Bhagya

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Active and Passive Voice

There are two voices of the verb

• (A) Active Voice, and
  कर्तृ वाच्य
• (B) Passive Voice.
  कर्म वच्य

A. ACTIVE VOICE

When the subject of a verb acts or is active, it is said to be in the Active Voice.
जब कर्ता कोई कार्य करता है या सक्रिय होता है तो वह verb – active voice कर्तृ वाच्य में होती है।

Verbs are of two kinds –
(i) Intransitive verbs, and
अकर्मक
(ii) Transitive verbs.
व सकर्मक क्रियाएँ।

(a) When a verb does not have any object is said to be intransitive verb.
जब किसी क्रिया का object न हो, तो वह अकर्मक क्रिया कहलाती है।
As – (1) Radha is sleeping.
(ii) You stand in the corner.
(iii) She lives at Dhar.

(b) किन्तु जब verb में object होता है तो वह सकर्मक क्रिया कहलाती है –
Subject Verb Object
As –
(1) Hari buys an umbrella.
(ii) Mother brings glasses.
(iii) You know me.

B. Passive Voice

If in a sentence, object is acted upon by the subject, it is said to be in the Passive Voice.
As –
(i) An umbrella is bought by Hari.
एक छाता हरी द्वारा खरीदा जाता है।

(ii) Glasses are brought by mother.
गिलास माँ द्वारा लाये जाते हैं।

(iii) I am known to you. In this way only Transitive verbs can be used in Active and Passive Voice.

Change Of Voice

While changing a verb from the Active into the Passive

• The object of the active verb is made subject of the passive verb.
• The subject of the active verb is made the object of some preposition. (generally by)
• The passive verb must contain the past participle (Third form) of the principal verb.
• Some form of the verb ‘to be is used according to the tense.
• The Tense of the verb remains the same.

Changing From Active To Passive Continuous Tenses

A. Present Continuous Tense
इस Tense के Active Voice का क्रम निम्नानुसार होता है :
Subject – am/is/are – Verb – ing रूप Object (other words)

Passive Voice में परिवर्तन:
Object – am/is/are + being + Verb III (other words) + by Subject

Exercise : 1
Change into Passive Voice :
[Order – Object – am/is/are + being + Verb III (Other words) by Sub ject]

1. I am buying mangoes.
2. We are collecting stamps.
3. You are lending money.
4. He is sending me there.
5. The merchant is selling sugar.
6. Girls are smelling flowers.
7. Father is not spending money.
8. is Mohan learning English?
9. Who is sending letters?
10. Where are they catching fish?

B. Past Continuous Tense

Exercise : 2
(Order – Object – was/were + being + Verb III (Other words) by Subject)

Example –
He was cleaning the rooms.
The rooms were being cleaned by him.

1. I was writing a letter.
2. We were reading newspapers.
3. You were throwing the balls.
4. He was drawing a picture.
5. His father was bringing mangoes.
6. The teacher was teaching Physics.
7. The servant was beating the dog.
8. Whom was father beating?
9. How much sugar was he selling?
10. Why were they calling me?

C. Future Continuous Tense

इस Tense की Passive Voice नहीं होती। यह सिर्फ Active Voice में ही प्रयोग में आता है

N.B. – कुछ Verbs जैसे give, send, teach, tell इत्यादि है जिनमें दो ObjectIndirect व Direct Object. ऐसे वाक्यों में दो तरह से Passive Voice बनायी जा सकती है:

eg. (i) The teacher gave Sohan a book.
(Or The teacher gave a book to Sohan)
इसके possive इस प्रकार होंगे
(a) Sohan was given a book by the teacher.
(b) A book was given to Sohan (by the teacher).
(ii) I showed you my book.
My book was shown to you by me.
You were shown my book by me.
(iii) She teaches us English.
English is taught to us by her.
We are taught English by her.

Indefinite Tenses

A. Present (or Simple) Indefinite Tense Examples :
Active – Passive
1. I take coffee. – Coffee is taken by me.
2. Sonali sings a song. – A song is sung by Sonali. (2015)
3. You catch fish. – Fish is caught by you.
4. His father teaches Hindi. – Hindi is taught by his father. 5. We help everybody. [2009] – Everybody is helped by us. 6. Sheela dries clothes. – Clothes are dried by Sheela.

Exercise – 3
[Order – Object – am/is/are + Verb III by Subject]

1. I give the child two kites.
2. He sells sugar.
3. His brothers polish shoes.
4. Boys fly kites.
5. My father replies letters.
6. You copy the lesson.
7. Prof. Gupta teaches me English.
8. We expect happy news.
9. People celebrate Diwali all over India.
10. People do not play crcket in America.
11. Sangeeta Pal likes Grammar.
12. Does he build a house?
13. Do you not do any work?
14. Do they feed cattle?
15. Where do they keep money?

B. Past Indefinite Tense

Examples –

• I took tea.” (Active)
• Tea was taken by me. (Passive)
• His father sent a gift to his friend. (Active)
• A gift was sent to his friend by his father.
• Or His friend was sent a gift by his father. (Passive)

Exercise : 4
[Order – Object – was/were + Verb III by Subject]

1. He gave me a book. [2008]
2. You knew me. (Hint : by Subj. Per to Subj.]
3. Harish told lies.
4. My mother told Mohan an interesting story.
5. They wrote a letter to the Editor of the newspaper.
6. Sheela knit a sweater yesterday.
7. The servant shut the door.
8. Hari did not reply my letter.
9. What did you buy?
10. Did his brother lend you money?

C. Future Indefinite Tense

Example –

• 1 shall write a letter. (Active)
• A letter will be written by me. (Passive)

Exercise : 5
[Order – Object – shall/will + be f. verb III by Subject)

1. We shall watch the match.
2. Your brother will buy a watch.
3. The farmer will grow more food.
4. She will drop me a letter.
5. The boys will read the lesson twice.
6. They will make Dinesh captain of the hockey team.
7. The scientist will find out the answer.

Perfect Tenses

A. Present Perfect Tense

Examples –

• I have sent a letter. (Active)
• A letter has been sent by me. (Passive)
• She has spent all the money. (Active)
• All the money has been spent by her. (Passive)

Exercise : 6
[Order – Object – have/has + been + Verb III by Subject]

1. I have bought a car.
2. The servant has cleaned the room.
3. Grandmother has told a tale.
4. Someone has stolen my purse. [2003]
5. The Election Commission has declared the dates for Gujarat polls. [2003]
6. Somebody has taken away my book.
7. Government has built a road in our village.

B. Past Perfect Tense
Example –
Father had written the letter. (Active)
The letter had been written by father. (Passive)

Exercise : 7
[Order – Object – had been + Verb III by Subject]

1. The chief guest had delivered the speech.
2. The boy had made a doll.
3. The merchants had reduced prices of essential things.
4. The girls had collected a big fund for the blind’s welfare.
5. The watchman had closed the gate.
6. You had finished the work.
7. The British had developed a nice system of education in India.

C. Future Perfect Tense

Example –
The servant will have rung the bell. (Active)
The bell will have been rung by the servant. (Passive)

Exercise : 8
[Order – Object – shall/will. + have been + Verb III by Subject]

1. We shall have earned a lot of money.
2. The clerk will have compared the statement.
3. The volunteers will have buried the dead in the open.
4. He will have called me.
5. Mohan will have learnt English.
6. The Principal will have mentioned my name during his speech.
7. The children will have exploded the crackers.

Note – किसी भी Tense के Perfect Continuous का Passive नहीं होता।
Interrogative Sentences

Exercise : 9
[Order – HERA Fotell + Object(FER404 Fell 2) (Heruch for all 3) + Verb III by Subject]

1. Are you studying Physics?
2. Do I not give you money?
3. Does your brother drive the car?
4. Has the farmer grown rice?
5. Have you read this book?
6. Did she not tear the curtain?
7. Who has brought this news? [2009]
8. Was the boy throwing stones?
9. Had this boy broken your teeth?
10. Will the leader have finished his meal?

Exercise : 10
[Order – By whom or By who + सहायक क्रिया 1 + object + सहायक क्रिया 2 + Main Verb III + other words?]

1. Who brings medicine for you?
2. Who rubs the floor in the morning?
3. Who do not supply sugar at reasonable rate?
4. Who does not learn mathematics?
5. Who broke this chair? [2008]
6. Who did not control the mob?
7. Who is folding papers?
8. Who are not speaking the truth?
9. Who has drawn this picture?
10. Who have put tables here?

Note – Modern Grammar ‘Who’ को ही उसका objective case मानती है।

Exercise : 11
[Order – Q. W. + सहायक क्रिया + M. V. III + Other words + by Subject]

1. What do you take in the morning?
2. What does Hari not serve in the evening?
3. What have they studied?
4. What has Mohan burnt?
5. What did Sita do to make you so angry?
6. How many mangoes do you sell every day?
7. How much milk is mother boiling?
8. How many pencils has she broken?
9. How much rice will the merchant sell?
10. How many tables had she given upto 10th March?

Exercise : 12
[Order – Q.W. + सहायक क्रिया + object + सहायक क्रिया + M.V.III + Other words + by Subject]

1. When does the watchman close the gate?
2. Why have they not appointed you?
3. Where are they distributing sweets?
4. Why are you not earning enough money?
5. In which room did they worship the goddess?
6. From where will you buy sweets?
7. On what occasions will they have broken the promises?
8. Under what circumstances have you spoken these words?
9. On what account have the ministry made such promises?
10. How can you open this window?

Imperative Sentences

Examples :

1. Active – Buy some wool.
   Passive – Let some wool be bought. कुछ ऊन खरीदा जाए
2. Active – Do not think this.
   Passive – Let this not be thought (by you). येसा नहीं सोच जाए
3. Active Never tell lies. [2008]
   Passive – Let lies never be told. झूठ कभी न बोला जाए।

Exercise : 13
(Structure – Let – Object (not, never) be Verb III]

1. Make two kites.
2. Do not spend all the money,
3. Never read cheap literature.
4. Love the children.
5. “Write fresh letters,” said Bairam Khan.
6. “Begin the festival,” ordered the king.
7. “Never disobey your parents,” advised the teacher to the students.
8. “Grow more food,” said the minister to the farmers.
9. “Dig a pit measuring 1 cube metre,” said the engineer.
10. “Never drag bags,” said the notice in the post office.

Other Types Of Sentences

शोष अन्य प्रकार के Sentences जैसे modals, can, could, should, would, ought to इत्यादि व to infinitive को Passive करने के लिए वही रहता है व सहायक क्रिया order be अथवा been जोड़ी जाती है –

Examples –

1. I can speak French. (Active)
2. French can be spoken by me. (Passive)
3. Gopal is to make a kite. (Active)
4. A kite is to be made by Gopal. (Passive)
5. Suresh is going to buy a car. (Active)
6. A car is going to be bought by Suresh. (Passive)
7. We should not buy smuggled goods. (Active)
8. Smuggled goods should not be bought by us. (Passive)
9. I could have answered all questions (Active)

All questions could have been answered by me. (Passive)

Exercise : 14
[Order – Object – HERO Forell + be + Verb III by Subject)

1. Mother can do several works at a time.
2. You can write three letters in a week.
3. He could move a bus.
4. The doctors should not prescribe aspirin pills to children.
5. We are going to help you.
6. Father may give you some money.
7. We are to grow more trees.
8. Dinesh was going to fly a kite.
9. We must help the poor.
10. The judge might forgive you.
11. You can find this word in your dictionary.
12. Gopal is to draw a picture.

Exercise : 15
[Order – Object – सहायक क्रिया + been + Verb III by Subject)

1. The boy should have spoken the truth.
2. He would have drawn the picture.
3. Mother could have told the story.
4. The passenger might have bought the ticket.
5. You should have thought of a plan.

Note – कुछ Sentences का Passive Voice absurd (बेतुका) होता है, किसी का अर्थ एकदम उल्टा हो जाता है।

As –
I washed my face.
My face was washed by me. (Absurd)
I cannot teach Mohan (मेरी असमर्थता)
Mohan cannot be taught by me. (मोहन की असमर्थता) कुछ

कुछ Sentences को Passive Voice में बदलने पर by के स्थान पर अन्य Preposition का प्रयोग होता है। इन्हें Note करो।

Examples :

1. His behaviour disgusts us.
   We are disgusted with his behaviour.
2. The jug contains milk.
   Milk is contained in the jug.
3. I knew him.
   He was known to me.
4. Stamp – collecting interests you.
   You are interested in stamp – collecting.
5. Your jokes amuse us.
   We are amused at your jokes.
6. You please me.
   I am pleased with you.
7. This news surprised me.
   I was surprised at this news.
8. His gestures amazed them.
   They were amazed at his gastures.
9. Who broke this jug?
   By whom was this jug broken?
10. They are demolishing the entire block.
    The entire block is being demolished.
11. They asked the boys to wait.
    The boys were asked to wait.
12. What have they done to increase the production?
    What has been done to increase the production?

Exercise : 16
Change the voice of the following sentences:

1. The goldsmith melted gold.
2. You know him.
3. They do not burn papers.
4. We shall study Physics.
5. They did not build the house.
6. Your brother polishes shoes.
7. Hari does not tap the door.
8. Did they wave the flag?
9. Do they bring potatoes?
10. Will you shut the door?
11. I sold my bicycle.
12. Post the letter today.
13. I lost my watch.
14. One cannot gather grapes from thistles.
15. We are collecting stamps.
16. The merchant is selling sugar.
17. Deepali does her homework in time.
18. I gave him good advice.
19. Who brings letters?
20. Who teaches you English?
21. Do you know me?
22. Someone has stolen my pen.
23. My father gave me a pen.
24. He likes mangoes.
25. People celebrate Diwali all over India.
26. Who sang this beautiful song?
27. Mr. Sharma teaches me English.

