meei ibai, Tulsidas, Kabirdas and Surdas. Hindustani music was introduced to new instruments and Ragas in the Sultanat period. Though Quran prohibits music but it was encouraged from time – to – time by Sultans vassal and Khalifas.

The famous musician of the period was Amir Khusro who has described his music in the book Noor Siphr. The book describes that Indian music touches the heart and the soul. It not only affects human beings but also hypnotizes animals. Deers stand still while listening to the music and are easily hunted. Amir Khusro invented new ragas through the fusion of Indian and Persian music. The originator of Quwali was Amir Khusro.

Due to new trends in music like Khayal and Tarana there were changes in the form of music in the contemporary period. Music was the chief means of recreation. The art of dance and music flourished during the Mughal period. Babur himself was fond of music. In Tuzukh – i – Babri description of music meeting is found. Humayun and Sher Shah Suri were also fond of music. Mughal Emperor Akbar patronized musicians.

He himself played exquisitely on the Indian instrument Naggarah. He was interested in science of music. Of the nine gems at Akbar’s court the most renowned was Miya Tansen who was. an accomplished singer as Abul Fazl writes about Miyan Tansen that ” a singer like him has not been in India for the last thousand years.” Tansen received his education in Gwalior. Baba Haridas of Vrindavan was his Guru.

Besides Tansen 36 other singers received patronage at Akbar’s court. Of these Bazbahadur, Baizbaksh, Gopal, Haridas, Ramdas, Sujan Khan, Mianlal, Baiju Bawara were prominent. In course of time Dhrupad singing was replaced by Khayal singing. During Mughal period in Jehangir’s reign Khurramdad, Makhu ‘Chatur Khan, Hamja etc. were prominent musicians.

Similarly during Shahjahan’s reign Ramdas, Jagannath, Sukhsen and Lai Khan were prominent musicians. After the death of Shahjahan the art of music declined as Aurangzeb was against music. The classical styles of Indian dance can be seen in the medieval period as well of these Bharatnatyam, Kuchipuddi, Kathakali classical styles Were prevalent in south Indian regions.

Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances were based on Krishnalilas. This was confined to the Bahaman families of south Indian. Whereas Kathak was initially confined to Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Dances were based on Krishna Lilas and Puranic stories – in these dances and music was a part of courts.

Question 7.
How did fine arts develop from ancient to medieval period?
Answer:
Fine arts were in practice during the Indus civilization. The ‘Agnivedica’ built on a raised platform found at Rakhigahri, Decorated bricks were found on the floor of Kalibanga made of baked brick, statues, decorated ornaments, glossy paint on the utensils and circle on them. Geometrical lines and depiction of birds and animals, sacred symbols of well being like Swastik, Chakra, sun etc.

throw light on tire practice of performing arts of the contemporary society. Besides a place like theatre has also been mentioned in the contemporary time which was probably used for drama, dance and music. Mention of Fine Art has been mentioned in the Vedic period. During this period folk culture developed along with religion. During this period also sacred symbols, decoration of building art of magic and references of Yagyavedika has been found.

Folk art was prevalent during the Maurya period. There were many people who performed shows for entertaining people. References of dancers, people imitating voices to entertain, dancing on the ropes, people working in dramatize for livelihood have been mentioned. Fine arts were also prevalent in the Gupta period. Beautiful depiction on Gupta period coins is the best example.

Many dramas were written in the contemporary period in Sanskrit literature. Interesting themes have been brought alive throw these dramas, romantic .songs along with these, wood sculpture, stone sculpture, metals sculpture, Talisman, ivory ornaments are examples of contemporary art.

The ornamentation in caves, temples, paintings on the walls, dancing girls,’Sentries with spears, statues with Elaborate hairstyles. Yaksha, birds, animals depiction of fountains etc. are unique example of the same. Theatre was also developed in the contemporary period. Terms like ‘Prekshagraha’ and Rangshala’ have been used for dramatic schools.

Harsh Period:
The growth of fine arts continued in the Harsh period as well. These arts were prevalent in the early medieval period also. References of Nata, Magicians, Craftsmen who worked with ivories are found in context with beautiful art work. In the same way beautiful decoration are found on Rajput coins. Statues made on the walls of temples, Raga-Ragini, pictures of actor-actresses, plants, flowers and animals.

Besides, historical and Puranic dance drama also had an ; important place in the early medieval contemporary art. The creative expression continued during the medieval period. RasLilas were staged in Vrindavan and Mathura. During this period, besides epics, dramas were also based on historical characters. Vijayanagar’s ruler Harihar IPs son Veerupaksha wrote a play narayana Vilas and Unmata Raghav.

Goswami composed Vidaghmodhav, Lalit Madhav and Dankeli Chandrika. In the same j sequence Ramchandra wrote a drama Jagannath Vallabh. In staging dramas social and religious dramas were given preference. Calligraphy also developed during the contemporary period. Besides decorated utensils, decorated walls carvings on minars and mausoleums, clothes of Jari, Kashidakari, art of Pactukari, carved fountains, carpets etc. throw light on the art of the period.

Question 8.
Collect the pictures of Nagar style and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Collect the picture of Buddhist statues and Dravid style temples and write the differences. Teacher can divisive the class into groups and divide the work among them for collecting information on Literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance music other performing arts from ancient to Mughal period. Arrange this information in a chronological order and prepare a scrap book on any one which can depict any one cultural trend in a sequential manner.
Answer:
Try yourself

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Jain literature has –
(a) Two branches
(b) Three branches
(c) Four branches
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Three branches

Question 2.
Buddhism has greatly enriched –
(a) The Pali language
(b) The Hindi language
(c) The Punjabi language
(d) The English language.
Answer:
(a) The Pali language

Question 3.
Which language developed the most during the Mughal period?
(a) Persian
(b) Urdu
(c) Hindi
(d) Punjabi.
Answer:
(b) Urdu

Question 4.
Who has written Padmavat?
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Abul Fazl
(d) Gulbadan.
Answer:
(a) Malik Mohammad Jayasi

Question 5.
Whose period is known as the golden period of’Mughal paintings?
(a) Shahjahan’s
(b) Jehangir’s
(c) Babur’s
(d) Akbar’s
Answer:
(b) Jehangir’s

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (c) Raghuvansh
2. (d) Ain-e-Akbari
3. (b) Mudra Rakshas
4. (e) Tamilnadu
5. (a) Panchatantra

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by cultural trend?
Answer:
By cultural trend we mean the form of Indian cultural which includes literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, music and other performing arts.

Question 2.
What does Vedic literature include?
Answer:
Vedic literature includes Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyaka, Upanishads, Vedants, epics, Smirtis, Purans.

Question 3.
Name the oldest Vedic literature.
Answer:
Rigveda.

Question 4.
Who did write the Arthashastra?
Answer:
Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra.

Question 5.
In which period was Smriti literature composed?
Answer:
Smriti literature was composed during Gupta period.

Question 6.
Name the best specimen of Mauryan architecture.
Answer:
The pillars of Asoka.

Question 7.
Where is the Kalika Devi Temple situated?
Answer:
The Kalika Devi Temple is situated at Chittorgarh.

Question 8.
What is sculpture?
Answer:
Sculpture is an art of making statue.

Question 9.
Turkish Sultans were interested in which literature?
Answer:
Turkish sultans were interested in Persian literature.

Question 10.
Which Mughal emperor did establish a painting school (Chitrashala)?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Jahangir established a painting school (Chitrashala).

Question 11.
What was Aurangzeb’s opinion about painting?
Answer:
Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them.

Question 12.
Where is Raja Mansingh’s palace situated?
Answer:
Raja Mansingh’s palace is situated at Gwalior.

Questionb 13.
Name the mosque which is recognized as the first mosque in India.
Answer:
The Qutab-ul-Islam mosque.

Question 14.
Whose period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture.

Question 15.
Name the two dances which are based on Krishnalilas?
Answer:
Bharatnatyam and Kuchipuddi dances.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about Jain literature.
Answer:
Jain literature has three branches – Religious books, philosophical and secular writings. These chiefly have prose, legends, grammar and dramas. Out of these most of the compositions are still in the form of manuscripts and are found in the Chaityas of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The compositions are Angas, Pangas, Prakrin, Cheda, Sutra and Malsutra.

Towards the last stages while writing discourses, Sanskrit language instead of Prakrit was used. The work in grammar and poetry writing in Sanskrit contributed a lot to the growth of this language. The prominent books in Jain literature are Kalpasurta of Bhadrabahu, Parishisht Parwan of Hemachandra.

Question 2.
Describe the Mauryan period art of sculpture.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period the art of sculpture grew. The sculpture of Mauryan period bear Persian influence. Some scholars consider it as Indian influence. The Asoka pillars, the animal statues in the capital and beautifully decorated with plants point towards the sculpture of the stone statues have been found from Patalipurta, Mathura, Vidisha and other regions. A distinct glossy polish can be seen on those. The statues of the Yaksha and Yakshinis are the most beautiful and realistic.

Question 3.
Describe the growth of dance and music during the Gupta period.
Answer:
The art dance and music prospered during the Gupta period like earlier period during this period too people were fond of music. Dance and music were practiced in the contemporary period during Vasant Utsav, Kaumidi Utsav, Deepotsav etc. Information of . ‘Ganikas’ in the contemporary period is also found whose job was to dance and sing. Gupta rulers themselves patronized artistes. Samudra Gupta himself was an accomplished Veena player.

In order to keep this memory alive he got coins struck showing him playing flute. In the Bagh caves of Gupta period an important scene of dance and music has been found which is a symbol of splendor of dance and music in the contemporary period.

From Malvikagnimitra we come to know that there were art buildings for the education in music in towns. There were Acharyas (teachers) in the towns for teaching dance. In Malvikagnimitra Ganadas is referred to as music dance Acharyas (teachers). In this way ample evidence of music and dance during the Gupta period are found.

Question 4.
Describe the progress in the field of architecture made during Akbar’s reign.
Answer:
During Akbar’s period there was an intermingling of Persian style with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles. Buildings of Akbar’s period were constructed by. red sandstone. Akbar got Fatehpur Sikri built. The chief features are intermingling of Chapakar and Dharmik styles. Fatehpur Sikri’s Diwan – i – Aam, Diwan – i – Khas, Agra Fort, Palace of Jodhabai, Panch Mahal, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaja are specimens of Akbar’s period architecture.

Question 5.
Gupta period was the golden age of literature.
Answer:
Gupta period was the Golden age of literature. Gupta period gave Sanskrit the status of the language. The form in which literature flourished during the period of Gupta rulers is unparalleled. During this period there were literary creations in many fields of science and knowledge. Smriti literature was composed ‘during this period. Yajanvalkya, Narad Smriti, Kavyava Smriti are chief among them. Ramayana and Mahabharat was written in this period.

Buddhist philosopher Asanga composed the Mahayan Sutrankar and Yogacharya Bhoomi Shastra. Vasubandh composed the Abhidarma Kosha. The chief Jain writers were Jenchandra, Siddhasena and Devnandini. From the Gupta period literature we can understand that prevailing education system must have been excellent. Nalanda University was established during this period. Kashi, Mathura, Ayodhya and Pataliputra were chief centers of education.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 11 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the growth of painting during the Sultanat and Mughal periods.
Answer:
Painting declined during the Sultanat period. Painting was looked down upon by the Sultans. Still painting remained alive in Gujarat, Rajasthan and regions of Malwa. Scenes related to religious and day – to – day life were presented. Slowly Malwa and Rajasthan School of art developed. The books written on birch barke in Gujarat by Jain monks have a very high quality of small illustrations.