Changing From Passive To Active

किसी Passive Voice के वाक्य को Active Voice में बदलने में थोड़ी कठिनाई आती है क्योंकि वहाँ Passive Voice के हर sentence में Verb की III form ही प्रयोग में आती है जबकि Active Voice में Verb की पाँच forms काम में आती हैं। दूसरे, कई बार Passive Voice में by subject नहीं दिया होता, हमें अन्दाज लगाना होता है।

Steps :

1. By subject में से subject को सर्वप्रथम लिखो।
2. Active Voice की उस Tense की सहायक क्रिया हो तो लिखो।
3. Passive Voice में जोड़ी गई सहायक क्रिया हटाओ।
4. Main Verb का सही रूप लिखो
5. Object को प्रथम स्थान से लेकर लिखो
6. Other words हों तो उन्हें लिखो।

Continuous Tenses

1. Present Continuous Tense
Passive Voice कम – Object – am/is/are + being + Verb III + other words + by subject.

As –

1. Wheat is being grown by the farmers.
2. Tea is being taken by me.
3. Sugar is being distributed at the control shops.
4. Letters are being written by us.
5. Buses are being stopped by the police.

Active Voice Subject – am/is/are + verb + ing + object + other words.
As –

1. The farmers are growing wheat.
2. I am taking tea.
3. They are distributing sugar at the control shops.
4. We are writing letters.
5. The police are stopping the buses.

Exercise : 17
Change into Active Voice : [Order – Subject – am/is/are + Verb + ing object etc.]

1. Applications are being sent by the boys.
2. The statue is being carried to the Rajbada Chowk. (by them)
3. Clothes are being dipped into the river by Sheela.
4. Songs are being heard by me.
5. Fruits are not being bought by anyone.
6. Is the lesson being taught thoroughly (by him)?
7. The cattle are being tied by the farmer.
8. A road is being built joining our village to the highway. (by P.W.D.)
9. Nothing is being done in this case by the officer.
10. Why is this picture not being completed by you?

2. Past Continuous Tense

Passive कम – Object – was/were + being + Verb III + other words + by subject.

• Tales were being told by grandmother.
• The room was not being swept.

Active कम – Subject – was/were + Verb + ing object + other words.

• Grandmother was telling tales.
• The servant was not sweeping the room.

Exercise : 18
Change into Active Voice : (Order – Subject + was/were + Verb + ing object + other words]

1. The account was being verified by the auditor.
2. The effigy of Ravan was being burnt at the Dusshera ground. (by People)
3. Newspapers were being sold at 7a.m. yesterday by the hawker.
4. Were lessons being read by you?
5. Mangoes were being plucked by the gardener.
6. Was money being spent lavishly by them?
7. The floor was being rubbed by the servant.
8. Money was being earned honestly by us.
9. Nuts were being hidden by the squirrels.
10. Two pictures were being drawn by the artist.

3. Future Continuous Tense
यह Tense Passive Voice में होता ही नहीं।

Indefinite Tenses
1. Present Indefinite Tense
[Passive कम – Object – am/is/are + Verb III + Other words + by sub ject]

As –

1. I am disturbed by the children.
2. You are sent there by me.
3. Clothes are washed by her.
4. Letters are replied by father.
5. Rice is not supplied by us.
6. Are flowers smelt by her?

Active कम – Aff. Subj. – Verb I/Verb 1 +s, es, ies object etc.
Neg. Subject – do/does + not + Verb I object etc.
Int. Do/Does subject + Verb I + object etc.?

As –

1. The children disturb me.
2. I send you there.
3. She washes clothes.
4. Father replies letters.
5. We do not supply rice.
6. Does she smell flowers?

Exercise : 19
Change into Active Voice :
[Order – Subject – Verb I/Verb I + s, es, ies object etc.]

1. Fruits are given to me by Hari.
2. Kites are flown on Sankranti. (by people)
3. Hindi is spoken in India. (by people);
4. Cricket is not played in America. (by people)
5. Mangoes are brought daily by father.
6. I am seen every day by them.
7. Is rice not grown here? (by farmers)
8. Are you known to Hari?
9. A man is known by the company he keeps. (by people)
10. The lesson is taught by Mr. Prasad.
11. Clothes are dried by Sheela.
12. Homework is not done regularly by Mohan.
13. Sugar is not sold here. (by us)
14. Torn notes are exchanged here. (by us)
15. An honest man is trusted by all. [2014]

2. Past Indefinite Tense
Passive कम – Object – was/were + Verb III + other words + by subject.

1. The car was driven at 60 km/h by Hari.
2. It was not known to me.
3. Was he satisfied with Mohan?

Active कम – Aff. SubVerb II – object etc.
Neg. Subject did not Verb I object etc.
Int. Did – Subject – Verb I object etc.?

As –

1. Hari drove the car at 60 km/h,
2. I did not know it.
3. Did Mohan satisfy him?

Exercise : 20
Change into Active Voice :
[Order – Aff. SubjectVerb II – object etc.
Neg. Subject did not – Verb I object etc.
Int. Did – Subject – Verb I object etc.?]

1. The door was shut by Charan Singh.
2. The ball was thrown by Venkatesh Prasad.
3. The chair was not broken by Mahesh.
4. This temple was built in 200 B.C. (by a king)
5. Was the bell rung by Nand Kishore?
6. Were stamps stuck on the envelopes by you?
7. Were pits not dug by the gardener?
8. The lesson was not copied by the girl.
9. The papers were not folded by the peon.
10. Mohan was not admitted by the Principal.

3. Future Indefinite Tense
Passive कम – Object – shall/will + be + Verb III + other words + by subject.

As –
The rent will be paid on 10th by me.
Active Subject – shall/will + Verb I object etc.
As I shall pay the rent on 10th.

Exercise : 21
Change into Active Voice :
[Order – Subject – shall/will. – Verb I object etc.)

1. Signal will be given at 7 o’clock by the driver.
2. The account will be verified on 7th by him.
3. Nothing will be listened against you by us.
4. Will five questions be omitted by you?
5. The bank will be managed by the government.
6. I shall not be sent there by the company.
7. Will the news be published in the Nai Dunia?

Perfect Tenses
1. Present Perfect Tense
Passive कम – Object – havelhas + been + Verb III + other words + by subject.
Passive – Prices have been controlled by the government. Active – The government has controlled the prices.

Exercise : 22
Change into Active Voice :
(Order – Subject – havelhas + Verb III + object etc.)

1. The farm has been cultivated.
2. Money has been borrowed @ 15% by him.
3. Raw mangoes have been supplied by the fruit seller.
4. Clothes have been washed by Sheela.
5. You have been be fooled by her.
6. The papers have not been signed.
7. Have contraband goods been seized by the police?
8. Have letters been replied by father?
9. Money has not been paid by you.
10. Physics has been studied by us.

2. Past Perfect Tense
Passive – Fish had been caught by Hariharan.
Active Hariharan had caught fish.

Exercise : 23
Change into Active Voice :
[Order – Subject – had + Verb III + object etc.]

1. Kites had been flown by them.
2. Wheat had been grown by the farmer.
3. The answer had not been found out by him.
4. Had the work been done by Mukesh?
5. The badge had been worn by the inspector.

3. Future Perfect Tense
Passive – The picture will have been drawn by the artist. ActiveThe artist will have drawn the picture.

Exercise : 24
Change into Active Voice :
[OrderSubjectshall/will + have + Verb III + object etc.)

1. Kites will have been flown by us.
2. The bottles will have been thrown by them.
3. Mathematics will have been learnt by you.
4. The bus will have been pushed by them.
5. The gates will have been closed by the gatekeeper.

Exercise : 25
Change the voice of the following sentences :

1. The goldsmith melted gold.
2. Flower is smelled by the artist.
3. You know him.
4. They do not burn papers.
5. The newspaper will be published from Indore and Bhopal by them.
6. We shall study Physics.
7. They did not build the house.
8. Tea was not taken by guests.
9. Your brother polishes shoes.
10. Hari does not tap the door.
11. Did they wave the flag?
12. Is the lecture listened by you?
13. Do they bring potatoes?
14. Was this news heard by you?
15. Will you shut the door?
16. I sold my bicycle.
17. Post the letter today.
18. I lost my watch.
19. One cannot gather grapes from thistles.
20. We are collecting stamps.
21. They elected him monitor of the class. [2011]
22. Ramu will post all the letters. [2012]

Additional Exercises

Exercise : 1
Complete the following sentences using passive voice verb forms of the verbs given in brackets :
1. Mangoes are being………(buy).
2. Indira was………(bear) in 1917.
3. Wheat is……..(grow) here.
4. Let the thief……..(punished).
5. By whom is the door………? (knock)
6. Quinine is bitter when………(taste)
7. French can be………(speak) by me.
8. The truth should have been. (speak)
9. Milk is………(contain) in the jug.
10. He was………(know) to me.

Silence is the element in which great things fashion themselves.
Thomas Carlyle. Hard work, positive thinking, fair dealing, right treatment of people, and the proper kind of praying always get results. – N.V. Peele.
Answers
1. bought,
2. born
3. grown,
4. be punished,
5. knocked
6. tasted
7. spoken
8. spoken.
9. contained
10. known.

Exercise : 2
Arrange the words in a proper order : [2009]
1. have/left/they/for/Indore.
2. are/fruits/bought/by/us/being.
3. by/kites/have/will/been/flown/the boys.
4. given/signal/be/will/at/5 O’clock.
5. The/built/the/was/house/in 1929.
6. My bicycle/sold/was/by me.
7. by/the/work/had/done/been/by Mukesh.
8. were/brought/potatoes/by/you?
9. Stamps/been/collected/have/by us.
10. The/tapped/not/was/door.
Answers
1. They have left for Indore.
2. Fruits are being bought by us.
3. Kites will have been flown by the boys.
4. Signal will be given at 5 o’clock.
5. The house was built in 1929.
6. My bicycle was sold by me.
7. The work had been done by Mukesh.
8. Were potatoes brought by you?
9. Stamps have been collected by us.
10. The door was not tapped.

ExercIse: 4
Complete the rollowing dialogues using passive voice.
I. Giia – Who built the Taj’
Sita – TheTaj……..?
2. Gita – When did you buy this T. V.?
Sits – The T. V ……….
3. Sits – When will we buy a house?
Gita – A house………
4. Sits – Who was taking tea?
Gua – Tea ……….
5. Gita – When was Gandhiji born?
SIta – Gandhiji
6. Gus – Who wrote Gitanjali?
Sim – Gitanjali ……
7. Ohs – WhIch fruit will be brought by you’
Sita – Bananas ……….
8. Gita – Who killed Rayan?
Sita – Ravan ……….
9. Oils – Who leaches you mathematics?
Sita – – Matheniaiiczs ……….
10. Gita – $low many books have you read?
Sits – Five books ……….
Answers
1. The Taj was built by Shahjahan.
2. The T. V. was bought m 2001 by us.
3. A house will be bought next year by us.
4. Tea was being taken by Mohan.
5. Garnthiji was born on 2nd October.
6. Gitanjali was written by R N. Tagote.
7. Bananas will be brought by me.
8. Rayan was killed by Ram.
9. Mathcinztics is taughi to us by Mr. R. N. Gupu
10. Five books have been read by inc.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Compound Sentences

Basic Sentence Patterns IT Negatives a Interrogatives at 37 of Simple Sentences के बारे में हम विस्तृत चर्चा कर चुके हैं। हमने देखा कि simple sentences में एक subject व एक predicate होता है। Predicate में एक verb phrase में एक predicate की आन्तरिक संरचना में अहम भूमिका निभाता है : साथ ही उसमें (verb phrase में) एक finite verb होती है जो subject से number a person में agree करती है। अब हम देखेंगे कि दो या दो अधिक simple sentences को जोड़ कर किस प्रकार compound complex sentences बनाए जाते हैं। जोड़ने का यह काम conjunctions द्वारा किया जाता है। जोड़कर बनाए गए complex sentences में simple sentences का जो रूप रहता है उन्हें clauses कहा जाता है। Simple sentence के समान ही प्रत्येक clause में एक subject तथा एक predicate होता है तथा predicate के verb phrase में एक finite verb होती है जो अपने subject से number और person में agree करती है।

Clause के status (प्रतिष्ठा) व जोड़ने वाले conjunction के आधार पर इस प्रकार बने sentences को compound या complex के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है :

1. Compound sentences में clauses को co-ordinate conjunction जिन्हें coordinators भी कहते हैं-द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तथा इसमें clause का status बैराबरी का होता है और उन्हें co-ordinate clauses कहा जाता है।
2. Complex sentences A clauses ont sub-ordinate conjunction for sub ordinators भी कहते हैं द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तथा इनमें clause का status बराबरी का नहीं होता। Clauses में से एक main clause तथा बाकी के subordinate clauses कहलाते हैं।

इस अध्याय में हम केवल compound sentences की चर्चा करेंगे। Complex sentences की चर्चा अगले अध्याय में करेंगे।

जैसा हमने ऊपर कहा है compound sentences में clauses को जोड़ने वाले conjunction को co-ordinate conjunctions या co-ordinators कहा जाता है। इन्हें दो समूहों में बाँट सकते हैं :

1. Simple Co-ordinators, तथा
2. Correlative Co-ordinators प्रमुख Simple Coordinators है :  and, but, or तथा nor प्रमुख Correlative Co-ordinators हैं :
   • either ……… or
   • both……..and
   • neither ……… nor
   • not only…….. but also.

Simple Co-Ordinators

अब हम simple co-ordinators का एक एक करके अध्ययन करेंगे

AND = Bits

And का उपयोग positive polarity (समान ध्रुवीयता) clauses को जोड़ कर उनकी अन्तर्वस्तु के बीच निम्न सम्बन्धों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए किया जाता है :

1. Mohan bought a new shirt.
   Sohan bought a new tie.
   Mohan bought a new shirt and Sohan bought a new tie.
   and = similarly (इसी प्रकार)
2. He has a small family
   He gets a good salary. He has a small family and he gets a good salary.
   and = also (साथ ही)
3. Sunil worked very hard.
   He got a first division. Sunil worked very hard and he got a first divişion.
   and = therefore (इसीलिए इसी कारण से)
4. He wrote the address on the envelope.
   He posted the letter. He wrote the address on the envelope and he posted the letter.
   and = then (तब)
5. Give them sufficient time.
   They will print it well. Give them sufficient time and they will print it well.
   and = then only (उसी स्थिति में)

Note : जब clauses को co-ordinating conjunctions से जोड़ा जाता है तो अधिकतर पुनरावृत्ति वाले शब्दों को delete (विलोपित) कर दिया जाता है:

1. जब दोनों clauses में verb के subjects या objects वही हों तो एक को विलोपित
He went to the market and (he) bought a new tie.
She typed (the letter) and (she) signed the letter.

2. जब दोनों clauses में auxiliary verb भी हो तो एक को विलोपित किया जाता है :
You could have come and (you could have) told me.

3. जब दोनों clauses में main verb भी हो तो एक को विलोपित किया जाता है :
He typed these letters and (he typed) those certificates.

4. Deletion के बाद,यदि आवश्यक हो तो वाक्य में अन्य परिवर्तन किये जाते है :
Rajesh is a hard-working boy.
Brijesh is a hard-working boy.

Rajesh and Brijesh are hard-working boys.
अत: (ii), (iii) व (iv) के compound sentences सामान्यतः इस रूप में होंगे :
(ii) He has a small family and gets a good salary.
(iii) Sunil worked very hard and got a first division.
(iv) He wrote the address on the envelope and posted the letter.

Exercise : 1
Join the following pairs of sentences to make compound sentences using and. Pay attention to the meaning as well as delete those parts which need to be deleted :
1. He is popular with the boys.
His teachers like him.

2. The boys heard the bell.
They rushed to the class.

3. She washed the shirt.
She ironed the shirt.

4. Do these exercises carefully.
You will get good marks.

5. Swapnesh is intelligent.
Swapnesh is hard-working.

6. Ravi sings well.
Sunita sings well.

7. He heard somebody knock. ,
He went to open the door.

8. The soldier walked to the Captain.
The soldier handed him the letter.

9. She will telephone you.
She will see you later.

10. Rita is an intelligent girl.
Mona is an intelligent girl.

Note : When we join more than two clauses of positive polarity the conjunction and is used before the last clause and commas are used between the others :

The Principal opened the envelope. He took out the question papers.

He counted the question papers. The Principal opened the envelope, took out the question papers and counted them.

BUT = किन्तु

But का उपयोग clauses की अन्तर्वस्तु में विषमता की अभिव्यक्ति करता है, अतः इसका प्रयोग ऐसे clauses को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है जिनकी अन्तर्वस्तु में opposite polarity (विपरीत ध्रुवीयता) हो या जब एक clause की अन्तर्वस्तु के अनुसार दूसरे clause की अन्तर्वस्तु अनेपक्षित हो :
He is poor.
He is happy.
He is poor but (he is) happy.

दूसरे clause में जो अभिव्यक्ति है वह आज की मान्यताओं के अनुसार पहले clause की अभिव्यक्ति को देखते हुए अनपेक्षित है।

Exercise : 2
Join the following pairs of sentences to make compound sentences using but. Pay attention to the meaning as well as delete those parts which need to be deleted :
1. You accepted our invitation.
You did not come to the party.
2. Our team played extremely well.
Our team could not win the match.
3. Our forwards moved skilfully.
Our forwards moved slowly.
4. The queen fought very bravely.
She could not defend the fort.
5. He wrote the letters.
He did not post them.
6. Our land is rich.
Our people are poor.
7. A glider is a machine with wings.
It is without engine.
8. At school I used to play football.
I don’t play any games now.
9. Ashish used to walk to school.
Now he goes to school by bus.
10. I phoned you yesterday. You were not at home. [2014]

OR = या अन्यथा

Or का उपयोग एसे clauses को जोड़ने के लिये किया जाता है जिनकी अन्तर्वस्तु द्वारा अभिव्यक्त विकल्पों में से एक चुनाव किया जाना हो :
You can write in ink. You can write in pencil.
You can write in ink or (you can write) in a pencil.

Or का उपयोग negative condition की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए भी किया जाता है:
You must hurry up.
You will miss the train.
You must hurry up or you will miss the train.

Now pay attention to these examples :
(a) Work hard.
You will pass the examination.
Work hard and you will pass the examination.

(b) Work hard.
You won’t pass the examination.
Work hard or you won’t pass the examination.

Exercise : 3
Join the following pairs of sentences to make compound sentences using or. Pay attention to the meaning as well as delete those parts which need to be deleted :

1. You should buy a copy of this book.
You should borrow it from the library.

2. They can take a bus.
They can go in a taxi.

3. You must learn English well.
You won’t get a good job.

4. They should come to school on time.
They would be marked absent.

5. Say something worthwhile.
Keep quite.

6. Return my money.
‘I will file a suit against you.

7. Cut the grass.
Plant the plants.

8. Shut the windows.
Mosquitoes will enter.

9. You should begin the work.
The boss will fine you.

Nor = न ही

Nor का उपयोग दो negative polarity (नकारात्मक ध्रुवीयता) वाले clauses को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है। दूसरे clause में, जिसके पूर्व nor आता है, Yes/No Type question के समान subject और finite verb को invert करना आवश्यक होता है :

They did not look at him.
They did not talk to him.
They did not look at him nor did they talk to him.

Note : क्योंकि nor स्वयं नकारात्मक अर्थ अभिव्यक्त करता है, अत: दूसरे वाक्य की polarity बदलकर positive करनी होती है।

Now pay attention to these examples :
(a) She washed the dishes.
She dried them.
She washed the dishes and (she) dried them.

(b) She washed the dishes.
She did not dry them.
She washed the dishes but (she) did not dry them.

(c) She did not wash the dishes.
She did not dry them.
She did not wash the dishes nor did she dry them.

Exercise : 4
Join the following pairs of sentences to make compound sentences using nor. Pay attention to the meaning :
1. They did not return the books.
They did not deposit their cost.

2. He did not do his homework.
He did not bring his notebook.

3. I won’t let you have this book.
I won’t give you my notes.

4. He does not play any outdoor games.
He is not interested in watching them.

5. The clerk did not come in time.
He did not type all the letters.

6. We do not lend anything.
We do not borrow anything.

7. He did not say ‘Yes’.
He did not say ‘No’.

8. The wife did not cry.
She did not shed tears.

9. You do not take food.
You do not eat fruits.

10. The officer did not come.
He did not send any message.

Correlative Co-ordinators

Correlative co-ordinators का उपयोग अभिव्यक्ति को emphatic बनाने के लिये किया जाता है। जैसा हम ऊपर कह चुके हैं, निम्न चार pairs of conjunction को correlative coordinators के अंतर्गत रखा जाता है:

1. both ……. and
2. not only ……. but also
3. either …… or
4. neither …….. nor.

Correlative co-ordinators का उपयोग अभिव्यक्ति को emphatic बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
1. अर्थ की ओर ध्यान दें तो both …. and तथा not only ….. but (also) conjunction and के समान दो अभिकथनों को emphatic ढंग से जोड़ने का काम करते हैं और either …. or तथा neither …. nor conjunction or के समान विकल्पों के बीच चुनाव को emphasize करते हैं।

2. Correlative co-ordinators के द्वारा जोड़े गये clauses में balance (सन्तुलन) रखना पड़ता है अर्थात् पहले element के बाद जिस प्रकार का grammatical structure आता है उसी प्रकार का grammatical structure दूसरे element के बाद भी आना चाहिए

He does both, keeps long hair and wears jeans. (predicate)
She speaks not only French but also German. (noun phrase)
You can write either in ink or in pencil. (prep. phrase)
I can neither drive a car nor ride a scooter. (main verb)

Note :
(i) जब either और neither का main verb के पूर्व उपयोग किया जाता है तब or और nor के द्वारा introduce किये जाने वाला clause full clause हो सकता है :
They can either write in ink or they can write in pencil.
I can neither drive a car nor can I ride a scooter.

(ii) इस स्थिति में nor के बाद आने वाले clause में Yes/No type question के समान subject और finite verb को invert करना आवश्यक होता है जैसा ऊपर किया गया है।

3. Either…..or तथा not only….but (also) पूरे-पूरे clauses को जोड़ने के लिए भी काम में आते हैं। बाकी दो, both….and तथा neither….nor, केवल similar structure के phrases को जोड़ने के काम में आते हैं :
(i) Either she comes in time or she loses her job.
She either comes in time or loses her job.

(ii) Not only is he a good artist but he is also an excellent teacher.
He is not only a good artist but also an excellent teacher.

Note :
जब not only का उपयोग clause के शुरू में किया जाता है तब उस clause Yes/No type questions के समान subject और finite verb को invert करना आवश्यक होता है, जैसा, ऊपर (ii) के पहले वाक्य में किया गया है।

4. जबcorrelative coordinators द्वारा जोड़े गये sentence का subject both….and से जुड़ा हो तो verb के plural form का उपयोग किया जाता है :
Rajesh is playing for our team.
Suresh is playing for our team.
Both Rajesh and Suresh are playing for our team.

जब इस प्रकार का subject either….or अथवा neither…..nor से जुड़ा हो तो verb अपने पास वाले noun phrase के person और number से agree करती है :
(a) Neither his father nor his friend was allowed to see him.
(b) Neither his parents nor his friends were allowed to see him.
(c) Neither his father nor his friends were allowed to see him.
(d) Neither his friends nor his father was allowed to see him.

Note- यदि सम्भव हो तो (d) के स्थान पर (c) के समान वाक्य जिसमें verb के पहले plural noun आता है, का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

जब subject के second element के बाद personal pronoun आता है तब verb अपने पास वाले pronoun के person से agree करती है :
Neither Hari nor I have to go there.
Neither you nor he has to go there.
Neither you nor I have to go there.
अब हम एक-एक करके इनका अध्ययन करेंगे।

BOTH ….. AND = दोनों …… और

Both….. and conjunction and के समान दो अभिकथनों को जोड़ने का काम करता है। तब इसके द्वारा sentence के subject noun phrases को जोड़ा जाता है तो इसके बाद verb के plural form का उपयोग किया जाता है :

• He is intelligent.
• He is hard-working.
• He is both intelligent and hard-working.
• Sita was present.
• Gita was present.
• Both Sita and Gita were present.

Exercise : 5
Join the following pairs of sentences using both …. and :
1. The new clerk comes punctually.
The new clerk takes interest in her work.

2. They have time to spare.
They have money to spare.

3. The storm destroyed the crops.
The storm damaged the houses.

4. Sunil speaks English well.
His friend speaks English well.

5. You are going to get good marks.
He is going to get good marks.

6. They were criticised by their friends.
They were criticised by their enemies.

Not Only ………………. But (Also) = न केवल …………….. बल्कि (यह भी)

Not only…..but (also) भी conjunction and के समान दो अभिकथनों को जोड़ने का काम करता है। जब not only……..but (also) दो ऐसे clauses को जोड़ते subjects भिन्न हों तो not only पहले clause के शुरू में आता है तथा उसमें subject और finite का inversion :

Our team played well. Luck favoured them.
Not only did our team play well but luck also favoured them.

जब not only……but (also) दो ऐसे clauses को जोड़ता है जिनके subjects same extra emphasis के लिये not only को पहले clause के शुरू में रखा जा सकता है किन्तु तब उसमें subject और finite का inversion किया जाता है :

They come to school in time.
They do their homework regularly.
They not only come to school in time but they also do their homework regularly.
Or Not only do they come to school in time but they also do their homework regularly.

Exercise : 6
Join the following pairs of sentences using not only….but also :
1. He protested.
He refused to pay his taxes.

2. She is arrogant.
She is selfish.

3. The BBC reported the demonstration.
The BBC announced it in advance.

4. They must come to school in time.
They must do their homework regularly.

5. The statement is very unfair.
The statement is quite untrue.

6. My brother works hard.
His colleagues help him.

Either ….. OR = या तो…….या

Either…..or conjunction or के समान दो विकल्पों के बीच चुनाव को emphasize करता है। जब इसके द्वारा sentence के subject noun phrases को जोड़ा जाता है तो verb अपने पास वाले noun phrase से number तथा person में agree करती है :

(a) He is responsible for this mess.
His friends are responsible for this mess.
Either he or his friends are responsible for this mess.

(b) They are responsible for this mess.
Their father is responsible for this mess.
Either they or their father is responsible for this mess.

Exercise : 7
Join the following pairs of sentences using either…..or :
1. They must come to the class in time.
They must stay out for the whole period.

2. They must come to the class in time.
I will make them stay out for the whole period.

3. His father is coming to visit him.
His brothers are coming to visit him.

4. I left it on the table.
I left it in the drawer.

5. The pump is broken.
There is a blockage in the pipe.

6. We can meet this evening.
We can discuss the matter at dinner.

Neither………NOR = न तो ……. न ही

Neither…..nor conjunction or के समान दो नकारात्मक विकल्पों को emphasize करता है। जब इसके द्वारा sentence के subject noun phrases को जोड़ा जाता है तो verb अपने पास वाले noun phrase से number तथा person में agree करती है :

(a) The teacher does not like him.
The boys do not like him.
Neither the teacher nor the boys like him. [2008]

(b) His colleagues do not have a good word for him.
His boss does not have a good word for him. Neither his colleagues nor his boss has a good word for him.

Exercise : 8.
Join the following pairs of sentences using neither….nor :

1. You don’t have to tell him about it.
She doesn’t have to tell him about it.

2. He hasn’t answered the queries.
You haven’t answered the queries.

3. The old man could not read.
He could not write. [2009]

4. The inspector did not accept any bribe.
The inspector did not show undue favour to anybody.

5. His doctor doesn’t allow him to drink.
His doctor doesn’t allow him to smoke.

6. Sita does not sing well.
She does not dance well. [2009]

Now look at these examples :
1. They are coming by bus.
They are coming by taxi.

(a) They are either coming by bus or they are coming by taxi.
(b) They are neither coming by bus nor are they coming by taxi.

2. He keeps long hair.
He wears jeans.
(a) He either keeps long hair or he wears jeans.
(b) He neither keeps long hair nor does he wear jeans.

जब पहले clause में either या neither का उपयोग main verb के पहले किया जाता है तो दूसरे clause में or या nor के बाद पूरे clause (subject और यदि auxiliary verbs हैं तो वे भी) का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। लेकिन nor के बाद clause में subject और finite का inversion किया जाता है, जैसा ऊपर 1(b) तथा 2(b) में।

Exercise : 9
Rewrite the following sentences using neither….. nor in place of either…..or making other necessary changes :
1. You can either bring your relatives or you can bring your friends.
2. She either works in an office or she teaches in a school.
3. They will either go there by a taxi or they will take their own car.
4. People either go there by air or they go there by sea.
5. We can either visit the fort or we can visit the dam.