In Bengal and Bihar too manuscripts written by the Buddhist monks had small images drawn by using lives. The paintings drawn on the temples of southern India have also used lives. Mughal paintings were started during the rule of Tumayun. Akbar gave an organised form to Mughal paintings. He established a separate department for the painters and Muglud period painting famous painters were housed there.

The first Mughal period painting collection in Mughal style painting is the Hamzanama which is also popular as Dastan – e – Amir Hamza the speciality of these paintings foreign plants, trees and their leaves and flowers minutest obtain of decoration architecture images of women. Exceptional Rajasthani paintings with decorative elements. Rajmanama, Ramayana and Akbarnama are illustrated manuscripts of the period.

Fresco painting started for the first time during the Akbar period. Jehangir’s period is known on the golden period of Mughal paintings. Jehangir himself was a painter. Jehangir established a painting school (Chitrashala) under guidance of famous painter Akarizh. During Jehangir’s period Portrait painting, natural scenes and paintings related to persons life started.

Jehangir also gave titles to the forest’painters which includes famous bird specialist painter, Ustad Mansoor and portrait painter Abul Hasan. During Shahjahan’s reign borders and underlines in paintings progressed. Aurangzeb considered painting to be against Islam and banned them. Therefore painting in the courts came to an end and painters settled elsewhere. In this way styles of regional paintings developed.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.4

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.4

प्रश्न 1.
बताइए निम्नलिखित में से किस बहुपद का एक गुणनखण्ड x +1 है :
(i) x + x² + x + 1
(ii) x⁴ + x³ + x² + x +1
(iii) x⁴ + 3x³ + 3x² + x + 1
(iv) x³ – x² – (2 + √2)x + √2 .
हल:
(i) p(x) = x³ + x² + x + 1 में x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = – 1 रखने पर,
शेषफल p(-1)= (-1)³ + (-1)² + (-1) + 1
= – 1 + 1 – 1 + 1 = 0 हो जाता है।
अतः (x + 1) दिए गए बहुपद का एक गुणनखण्ड है।

(ii) p(x) = x⁴ + x³ + x² + x + 1 में x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = – 1 रखने पर,
शेषफल p(-1) = (-1)⁴ + (- 1)³ + (-1)² + (-1) + 1
= 1 – 1 +1 – 1 + 1 = 3 – 2 = 1 ≠ 0
अतः (x + 1) दिए गए बहुपद का एक गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।

(iii) p(x) = x⁴ + 3x³ + 3x² + x + 1 में x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = – 1 रखने पर,
शेषफल p(-1) = (-1)⁴ + 3(-1)³ + 3(-1)² + (- 1) + 1
= 1 – 3 + 3 – 1 + 1 = 1 ≠ 0
अतः (x + 1) दिए गए बहुपद का एक गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।

(iv) p(x) = x³ – x² – (2 + √2 )x + √2 में x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = – 1 रखने पर, शेषफल
p (- 1) = (-1)³ – (-1)² – (2 + √2) (-1) + √2
= – 1 – 1 + 2 + √2 +√2 = 2√2 ≠ 0
अतः (x + 1) दिए गए बहुपद का एक गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
गुणनखण्ड प्रमेय लागू करके बताइए कि निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में से प्रत्येक स्थिति में g(x), p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड है या नहीं :
(i) p(x) = 2x³ + x² – 2x – 1, g(x) = x + 1
(ii) p(x) = x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
(iii) p(x) = x³ – 4x² + x + 6, g(x) = x – 3.
हल:
(i) ∵ p(x) = 2x³ + x² – 2x – 1 एवं g(x) = x + 1 का शून्यक – 1 है
⇒ p(-1) = 2(-1)³ + (-1)² – 2(-1)- 1
= – 2 + 1 + 2 – 1
= 3 – 3 = 0
अतः गुणनखण्ड प्रमेय के आधार पर g(x), बहुपद p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड है।

(ii) ∵ p(x) = x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1 एवं g(x) = x + 2 का शून्यक – 2 है
⇒ p(-2) = (-2)³ + 3(-2)² + 3(-2) + 1
= -8 + 12 – 6 + 1
= 13 – 14
= -1 ≠ 0
अत: गुणनखण्ड प्रमेय के आधार पर g(x), बहुपद p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।

(iii) ∵ p(x) = x³ – 4x² + x + 6, एवं g(x) = x – 3 का शून्यक 3 है
⇒ p(3) = (3)³ – 4 (3)² + (3) + 6
= 27 – 36 + 3 + 6
= 36 – 36 = 0
अत: गुणनखण्ड प्रमेय के आधार पर g(x), बहुपद p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड है।

प्रश्न 3.
k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए जबकि निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में से प्रत्येक स्थिति में (x – 1), p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड हो :
(i) p(x) = x² + x + k (2019)
(ii) p(x) = 2x² + kx + √2
(iii) p(x) = kx² – √2x + 1
(iv) p(x) = kx² – 3x + k.
हल:
(i) ∵ p(x) = x2 + x + k का एक गुणनखण्ड (x – 1) है जिसका शून्यक = 1 है
⇒ p(1) = (1)² + (1) + k = 0
⇒ 1 + 1 + k = 0
⇒ k = -2
अत:k का अभीष्ट मान = – 2.

(ii) ∵ p(x) = 2x² + kx + √2 का एक गुणनखण्ड (x – 1) है जिसका शून्यक = 1 है।
⇒ p(1) = 2(1)² + k(1) + √2 = 0
⇒ 2 + k + 2 = 0
⇒ k = – (2+ √2)
अतः k का अभीष्ट मान = – (2 + √2).

(iii) ∵p(x) = kx² – √2 x + 1 का एक गुणनखण्ड (x – 1) है जिसका शून्यक = 1 है
⇒ p(1) = k(1)² – √2 (1) + 1 = 0
⇒ k = √2 + 1 = 0
⇒ k = ( √2 – 1)
अत: k का अभीष्ट मान = (√2 – 1).

(iv) ∵ p(x) = kx² – 3x + k का एक गुणनखण्ड (x – 1) है जिसका शून्यक = 1 है
⇒ p(1) = k(1)² – 3(1) + k = 0
⇒ k – 3 + k = 0
⇒ 2k = 3
⇒ k = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)
अत: k का अभीष्ट मान = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)

प्रश्न 4.
गुणनखण्ड ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) 12x² – 7x + 1 (2019)
(ii) 2x² + 7x + 3 (2019)
(ii) 6x² + 5x – 6
(iv) 3x² – x – 4.
हल:
(i) 12x² – 7x + 1 = 12x² – (4 + 3)x + 1
= 12x² – 4x – 3x + 1
= 4x (3x – 1) – 1 (3x – 1)
= (3x – 1) (4x – 1)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3x – 1) (4x – 1).

(ii) 2x² + 7x + 3 = 2x² + (6 + 1)x +3
= 2x² + 6x + x +3
= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3)
= (x + 3) (2x + 1)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (x+ 3) (2x + 1).

(iii) 6x² + 5x – 6 = 6x² + (9 – 4)x – 6
= 6x² + 9x – 4x – 6
= 3x (2x + 3) – 2 (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) (3x – 2)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (2x + 3) (3x – 2)

(iv) 3x² – x – 4 = 3x² – (4 – 3)x – 4
= 3x² – 4x + 3x – 4
= x(3x – 4)+ 1 (3x – 4)
= (3x – 4) (x + 1)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3x – 4) (x + 1).

प्रश्न 5.
गुणनखण्ड ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) x³ – 2x² – x + 2
(ii) x³ – 3x² – 9x – 5
(iii) x³ + 13x² + 32x + 20
(iv) 2y³ + y² – 2y – 1.
हल:
(i) x³ – 2x² – x + 2 = x² (x – 2)- 1 (x – 2)
= (x – 2) (x² – 1)
= (x – 2) (x – 1) (x + 1) [∵(a – b²) = (a – b) (a + b)]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (x – 2) (x – 1) (x + 1).

(ii) मान लीजिए p(x) = x³ – 3x² – 9x – 5
एवं -5 के सम्भावित गुणनखण्ड ∓ 1 एवं ± 5 हैं।
हम जानते हैं कि p(-1) = (-1)³ – 3(-1)² – 9(-1) – 5
= – 1 – 3 + 9 – 5 = 9 – 9 = 0
अतः (x + 1), p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड है।
अब, p(x) = x³ + x² – 4x² – 4x – 5x – 5
= x² (x + 1) – 4x (x + 1) – 5 (x + 1)
= (x + 1) [(x² – 4x – 5)]
= (x + 1) [x² – (5 – 1)x – 5]
= (x + 1) [x² – 5x + x – 5]
= (x + 1) [x (x – 5) + 1 (x – 5)]
= (x + 1) (x – 5) (x + 1)
= (x + 1) – (x – 5)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (x + 1)² (x – 5).

(iii) मान लीजिए p(x) = x³ + 13x² + 32x + 20
एवं 20 के सम्भावित गुणनखण्ड ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 5 एवं ± 10 हैं।
हम जानते हैं कि p(- 1) = (-1)³ + 13(-1)² + 32 (-1) + 20
= – 1 + 13 – 32 + 20 = 33 – 33 = 0
अतः (x + 1), p(x) का एक गुणनखण्ड है।
अब p(x) = x³ + x² + 12x² + 12x + 20x + 20
= x² (x + 1)+ 12x (x + 1)+ 20 (x + 1)
= (x + 1) (x² + 12x + 20)
= (x + 1) [x² + (2 + 10) x + 20]
= (x + 1) [x² + 2x + 10x + 20]
= (x + 1) [x(x + 2) + 10 (x + 2)]
= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 10)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 10).

(iv) p(x) = 2y³ + y² – 2y – 1
= y² – (2y + 1) – 1 (2y + 1)
= (2y + 1) (y² – 1)
= (2y + 1) (y + 1) (y – 1) [∵ (a² – b²) = (a + b)(a – b)]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणखण्ड = (y – 1) (y + 1) (2y + 1).

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.2

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.2

प्रश्न 1.
अग्रलिखित प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर दीजिए-
(i) कार्तीय तल में किसी बिन्दु की स्थिति निर्धारित करने वाली क्षैतिज और ऊर्ध्वाधर रेखाओं के क्या नाम हैं ?
(ii) इन दो रेखाओं से बने तल के प्रत्येक भाग के नाम बताइए।
(iii) उस बिन्दु का नाम बताइए जहाँ ये दोनों रेखाएँ प्रतिच्छेदित होती हैं।
हल:
(i) क्षैतिज रेखा : X-अक्ष एवं ऊर्ध्वाधर रेखा : Y-अक्ष
(ii) प्रथम चतुर्थांश, द्वितीय चतुर्थांश, तृतीय चतुर्थांश एवं चतुर्थ चतुर्थांश।
(iii) मूल-बिन्दु।
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.2 1
चित्र 3.3
निर्देश : सभी बिन्दु संलग्न चित्र 3.3 में प्रदर्शित किए गए हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
संलग्न चित्र को देखकर निम्नलिखित को लिखिए-
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.2 2

चित्र 3.4
(i) B के निर्देशांक
(ii) C के निर्देशांक
(iii) निर्देशांक (-3, -5) द्वारा पहचाना गया बिन्दु
(iv) निर्देशांक (2, -4) द्वारा पहचाना गया बिन्दु
(v) D का भुज
(vi) बिन्दु H की कोटि
(vii) बिन्दु L के निर्देशांक
(viii) बिन्दु M के निर्देशांक।
हल:
(i) (- 5, 2),
(ii) (5, – 5),
(ii) बिन्दु E,
(iv) G,
(v) 6,
(vi) – 3,
(vii) (0, 5),
(viii) (-3,0).

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.1

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.1

प्रश्न 1.
एक अन्य व्यक्ति को आप अपनी अध्ययन मेज पर रखे टेबल लैम्प की स्थिति किस तरह बताएंगे?
हल:
हम टेबल लैम्प की, मेज की लम्बाई वाली भुजा से दूरी b एवं चौड़ाई वाली भुजा से दूरी a बताकर उसकी स्थिति (a, b) निर्देशांकों से बता सकते हैं।
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.1 1

प्रश्न 2.
(सड़क योजना) : एक नगर में दो सड़कें हैं, जो नगर के केन्द्र पर मिलती हैं। ये दो सड़कें
उत्तर:
दक्षिण की दिशा और पूर्व-पश्चिम की दिशा में हैं। नगर की अन्य सभी सड़कें इन मुख्य सड़कों के समानान्तर परस्पर 200 मीटर की दूरी पर हैं। प्रत्येक दिशा में लगभग पाँच सड़कें हैं। 1 सेमी = 200 मीटर का पैमाना लेकर अपनी नोट बुक में नगर का एक मॉडल बनाइए। सड़कों को एकल रेखाओं से निरूपित कीजिए। आपके मॉडल में एक-दूसरे को काटती हुई अनेक क्रॉसस्ट्रीट (चौराहे) हो सकती हैं। एक विशेष क्रॉसस्टीट दो सड़कों से बनी है जिनमें से एक उत्तर-दक्षिण दिशा में जाती है और दूसरी पूर्व-पश्चिम दिशा में। प्रत्येक क्रॉसस्ट्रीट का निर्देशन इस प्रकार किया जाता है, यदि दूसरी सड़क उत्तर-दक्षिण दिशा में जाती है और पाँचवीं सड़क पूर्व-पश्चिम दिशा में जाती है और ये एक क्रॉसिंग पर मिलती हैं, तब इसे हम क्रॉसस्ट्रीट (2, 5) कहेंगे। इसी परम्परा से यह ज्ञात कीजिए कि-
(i) कितनी क्रॉसस्ट्रीटों को (4, 3) माना जा सकता है ?
(ii) कितनी क्रॉसस्ट्रीटों को (3, 4) माना जा सकता है ?
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 निर्देशांक ज्यामिति Ex 3.1 2
नगर की सड़क योजना नगर की सड़क योजना का मॉडल उपर्युक्त चित्र में प्रदर्शित है।

केवल एक अद्वितीय क्रॉसस्ट्रीट को (4, 3) माना जा सकता है। (R से प्रदर्शित)
केवल एक अद्वितीय क्रॉसस्ट्रीट को (3, 4) माना जा सकता है। (Q से प्रदर्शित)

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 पाठ के अन्तर्गत के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न शृंखला – 1 # पृष्ठ संख्या 36

प्रश्न 1.
एक अभिक्रिया में 5.3g सोडियम कार्बोनेट एवं 6.0g एथेनॉइक अम्ल अभिकृत होते हैं। 2 : 2g कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड, 8 : 2g सोडियम एथेनॉएट एवं 0.9g जल उत्पाद के रूप में प्राप्त होते हैं। इस अभिक्रिया द्वारा दिखाइए कि यह परीक्षण द्रव्यमान संरक्षण के नियम के अनुरूप है।
(सोडियम कार्बोनेट) + (एथेनॉइक अम्ल) → (सोडियम एथेनॉएट) + (कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड) + (जल)
हल:
अभिकारक (क्रियाकारकों) का कुल द्रव्यमान = 5.3 g + 6.0 g = 11.3 g
उत्पादों का कुल द्रव्यमान = 2.2 g + 8.2 g + 0.9 g = 11.3 g
चूँकि गणना के फलस्वरूप प्राप्त अभिकारकों का द्रव्यमान = उत्पादों का द्रव्यमान
अतः यह परीक्षण द्रव्यमान संरक्षण के नियम के अनुरूप है।

प्रश्न 2.
हाइड्रोजन एवं ऑक्सीजन द्रव्यमान के अनुसार 1 : 8 के अनुपात में संयोग करके जल निर्मित करते हैं। 3 g हाइड्रोजन गैस के साथ पूर्णरूप से संयोग करने के लिए कितनी ऑक्सीजन गैस
के द्रव्यमान की आवश्यकता होगी ?
हल:
माना आवश्यक ऑक्सीजन गैस का द्रव्यमान = x g है।
3 : x = 1 : 8 ⇒ x = \(\frac { 3\times8 }{ 1 }\) = \(\frac { 24 }{ 1 }\) = 24g
अतः ऑक्सीजन गैस का अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान = 24g

प्रश्न 3.
डाल्टन के परमाणु सिद्धान्त का कौन-सा अभिग्रहीत द्रव्यमान के संरक्षण के नियम का परिणाम है?
उत्तर:
“परमाणु अविभाज्य सूक्ष्मतम कण होते हैं जो किसी रासायनिक क्रिया में न तो सृजित होते हैं और न ही उनका विनाश होता है।”

प्रश्न 4.
डाल्टन के परमाणु सिद्धान्त का कौन-सा अभिग्रहीत निश्चित अनुपात के नियम की व्याख्या करता है ?
उत्तर:
“किसी भी यौगिक में परमाणुओं की सापेक्ष संख्या एवं प्रकार निश्चित होते हैं।”

प्रश्न श्रृंखला – 2 # पृष्ठ संख्या 40

प्रश्न 1.
परमाणु द्रव्यमान इकाई को परिभाषित कीजिए। (2019)
उत्तर:
परमाणु द्रव्यमान इकाई-“कार्बन-12 समस्थानिक के एक परमाणु द्रव्यमान के 1/12 वें भाग को मानक परमाणु द्रव्यमान इकाई कहते हैं।”

प्रश्न 2.
एक परमाणु को आँखों द्वारा देखना क्यों सम्भव नहीं होता है ?
उत्तर:
एक परमाणु का आकार अत्यन्त सूक्ष्म नैनोमीटर में मापने योग्य होता है जिससे हमारी आँखें उसे देख नहीं सकती।

प्रश्न श्रृंखला – 3 # पृष्ठ संख्या 44

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न के सूत्र लिखिए
(i) सोडियम ऑक्साइड (2019)
(ii) ऐलुमिनियम क्लोराइड, (2018, 19)
(iii) सोडियम सल्फाइड,
(iv) मैग्नीशियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड। (2018, 19)
उत्तर:
(i) Na₂O,
(ii) AlCl₃,
(iii) Na₂S,
(iv) Mg(OH)₂.

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित सूत्रों द्वारा प्रदर्शित यौगिकों के नाम लिखिए-
(i) Al₂(SO₄)₃,
(ii) CaCl₂ (2018),
(iii) K₂SO₄,
(iv) KNO₃ (2018),
(v) CaCO₃.
उत्तर:
(i) ऐलुमिनियम सल्फेट,
(ii) कैल्सियम क्लोराइड,
(iii) पोटैशियम सल्फेट,
(iv) पोटैशियम नाइट्रेट,
(v) कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट।

प्रश्न 3.
रासायनिक सूत्र का क्या तात्पर्य है ?
उत्तर:
रासायनिक सूत्र-“किसी अणु को उसके अवयवी तत्वों के संकेतों द्वारा व्यक्त करने को रासायनिक सूत्र कहते हैं।” यह उस यौगिक का संघटक प्रतीकात्मक निरूपण होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित में कितने परमाणु विद्यमान हैं ?
(i) H₂S अणु एवं
(ii) PO₄^3-आयन।
उत्तर:
(i) तीन,
(ii) पाँच।

प्रश्न श्रृंखला – 4 # पृष्ठ संख्या 46

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न यौगिकों के आण्विक द्रव्यमान का परिकलन कीजिए-
H₂, O₂, Cl₂, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, NH₃ एवं CH₃OH.
हल:
H₂ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 x 1 = 2
O₂ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 x 16 = 32
Cl₂ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 x 35.5 = 71
CO₂ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 12 + 2 x 16 = 12 + 32 = 44
CO₂ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 12 + 4 x 1 = 12 + 4 = 16
C₂H₆ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 x 12 + 6 x 1 = 24 + 6 = 30
C₂H₄ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 x 12 + 4 x 1 = 24 + 4 = 28
NH₃ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 14 + 3 x 1 = 14 +3 = 17
CH₃OH का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 12 + 3 x 1 + 16 + 1
= 12 + 3 + 16 + 1 = 32

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न यौगिकों के सूत्र इकाई द्रव्यमान का परिकलन कीजिए-
ZnO, Na₂O एवं K₂CO₃
दिया गया है: Zn का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 65 u
Na का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 23 u
K का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 39 u
C का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 12 u एवं
O का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 16 u है।
हल:
ZnO का सूत्र इकाई द्रव्यमान = 65 u + 16 u = 81 u
Na₂O का सूत्र इकाई द्रव्यमान = 2 x 23 u + 16u
= 46 u + 16 u = 62 u
K₂CO₃ का सूत्र इकाई द्रव्यमान = 2 x 23 u + 12 u + 3 x 16 u
= 46u + 12 u + 48 u= 106 u

प्रश्न श्रृंखला – 5 # पृष्ठ संख्या 48

प्रश्न 1.
यदि कार्बन परमाणुओं के एक मोल का द्रव्यमान 12 g है तो कार्बन के एक परमाणु का द्रव्यमान क्या होगा?
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 1
अतः कार्बन के एक परमाणु का अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान = 1.99 x 10²³ g (लगभग)

प्रश्न 2.
किसमें अधिक परमाणु होंगे : 100g सोडियम (Na) अथवा 100 g लोहा (Fe)? Na का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 23 u, Fe का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 56 u.
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 2
उपर्युक्त परिणामों से स्पष्ट है कि सोडियम (Na) में परमाणुओं की संख्या अधिक होगी।

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 पाठान्त अभ्यास के प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
0.24g ऑक्सीजन एवं बोरॉन युक्त यौगिक के नमूने में विश्लेषण द्वारा यह पाया गया कि उसमें 0.096 g बोरॉन एवं 0.144 g ऑक्सीजन है। इस यौगिक के प्रतिशत संघटन का भारात्मक रूप में परिकलन कीजिए।
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 3
अतः यौगिक का अभीष्ट प्रतिशत संघटन, बोरॉन = 40%
एवं ऑक्सीजन 360%

प्रश्न 2.
3.0g कार्बन 8:00g ऑक्सीजन में जलकर 11.0g कार्बन डाइ-ऑक्साइड निर्मित करता है। जब 3.00g कार्बन को 50.0g ऑक्सीजन में जलाएंगे तो कितने ग्राम कार्बन डाइ-ऑक्साइड का निर्माण होगा? आपका उत्तर रासायनिक संयोजन के किस नियम पर आधारित है ?
उत्तर:
11.0g कार्बन डाइ ऑक्साइड का निर्माण होगा।
यह रासायनिक संयोजन के स्थिर अनुपात के नियम पर आधारित है।

प्रश्न 3.
बहुपरमाणुक आयन क्या होते हैं ? उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
बहुपरमाणुक आयन-“परमाणुओं का वह समूह जिस पर नेट आवेश विद्यमान हो उसे बहुपरमाणुक आयन कहते हैं।
उदाहरण:
NH₄+, SO₄^— आदि।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित के रासायनिक सूत्र लिखिए-
(a) मैग्नीशियम क्लोराइड
(b) कैल्सियम क्लोराइड
(c) कॉपर नाइट्रेट
(d) ऐलुमिनियम क्लोराइड
(e) कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट।
उत्तर:
(a) MgCl₂,
(b) CaCl₂,
(c) Cu(NO₃)₂,
(d) AlCl₃;
(e) CaCO₃.