Exercise : 10
Combine each set of simple sentences into compound sentences with suitable conjunction :
(i) God made the country. Man made the town. [2009]
(ii) She is rich. She leads an unhappy life.
(iii) I called on you yesterday. You were not at home.
(iv) The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
(v) He works in a shop. He studies in a college.
(vi) The bell is about to go. We should go to our classes.
(vii) She will come here on Monday. If she cannot she will come on Tuesday.
(viii) I will not go to Mussorie. I will not go to Nainital.
(ix) Keep quiet. I shall turn you out of the class.
(x) We do not borrow money. We do not lend money,
Answers:
Join with-
(i) and,
(ii) but,
(iii) but,
(iv) and,
(v) but also not only,
(vi) but also,
(vii) therefore,
(viii) either
(ix) or,
(x) neither….nor.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Exercises

1. Objective Type Questions

Fill in the blanks using correct words given in the brackets:
(i) Can you give me more Information? (some, any, many) [2009]
(ii) He did not buy sugar from the shop, (some, any, many)
(iii) room of this hotel has a cooler. (Each, Every, AH)
(iv) you like moving a bit? (Would, Should, Could)
(v) We obey the rules of the road. (should, ought to, must) [2009]
(vi) If I were rich, I give my money to the poor. (can, would, may) [2015]
(vii) Mohan is M.A. of Vikram University, (a, an, the) [2009]
(viii) I had to face trouble. (much, many, a few)
(ix) My father teaches in University. (a, an the) (2013, 15)
(x) I borrow this book for a day? (Can, Dare, Need)
(xi) It rain today. (can, may, might)
(xii) God bless you ! (Can, Will, May)
(xiii) Sunil the window yesterday, (shut/shuts/shutting) [2010]
(xiv) I played chess while my brothers kite, (fly, flies, flew) [2012]
(xv) it was getting late, I sent for a taxi. (Since, When, Though)
(xvi) Please wait here I come back. (when, till, as)
(xvii) Italy is European country. (a, an, the) [2009]
(xviii) She tried both keys but worked. (either, or, neither)
(xix) When he was young, he cross the river, (can, could, would)
(xx) They were homework by the teacher. (allot, allotting, allotted) [2009]
(xxi) Grammar is by Abhishek. (like, liking, liked) [2009]
(xxiii) She did not make mistake in the essay.(some, any) [2015]
(xxiv) Nidhi answered twenty questions correctly. (all, whole, enough) [2015]
(xxv) She usually Hindi. (speaks, spoke, spoken) [2015]
(xxii) I want a fresh apple. Have you? (any, some, much) [2010]
(xxvi) He is honour to his profession. (a, an, the)
(xxvii) How chairs do we need? (much, some, many)
(xxviii) In the games field we follow the rules, (might should, may)
(xxix) You should not give up studies you get the scholarship. (as soon as, as well as, as long as)
(xxx) Stop and start living happily, (worrying, worry, worried)
Answer
(i) some,
(ii) any,
(iii) Each,
(iv) Would,
(v) ought to,
(vi) would,
(vii) an,
(viii) much,
(ix) a,
(x) Can,
(xi) may,
(xii) May,
(xiii) shut,
(xiv) flew,
(xv) Since,
(xvi) till,
(xvii) a,
(xviii) neither,
(xix) could,
(xx) allotted,
(xxi) liked,
(xxii) any,
(xxiii) any,
(xxiv) all,
(xxv) speaks,
(xxvi) an,
(xxvii) many,
(xxviii) should,
(xxix) as long as,
(xxx) worrying.

2. Do As Directed

A. (i) Sunita has prepared tea for us. (Change into Present Indefinite Tense)
(ii) They made him captain. (Change the voice)
(iii) He was in the habit of walking in the morning. (Rewrite using ‘used to’)
(iv) I did it. (Change into negative) [2010, 15]
(v) I get up early in the morning so that I may go for a walk. (Change into simple sentence)
(vi) You will come tomorrow. (Add a question tag)
(vii) Mohan is the cleverest boy in the class. (Rewrite using Positive Degree) [2009]
Answer:
(i) Sunita prepares tea for us.
(ii) He was made captain.
(iii) He used to walk in the morning.
(iv) I did not do it.
(v) I get up early in the morning to go for a walk.
(vi) You will come tomorrow. Won’t you?
(vii) No other boy in the class is as clever as Mohan.

B. (i) They are not eager to learn. (Change into Interrogative)
(ii) He works hard. He may pass the examination. (Combine the sentences using ‘so that’)
(iii) As soon as the rats see the cat they run away. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘no sooner than’ in place of ‘As soon as’)
(iv) If he does not work properly, he will be punished. (Begin with : unless he )
(v) She was reading since 8 O’clock. (Change into Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
(vi) She speaks Marathi at home. (Change into Passive Voice)
(vii) (1) Gopal is my friend.
(2) He has topped the merit list. (Combine both sentences making a relative clause) [2011]
Answer:
(i) Are they not eager to learn?
(ii) He works hard so that he may pass the examination.
(iii) No sooner do the rats see the cat than they run away.
(iv) Unless he works properly, he will be punished.
(v) She has been reading since 8 O’clock.
(vi) Marathi is spoken at home by her.
(vii) Gopal who is my friend has topped the merit list.

C. (i) Our team won the match. (Change into Past Perfect Tense) [2009, 10]
(ii) The earth is not as big as the sun. (Rewrite using ‘bigger than’)
(iii) Hockey is played by him. (Change into active voice)
(iv) Students respect their teachers. (Change into interrogative)
(v) He was a poor child. (Change into interrogative) [2009]
(vi) He is my friend. (Add’a question tag)
(vii) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using ‘relative clause’) [2014]
(viii) They are cutting the tree. (Change into Present Perfect) [2013]
Answer:
(i) Our team had won the match.
(ii) The sun is bigger than the earth.
(iii) He plays hockey.
(iv) Do students respect their teachers?
(v) Was he a poor child?
(vi) He is my friend. Isn’t he?
(vii) I saw a bird who was beautiful.
(viii) They have cut the tree.

D. (i) Earth turns on its axis. (Rewrite using suitable article where necessary)
(ii) Gwalior is not as big as Bhopal. (Rewrite using comparative degree)
(iii) He is so young that he cannot run fast. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘too’)
(iv) Sudhir gave me a pen. (Change into past perfect tense) [2014]
(v) India exports tea. (Change the voice)
(vi) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using relative clause)
(vii) Monu is hard working. Sonu is not so. (Combine the sentence using ‘than’) [2009]
(viii) (1) Who is the dancer?
(2) The chief guest wanted to know. (Combine the sentence using a noun clause) [2011]
(ix) Unless you work hard, you cannot make up your loss. (Transform into a compound sentence) [2013]
Answer:
(i) The Earth turns on its axis.
(ii) Bhopal is bigger than Gwalior.
(iii) He is too young to run fast.
(iv) Sudhir had given me a pen.
(v) Tea is exported by India.
(vi) I saw a bird which was beautiful.
(vii) Monu is hard working than Sonu.
(viii) The chief guest wanted to know who is the dancer.
(ix) Work hard or you cannot make up your loss.

E. (i) Mr. Sharma teaches us English. (Change into Present Perfect Tense)
(ii) When Kiran called I was (sleep). (Use the correct form of the verb and rewrite the sentence)
(iii) We do not hate the poor. (Change into Passive Voice) [2013]
(iv) An honest man is trusted by all. (Change into active Voice)
(v) The boy is my brother. He is wearing a red cap. (Combine the sentences using relative clause)
(vi) My sister is a doctor. My sister lives in Bhopal. (Combine the sentences with the conjunction ‘who’) [2009]
(vii) (1) He did not come to school on time.
(2) He did not complete his homework. (Combine the sentences into a compound sentence using ‘neither….nor’) [2011]
(viii) Hari opens the gate in the morning. (Change into Future indefinite Tense) [2012]
(ix) He purchased a new can (Change into interrogative) [2012]
(x) I will get ready. Wait till then. (Combine the sentences to make a complex sentence) [2013]
(xi) Where do you live?. (Change into past simple) [2014]
(xii) My aunt (walk) in the garden when I met her. (Use the correct tense and rewrite) [2014]
(xiii) The weather is so hot. I cannot go outside. (Combine using too-to) [2015]
Answer:
(i) Mr. Sharma has taught us English.
(ii) When Kiran called I was sleeping.
(iii) The poor are not hated by us.
(iv) All trust an honest man.
(v) The boy who is wearing a red cap is my brother.
(vi) My sister who lives in a Bhopal is a doctor.
(vii) He neither comes to school on time nor complete his homework.
(viii) Hari will open the gate in the morning.
(ix) Did he purchase a new car?
(x) Wait till I get ready.
(xi) Where did you live?
(xii) Was walking.
(xiii) Weather is too hot for me to go outside.

F. (i) They have changed the date of the meeting. (Change into passive voice) [2016]
(ii) That he failed in the examination was unfortunate. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with ‘It’ ) [2016]
(iii)(a) The man is the captain of the team.
(b) The man is wearing a blue cap. (Combine the sentences into relative clause using ‘who’) [2016]
(a) The car is badly damaged.
(b) It cannot be repaired. (Combine into simple sentence using too – to) [2016]
(iv) He goes to school at ten. (Frame a question using ‘when’) [2016]
(v) He can’t drive a car.
(vi) He can’t ride a motor-cycle. (Combine the sentences using ‘neither—nor’) [2016]
(vii) Unless you work hard you will not pass. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with) [2016]
Answer:
(i) The date of meeting has been changed by them.
(ii) It was unfortunate that he failed in the examination.
(iii) The man who is wearing a blue cap is the captain of the team.
(iv) The car is too much damaged that it cannot be repaired.
(v) When does he go to school?
(vi) He can neither drive a car not ride a motor-cycle.
(vii) If you do not work hard, you will not pass.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Informal Letters

Personal Letters

Example 1.
You are Sanjay Singh living at Sundarpuram, Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.). Write a letter to your father asking him to send Rs. 1,000 by Money Order for purchasing new books and informing him about your school. (2008) Your letter should look somewhat like this :

Nehru Hostel,
Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.)
10 August, 20

Respected father,
High regards. I am well and O. K. here and hope the same for you and other members of the family.

I have settled here well. The hostel is very good and very well facilitated. My room-mates are very nice and cooperative. They have become my clo’se friends. I like the school and its atmosphere, my studies are going very well here.

Father, 1 need Rs. 1000/- for purchasing new books, so kindly send me the money as early as possible so that 1 can proceed with my studies. Give my Pranam to mother and love to all.

Your obedient son
Sanjay Singh

Example 2.
Suppose you are Abhishek Sharma, residing at Juna Shar, Indore. Write a letter to your younger brother, who is going to appear for an examination. Give some tips for his success. [2009]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
19, Juna Shar,
Indore (M, P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Bholu,
I hope you are doing well there. In the next month your examination is going to start. I would like to give you some tips for success in the examination.

1. First of all you must have confidence that you will surely get success. The engine doesn’t run if the water is simply warm. It will run at 100°C. So you must be bent to get success.
2. Revise your whole course thoroughly. Prepare your own notes. These are helpful to you in remembering the important points, facts and figures.
3. Your writing speed must be fairly good. A man who possesses knowledge but can’t express it, is surely to lag behind.
4. Don’t worry much. “Do your best and leave the rest” is the golden principle.

I hope you will keep in mind these tips and do well in the examination. Wishing you best of luck.

Your loving brother
Abhishek Sharma

Example 3.
You are Sanju from 60, National Colony, Rampur, MPEB Road, Jabalpur. Write a letter to your cousin, Sanchita Kulkarni of Indore informing her of your new address. Also make inquiries about your cousin Dhiru’s preparations for his exams.

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
60, National Colony Rampur, MPEB Road
Jabalpur-482 008
25 November, 20

Dear Sanchita,
how are you now ? It was very disappointing to find you sick on my visit to Indore this time. Hope, you’re fully recovered from that nasty problem by how.

We moved to a new house last Sunday. Note down our new address carefully. Don’t tell me later, you lazy girl, that you couldn’t write to us because you didn’t have our new address O. K.

How is Dhiru doing ? He must be busy with his books and notes. Well, he has to be. His exams are drawing near. He is a hard working chap, isn’t he ? But still, he has to remain extremely careful this time.

Give my Pranam to respected Uncle and Auntie and love to Dhiru. Don’t forget to write back soon, especially about your health. Right and do take care of yourself.

Lots of love !

Ever yours
Sanju Dada

Example 4.
You are Anil, residing at A/20, M. L. B. Road, Satna, Write a letter to your friend Amit, who lives in Indore, inviting him to attend your brother’s sister’s marriage. [2008, 09, 14, 15]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
A/20, M. L. B. Road,
Satna (M. P.)
10 November, 20
My dear Amit,

Namaste.
I hope this letter finds you hale and hearty.

Special is that my elder brother’s marriage has been fixed on 23rd Nov. 20…. The Barat will go to Sidhi on 22nd Nov.

I invite you to attend my brother’s marriage. We have not met for a long ‘ time so take this opportunity for our meeting. Come here a week before so that we may enjoy each other’s company. The invitation card will be sent soon.
Please do come. Rest is OK.

Yours sincerely
Anil

Example 5.
You are Anurag Joshi from E-7/69 Sipri Bazar, Jhansi. Your former teacher, Dr. Samiullah Khan, Department of Physics, Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad, has thanked you for helping his son Rashid in getting hostel accommodation. Write back to him that Rashid is staying with you comfortably and would move to his hostel in a week’s time.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
E-7/69 Sipri Bazar Jhansi (U.P.)
3D November, 20

Esteemed Sir,
I would first beg your forgiveness ‘”or not writing to you for such a long time. In fact, some personal problems in the new job situation kept me too occupied, and 1 just could not write. But, I hope, Rashid has already written to you.

You don’t have to worry about Rashid now. He will get a room in the Institute’s Hostel in a week’s time. Till then he is comfortable staying with us. And, please Sir, do not embarrass me by giving thanks, as you did in your last letter. You have given me all the knowledge, wisdom (whatever little 1 might have) and skill. But for your kind help and guidance, I would not have been able to achieve anything.