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित यौगिकों में विद्यमान तत्वों के नाम लिखिए
(a) बुझा हुआ चूना, (2019)
(b) हाइड्रोजन ब्रोमाइड, (2019)
(c) बेकिंग पाउडर (खाने वाला सोडा), (2019)
(d) पोटैशियम सल्फेट
उत्तर:
(a) कैल्सियम, ऑक्सीजन, हाइड्रोजन,
(b) हाइड्रोजन, ब्रोमीन,
(c) सोडियम, हाइड्रोजन, कार्बन, ऑक्सीजन,
(d) पोटैशियम, सल्फर, ऑक्सीजन।

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित पदार्थों के मोलर द्रव्यमान का परिकलन कीजिए
(a) इथाइन C₂H₂,
(b) सल्फर अणु Sg,
(c) फॉस्फोरस अणु P₄ (फॉस्फोरस का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 31),
(d) हाइड्रोक्लोरिक अम्ल HCl,
(e) नाइट्रिक अम्ल।
उत्तर:
(a) इथाइन C₂H₂ का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 2 x 12 + 2 x 1 = 24 + 2 = 26g
(b) सल्फर अणु Sg का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 8 x 32 = 256g
(c) फॉस्फोरस अणु P का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 4 x 31 = 124g
(d) हाइड्रोक्लोरिक अम्ल HCl का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5
(e) नाइट्रिक अम्ल HNO₃ का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 1 + 14 + 3 x 16
= 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 g
अतः अभीष्ट मोलर द्रव्यमान = (a) 26g, (b) 256 g, (c) 124g, (d) 36.5g, (e) 63 g.

प्रश्न 7.
निम्न का द्रव्यमान क्या होगा-
(a) 1 मोल नाइट्रोजन परमाणु ?
(b) 4 मोल ऐलुमिनियम परमाणु (ऐलुमिनियम का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 27) ?
(c) 10 मोल सोडियम सल्फाइट (Na₂SO₃)?
उत्तर:
(a) 14 g,
(b) 4 x 27 = 108 g
(c) 10 x (2 x 23 + 32+3 x 16) = 10 (46+ 32+ 48)
= 10 x 126 = 1260g
अतः अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान = (a) 14 g, (b) 108 g, (c) 1260 g.

प्रश्न 8.
मोल में परिवर्तित कीजिए-
(a) 12 g ऑक्सीजन गैस
(b) 20 g जल
(c)22 g कार्बन डाइ-ऑक्साइड।
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 4

अतः अभीष्ट मोल संख्या = (a) 0.375 मोल, (b) 1.11 मोल, (c) 0.5 मोल

प्रश्न 9.
निम्न का द्रव्यमान क्या होगा-
(a) 0.2 मोल ऑक्सीजन परमाणु ?
(b) 0.5 मोल जल अणु ?
हल:
(a) ऑक्सीजन का द्रव्यमान = ऑक्सीजन परमाणु का मोलर द्रव्यमान x मोल संख्या = 16 x 0.2 = 3.2g
(b) जल का द्रव्यमान = जल का मोलर द्रव्यमान x जल की मोल संख्या
= 18 x 0.5 = 9.0g
अत: अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान = (a) 3.2 g, (b) 9.0g

प्रश्न 10.
16 g ठोस सल्फर में सल्फर (S₈) के अणुओं की संख्या का परिकलन कीजिए।
हल:
सल्फर (S₈) का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 8 x 32 = 256 g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 6
अत: अभीष्ट अणुओं की संख्या = 3.76 x 10²² अणु

प्रश्न 11.
0.051 g ऐलुमिनियम ऑक्साइड (Al₂O₃) में ऐलुमिनियम आयन की संख्या का परिकलन कीजिए। (ऐलुमिनियम का परमाणु द्रव्यमान = 27u है।)
हल:
Al₂O₃ का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 2 x 27 + 3 x 16 = 54 + 48 = 102 g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 7
Al₂O₃ के एक अणु में Al⁺⁺⁺ आयन की संख्या 2 है। इसलिए
Al⁺⁺⁺ की कुल संख्या = 2 x 3:011 x 10²⁰ = 6.022 x 10²⁰ आयन
अतः ऐलुमिनियम के आयनों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 6.022 x 10²⁰ आयन

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 परीक्षोपयोगी अतिरिक्त प्रश्नोत्तर

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा 360g जल को सही रूप में निरूपित करता है?
(i) 2 मोल जल
(ii) 20 मोल जल
(iii) जल के 6.022 x 10²³अणु
(iv) जल के 1.2044 x 10²⁵ अणु।

(a) (i) तथा (ii)
(b) (i) तथा (iv)
(c) (ii) तथा (iii)
(d) (ii) तथा (iv).
उत्तर:
(d) (ii) तथा (iv)

प्रश्न 2.
एक परमाणु के लिए निम्नलिखित में कौन-सा कथन सत्य नहीं है ?
(a) परमाणु स्वतन्त्र अस्तित्व में नहीं रह पाते
(b) परमाणु मूल इकाइयाँ हैं जिनसे अणुओं और आयनों का निर्माण होता है
(c) परमाणु सदैव उदासीन प्रकृति के होते हैं
(d) परमाणु बड़ी संख्या में परस्पर जुड़कर पदार्थ का निर्माण करते हैं, जिसे हम देख, अनुभव या स्पर्श कर सकते हैं।
उत्तर:
(a) परमाणु स्वतन्त्र अस्तित्व में नहीं रह पाते

प्रश्न 3.
नाइट्रोजन गैस का रासायनिक प्रतीक है-
(a) Ni
(b) N₂
(c) N⁺
(d) N.
उत्तर:
(d) N.

प्रश्न 4.
सोडियम का रासायनिक प्रतीक है- (2019)
(a) SO
(b) Sd
(c) NA
(d) Na.
उत्तर:
(d) Na.

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित में किसका भार सबसे अधिक होगा ?
(a) सुक्रोज (C₁₂ H₂₂O₁₁ ) के 0.2 मोल
(b) CO₂ के 2 मोल
(c) CaCO₃ के 2 मोल
(d) H₂ O के 10 मोल।
उत्तर:
(c) CaCO₃ के 2 मोल

प्रश्न 6.
निम्न में से किसमें परमाणुओं की संख्या अधिकतम होगी ? (2019)
(a) H₂ O के 18g
(b) O₂ के 18g
(c) CO₂ के 18 g
(d) CH₄ के 18g.
उत्तर:
(d) CH₄ के 18g.

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित में से किसमें अणुओं की संख्या अधिकतम होगी ?
(a) 1 g CO₂
(b) 1 g N₂
(c) 1 g H₂
(d) 1 g CH₄.
उत्तर:
(c) 1 g H₂

प्रश्न 8.
ऑक्सीजन के एक परमाणु का द्रव्यमान होता है
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 8
उत्तर:
(a)

प्रश्न 9.
एक बीकर में 3.42 g सुक्रोज को 18 g जल में विलेय किया जाता है। विलयन में उपस्थित ऑक्सीजन परमाणुओं की संख्या है-
(a) 6.68 x 10²³
(b) 6.09 x 10²²
(c) 6.022 x 10²³
(d) 6.022 x 10²¹.
उत्तर:
(a) 6.68 x 10²³

प्रश्न 10.
भौतिक अवस्था में परिवर्तन लाया जा सकता है-
(a) केवल जब तन्त्र को ऊर्जा दी जाती है
(b) केवल जब तन्त्र से ऊर्जा ली जाती है
(c) केवल जब तन्त्र को ऊर्जा दी जाती है या ली जाती है
(d) बिना किसी ऊर्जा परिवर्तन के।
उत्तर:
(c) केवल जब तन्त्र को ऊर्जा दी जाती है या ली जाती है

प्रश्न 11.
आवोगाद्रो स्थिरांक है- (2018)
(a) 6.022 x 10²³
(b) 6.002 x 10²³
(c)6.022 x 10²²
(d) 6.022 x 10²⁰
उत्तर:
(a) 6.022 x 10²³

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

1. एक रासायनिक अभिक्रिया में अभिकारकों और उत्पादों के द्रव्यमानों का योग अपरिवर्तित रहता है। यह …………… कहलाता है।
2. निश्चित आवेश युक्त परमाणुओं का समूह …………….. कहलाता है।
3. Ca₃ (PO₄ )₂ का सूत्र इकाई द्रव्यमान …………….. है।
4. सोडियम कार्बोनेट का सूत्र ………… है और अमोनियम सल्फेट का सूत्र ……….. है।
उत्तर:

द्रव्यमान संरक्षण का नियम,
बहुपरमाणुक आयन,
[(3 x Ca का परमाणु द्रव्यमान) + (2 x P का परमाणु द्रव्यमान) + (8 x O परमाणु का द्रव्यमान)],
Na₂ CO₃ , (NH₄ )₂ SO₄ .

सही जोड़ी बनाना

स्तम्भ ‘A’ स्तम्भ ‘B’
1. परमाणु (i) लवाइजिए एवं प्राउस्ट
2. अणु (ii) SO₄^—, CH^–
3., परमाणु सिद्धान्त (iii) तत्व
4. रासायनिक संयोजन के नियम (iv) यौगिक
5. आयन (2018) (v) जॉन डाल्टन
6. सोडियम (2018) (vi) C
7. कार्बन (2018) (vii) Na
उत्तर:

→ (iii)
→ (iv)
→ (v)
→ (i)
→ (ii)
→ (vii)
→ (vi).

सत्य/असत्य कथन

1. परमाणु सदैव स्वतन्त्र अवस्था में रहता है।
2. परमाणु किसी तत्व का सूक्ष्मतम कण होता है।
3. अणु कभी भी स्वतन्त्र अवस्था में नहीं रहता है।
4. अणु किसी यौगिक का सूक्ष्मतम कण होता है।
5. परमाणुओं का अनावेशित समुच्चय आयन होता है।
उत्तर:

असत्य
सत्य
असत्य
सत्य
असत्य।

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
ऐलुमिनियम सल्फेट का अणुसूत्र लिखिए।
उत्तर:
Al₂(SO₄)₃.

प्रश्न 2.
अक्रियशील गैसों की परमाणुकता बताइए।
उत्तर:
एक।

प्रश्न 3.
एक मोल में कितने कण होते हैं?
उत्तर:
6.022 x 1023

प्रश्न 4.
किस वैज्ञानिक ने सर्वप्रथम मोल शब्द का प्रयोग किया?
उत्तर:
ओस्टवाल्ड।

प्रश्न 5.
पोटैशियम परमाणु का संकेत लिखिए।
उत्तर:
K

प्रश्न 6.
सोडियम क्लोराइड का अणुसूत्र लिखिए। (2019)
उत्तर:
NaCl.

प्रश्न 7.
कैल्सियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड का रासायनिक सूत्र लिखिए। (2019)
उत्तर:
Ca(OH)₂.

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
द्रव्यमान संरक्षण का नियम लिखिए। (2019)
उत्तर:
द्रव्यमान संरक्षण का नियम-“किसी रासायनिक अभिक्रिया में द्रव्यमान का न तो सृजन किया जा सकता है और न ही विनाश।”

प्रश्न 2.
स्थिर अनुपात के नियम से क्या समझते हो ? (2019)
उत्तर:
स्थिर अनुपात का नियम-“किसी भी यौगिक में तत्व सदैव ही एक निश्चित द्रव्यमानों के अनुपात में विद्यमान होते हैं चाहे वह यौगिक किसी भी स्रोत से लिया गया हो अथवा किसी भी प्रकार से निर्मित किया गया हो।”

प्रश्न 3.
परमाणु से क्या समझते हो.?
उत्तर:
परमाणु-“किसी तत्व का वह सूक्ष्मतम कण जिसमें तत्व के सभी गुण विद्यमान होते हैं तथा जो तत्व की रचनात्मक इकाई होती है, परमाणु कहलाता है।”

प्रश्न 4.
परमाणु द्रव्यमान (परमाणु भार) से क्या समझते हो ? (2019)
उत्तर:
परमाणु द्रव्यमान (परमाणु भार)-“किसी तत्व का एक परमाणु, कार्बन-12 के एक परमाणु के \(\frac { 1 }{ 12 }\) भाग से जितना गुना भारी होता है, वह संख्या उस तत्व का परमाणु द्रव्यमान (परमाणु भार) कहलाती है।”

प्रश्न 5.
अणु किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
अणु-“किसी तत्व या यौगिक का वह सूक्ष्मतम कण जो स्वतन्त्र रूप से अस्तित्व में रह सकता है तथा जिसमें उस तत्व एवं यौगिक के सम्पूर्ण गुण विद्यमान होते हैं, अणु कहलाता है।”

प्रश्न 6.
आयन किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
आयन-“किसी भी आवेशित कण को आयन कहते हैं।”

प्रश्न 7.
रासायनिक सूत्र किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
रासायनिक सूत्र-“किसी यौगिक के संघटन का प्रतीकात्मक निरूपण रासायनिक सूत्र कहलाता है।”

प्रश्न 8.
आण्विक द्रव्यमान (अणु भार) से क्या समझते हो ? (2019)
उत्तर:
आण्विक द्रव्यमान (अणु भार)-“किसी पदार्थ के अणु में विद्यमान सभी संघटक परमाणुओं के द्रव्यमानों का योग उस पदार्थ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान (अणु भार) कहलाता है।

प्रश्न 9.
एक मोल से क्या समझते हो ?
उत्तर:
मोल-किसी पदार्थ (तत्व, यौगिक या आयन) के 6.022 x 10²³ कणों (परमाणु, अणु अथवा आयनों) को एक मोल कहते हैं।”

प्रश्न 10.
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा सही रासायनिक सूत्र प्रदर्शित करता है ? इसका नाम दीजिए-
(a) Al(SO₄)₃,
(b) BiPO₄,
(c)AlCl₂.
उत्तर:
(b) BiPO₄ बिस्मथ फॉस्फेट।

प्रश्न 11.
क्या ताप के साथ पदार्थ की विलेयता परिवर्तित होती है ? एक उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
हाँ। ताप वृद्धि के साथ प्रायः विलेयता बढ़ती है। उदाहरण-गर्म जल में ठंडे जल की अपेक्षा अधिक शक्कर घुलती है।

प्रश्न 12.
आपको सफेद रंग का एक महीन चूर्ण दिया गया है जो शक्कर या नमक हो सकता है। बिना चखे आप इसकी पहचान कैसे करेंगे ?
उत्तर:
(1) दिए गए चूर्ण का कुछ भाग गर्म करते हैं। अगर चूर्ण काला पड़ जाता है तो चूर्ण शक्कर है, नहीं तो नमक।
(2) चूर्ण के शेष भाग का जलीय विलयन बनाकर विद्युत चालकता ज्ञात करेंगे। अगर विलयन चालक है तो नमक है अन्यथा शक्कर।

प्रश्न 13.
12 g द्रव्यमान वाले मैग्नीशियम रिबन में मैग्नीशियम के मोलों की संख्या परिकलित कीजिए। मैग्नीशियम का मोलर परमाणु द्रव्यमान 24g प्रति मोल है।
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 9
अतः मैग्नीशियम के अभीष्ट मोलों की संख्या = 0.5 मोल

प्रश्न 14.
अणु और परमाणु में अन्तर लिखिए। (कोई दो)
उत्तर:
अणु और परमाणु में अन्तर
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 10

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित यौगिकों के आण्विक सूत्र लिखिए-
(a) कॉपर (II) ब्रोमाइड,
(b) ऐलुमिनियम (III) नाइट्रेट,
(c) कैल्सियम (II) फॉस्फेट,
(d) आयरन (III) सल्फाइड,
(e) मरकरी (II) क्लोराइड,
(f) मैग्नीशियम (II) ऐसीटेट।
उत्तर:
(a) CuBr₂,
(b) Al(NO₃)₃,
(c)Ca₃(PO)₂,
(d) Fe₂S₃,
(e) HgCl₂,
(f) (CH₃COO)₂Mg.

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित आयनों के संयोग से बनने वाले सभी यौगिकों के आण्विक सूत्र लिखिए-
Cu²⁺, Na⁺, Fe³⁺, Cl^–, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-.
उत्तर:
CuCl₂, CuSO₄, Cu₃(PO₄)₂, NaCl, Na₂SO₄, Na₃PO₄, FeCl₃, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, FePO₄.

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित यौगिकों में उपस्थित (यदि कोई हो तो) धनायनों और ऋणायनों को लिखिए
(a) CH₃COONa,
(b) NaCl,
(c) H₂,
(d) NH₄NO₃.
उत्तर:
(a) CH₃COO^– , Na⁺,
(b) Na⁺, Cl^–,
(d) NH₄⁺, NO₄^–.

प्रश्न 4.
तत्वों के निम्नलिखित समुच्चयों से बनने वाले यौगिकों के सूत्र दीजिए-
(a) कैल्सियम और फ्लुओरीन,
(b) हाइड्रोजन और सल्फर,
(c) नाइट्रोजन और हाइड्रोजन,
(d) कार्बन और क्लोरीन,
(e) सोडियम और ऑक्सीजन,
(f) कार्बन और ऑक्सीजन। –
उत्तर:
(a) CaF₂,
(b) H₂S,
(c) NH₃,
(d) CCl₄,
(e) Na₂O,
(1) CO अथवा CO₂.

प्रश्न 5.
तत्वों के निम्नलिखित प्रतीकों में से कौन से गलत हैं ? उनके सही प्रतीक दीजिए-
(a) कोबाल्ट CO,
(b) कार्बन C,
(c) ऐलुमिनियम AL,
(d) हीलियम He,
(e) सोडियम SO.
उत्तर:
(a) कोबाल्ट CO, (c) ऐलुमिनियम AL एवं (e) सोडियम SO प्रतीक गलत है। इनका सही रूप निम्नवत् है-
(a) कोबाल्ट Co, (c) ऐलुमिनियम Al (e) सोडियम Na.

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक रासायनिक स्पीशीज के लिए उनमें उपस्थित परमाणुओं की संख्या बताइए
(a) CO₃^2-,
(b) PO₄^3-,
(c) P₂O₅,
(d) CO.
उत्तर:
(a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) 2.

प्रश्न 7.
जल के द्रव्यमान में न्यूट्रॉनों का अंश कितना होता है ? परिकलन कीजिए।
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 11
अत: जल में न्यूट्रॉनों का अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान अंश = 4/9.

प्रश्न 8.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक को उसकी परमाणुकता के आधार पर वर्गीकृत कीजिए-.
(a) F₂,
(b) NO₂,
(c) N₂O,
(d) CH₆,
(e) P₄,
(f) H₂O₂,
(g) P₄O₁₀,
(h) O₃,
(i) HCl,
(j) CH₄,
(k) He,
(l)Ag.
उत्तर:
विभिन्न पदार्थों की परमाणुकता निम्न प्रकार है-
(a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 3, (d) 8, (e) 4, (1)4, (g) 14, (h) 3, (i) 2, (j) 5, (k) l (अक्रियशील गैसों के परमाणु संयुक्त नहीं होते) (l) बहुपरमाण्विक (धातुओं के अणुओं में परमाणुओं की संख्या के सम्बन्ध में कहना कठिन है)

प्रश्न 9.
परिकलन द्वारा प्रमाणित कीजिए कि
(a) 5 मोल CO₂ और 5 मोल H₂O के द्रव्यमान समान नहीं होते।
(b) 240g कैल्सियम और 240 g मैग्नीशियम तत्वों का मोल अनुपात 3 : 5 है।
हल:
(a) 5 मोल CO₂ का द्रव्यमान = 5 x CO₂ का मोलर द्रव्यमान
= 5 x 44 = 220g
5 मोल H₂O का द्रव्यमान = 5 x H₂O का मोलर द्रव्यमान
= 5 x 18 = 90 g
अत: 5 मोल CO₂ का द्रव्यमान और 5 मोल H₂O का द्रव्यमान समान नहीं है।

(b) 240 g कैल्सियम में मोल संख्या = \(\frac { 240 }{ 40 }\) = 6 मोल
240 g मैग्नीशियम में मोल संख्या = \(\frac { 240 }{ 24 }\) = 10 मोल
अत: 240g Ca एवं 240g Mg में मोल अनुपात = 6 : 10 = 3 : 5

प्रश्न 10.
कैल्सियम क्लोराइड को जब जल में विलेय किया जाता है, तो वह निम्नलिखित समीकरण के अनुसार अपने आयनों में वियोजित हो जाता है-
CaCl_2(aq) → Ca_(aq)²⁺ + 2Cl_(aq)^–
CaCl₂ से प्राप्त आयनों की संख्या का परिकलन कीजिए जब जल में इसके 222 g विलेय किए जाते हैं।
हल:
CaCl₂ का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 40 + 2 x 35.5 = 40 + 71 = 111g
222 g CaCl₂ में मोल संख्या = \(\frac { 220 g}{ 1 }\) = 2 मोल
एक अणु CaCl₂ से 3 आयन प्राप्त होते हैं।
इसलिए 1 मोल CaCl से 3 मोल आयन प्राप्त होंगे।
एवं 2 मोल CaCl₂ से 2 x 3 = 6 मोल आयन प्राप्त होंगे।
अब आयनों की संख्या = मोल संख्या x आवोगाद्रो संख्या
= 6 x 6.022 x 10²³
= 36-132 x 10²³ आयन
= 3.6132 x 10²⁴ आयन
अतः अभीष्ट आयनों की संख्या = 3.6132 x 10²⁴ आयन