Kindly give my regards to Dr. Mishra and Dr. Chishty in the department. I hope, they remember me.

With humble regards.

Yours gratefully
Anurag Joshi.

Example 6.
You are Maria Zen, residing at 26, M.G. Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Write a letter to your friend, Rashmi, congratulating her on her brilliant success in the High School Certificate Examination. Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, M.G. Road,
Gwalior(M.P.)
24 May, 20

Dear Rashmi,
Heartly Congratulations.

You have got a brilliant success in the High School Examination declared today. I saw the result on our computer on Internet. Really you have done very well especially in Physics and Mathematics getting 90% marks. I am proud of you.

Visit us as soon as possible. Give my regards to your Mummy and Papa. Rest is OK.

Your loving friend
Maria Zen

Example 7.
Write a letter to your friend Chaitanya Chahdrakar telling him what you intend to do after your examination.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
121 -C, Wright Town Jabalpur (M.P.)
21 June, 20

Dear Chaitanya,
I received your letter yesterday. You have asked me my plan after examination.

Now my examinations are over. 1 intend to refresh myself for a week by sight-seeing. And then I will begin my study for XII class so that I may have a good start. It is also said that well begun is half done. I have already arranged books and guides of Class XII.

If you like you may come here. We may study together. Waiting for your reply.

Yours sincerely
Ravi

Example 8.
Suppose you are Amit Sharma, residingat26, Mahakaleshwar Road, Ujjain. Write a letter to your friend Mohit Verma inviting him to attend your birthday party at Hotel Sea-Rock. [2011]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, Mahakaleshwar Road Ujjain (M.P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Mohit,
I hope this letter finds you in best of your health and spirit. I hope your study might be going on well.

You will be glad to know that my birthday party has been arranged at Hotel Sea-Rock on 20th March. I, with great pleasure, invite you to attend the same. The party is scheduled to start from 8 pm onwards.

Please try to be there before time so that we can have some chit-chat. Papa and Mummy have sent their blessings to you.

Sincerely yours
Amit Sharma.

Example 9.
Write a letter of thanks to your uncle Sanjeev Tiwari, who sent a gift for you on your birthday. [2010, 16]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
98, Juna Sadan
Bamagar (Ujjain), M.P.
17 August, 20….

Dear Uncle,
I hope you are hale and hearty there. Really I missed you very much bn my birthday party on 15th Aug. Your circumstances were unavoidable, I know.

However, many many thanks for the gift you sent me. The book ‘Art of Living’ you sent is very interesting and will be of immense use to me. Rest is OK. Please convey my love and regards to all your family members.

Yours sincerely
Dharmendra Joshi

Example 10.
You are Sumit Kumar living at Mathpura, Raipur. Write a letter to Mukesh at Gwalior inviting him to spend summer vacations with you.
Or
Write a letter to your friend requesting him to come and spend some days during summer vacation with you. [2008, 15]
21-3 A, Mathpura,
Raipur.
15th May, 20

Dear Mukesh,
I am quite well here and hope the same for you.

Now we are free from examinations. Our summer vacations have already begun. So we should refresh ourselves in these vacations. I invite you to spend the vacations with me in Raipur.

There are several places worth seeing in and near Raipur. We have some historical buildings here. There are some beautiful lakes near Raipur. Now we will have enough time to stand and stare at the natural beauty with ease. Bring your camera so that we may preserve the beautiful scenes in photographs.

Please let me know when you are coming.

Looking forward to your early response.

Yours affectionately,
Sumit.

Example 11.
You are Irfan staying in a hostel in another city. Write a letter to your father describing your study, food quality and classmates. [2014, 16]
Irfan Khan,
Nehru Hostel,
R. No. 30, Near Pankaj Road,
Hoshangabad
20 Sep. 20

Respected Father,
Pranam. I hope you all are doing well there. 1 am fine, healthy and happy.

My study is going on very well. I am trying to get high success. Our school is very good. Teachers teach us with great care and love.

My classmates are very friendly and co-operative to me. The food we are getting is of very good quality. However, nothing can match home-cooked food. You need not worry a bit. With your and God’s blessings, I make my future brilliant.

Rest is OK.

Your loving son.
Irfan.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Formal Letters

New BluePrint के अनुसार आपके पाठ्यक्रम में Formal Letters (04 अंक) व Informal Letters (05 अंक) रखे गए हैं।

इस प्रकार के letters में Applications, Letters to Editors, Job Applications, Business Letters इत्यादि आते हैं।
ये Letters औपचारिक होते हैं जिनमें सिर्फ कार्य सम्बन्धी बातें आती हैं। इनमें Complimentary शब्द या अनौपचारिक बातें नहीं होती। हम यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दे रहे हैं।

Applications

Example 1.
Write an application to your class teacher, requesting him to grant you one week leave on account of your sickness.
To,
The Class Teacher,
Multipurpose School,
Tikamgarh
Subject—Application for Leave

Sir,
I beg to state that I am suffering from fever, cold and sore throat. The doctor has advised me to take complete bed rest for a week. Kindly grant
me one week leave from 3rd September to 9th September, 20

Thanking you,
Yours obediently
Shashi Agarwal
Class XI C
Dated 4.9.20……

Example 2.
Write an application to the Principal of your school for granting you scholarship.
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Morena.
Subject—Application for poverty-cum-merit scholarship

Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI ‘A’ of your school. My father is a poor clerk. He cannot pay for my tuition fee and books. I also want to state that I have been standing first in my class for last three years.

I request you to kindly grant me the poverty-cum-merit scholarship.

Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
Mahesh Sharma
Class XI A
Dated 15th July, 20

Example 3.
You are Kapil Saxena, a student of Excellence Higher Secondary School, Gwalior (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal requesting him to issue a Character Certificate. [2009]
To,
The Principal,
Excellence Higher Secondary School,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for Character Certificate

Sir,
Most respectfully I beg to state that my father has been transferred to Raipur. So I will study at Raipur. Kindly issue me the Character Certificate so that f may take admission-in JLaipur.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,
Kapil Saxena
Class XI D
Dated 21.9.20….

Example 4.
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to grant you some books from the ‘Book Bank’ of school. [2011, 15]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Khandwa
Subject—Granting books from the ‘Book Bank’

Respected Sir,
I beg to say that I am a student of Class XI A of your school. My father is a tailor therefore I am unable to buy the following books :

• A book of Physics : Shivalal Agarwal Prakashan.
• Jantu Vigyan : by R. S. Oza.
• Biology : A Study by M. L. Mahajan

So I request you to kindly grant me above 3 books from the Book Bank. I shall be very thankful to you for this kindness.

Thanking you.
Yours obediently
Manish Solanki
Class XI A
13 September, 20

Example 5.
You are Sudhakar Dwivedi, a student of Government Excellence H. S. S., Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your principal requesting him to issue a character certificate for the post of clerk. [2008, 09]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. School of Excellence,
H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject— Issuing of a character certificate.

Sir,
I beg to state that I have got a job of a clerk in a private company. The employers want a character certificate from the school. So, please kindly issue me a certificate of character.

Thanking you.

Yours obediently
Sudhakar Dwivedi
Student Class XI C
19 May, 20….

Example 6.
You are Ramesh, a student of Class XI-B in Government Excellence H.S. School, Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal, requesting him to change your subjects. You want to opt Arts Group instead of Science Group. (2008, 09, 12, 16)
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Excellence H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject—Regarding change of subject.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI B of your school. I have taken Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as my subjects at the time of admission. Now, I find it difficult to understand these subjects. I wish to study Arts subjects. My parents also suggest the same to me.
So, I request you to allow me the change of subject to History, Political Science and Economics and transfer me to XI C.

Thanks

Yours obediently
Ramesh
7 July, 20

Example 7.
You are Kumari Rekha Dubey, a student of Class XI in Government Girl’s H.S.S., Data. Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, M.P., Bhopal, requesting him to issue a duplicate copy of your Marksheet of High School Examination. [2008, 09, 13, 15]
To
The Secretary,
Board of Secondary Education,
Bhopal.
Subject—Application for duplicate mark sheet.

Sir,
With due regard I have to state that I have lost my High School Marksheet. I need the duplicate mark sheet.

The details are as follows :
Year—20
Roll No. 387462
Result—Passed in First Division

As per rules I am enclosing IPOs worth fifty rupees. Kindly send the duplicate mark sheet to the following address :
Kumari Rekha
D/o Shri Harish Dubey
39 B TilakNagar,
Indore.

Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully
Km. Rekha
Dated : 15th July, 20….

Example 8.
You are Mukesh Rathore, a student of Class XI in Govt. H.S.S., Dhar.
Write an application to your Principal to give you permission to go on a tour with your class teacher and the students of Class XI. (2010)

To,
The Principal,
Govt. H. S. School,
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Regarding permission to go on a tour.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI C of your school. I, with my 10 student friends of my class want to go on a tour to Rajasthan along with our class teacher Mr. R.S. Sharma. We shall visit Chittor, Ajmer, Udaipur, Nathdwara and several other places. So, I request you to kindly permit us to go on this tour. We promise that we will remain disciplined and cautious. We won’t do anything against the honour of our institution.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
Mukesh Rathore
21 November, 20

Example 9.
Write a letter to the Post Master complaining against the postman of your area. You are Priya Gupta. [2012]
H. No. 12, Green city Jabalpur (M.P.)
10 Jan. 20

To,
The Post Master,
Head Post Office,
Jabalpur (M.P.)

Sir,
1 would like to bring to your kind notice that the postman Rakesh Sarin has displeased almost all the people of our locality. His work and behaviour both are unsatisfactory. He is very irregular and careless. Sometimes he delivers my letters to other persons and theirs to me. Many important # letters are therefore lost. Everyone in the locality is displeased with his ’ behaviour. I have requested him many times about the problem faced due to his misconduct, but it is of no use. hope you will enquire the matter and try to send some other person in this place.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Priya Gupta

Example 10.
YouarePrateekSinghal residing at L1G Colony, Jabalpur. Write a letter to the Manager, Agarwal Cycle Company, Jabalpur complaining about a cycle you bought last week. [2009]
LIG, Colony,
Jabalpur.
March 5,20

To,
The Manager,
Agarwal Cycle Co.,
Jabalpur.

Dear Sir,
I purchased one cycle no. X-216879 Hercules MTB from you on March 1, 20 I regret to inform you that some of its parts are defective. The handle has lost the polish and the saddle has given way. therefore, request you to take this defective cycle back and deliver me a new cycle.

With thanks,

Yours faithfully
Prateek Singhal

Example 11.
Write an application to the Collector of your district for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers. [2013]
To,
The Collector,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers.

Sir,
I beg to state that our Board Examinations are at hand. Our study is disturbed by too much noise made by loudspeakers. From early morning till late in night loudspeakers blare out bhajans, harsh music and advertisements. We ae not able to concentrate on studies due to loud noise. I request you to kindly impose restriction on the use of loudspeakers at least till our examinations are over.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours sincerely,
A. inki Rani
Garg H.N. F-294,
Kabir Nagar,
Gwalior
19th November, 20

Example 12.
You are Honey Soni, a student of Class XI in Govt. H. S. School Dhar. Write an application to your Principal to arrange the extra classes of English for the weak students of your class. (2009)
To,
The Principal
Govt. H. S. School. No. 2
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Arrangement of extra classes for weaker students in English.

Sir,
I beg to state that I am student of class XI C of your school. Sir, some ‘ of the students of my class are very weak in English. They are unable to understand English and cope with the teaching. These students are poor and can’t afford to go to coaching classes. Hence, I request you to kindly arrange extra classes in English for these weak students.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours obediently
Honey Soni
20 Sep. 2009

Example 13.
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper about frequent breakdown of water and electricity supply in your locality.
30, Arera Colony,
Bhopal.
23rd June, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
There has been frequent breakdown of electricity and water supply in Saket Nagar Colony for over a month. For hours together we go without electricity and water in this locality. We are never sure when we shall have water or electricity. They may fail at any time.

The residents of the colony have been complaining to the authorities concerned for all these days but in vain.

I take the privilege of urging the authorities through your esteemed daily to be kind enough to ensure regular water and electricity supply in the area.

Yours sincerely,
P.S. Mukherjee

Example 14.
Write a letter to the Editor of the Dajnik Bhaskar, Bhopal drawing his attention towards the necessity of a tubewell in your area. 15, Baisagarh, Bhopal.
20th May, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
I would like to draw the kind attention of the authorities of Public Health Engineering Department towards the necessity of a tube-well in our area. The pressure of water in the taps of our area is very low.

There is no other source of water. Hence we are in an urgent need of a tube-well in our locality. 1 hope immediate attention will be paid and necessary action will be taken.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Bahadur

Example 15.
You have a new neighbour who plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children, fights with everyone. Write a letter of complain to the Secretary of your locality asking him to take necessary action. [2016]
780, UshaNagar,
Indore
Oct. 17,20

To,
The Secretary,
Usha Nagar
Co-operative Housing Society,
Indore (M.P.)

Sir,
I am to state that Mr. Makhanlal my new neighbour is creating great nuisance to us and other neighbours. He plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children and fights with everyone. We have tried to make him understand that this is not the a way to live in a civilized society and he should behave properly with everyone, gut he pays no to attention to our words.

Hence, I would like to request you to warn him and take proper action.

Yours faithfully,
Mohan Mehta

Example 16.
You are Raj Kesarwani living at 16, Ravindra Nagar, Ujjain. Write a letter to Lucky Sweet House, Civil Lines, Ujjain requesting them to cancel your order for 40 kg of sweets. Explain the reasons for cancelling the order.
16, Ravindra Nagar,
Ujjain.
Oct. 27,20….
To,
M/s Lucky Sweet House,
Civil Lines,
Ujjain.

Dear Sirs,
We placed an order with you for 40 kg of sweets. I am sorry to inform you that I am cancelling the order. The main reason for cancelling this order is that the marriage of my brother has been postponed. I will, therefore, place a fresh order when the date for marriage is fixed. I regret the inconvenience caused to you.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Kesarwani

Example 17.
Writes letter to the Editor of‘The Daily Express’ newspaper drawing the attention of the authorities towards the repair of the road. [2014]
Samir Suvan Pratap Singh
H. No. 43, Ward No. 13
KOTMA (Dist.-Anooppur)
Dt. Aug 16, 20

To,
The Editor ‘Daily Express
Anooppur (M.P.)
Subject—Worst conditions of the roads of our town.