प्रश्न 11.
प्रत्येक सोडियम परमाणु और सोडियम आयनों के 100 मोल द्रव्यमानों में अन्तर 5.48002g होता है। एक इलेक्ट्रॉन के द्रव्यमान की गणना कीजिए।
हल:
प्रत्येक सोडियम परमाणु और सोडियम आयनों के द्रव्यमान में एक इलेक्ट्रॉन के द्रव्यमान का अन्तर होता है।
इसलिए 100 मोल इलेक्ट्रॉनों का द्रव्यमान = 5.48002g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 12
= 9.1 x 10^-26g = 9.1 x 10^-29 kg
अतः एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का अभीष्ट द्रव्यमान = 9.1 x 10^-29 kg

प्रश्न 12.
सिल्वर (Hgs), मरकरी का एक प्रमुख अयस्क है। 225g शुद्ध HgS में कितने ग्राम मरकरी के कण विद्यमान होते हैं ? Hg और S के मोलर द्रव्यमान क्रमश: 220.6g mol^-1 और 32g mol^-1हैं।
हल:
HgS का मोलर द्रव्यमान = 220-6 g + 32 g = 252.6g mol^-1
∵ 252.6 g Hgs में Hg का द्रव्यमान = 220.6g
∴ 225 g Hgs में Hg का द्रव्यमान = 220.6 x 225/252.6 = 196.50 g
अतः मर्करी के अभीष्ट कणों का द्रव्यमान = 196.50g

प्रश्न 13.
एक स्टील के पेंच का द्रव्यमान 4-11g है। स्टील के इन पेंचों के एक मोल का द्रव्यमान ज्ञात कीजिए। इस मान की तुलना पृथ्वी के द्रव्यमान (5.98 x 10²⁴ kg) से कीजिए। इनमें से कौन-सा भारी है और कितना?
हल:
स्टील के पेंचों के एक मोल का द्रव्यमान = पेंच का द्रव्यमान x 1 मोल में पेंचों की संख्या
=4.11 g x 6.022 x 10²³
= 2.475 x 1024 g = 2-475 x 10²¹ kg
चूँकि पृथ्वी का द्रव्यमान = 5.98 x 10²⁴ kg है जो स्टील के एक मोल पेंच के द्रव्यमान से अधिक है इसलिए पृथ्वी एक मोल स्टील के पेंच से भारी है।
अब पृथ्वी का द्रव्यमान/स्टील के पेंच के एक मोल का द्रव्यमान = \(\frac{5 \cdot 980 \times 10^{24}}{2 \cdot 475 \times 10^{21}}\)
= 2.416 x 10³ = 2416
अतः पृथ्वी 1 मोल स्टील पेंच से लगभग 2.416 गुना भारी है।

प्रश्न 14.
विटामिन C के एक नमूने में 2.58 x 10²⁴ ऑक्सीजन अणु एवं ऑक्सीजन परमाणु उपस्थित हैं। इस नमूने में ऑक्सीजन परमाणुओं के कितने मोल उपस्थित हैं ?
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 13
अत: ऑक्सीजन के मोलों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 4.28

प्रश्न 15.
रौनक ने कार्बन परमाणुओं के 5 मोल एक पात्र में लिए और कृष ने सोडियम परमाणुओं के .5 मोल समान भार वाले दूसरे पात्र में लिए। (a) किसका पात्र भारी है ? (b) किसके पात्र में परमाणुओं की संख्या अधिक है ?
हल:
5 मोल कार्बन परमाणुओं का द्रव्यमान = 5 x कार्बन का परमाणु द्रव्यमान
= 5 x 12 g = 60g
5 मोल सोडियम परमाणुओं का द्रव्यमान = 5 x सोडियम का परमाणु द्रव्यमान
= 5 x 23 = 115g

(a) कृष का पात्र भारी है।
(b) दोनों के पात्रों में परमाणुओं की संख्या बराबर है क्योंकि मोल बराबर हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
दृश्य ब्रह्माण्ड में अनुमानित 10²² तारे हैं। दृश्य ब्रह्माण्ड में तारों के कितने मोल उपस्थित हैं ?
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 14
अतः दृश्य ब्रह्माण्ड में तारों के मोलों की अभीष्ट संख्या = 1.66 x 10^-2 मोल

प्रश्न 17.
10³ मोल मैग्नीशियम परमाणुओं तथा मैग्नीशियम आयनों के द्रव्यमानों के अन्तर का परिकलन कीजिए। (एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का द्रव्यमान = 9.1 x 10^-31kg)
हल:
मैग्नीशियम के एक परमाणु एवं एक आयन के द्रव्यमानों में 2 इलेक्ट्रॉनों के द्रव्यमान के बराबर अन्तर होगा क्योंकि Mg²⁺ में 2 इलेक्ट्रॉन कम हैं।
10³ मोल Mg परमाणु एवं Mg आयनों में इलेक्ट्रॉनों का अन्तर = 2 x 10³ मोल
2 x 10³ मोल इलेक्ट्रॉनों का द्रव्यमान = 2 x 10³ x 6.022 x 10²³ x 9.1 x 10^-31kg
= 2 x 6.022 x 9.1 x 10^-5
= 109.6 x 10^-5 kg = 1:096 x 10^-3 kg
अतः द्रव्यमानों में अभीष्ट अन्तर = 1.096 x 10^-3 kg

प्रश्न 18.
5.85 g सोडियम क्लोराइड में उपस्थित आयनों की संख्या परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
सोडियम क्लोराइड (NaCl) का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g
इसलिए 5.85 g NaCl में मोल संख्या = \(\frac { 5.85 }{ 85.5 }\) = 0.1 मोल
NaCl के एक अणु में Na⁺ एवं Cl^– के कुल दो आयन हैं।
इसलिए 5.85 g NaCl में आयनों की संख्या = 2 x 0.1 x 6.022 x 10²³
= 1.2044 x 10²³
अतः अभीष्ट आयनों की संख्या = 1:2044 x 10²³

प्रश्न 19.
किसमें परमाणुओं की संख्या अधिक है ? (N₂ के 100 g में अथवा NH₃ के 100 g में)
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 15

अत: NH₃ में अभीष्ट परमाणुओं की संख्या N₂ से अधिक है।

प्रश्न 20.
गोल्ड के एक नमूने में 90% गोल्ड और शेष कॉपर है। मोल के इस नमूने के एक ग्राम में गोल्ड के कितने परमाणु उपस्थित हैं ?
हल:
एक ग्राम गोल्ड नमूने में शुद्ध गोल्ड = 90 = 0.9g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 17
= \(\frac { 0.9 }{ 197 }\) = 0.0046 मोल
उपर्युक्त गोल्ड में उपस्थित परमाणु = 0.0046 x 6.022 x 10²³
= 2.77 x 10²¹ परमाणु
अतः गोल्ड के अभीष्ट परमाणुओं की संख्या = 2.77 x 10²³ परमाणु

प्रश्न 21.
आयनिक तथा आण्विक यौगिक क्या होते हैं ? उदाहरण दीजिए। (2019)
उत्तर:
आयनिक यौगिक-“वे यौगिक जो जल में घोलने पर ऋणावेशित कणों (धनायन एवं ऋणायनों) में विभक्त हो जाते हैं, आयनिक यौगिक कहलाते हैं।”
उदाहरण – सोडियम क्लोराइड, अमोनियम सल्फेट आदि।
आण्विक यौगिक – “वे यौगिक जो विभिन्न तत्वों के परमाणुओं के परस्पर एक निश्चित अनुपात में जुड़कर बनते हैं तथा जल में घोलने पर आयनों में विभक्त नहीं होते, आण्विक यौगिक कहलाते हैं।”
उदाहरण-कार्बन डाइ-ऑक्साइड, अमोनिया आदि।

प्रश्न 22.
एक मोल ऐलुमिनियम परमाणुओं और इसके एक मोल आयनों के द्रव्यमानों में अन्तर को परिकलित कीजिए। (एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का द्रव्यमान 9.1 x 10^-28 g है)। इनमें से कौन-सा अधिक भारी है ?
हल:
चूँकि एक ऐलुमिनियम परमाणु A1 एवं आयन Al³⁺ में तीन इलेक्ट्रॉनों का अन्तर होता है।
इसलिए 1 मोल Al एवं 1 मोल Al³⁺ में इलेक्ट्रॉनों में अन्तर = 3 मोल
3 मोल इलेक्ट्रॉनों का द्रव्यमान = 3x 6.022 x 10²³ x 9.1 x 10^-28
= 1.644 x 10^-3
और चूँकि परमाणु से आयन बनने में इलेक्ट्रॉन निकला है इसलिए परमाणु का द्रव्यमान आयन के द्रव्यमान से अधिक होगा।
अत: Al परमाणु एवं Al³⁺ आयन के द्रव्यमानों में अन्तर = 1.644 x 10^-3g तथा AIपरमाणु Al³⁺ आयन से अधिक भारी है।

प्रश्न 23.
‘m’g द्रव्यमान के एक सिल्वर के आभूषण को सिल्वर के 1% द्रव्यमान तुल्य गोल्ड से पॉलिश किया गया। आभूषण में गोल्ड और सिल्वर के परमाणुओं की संख्याओं के अनुपात को परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
सिल्वर का द्रव्यमान = m ग्राम
गोल्ड का द्रव्यमान = m का 1% = \(\frac { m }{ 100 }\)g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 18
= 108 : 19700 = 1 : 182.41
अतः गोल्ड एवं सिल्वर के परमाणुओं में अभीष्ट अनुपात = 1 : 182.41

प्रश्न 24.
एथेन गैस (C₂H₆) के एक नमूने का वही द्रव्यमान है जो मीथेन गैस (CH₄) के 1.5 x 10²⁰अणुओं का होता है। गैस के नमूने में कितने C₂H₆ अणु हैं ?
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 19
अतः एथेन गैस (C₂H₆) के नमूने में अभीष्ट अणुओं की संख्या = 0.8 x 10²⁰ अणु

प्रश्न 25.
निम्नलिखित के सूत्र लिखें और प्रत्येक का आण्विक द्रव्यमान परिकलित कीजिए
(a) कास्टिक पोटाश,
(b) बेकिंग पाउडर,
(c) चूने का पत्थर,
(d) कास्टिक सोडा,
(e) एथेनॉल,
(f) साधारण नमक।
उत्तर:
(a) सूत्र: KOH का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56
(b) सूत्र : NaHCO₃ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 23 + 1 + 1 2 + 48 = 84
(c) सूत्र : CaCO₃ का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 40 + 12+ 48 = 100
(d) सूत्र : NaOH का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40
(e) सूत्र : C₂H₅OH का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
(f) सूत्र : NaCl का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