Sir,
I wish to draw attention of the P.W.D. authorities through your News Paper about the worst conditions of our town.

The condition of the roads here have became very poor. There are several pitches of different sizes on the roads. People go through these roads with great difficulty. The rains and poor lights of the streets have made the condition very bad. Old and sick people often fall on the roads. Vehicles cannot be drawn safely. It is long enough when the roads were repaired. I request the authorities of the P.W.D. and others to take care of the roads as early as possible and rebuild the roads otherwise any serious accident may happen.

Thanks
Yours faithfully,
Samir.

Example 18.
You are Rahul Rai. Write an application to the Manager, Maharaja Industries, Pvt. Ltd. Dewas for the post of a typist. (2008, 14) Rahul Rai,
59, Shamlat Road,
Dewas (M.P.)
Dt. 27 Aug 20

To,
The Manager,
Maharaja Industries Pvt. Ltd.
Dewas (M.P.)
Subject—Application for the post of a typist.

Sir,
Your ad in the ‘Nai Dunia’ daily Indore on 26th August asks candidates to apply for the post of a typist.

I offer my services for this post. I have passed my H.S.S.C. examination, in the first division with commerce subjects. I have also passed typing examination securing 80% of marks. My typing speed is good. 1 am expert in accountancy also. I enclose my resume for your perusal. 1 would be delighted if you give a chance to serve you.

Yours faithfully,
Rahul Rai

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Determiners

Modern English Grammar में functions के आधार पर कुछ शब्दों को determiners के नाम से एक अलग class के अन्तर्गत रखा गया है। ये पहले adjectives के अन्तर्गत रखे जाते थे।

Adjectives जिस noun के साथ आते हैं उसका कोई गुण या कोई विशेषता बतलाते हैं।

Determiners जिस noun के साथ आते हैं उसके किसी भी गुण या विशेषता को नहीं बतलाते।
इसके अलावा भी दोनों के functions और use में निम्नलिखित अन्तर हैं –
(1) Adjectives का उपयोग दोनों प्रकार से – attributively (i.e., before a noun)
तथा predicatively (i.e., after a linking verb) किया जा सकता है।
the tall boy – The boy is tall.

किन्तु determiners का उपयोग – pronominal function को छोड़कर जिसके लिए कुछ के forms भी अलग होते हैं केवल attributively किया जा सकता है।

(2) Communication की आवश्यकता के अनुसार एक से ज्यादा adjectives एक साथ उपयोग किये जा सकते हैं –
a very attractive large black belt. , किन्तु कुछ को छोड़कर, जिनका उल्लेख आगे करेंगे, दो determiners एक साथ नहीं आते।

(3) Adjectives को adverb of degree के द्वारा modify किया जा सकता है।
very tall boy too heavy table

fairly large house किन्तु determiners को इस प्रकार modify नहीं किया जा सकता। Determiners का अध्ययन करने के लिए हमें दो, बातों पर ध्यान केन्द्रित करना होगा –
(i) उनके द्वारा किस अर्थ की अभिव्यक्ति होती है, तथा
(ii) उनके बाद किस प्रकार की संज्ञाओं का उपयोग किया जा सकता है।

Modern English Grammar में noun का जो नया classification किया गया है वह determiners के उपयोग के लिए अत्यधिक उपयोगी सिद्ध हुआ है। अत: इस classification पर एक बार फिर ध्यान देना आवश्यक है –

Proper nouns के साथ (कुछ अपवादों को छोड़कर) articles तथा अन्य determiners का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता।

Common nouns के साथ determiners का उपयोग किया जाता है और किस प्रकार के noun के साथ कौन – कौन से determiners का उपयोग किया जा सकता है इसकी जानकारी English language के सही उपयोग के लिए अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। हर classification के अनुसार common nouns की तीन categories बनती हैं –

(a) Countable singular nouns,
(b) Countable plural nouns, तथा
(c) Uncountable nouns.

कुछ determiners ऐसे हैं जो केवल (a) के साथ आ सकते हैं, कुछ ऐसे हैं जो केवल (b) के साथ आ सकते हैं और कुछ ऐसे हैं जो केवल (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं। इसके अलावा कुछ determiners ऐसे हैं जो (a) और (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं, कुछ ऐसे हैं जो (b) और (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं तथा कुछ ऐसे हैं जो (a), (b) और (c) तीनों के साथ आ सकते हैं। अब हम इनके उपयोग का अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Enough (इनफ) = Sufficient (पर्याप्त, काफी)

जब कोई वस्तु आवश्यकता या उससे थोड़ी ज्यादा संख्या या मात्रा में हो, तो countable व uncountable दोनों के साथ इसका प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. We give him enough money.
हम उसे पर्याप्त धन देते हैं।

2. They have enough mangoes.
उनके पास पर्याप्त आम है

3. Do you not have enough milk?
क्या तुम्हारे पास पर्याप्त दूध नहीं हैं?

4. Enough has been said by you on this matter.
तुम्हारे द्वारा इस मामले पर काफी कहा जा चुका है।

5. The field has yielded enough corn.
खेत ने पर्याप्त धान उत्पन्न किया है।

6. Father has not provided me enough money.
पिताजी ने मुझे पर्याप्त धन नहीं प्रदान किया है।

Enough flowers have been plucked, now leave this work.
पर्याप्त फूल तोड़े जा चुके हैं, अब यह काम छोड़ दो।

8. The government has sanctioned enough funds to dig wells in rural areas.
सरकार ने ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में कुएँ खोदने के लिए पर्याप्त रकम स्वीकृत कर दी है।

9. I have listened enough.
मैंने काफी कुछ सुन लिया है।

10. You have taken enough food.
“तुमने पर्याप्त भोजन कर लिया है।

2. Some = consisting of an undefined
amount or number of (कुछ)

1. Some का उपयोग ‘uncertain, indefinite or unknown numbers or quantity’ – के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Some का उपयोग affirmative sentences व ऐसे questions में किया जाता है जिनके positive answers की अपेक्षा होती है।
3. Some का उपयोग if या whether से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जब उनकी emphasis positive हो If you want some help, let me know.
4. Some का उपयोग invitation और request के लिए भी किया जाता है
Won’t you taste some of my ice – cream?
Would you like some more sugar in your coffee?

As –
1. He has given me some money to start my business.
उसने मुझे अपना व्यापार प्रारम्भ करने के लिए कुछ धन दिया है।

2. Mother has bought some mangoes.
माँ ने कुछ आम खरीदे हैं।

3. I have some books on this subject.
इस विषय पर मेरे पास कुछ पुस्तकें हैं।

4. The officer has received some complaints from people against the clerk.
ऑफीसर को क्लर्क के विरुद्ध कुछ शिकायतें प्राप्त हुई हैं।

5. There are some mango trees in our garden.
‘हमारे बगीचे में आम के कुछ वृक्ष हैं।

6. Some roads in the town are in very bad condition.
नगर की कुछ सड़के बुरी अवस्था में हैं।

7. Owing to flood some trains have been suspended.
बाढ़ के कारण कुछ ट्रेनें निलम्बित कर दी गई हैं।

8. The merchant has sold some sugar.
व्यापारी कुछ शक्कर बेच चुका है।

9. There is some milk in the pot.
बर्तन में थोड़ा दूध है।

10. Will you give me some money?
क्या आप मुझे कुछ धन देंगे?

(यह वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक न माना जाकर Request के रूप में Assertive ही माना जाता है।) (See point 2)

3. Any = कोई

1. Any का उपयोग भी countable plural और uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Has he got any roses in his garden?
We can’t go to the fort. We haven’t got any time.

2. Any का उपयोग personal pronouns और determiner + nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
Have you seen any of them recently?
I haven’t read any of those books.
Is there any of that milk cake left?

Any का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जा सकता है –
A. Did you see any kangaroos in the zoo?
B. No, we didn’t see any.

A. Is there any more soup?
B. No, I am afraid there isn’t any left.

Note 1. Any का उपयोग negative sentences और ऐसे questions में किया जाता है जिनका उपयोग invitation या request के लिए नहीं किया जा रहा हो।
2. any का उपयोग hardly, never, without etc. के साथ भी किया जाता है We reached there without any difficulty.
3. Any का उपयोग singular nouns के साथ affirmative sentences में ‘one out of a number’ या ‘no matter which’ के अर्थ में होता है

Come and see me any day next week.
As –
1. Father has not taken any food.
पिताजी ने कुछ भी नहीं खाया है।

2. I am not going any where.
मैं कहीं नहीं जा रहा हूँ।

3. Mother has not purchased any apples.
माँ ने कोई सेब नहीं खरीदे हैं।

4. There is not any milk in the pot.
बर्तन में कुछ भी दूध नहीं है।

5. I have not touched anything.
मैंने किसी चीज को नहीं छुआ है।

6. Do you need any money?
क्या तुम्हें कुछ धन की आवश्यकता है?

7. Do his brothers play any game in the morning?
क्या उसके भाई सुबह कोई खेल खेलते हैं?

8. Why haven’t you done any work?
तुमने कोई भी काम क्यों नहीं किया है?

9. Will they not sing any song?
क्या वे कोई गीत नहीं गायेंगे?

10. Does she sweep any room?
क्या वह कोई कमरा झाड़ती है?

4. No = कुछ
(No = not any)
(Not any = No)

As –
1. I have not read any book.
= I have read no book.

2. She did not bring any copy.
= She brought no copy.

3. His brothers do not do anything.
= His brothers do nothing.

4. Your sister has not taken any rice.
= Your sister has taken no rice.

5. Do you not play any game?
= Do you play no game?

6. The teacher gave no work to me.
= The teacher did not give any work to me.

7. Mother washes no clothes.
= Mother does not wash any clothes.

8. Is there no water in the well?
= Is there not any water in the well?

9. The juggler has no tricks to play now.
= The juggler has not any tricks to play now.

10. “The guests have no manners.
= The guests have not any manners.

Note 1. No do उपयोग countable singular, countable plural और uncountable nouns के साथ किया जथा है –
No student is to leave the room without permission.
No words can express our grief.
We have no time to waste on such things.

2. No का उपयोग pronoun के समान नहीं किया जा सकता। इसके लिए none का उपयोग किया जाता है –
I have invited three friends but none of them has come yet.
None of the guests wants to stay.
He wanted some string but there was none in the house.

3. None के बाद singular verb का उपयोग ही किया जाता है।
4. No या noun का उपयोग ‘not any, not one, not a’ के अर्थ में किया जाता है।

5. Many = कई

Many का उपयोग ‘a large number of या ‘a lot of के अर्थ में plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग pronouns के समान तथा determiner + plural nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. I have many pens.
मेरे पास कई कलमें हैं।

2. Many do not know his name.
कई उसका नाम नहीं जानते हैं

3. Many people are lazy.
कई लोग सुस्त होते हैं।

4. I do not bring many books.
मैं कई किताबें नहीं लाता हूँ?

5. Does she sell many hens?
क्या वह कई मुर्गियाँ बेचती है?

6. Many people will disagree with his ideas.
कई लोग उसके सुझावों से सहमत नहीं होंगे।

7. I hadn’t met many of them before
मैं इनमें से कईयों से पहले नहीं मिला।

8. Kalidas has written many plays.
कालीदास ने कई नाटक लिखे।

9. There aren’t many good books on the subject.
इस विषय पर कई अच्छी किताबें नहीं हैं।

10. There are too many mistakes in your essay.
तुम्हारे निबन्ध में कई त्रुटियाँ हैं।

6. A lot of = बहुत सारा, या सारे

(a) कोई Countable Noun – many से भी ज्यादा हो।
(b) कोई Uncountable Noun – enough से ज्यादा हो, तो a lot of का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

As –
1. There are a lot of books on this subject in the library.
वाचनालय में इस विषय पर बहुत सारी पुस्तकें हैं।

2. There is a lot of milk in the glass.
गिलास में बहुत सारा दूध है।

3. The girl does a lot of work.
यह लड़की बहुत सारा काम करती है।

4. A lot of birds died this winter.
इस शीत ऋतु में बहुत सारे पक्षी मर गये।

5. A lot of wheat has been grown this year.
इस वर्ष बहुत सारा गेहूँ उगाया गया है।

7. Much = ज्यादा (Negative Sentences)

Much का प्रयोग uncountable nouns के साथ अधिकतर
(i) Negative Sentences में
(ii) questions में तथा
(iii) subject noun के पूर्व या उसके स्थान पर किया जाता है।

As—
1. There is not much milk in the glass.
गिलास में ज्यादा दूध नहीं है।

2. This merchant doesn’t sell much rice.
यह व्यापारी ज्यादा चावल नहीं बेचता है।

3. You are not to worry much.
तुम्हें ज्यादा चिन्ता करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

4. We haven’t got much time.
हमारे पास ज्यादा समय नहीं है।

5. I could not eat much of it.
मै वो ज्यादा नहीं खा सका था।

6. Does he spend much of his money on books?
क्या वह अपना ज्यादा धन पुस्तकों पर व्यय करता है?

7. Did you have much difficulty in finding the place?
क्या तुम्हें वह स्थान ढूँढ़ने में बहुत कठिनाई हुई?

8. How much money would they need?
उन्हें कितने धन की आवश्यकता होगी?

9. Let them take as much as they like.
उन्हें जितने चाहिए उतना लेने दें।

10. This is too much, I won’t be able to eat all of it.
यह बहुत अधिक है, मैं यह सब नहीं खा सकता।

Note – More तथा most दोनों many व much की क्रमश : comparative व superlative degree हैं।

8. Each = प्रत्येक

Each का उपयोग –
1. Singular nouns a के साथ),
2. Plural personal pronouns और determiner + plural pronoun के साथ,
3. Pronouns के समान,
4. दो या दो से अधिक वस्तुओं के समूह के लिए एक – एक कर अलग ध्यान देकर …… किया जाता है।

As –
1. Each boy was given a certificate of preparation.
प्रत्येक लड़के को तैयारी का प्रमाण – पत्र दिया गया।