प्रश्न 26.
प्रकाश-संश्लेषण में कार्बन डाइ-ऑक्साइड के 6 अणु जल के समान संख्या में अणुओं से जटिल अभिक्रियाओं की एक श्रृंखला के माध्यम से संयोग करके C₆H₁₂O₆ आण्विक सूत्र वाला ग्लूकोज का एक अणु देते हैं। 18 g ग्लूकोज बनाने के लिए कितने ग्राम जलं की आवश्यकता होगी ? जल का घनत्व 1g cm^-3 मानते हुए काम में आये जल का आयतन परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
ग्लूकोज (C₆H₁₂O₆) का आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 6 x 12 + 1 x 12 + 6 x 16
= 180g
∵ 1 मोल ग्लूकोज बनाने के लिए 6 मोल जल की आवश्यकता होती है।
∴ 180 g ग्लूकोज बनाने के लिए आवश्यक जल = 6 x 18 g..
∴ 18g ग्लकोज बनाने के लिए आवश्यक जल = \(\frac { 6\times18 }{ 180 }\) x 18 g = 10.8g
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 20
अतः अभीष्ट जल का द्रव्यमान = 10-8g एवं आयतन = 10.8 cm³

MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 3 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित यौगिकों के रासायनिक सूत्र दीजिए और प्रत्येक के लिए उसके संयोजी तत्वों के द्रव्यमानों के सन्दर्भ में अनुपात का परिकलन कीजिए-
(a) अमोनिया (2019),
(b) कार्बन मोनोक्साइड (2019),
(c) हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड (2019),
(d) ऐलुमिनियम फ्लुओराइड,
(e) मैग्नीशियम सल्फाइड।
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 21

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित यौगिकों के संयोजी तत्वों का उनके द्रव्यमान के सन्दर्भ में अनुपात ज्ञात कीजिए –
(a) CaCO₃,
(b) MgCl₂,
(c) H₂SO₄,
(d) C₂H₅OH,
(e) Ca(OH)₂.
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 3 परमाणु एवं अणु image 22

MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.3

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.3

प्रश्न 1.
x + 3x² + 3x + 1 को निम्नलिखित से भाग देने पर शेषफल ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) x + 1
(ii) x – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
(iii) x
(iv) x + π
(v) 5 + 2x
हल:
(i) p(x) = x + 5x² + 3x + 1 एवं x + 1 का शून्यक – 1 है।
⇒ p(-1) = (-1)³ + 3 (-1)² + 3 (-1) + 1
= -1 + 3 – 3 + 1 = 4 – 4 = 0
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = 0.

(ii) p(x) = x + 3x² + 3x + 1 एवं x – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) का शून्यक \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) है
MP Board Class 9th Maths Guide Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.3 1
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = \(\frac { 27 }{ 8 }\)

(iii) p(x) = x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1 एवं का शून्यक 0 है
p(0) = (0)³ + 3 (0)² + 3(0) + 1
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = 1.

(iv) p(x) = x³ + 3x² + 3x + 1 एवं x + π का शून्यक – π है
⇒ p(- π ) = (- π )³ + 3(-π)² + 3 (-1) + 1
= – π³ + 3π² – 3π + 1
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = – π³ + 3π² – 3π + 1

(v) p(x) = x + 3x² + 3x + 1 एवं 5 + 2x का शून्यक –\(\frac { 5 }{ 2 }\) है
MP Board Class 9th Maths Guide Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.3 2
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = –\(\frac { 27 }{ 8 }\).

प्रश्न 2.
x³ – ax² + 6x – a को x – a से भाग देने पर शेषफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना p(x) = x³ – ax² + 6x – a एवं x – a का शून्यक a है
p(a) = a³ – a(a) + 6 (a) – a
= a³ – a³ + 6a – a = 5a
अतः शेषफल प्रमेय के अनुसार अभीष्ट शेषफल = 5a.

प्रश्न 3.
जाँच कीजिए कि 7 + 3x, 3x³ + 7x का एक गुणनखण्ड है या नहीं ?
हल:
माना p(x) = 3x³ + 7x एवं 7 + 3x का शून्यक \(\frac { 7 }{ 3 }\) है।
MP Board Class 9th Maths Guide Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.3 3
अतः 7 + 3x व्यंजक 3x² + 7x का एक गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5

October 16, 2024October 15, 2024 by Prasanna

MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5

प्रश्न 1.
उपयुक्त सर्वसमिकाओं को प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) (x +4) (x + 10)
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
(iv) (y² + \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) ) ( y² – \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\))
(v) (3 – 2x) (3 + 2x).
हल:
(i) चूँकि (x+ a) (x + b) = x² + (b + a)x + ab (सर्वसमिका)
⇒ (x +4) (x + 10) = x²+ (10 + 4) x + (4) (10)
= x² + 14x + 40
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल = x² + 14x + 40.

(ii) चूँकि (x + a) (x – b) = x² + (a- b)x – (a) (b) (सर्वसमिका)
⇒ (x + 8)(x – 10) = x² + (8 – 10)x – (8) (10)
= x² – 2x – 80
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल =x² – 2x -80.

(iii) चूँकि (a + b) (a – c) = (a)² + (b – c) (a) – (b)(c) (सर्वसमिका)
⇒ (3x+ 4) (3x – 5) = (3x)² + (4 – 5) (3x) – (4)(5)
= 9x² – 3x – 20
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल = 9x² – 3x – 20.

(iv) चूँकि (a + b) (a – b) = a² – b² (सर्वसमिका)
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 1

(v) चूँकि (a – b) (a + b) = a² – b² (सर्वसमिका)
(3 – 2x) (3 + 2x) = (3)² – (2x)²
= 9 – 4x²
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल = 9 – 4x².

प्रश्न 2.
सीधे गुणा किए बिना निम्नलिखित गुणनफलों के मान ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) 103 x 107
(ii) 95 x 96
(iii) 104 x 96
हल:
(i) चूँकि (x + a) (x + b) = x² + (a + b)x + ab (सर्वसमिका)
यदि x = 100, a = 3 एवं b = 7 हो, तो
(100 + 3) (100 + 7) = (100)² + (3 + 7) (100) + (3) (7)
⇒ (103) (107) = 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 11021
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल = 11021.

(ii) चूँकि (x + a) (x + b) = x² + (a + b) x + ab (सर्वसमिका)
अब x = 100, a = – 5, b = – 4 रखने पर,
⇒ (100 – 5) (100 – 4) = (100)² + (-5 – 4) (100) + (-5) (-4)
⇒ 95 x 96 = 10000 – 900 + 20
⇒ 95 x 96 = 9120
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफन = 9120.

(iii) चूँकि (a + b) (a – b) = a – b² (सर्वसमिका)
अब a = 100, b = 4 रखने पर,
⇒ (100 + 4) (100 – 4) = (100)² – (4)²
⇒ 104 x 96 = 10000 – 16
⇒ 104 x 96 = 9984
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनफल = 9984.

प्रश्न 3.
उपयुक्त सर्वसमिकाएँ प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित के गुणनखण्डन कीजिए :
(i) 9x² + 6xy + ya
(ii) 4y² – 4y + 1
(iii) x² – 100
हल:
(i) चूँकि a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²
अब a = 3x एवं b = y रखने पर,
⇒ (3x)² + 2 (3x) (y) + (y)² = (3x + y)²
⇒ 9x² + 6xy + y² = (3x + y)²
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3x + y)².

(ii) चूँकि (a)² – 2ab + (b)² = (a – b)²
अब a= 2y एवं b = 1 रखने पर,
⇒ (2y)² – 2 (2y) (1) + (1)² = (2y – 1)²
⇒ 4y⁴ – 4y + 1 = (2y – 1)²
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (2y – 1)²

(iii) चूँकि a² – b² = (a – b) (a + b)
अब a = x एवं b = y/10 रखने पर,
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 2

प्रश्न 4.
उपयुक्त सर्वसमिकाओं का प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का प्रसार कीजिए :
(i) (x + 2y + 4z)²
(ii) (2x – y + z)²
(iii) (-2x + 3y + 2z)²
(iv) (3a – 7b – c)²
(v) (-2x + 5y – 3z)²
(vi) [ \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)a – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)b + 1]²
(i) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² +1 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p =x, q= 2y एवं r = 4z रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(x + 2y + 4z)² = (x)² + (2y)² + (4z)² + 2 [(x)(2y) + (2y)(4z) + (4z)(x)]
= x² + 4y² + 16z² + 2(2xy + 8yz + 4zx)
= x² + 4y²+ 16z² + 4xy + 16yz + 8zx.
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = x² + 4y² + 16z² + 4xy + 16yz + 8 zx.

(ii) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² + 2 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p = 2x, q = -y एवं r = z रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(2x – y + z)² = (2x)² + (-y)² + (z)² + 2 [(2x)(-y) + (-y)(z) + (z)(2x)]
= 4x² + y² + z² + 2 (- 2xy – 2yz + 2zx)
= 4x² + y² + z² – 4xy – 2yz + 4zx
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार 4x² +y² + z²– 4xy – 2yz + 4zx.

(iii) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² + 1 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p = – 2x, q = 3y एवं r = 2z रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(- 2x + 3y + 2z)² = (- 2x)² + (3y)² + (2z)² + 2 [(- 2x)(3y) + (3y)(2z) + (2z)(- 2x)]
(- 2x + 3y + 2z)² = 4x² + 9y² + 4z² + 2 (- 6xy + 6yz – 4zx)
= 4x² + 9y² + 4z² – 12xy + 12yz – 8zx
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = 4x² + 9y² + 4z² – 12xy + 12yz – 8zx.

(iv) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² + 2 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p = 3a, q = – 7b एवं r = – c रखने पर प्राप्त होता है।
(3a – 7b – c)² = (3a)² + (- 7b)² + (- c)² + 2 [(3a(- 7b) + (- 7b)(- c) + (- c)(3a)]
= 9a² + 49 b² + c² + 2 (- 21ab + 7bc – 3ca)
= 9a² + 49 b² + c² – 42ab + 146c – 6ca
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = 9a² + 49 b² + c² – 42ab + 14be – 6ca.

(v) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² + 2 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p = – 2x, q = 5y एवं r = – 3z रखने पर प्राप्त होता है:
(- 2x + 5y – 3z) = (- 2x)² + (5y)² + (- 3z)² + 2 [(- 2x)(5y) + (5y)(- 3z) + (- 3z) x (- 2x)]
= 4x² + 25y² + 9z² + 2 (- 10xy – 15yz + 6zx)
= 4x² + 25y² + 9z² – 20xy – 30yz + 12zx
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = 4x² + 25y² + 9z² – 20xy – 30yz + 12zx.