2. Each of them was given a certificate.
उनमें से प्रत्येक को एक प्रमाण – पत्र दिया गया।

3. Each of the satellites has its own orbit.
प्रत्येक उपग्रह का अपना – अपना घूर्णन – कक्ष होता है।

4. There were 30 boys and each (or each one) donated Rs. 5.
तीस छात्रों में से प्रत्येक ने 5 रुपये का योगदान दिया।

5. The teacher gave remarks to each boy.
शिक्षक ने प्रत्येक छात्र को (अलग – अलग ढंग से) रिमार्क दिया।

9. Every = प्रत्येक

Every का उपयोग –
Each व Every के प्रयोग में मुख्य अन्तर यह है कि Each में प्रत्येक को अलग – अलग treat किया जाता है जबकि Every का उपयोग All के अर्थ में एक समान किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग

1. Singular nouns के साथ,
2. Plural personal pronouns और determiner + plural nouns के साथone जोड़कर,
3. Pronouns के समान one जोड़कर,4. frequency बताने वाले noun phrases में plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है।

As –
1. Every book is on the shelf.
प्रत्येक (अर्थात् सभी) पुस्तक अलमारी में हैं।

2. Everyone of them was present.
उनमें से प्रत्येक उपस्थित था।

3. Everyone of the players is physically fit.
खिलाड़ियों में से प्रत्येक फिट था।

4. Every member was present and there were seats for everyone.
प्रत्येक सदस्य उपस्थित था व प्रत्येक के लिए सीट्स थीं।

5. I visit my doctor every three months.
मैं अपने डॉक्टर के पास हर तीन माह में जाता हूँ।

10. All = सब

All का उपयोग,
1. Countable plural व uncountable nouns के साथ।
2. Nouns के पूर्व determiners के उपयोग के साथ
3. Personal pronouns व determiners + nouns के साथ
4. Pronouns के समान ………………………. किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. All animals have to eat in order to live.
सभी पशुओं को जीने के लिए खाना होता है।

2. All timber must be chemically treated.
सब इमारती लकड़ी पर रासायनिक क्रिया करना आवश्यक है।

3. All that glitters is not gold.
वह सब जो चमकता है सोना नहीं होता।

4. All the food was consumed.
सारा खाना चुक गया।

5. All of them agreed with the proposal.
उनमें से सभी व्यक्ति प्रस्ताव से सहमत हुए।

6. All of his money was stolen.
उसका सारा धन चोरी हो गया।

7. All of the eggs were broken.
सभी अण्डे टूट हुए थे।

8. He has two brothers and two sisters. All are teachers.
उसके दो भाई व दो बहनें हैं। सभी शिक्षक हैं।

9. (a) He was here all day. (= The whole of the day).
वह यहाँ पूरे दिन रहा।

(b) He was here every day. (= didn’t miss a single day).
वह यहाँ प्रत्येक दिन रहा।

10. Have they consumed all of it?
क्या उन्होंने इस वस्तु का सम्पूर्ण उपयोग कर लिया?

Each, every व All में अन्तर

11. Both = दोनों (the two)

1. Ram and Shyam both are engineers.
राम व श्याम दोनों इंजीनियर हैं।

2. He learnt Sanskrit and English both.
उसने संस्कृत व अंग्रेजी दोनों सीखीं।

3. Both of them do not have books.
उन दोनों के पास किताबें नहीं हैं।

4. He can play table – tennis with both the hands.
वह दोनों हाथों से टेबल – टेनिस खेल सकता है।

5. You can take away the chair and the table both.
तुम कुर्सी व टेबिल दोनों ले जा सकते हो।

Other Examples
1. Both books were expensive.
2. Both of them were absent yesterday.
3. Both (of) her sons are doctors.
4. I have two sons. Both are engineers.

12. Few = कुछ (थोड़े)

इसका उपयोग Plural Nouns के साथ किया जाता है।
1. Few का ‘not enough, below expectation’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह negative meaning अभिव्यक्त करता है।
2. Few (without articles) का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) स्थितियों में ही किया जाता है। अनौपचारिक वार्तालाप में ‘Not many’ और ‘Only a few’ का उपयोग होता है।

Only a few people live to be 100.

As –
1. Few people live to be 100.
कुछ लोग ही 100 वर्ष तक जीते हैं।

2. Few of us will be alive in the year 2075.
सन् 2075 में हम में से बहुत थोड़े जीवित रहेंगे।

3. The benefits of this scheme are few.
इस योजना के लाभ बहुत कम ही हैं।

4. Few boys took part in games.
कुछ लड़कों ने ही खेलों में हिस्सा लिया।

5. The gardener dug few holes. माली ने कुछ गड्डे ही खोदे।

13. A few = थोड़े (कुछ)

A few का ‘a small number but not many’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह positive meaning अभिव्यक्ति करता है।

Note –
A few is affirmative but few is negative.
A few = some
few = not many

1. A few का उपयोग plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है।
I would like to ask you a few questions.

2. A few का उपयोग plural pronouns और determiner + plural nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
(A) Have you read any of Deepak Chopra’s books?

(B) Yes, I have read a few of them.
A few of my friends are vegetarians.

3. A few का उपयोग pronoun के समान भी किया जा सकता है
(A) How many chairs do you want?
(B) Oh, just a few, please.

14. The few = थोड़े (विशेष)

The few का उपयोग भी a few के समान ही होता है। यह भी positive meaning की अभिव्यक्ति करता है, सिर्फ definiteness का है –
A few boys were present on the field. The few boys that were present on the field belonged to class XII.
Fewer and fewest are also used with plural nouns. They are the comparative and superlative forms of few.

15. Little = थोड़ा (मात्रात्मक)

1. Little का उपयोग uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है
We had little rain this year.

2. Little at में अन्तर singular pronouns और determiner + uncountable nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
Every year the government sets apart a substantial amount for poverty alleviation but little of it reaches the real poor.
The claim that little of the aid has reached the victims.

3. Little का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जा सकता है
Little is known about his childhood.

Remember :
1. Little का ‘not enough, below expectation’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह negative meaning अभिव्यक्ति करता है।
2. Little (without article) का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) स्थितियों में ही किया जाता है अनौपचारिक वार्तालाप में ‘Not much’ and ‘Only a little’ का उपयोग होता है। Only a little is known about his childhood. We did not have much rain this year.

16. A little = थोड़ा (मात्रात्मक)

1. A little का उपयोग uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Give these plants a little water every day.

2. A little or 3921 singular pronouns with determiner + uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Take a little of it and taste.
Could I have a little of this powder?

3. A little का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जाता है
Would you mind waiting a little?

Remember :
A Little का उपयोग ‘a small amount but not much’ के अर्थ में किया जाता है यह positive meaning अभिव्यक्त करता है। Note
A little is affirmative but little is negative. a little = some little = not much

17. The Little = थोड़ा (विशेष)

The little का उपयोग भी a little के समान ही होता है। यह भी positive meaning की अभिव्यक्ति करता है, फर्क सिर्फ definiteness का है—
He tried to survive on the little money that he had.
Less and least are also used with uncountable nouns. They are the comparative and superlative forms of little.

18. Whole = सम्पूर्ण

इसके पूर्व प्राय: ‘the’ का या किसी possessive का प्रयोग होता है।

As –
1. The whole world thinks so.
सारा संसार ऐसा सोचता है।

2. He paid his whole attention to his studies.
उसने अपना सारा ध्यान अपने अध्ययन पर लगा दिया।

3. The merchant sold the whole lot of his goods.
व्यापारी ने अपना सारा माल बेच दिया।

4. M/s S. P. and Sons are the wholesaler of books.
मैसर्स एस. पी. एण्ड सन्स पुस्तकों के थोक व्यापारी हैं।

5. Please take the whole loaf of bread.
ब्रेड का पूरा हिस्सा ले लीजिए।

19. Either = या तो,

1. Either के द्वारा अभिव्यक्त अर्थ है ‘one or the other’ – चुनाव दो व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं के बीच।
2. Either का उपयोग both के अर्थ भी विशेषकर side और end जैसे शब्दों के साथ किया जा सकता है –
There were chairs on either side of the table. There were chairs on both sides of the table.

As –
1. Come on Monday or Tuesday Either day suits me well.
2. We have two flats to rent, you can take either of them.
3. Has either of his parents visited him?
4. You have got two books on the subject.
Please give me either for a day.

20. Neither = कोई नहीं

1. Neither के द्वारा अभिव्यक्त अर्थ है ‘Not one and not the other’—दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं।
2. जब Neither का उपयोग object के समान कार्य कर रहे nouns phrase में होता है तब अक्सर उसके स्थान पर negative finite तथा either का उपयोग किया जाता
(i) He gave me neither book. = He did not give me either book.
(ii) Which of the two do you like?
= I like neither or I do not like either.

As –
1. Neither answer is correct.
2. Neither of us could understand French.
3. Neither of the teams is in good form.
4. (A) Which one do you want?
(B) Neither is any good.

Exercise : 1
Fill in the correct determiners :
1. ………………………. pages of this book are torn.
2. He hasn’t got ………………………. money now.
3. ………………………. milk left in the pot has spilt.
4. She worked the ………………………. night.
5. Have you seen ………………………. cow on your way?
6. I want ………………………. flowers.
7. You have ………………………. right to say so.
8. There are ………………………. flowers in this garden.
9. There aren’t ………………………. good books on the subject.
10. ………………………. cow has horns.
11. The principal talked to ………………………. boy.
12. His ………………………. life was spoilt.
13. ………………………. people think that the pattern of education should be changed. But ………………………. dares to do anything.
Answers
1. A few,
2. any,
3. Some,
4. whole,
5. any,
6. some,
7. no,
8. no,
9. any,
10. A,
11. ‘the,
12. whole,
13. Most, none.

Exercise : 2
Rewrite filling in some or any :
1. There is hardly ………………………. sugar left.
2. Would you like ………………………. more sugar in your milk? [2011]
3. Have you got ………………………. change on you?
4. Please have ………………………. more biscuits.
5. I rarely get ………………………. visitors these days.
6. She bought ………………………. books for her brother.
7. It will not make ………………………. difference to me.
8. Will it make ………………………. difference to you?
9. I think we will need ………………………. more paper.
10. Won’t you have ………………………. more tea?
Answers
1. any,
2. some,
3. any,
4. some,
5. any,
6. some,
7. any,
8. any,
9. some,
10. some.

Exercise : 3
Rewrite filling in the most appropriate determiner from the ones given within brackets against each :
1. ………………………. knowledge is a dangerous thing. (A little, The little, Little) (2009)
2. I bought six eggs last evening and ………………………. one of them was bad. (each, every)
3. Boys were seated on ………………………. chair. (every, each, all) (2008)
4. He has three sons but ………………………. of them lives with him. (none, neither)
5. Abhishek hates ………………………. rich. (a, an, the) (2009)
6. ………………………. was there to rescue the child. (All, Some, Nobody)
7. You are not to worry ………………………. (some, many, much) (2008)
8. Did you read ………………………. book today? (many, much, any) (2012)
9. Kalidas has written ………………………. plays. (much, many, some) (2008)
10. ………………………. care would save you from many accidents. (A few, The few, A little)
11. Would you like ………………………. coffee? (some, any, many) (2008)
12. He had ………………………. supporters. (few, a few, the few) (2008)
13. She did not make ………………………. mistake in her essay. (some, any, many) (200915)
14. ………………………. room of this hotel has a cooler. (Each, Every, Many, all) (2011)
15. I don’t like ………………………. of them. (either, neither) (2013)
16. Tell me ………………………. you know. (all, both,whole) (2013)
17. We can’t buy ………………………. thing with little money. (much, many) (2014)
Answers
1. A little,
2. each,
3. every,
4. none,
5. the,
6. Nobody,
7. much,
8. any,
9. many,
10. A little,
11. some,
12. a few,
13. any,
14. Every,
15. either,
16. all.
17. many.

Exercise : 4
Complete the following dialogues using suitable determiners.
1. Customer – I want some rice.
Shopkeeper – ……………………….?
2. Customer require 10 kg.
Shopkeeper : Sorry, I don’t have ……………………….
3. Customer – Then you may give a little less.
Shopkeeper – There ……………………….
4. Customer – O. K. Then give me ……………………….
Shopkeeper – I will give you the little quantity I have got.
5. Customer – Please give me some vegetable oil.
Shopkeeper— ……………………….?
6. Customer – I need only 5 litres.
Shopkeeper—You may have ……………………….
7. Customer – I think 5 litres will be enough for ……………………….
Shopkeeper – By the way, ………………………. are there in your family.
8. Customer – Three.
Shopkeeper ………………………. Sir?
9. Customer—I think I will have ………………………. potato chips.
Shopkeeper ………………………. fresh arrivals here.
10. Customer – ………………………. money should I pay?
Shopkeeper – Two hundred rupees only.
Answers
1. How many kg. do you want,
2. that much in stock,
3. is hardly 6 kg. left,
4. as much as you can,
5. How much do you need,
6. as much as you like,
7. The whole month, how many members,
8. Not many, anything else,
9. a few packets of, There are some.
10. How much.

Exercise : 5
Rearrange the order of the words of the following sentences to make them meaningful :
1. you/have/how much/experience/got?
2. I/a little/brought/apple juice/market/from/the
3. completely/being/deaf/can’t/anything/he/hear,
4. nothing/is/open/so/its/a public holiday.
5. the few/rupees/ I had/I have/spent/already.
6. ink/in the bottle/much/how/there/is?
7. Raju/write/can/with/hand/either.
8. other/section/in the/any friend/don’t/have/you?
9. a/apple/an/day/the/keeps/away/doctor.
10. in/this/book/are there/pages/how/many?
Answers
1. How much experience have you got?
2. I brought a little apple juice from the market.
3. Being completely deaf, he can’t hear anything.
4. It’s a public holiday so nothing is open.
5. I have already spent the few rupees I had.
6. How much ink is there in the bottle?
7. Raju can write with either hand.
8. Don’t you have any friend in the other section?
9. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
10. How many pages are there in this book?