(vi) ∵ सर्वसमिका : (p + q + r)² = p² + q² + r² + 2 (pq + qr + rp)
अब p = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\), q = –\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) एवं r = 1 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 3

प्रश्न 5.
गणनखण्ड कीजिए :
(i) 4x² + 9y² + 16z² + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz (2018)
(ii) 2x² + y² + 8z² – 2 √2 xy + 4√2 yz – 8xz.
हल:
(i) चूँकि दिए गए बहुपद में yz एवं zx के गुणांक ऋणात्मक हैं जिनमें उभयनिष्ठ है, अतः z का गुणांक ऋणात्मक होगा।
अब 4x² + 9y² + 16z² + 12xy – 24xz – 16xz
= (2x)² + (3y)² + (- 4z)² + 2 (2x) (3y) + 2 (3y)(- 4z) + 2 (- 4z)(2x)
= (2x + 3y – 4z)² [ ∵ a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b + c)² सर्वसमिका]
अत: अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (2x + 3y – 4z)² .

(ii) चूँकि दिए हुए बहुपद में xy एवं xz के गुणांक ऋणात्मक है जिनमें x उभयनिष्ठ है अतः x का गुणांक ऋणात्मक होगा।
अब
2x² + y² + 8z² – 2√2 xy + 4√2 yz – 8 xz
= ( -√2x)² + (y)²+ (2√2z)² + 2(-√2x)(y) + 2(y)(2√2z) + 2(2√2z)(- √2x)
= ( -√2x + y + (2√2z)² [∵ a² + b² + c² + 2a + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b + c)²सर्वसमिका]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (-√2 x + y + 2√2z)²

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित घनों को प्रसारित रूप में लिखिए :
(i) (2x + 1)³ (2019)
(i) (2a – 3b)³
(ii) (\(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)x + 1)³
(iv) (x – \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)y )³
हल:
(i) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = 2x एवं q = 1 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(2x + 1)³ = (2x)³ + 3 (2x)² (1) + 3 (2x) (1)² + (1)³= 8x³ + 12x² + 6x + 1
अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = 8x³ + 12x² + 6x + 1.

(ii) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = 2a एवं q = -3b रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(2a – 3b)³ = (2a)³ + 3(2a)²(- 3b) + 3(2a)(- 3b)² + (- 3b)³= 8a³ – 36a²b + 54 ab² – 21b³अतः अभीष्ट प्रसार = 8a³ – 36a²b + 54 ab² – 21b³

(iii) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) एवं q = 1 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 4

(iv) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = x एवं q = –\(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)y रखने पर प्राप्त होता है।
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 4a

प्रश्न 7.
उपयुक्त सर्वसमिकाएँ प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित के मान ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) (99)³
(ii) (102)³
(iii) (998)³.
हल:
(i) चूँकि सर्वसमिका = (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = 100 एवं q = – 1 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(100 – 1)³ = (100)³ + 3(100)² (- 1) + 3(100)(- 1)² + (-1)³⇒ (99)³ = 1000000 – 30000 + 300 – 1
= 1000300 – 30001 = 970299
अतः अभीष्ट मान = 970299.

(ii) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³
अब p = 100 एवं q = 2 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(100 + 2)³ = (100)³ + 3(100)²(2) + 3(100)(2)² + (2)³⇒ (102)³ = 1000000 + 60000 + 1200 + 8 = 1061208
अतः अभीष्ट मान = 1061208.

(iii) चूँकि सर्वसमिका : (p + q)³ = p³ + 3p²q + 3pq² + q³अब p = 1000 एवं q = – 2 रखने पर प्राप्त होता है :
(1000 – 2)³ = (1000)³ + 3(1000)²(- 2) + 3(1000)(- 2)² + (- 2)³⇒ (998)³ = 1000000000 – 6000000 + 12000 – 8
= 1000012000 – 6000008
= 994011992
अतः अभीष्ट मान = 994011992.

प्रश्न 8.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का गुणनखण्ड कीजिए :
(i) 8a³ + b³ + 12 a²A + 6ab²
(ii) 8a³ – b³ – 12a²A + 6ab²(iii) 27 – 125a³ – 135a + 225a²
(iv) 64a³ – 27b³ – 144a²b + 108ab²(v) \( 27 p^{3}-\frac{1}{216}-\frac{9}{2} p^{2}+\frac{1}{4} p\)
हल :
(i) 8a³ + b³ + 12a² b + 6ab²= (2a)³ + (b)³ + 3(2a)² (b) + 3(2a)(b)²= (2a + b)³ [∵ p³ + q³ + 3p²q + 3pq² = (p + q)³]
अत: अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (2a + b)3.

(ii) 8a³ – b³ – 12a²b + 6ab²= (2a)³ + (- b)³ + 3(2 a)²(- b) + 3(2 a)(- b)²= (2a – b)³ [∵ p³ + q³ + 3p²q + 3pq² = (p + q)³]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (2a – b)³

(iii) 27 – 125a³– 135a + 225a² = (3)³ + (- 5a)³ + 3(3)² (- 5a) + 3(3) (- 5a)²= (3 – 5a)³ [ ∵ p³ + q³ + 3p²q + 3pq² = (p + q)³ सर्वसमिका]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3 – 5a)³

(iv) 64a³ – 21b³ – 144a²b + 108 ab²= (4a)³ + (- 3b)³ + 3(4a)² (- 3b) + 3(4a)(- 3b)²= (4a – 3b)³ [ ∵ p³ + q³ + 3p²q + 3pq² = (p + q)³ सर्वसमिका]
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (4a – 3b)³.

(v) \( 27 p^{3}-\frac{1}{216}-\frac{9}{2} p^{2}+\frac{1}{4} p\)
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 5

प्रश्न 9.
सत्यापित कीजिए कि :
(i) x³ + y³ = (x + y) (x²– xy + y²)
(ii) x³ – y³ = (x – y)(x² + xy +y²)
हल:
(i) हम जानते हैं कि (x + y)³ = x³ + y³ + 3x²y + 3xy²= x³ +y³ + 3xy (x +y)(सर्वसमिका)
⇒ x³+ y³ = (x + y)³– 3xy(x + y)
= (x + y) [(x + y)² – 3xy]
= (x + y) [x² + 2xy + y² – 3xy]
⇒ x³+ y³ = (x + y) (x²– xy + y²) इति सिद्धम्

(ii) हम जानते हैं कि (x – y)³ = x³ + y³ + 3x²y + 3xy²= x³ +y³ + 3xy (x +y)(सर्वसमिका)
x³– y³ = (x – y)³ + 3xy (x – y)
= (x – y)[(x – y)² + 3xy]
= (x – y) [x² – 2xy + y² + 3xy]
⇒ x³ – y³ = (x – y) (x² + xy + y²). इति सिद्धम्

प्रश्न 10.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का गुणनखण्ड कीजिए :
(i) 27 y³ + 125z³ (ii) 64m³ – 343n³.
हल:
(i) 27y³ + 125z³= (3y)³ + (5z)³= (3y + 5z) [(3y)² – (3y)(5z) + (5z)²] (∵ p³ + q³ = (p + q) {p²-pq + q²)
= (3y + 5z) (9y² – 15yz + 25z²)
अत: अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3y + 5z) (9y² – 15yz + 25z²).

(ii) 64m³ – 343n² = (4m)³ – (7n)³= (4m – 7n) [(4m)² + (4m) (7n) + (7n)²] [∵ p³– q³ = (p – q)p²+ pq + q²]
= (4m – 7n) (16m² + 28m.n + 49n²)
अतः अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (4m – 7n) (16m² + 28m.n + 49n²).

प्रश्न 11.
गुणनखण्ड कीजिए : 27x³ + y³ + z³ – 9xyz.
हल:
27x³ + y³ + z³ – 9xyz = (3x)³ + (y)³ + (z)³ – 3(3x)(y)(z)
= (3x + y + z) [(3x)² + (y)² + (z)² – (3x) (y) – (y)(z) – (z)(3x)]
= (3x + y + z) (9x² + y² + z² – 3xy – yz – 3zx)
अत: अभीष्ट गुणनखण्ड = (3x + y + z) (9x² + y² + z² – 3xy – yz – 3zx)

प्रश्न 12.
सत्यापित कीजिए :
x³ + y³ + z³– 3xyz = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) (x + y + z) [(x – y)² + (y – z)² + (z – x)²]. (2019)
हल:
MP Board Class 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 बहुपद Ex 2.5 6

प्रश्न 13.
यदि x + y + z = 0 हो, तो दिखाइए कि x³ + y³ + z³ = 3xyz. (2018)
हल:
हम जानते हैं कि :
x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz = (x + y + 2) (x² + y² + z² – 3xy – yz – 3zx) (सर्वसमिका) …(1)
लेकिन x + y + z = 0 (दिया है) …(2)
समीकरण (1) एवं (2) से,
x³ + y³ + z³ – 3 xyz = 0 x (x² + y²+ z² – xy – yz – zx) = 0
⇒ x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz. इति सिद्धम्

प्रश्न 14.
वास्तव में घनों का परिकलन किए बिना निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का मान ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) (-12) + (7) + (5)3
(ii) (28) + (-15)3 + (-13)3.
हल:
(i) चूँकि (-12) + (7) + (5) = – 12 + 12 = 0 है
(- 12)³ + (7)³ + (5)³ = 3(-12) (7) (5)
= – 1260
अतः अभीष्ट मान = -1260.

(ii) चूँकि (28) + (-15) + (-13) = 28 – 28 = 0 है
⇒ (28)³ + (- 15)³ + (- 13)³ = 3(28) (- 15) (- 13)
= 16380
अतः अभीष्ट मान = 16380.

प्रश्न 15.
नीचे दिए गए आयतों, जिनमें उनके क्षेत्रफल दिए गए हैं, में से प्रत्येक की लम्बाई और चौड़ाई के लिए सम्भव व्यंजक ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) क्षेत्रफल : 25a² – 35a + 12
(ii) क्षेत्रफल : 35y² + 13y – 12
हल:
(i) क्षेत्रफल = 25a²– 35a + 12
= 25a² – (20 + 15) a + 12
= 25a² – 20a – 15a + 12
= 5a (5a – 4) – 3 (5a – 4)
= (5a – 4) (5a – 3) = चौड़ाई x लम्बाई
अतः सम्भावित अभीष्ट लम्बाई = (5a – 3) एवं चौड़ाई = (5a – 4).

(ii) क्षेत्रफल = 35y² + 13y – 12
= 35y² + (28 – 15) y – 12
= 35y² + 28y – 15y – 12
= 7y (5y + 4) – 3 (5y + 4)
= (5y + 4) (7y – 3) = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
अतः सम्भावित अभीष्ट लम्बाई एवं चौड़ाई क्रमशः (5y + 4) एवं (7y – 3) हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
घनाभों जिनके आयतन नीचे दिए गए हैं, विमाओं के लिए सम्भव व्यंजक ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) आयतन : 3x³ – 12x
(ii) आयतन : 12ky²+ 8ky – 20k
हल:
(i) आयतन = 3x³ – 12x
= 3x [x² – 4]
= 3x [(x)²– (2)²]
= 3x (x – 2) (x + 2)
अतः सम्भावित अभीष्ट विमाएँ : 3x, (x – 2) एवं (x + 2) हैं।

(ii) आयतन = 12ky² + 8ky – 20k
= 4k [3y²+ 2y – 5]
= 4k [3y² + (5 – 3) y – 5]
= 4k [y (3y + 5) – 1 (3y + 5)]
= 4k (3y + 5) (y – 1)
अतः सम्भावित अभीष्ट विमाएँ : 4k, (3y + 5) एवं (y – 1) हैं।