Other Determiners

a, an व the Articles तथा this, that, these, those Demonstrative Determiners, my, our, your, his, her, its, their, one’s Possessive Determiners तथा one, two, three…..(Definite Numerical Determiners) भी इसी श्रेणी में आते हैं। पहले हम articles का अध्ययन करेंगे –

‘A’ तथा ‘An’ का प्रयोग

इनका प्रयोग Countable singular nouns (general use not known, unfamiliar or not referred) के साथ होता है। (a तथा an का अर्थ कोई सा एक जो अपरिचित है, अज्ञात है, असन्दर्भित है।)

As –
a ball, an egg, a dot, an elephant etc.

महत्त्वपूर्ण – किसी Uncountable Noun या Countable plural noun के पूर्व a या an का उपयोग नहीं होता। ऐसी स्थिति में हम कहेंगे कि वहाँ (zero) article है। हाँ, इनके पूर्व किसी अन्य determiner (जैसे – some, many etc.) का उपयोग हो सकता है। (zero को हम 0 नहीं लिख रहे हैं, क्योंकि उससे 0 (ओ) का भ्रम होता है।

As – हम नहीं कहेंगे a milk, a wisdom, a boys, an elephants etc.

Note – Fill up the blanks exercises में हम वहाँ (zero) article fill up करेंगे। सामान्य लेखन या बोलचाल में zero article उपयोग में नहीं लाया जाता।

(a) A का उपयोग
(i) Consonants of 1979 The ant singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns के साथ ‘a’ का उपयोग करेंगे।

As—
a girl, a map, a building etc.

(ii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns के साथ जो शुरू तो होते हैं vowel से किन्तु उनका उच्चारण consonant जैसा है।
As—
a university, a union, a one – rupee note, a European, a uniform, a unit etc.

(iii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown, etc. Noun के साथ जिसके पूर्व प्रयुक्त Adjective consonant उच्चारण का है।
As –
a black ox, a useful umbrella, etc.

Note – ये vowel letters से शुरू होने वाले शब्द consonant sound से शुरू होते –

Note – निम्न में a का विशेष उपयोग note कीजिए।
a noise, a pity, a shame, a nuisance, a bad cold etc.

(b) An का उपयोग
(i) an का उपयोग Forst singular, general, unknown, unreferred noun a yea होता है जो vowel उच्चारण के शुरू होते हैं।
As—
an ant, an elephant, an inkpot, an ox, an umbrella etc.

(ii) ta singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns 1799 ys at consonants से होते हैं किन्तु उनका उच्चारण या तो स्वर होता है या consonant mute
As –
an M. A., an S. P., an M.L.A., an hour etc.

(iii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown unreferred Common Nouns के पूर्व जिनके पूर्व vowel उच्चारण वाला Adjective होता है।
As an intelligent boy, an honest man, an honourable member, an unknown man etc.

Note –
1. English alphabet के इन letters के नाम vowel sound से शुरू होते हैं बाकी के नाम consonant sound से शुरू होते हैं –
a,e,f, h, i,1, m, n, o, r, s और x

2. यह नियम abbreviations पर लागू होता है
a B. Sc., an M.Sc., an M. P., a U.N.O. body.

Exercise : 6
Fill in ‘a’, ‘an’, or x article :
1. ………………………. advertisement should not be long.
2. He doesn’t take ………………………. milk.
3. Gopal is working here as ………………………. accountant.
4. Only ………………………. M. Sc. can apply for this post. [2008]
5. ………………………. dogs are not allowed inside.
6. What ………………………. excellent dress you have worn !
7. Set ………………………. example before others.
8. He is ………………………. artist married to ………………………. European girl.
9. Do you have ………………………. driving licence?
10. Seema bought ………………………. umbrella. [2012]
11. Sanjay is ………………………. engineer. [2010]
Answers
1. An,
2. x,
3. an,
4. an,
5. x,
6. an,
7. an,
8. an, a,
9. a,
10. an,
11. an.

The’ का उपयोग

‘The’ का प्रयोग countable, uncountable, singular तथा plural सभी Nouns के साथ किया जाता है यदि वे particular (खास) Known (ज्ञात) व पूर्व – सन्दर्भित हों।
As –
जब हम कहते हैं

A cow is grazing.
तो अर्थ है कोई सी एक, वह किसकी है इत्यादि का हमें ज्ञान नहीं है।
किन्तु – The cow is grazing का अर्थ है वह गाय जिसके बारे में हमें ज्ञान है कि वह किसकी है या उसका पूर्व से क्या सम्बन्ध है।

‘The’ शब्द ‘that’ शब्द का एक weakened form (अपभ्रंश स्वरूप) है। अर्थ में भी यह ‘that’ शब्द से कमजोर है।
That = वह (pointing out) का कार्य करता है, ‘The’ शब्द point out करने के बजाय define (परिभाषित) करता है, particularize (खास बनाना) करता है या singles out (इसको अलग चयन, विशेष ध्यान etc. के लिए) करता है।

As—
(i) I know the man you are talking of.
(मैं उस आदमी को जानता हूँ जिसके बारे में तुम बात कर रहे हो—’कोई भी’ व्यक्ति नहीं, बल्कि एक खास आदमी।)

(ii) The boy who was run over by a bus is dead.
(कोई भी लड़का नहीं बल्कि वह जो दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हुआ।)

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में Noun के बाद वाला clause उसे खास बनाता है, किन्तु कई बार इस context की जरूरत नहीं पड़ती।

As—
Shut the door.
The Principal asked him his name.
The king pardoned him.

यदि हमारे सामने एक हॉल है तो the ceiling, the floor कहेंगे, क्योंकि वहाँ एक ही छत व एक ही फर्श है, किन्तु the wall का प्रयोग नहीं करेंगे, क्योंकि वहाँ एक से अधिक walls हैं पर हम the left wall और the right wall का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।

“The’ का उच्चारण

Noun phrase में definite article the के बाद आने वाला शब्द यदि consonant sound से शुरू होता है तो the का pronunciation होता है/द/और और यदि वह शब्द vowel sound से शुरू होता है तो the का pronunciation होता है/दि/

the man/द मेन/ the old man/दि ओल्ड मेन/
the apple/दि ऐपल/ the ripe apple/द राइप ऐपल/

Exercise : 7
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles
1. There was ………………………. accident near ………………………. central market this morning ………………………. car hit ………………………. scooter and ………………………. man on ………………………. scooter was killed.
2. ………………………. postman put ………………………. letter under ………………………. front door just ………………………. hour after you left.
3. ………………………. cup of tea may seem ………………………. ordinary thing to some of us in India. But drinking tea is ………………………. ritual which is taken very seriously in many Japanese homes.
4. ………………………. king fought bravely but he was defeated by his enemies ………………………. defeated warrior left ………………………. battlefield and hid himself in …..cave.
5. One day ………………………. man came in our area ………………………. man had ………………………. box on his head ………………………. box had ………………………. inkpots. He took ………………………. inkpot in his hand. (2008)
Answers:
1. an, the, A, a, the, the.
2. A, a, the, an.
3. A, an, a.
4. The, The, the, a.
5. a, The, a, The, x, an.

‘The’ के विशेष उपयोग

सामान्यत : Proper Nouns के पूर्व किसी Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता, किन्तु कुछ विशेष परिस्थितियों में होता है –

(1) नदियों, समूद्रों, पर्वतों, द्वीपसमूहों, झीलों (gulfs) के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Ganga, the Thames, the Nile, the Narmada etc.
The Himalayas, the Satpuras, the Mount Everest etc.
The Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Atlantic etc.
The Persian Gulf, the Andamans etc.

(2) पुरानी धार्मिक पुस्तकों, समाचार – पत्रों इत्यादि के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Mahabharat, the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran etc.
The Times of India, the Nai – Dunia, the M. P. Chronicle, the Free
Press Journal etc.

(3) ग्रहों, सितारों संसार इत्यादि नामों के पूर्व
As –
The earth moves round the sun.
The moon shines in the sky.
The world is full of sorrow.
One day man will reach the Mars etc.

(4) दिशाओं के नामों के पूर्व
As—
The east, the west, the north and the south.

(5) जातियों, कौमों के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the English, the French etc.

Note – किन्तु भाषाओं के पूर्व नहीं –
As – English is a nice language.
Hindi is easier than all other languages.
She speaks French.

(6) कुछ देशों के नाम के पूर्व
As –
The United Kingdom, the U.S.A. etc.
किन्तु – India, China, France etc. के पूर्व नहीं।

(7) जब कोई singular noun किसी वर्ण या जाति को प्रकट करे
As –
The cow is a useful animal.

(8) जब किसी Adjective की positive degree के पूर्व उपयोग में आता है तो वह Collective noun का कार्य करता है

AS –
The rich = धनवान लोग – The poor = गरीब लोग
The high = ऊँचे लोक – The learned = बुद्धमन लोग

(9) Superlative degree के पूर्व यदि उपयोग Attributive हो
As –
(1) Sohan is the best boy in the class.
(2) This is the highest building of the town.

(10) F H J Adverb o Regolf och
As –
(1) The more we get, the more we desire.
(2) The fewer, the merrier.
(3) The more, the better etc.

(11) जब Superlative degree सरीखा उपयोग positive degree के समान किया जथा है –
As—
He is the leader today. (i.e., the greatest leader)
This is the way to solve this question. (i.e., the proper way)
This is the just thing to say. (i.e., right thing)

(12). कई बार Possessive pronouns के स्थान पर प्रयोग होता है
As –
He hit me on the head. (= my head)
Disappointment looked on the face. (his face)

(13). जब हम एक public place के बारे में बात करते हैं तो the का प्रयोग करते है –
As—
(1) He went to the school. (i.e., building)
(2) She goes to the cinema. (= cinema house)
(3) They go to the church. (building)

किन्तु He went to school. (= to study)
Mr. David goes to church. (= to pray etc.)

(14) पदों के नामों के पूर्व
As—
The Prime Minister, the Secretary etc.

Exercise : 8
Fill in the correct articles a, an, the or (zero) articles :
1. Today is ………………………. hottest day of the year.
2. She hates ………………………. rich.
3. ………………………. marriage will take place at ………………………. temple.
4. She is reading ………………………. book ………………………. book is ………………………. Gita.
5. You are taking ………………………. unnecessary thing.
6. I learn ………………………. English enthusiastically.
7. His behaviour with ………………………. French is rude.
8. Lord Krishna loved ………………………. Jamuna river.
9. We read this news in ………………………. Nav Bharat.
10. She cleans ………………………. church.
11. ………………………. Ganga is a sacred river. [2014]
12. My son goes to the school by ………………………. bus.
13. Your sister went to Indore in ………………………. bus.
14. ………………………. more you talk, ………………………. more you prove yourself a fool.
15. Give him ………………………. egg.
16. He took ………………………. boiled egg.
17. What ………………………. nuisance these loudspeakers are !
18. She has sent ………………………. message ………………………. message says that she does not like the proposal.
19. He wrote his name on ………………………. book.
20. Mr. David came to ………………………. India in 1883.
21. ………………………. Narmada is the life line of M. P. [2008]
2. Everyone respects ………………………. honest person [2011]
23. ………………………. boys like to visit cities.
24. Write ………………………. application to ………………………. Secretary of the Board for ………………………. duplicate marks sheet.
25. Come to ………………………. man of ………………………. business. Talk ………………………. business. Finish your business. Leave him to his business.
(Written on ………………………. shop’s Notice Board).
Answers
1. the,
2 the,
3. The, the,
4. a, the, the,
5. an,
6. ⊗
7. the,
8. the,
9. the,
10. the,
11. The,
12. ⊗
13. a,
14. The, the,
15. an,
16. a,
17. a,
18. a, the,
19. the,
20. ⊗
21. The,
22. an,
23, ⊗
24. an, the, a,
25. a, ⊗, ⊗, a.

This, That, These, Those

ये Demonstrative determiners संकेत वाचक निर्धारक कहलाते है
This = यह (एकवचन हेतु) – These = ये (बहुवचन हेतु)
That = वह (एकवचन हेतु) – Those = वे (बहुवचन हेतु)

This व These निकट के व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए एवं That व Those दूर के व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।
As—
This car is very beautiful.
These cars have been sold.
Aditi lives in that house.
Those houses belong to Mr. Sengar.

Exercise : 9
Fill in This, These, That or Those in the blanks.

1. ………. gardener sitting near you is lazy.
2. ………………………. plants you are looking at are planted by my father.
3. ………………………. boy who is standing near the pole is my cousin.
4. ………………………. boys who are on the roof are flying kites.

My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its, Their,
one’s – Possessive Determiners

These determiners indicate relationship possession.
As –
My father is a businessman.
Our school has fifty rooms.
Your mother is calling you.
His bag contains jewellery.
Her books are on the table.
Their house is double – storied.
One must do his duty.

Exercise : 10
Fill in suitable determiners.
1. I love ………………………. uncle.
2. She has lost ………………………. purse.
3. They are doing ………………………. duty.
4. You must keep ………………………. mouth shut.
5. One should not scold ………………………. relatives.
6. He lost ………………………. self control.
7. We have given ………………………. motor cycle to him.

One, Two, Three ………………………. etc.
‘ Definite Numeral Determiners ,

These indicate a definite number of objects, persons.

As—
1. The beggar is blind of one eye.
2. He has two daughters.
3. Five boys are sitting on the bench.

Note – Ordinal numbers as first, second, third etc. refers to the position of something in a series.

As—
1. The boy sitting in the third row is my nephew.
2. The man in the first room is our warden.

Additional Exercises

Exercise :
1 (Solved) Complete the following sentences using suitable determiners.
1. There isn’t
2. Would you like ……………………….
3. She bought ……………………….
4. Will you show me ……………………….
5. India wants peace in ……………………….
6. Please give me ……………………….
7. This pen is mine but ……………………….
8. There are shady trees ……………………….
9. The merchant sold ……………………….
10. I would like to ask you ……………………….
Answers
1. any milk in the pot.
2. to take some coffee.
3. some loafs of bread.
4. some shirts.
5. every corner of the world.
6. some milk.
7. that is yours.
8. on either side of the road.
9. the whole lot of his goods.
10. a few questions.

Exercise : 2 (Unsolved)
1. He did not wake ……………………….
2. She asked me for ……………………….
3. Go and get ……………………….
4. I have ……………………….
5. I don’t think there is ……………………….
6. The solution of this problem will take ……………………….
7. He gave me ……………………….
8. In the exhibition I saw ……………………….
9. How ………………………. money ……………………….?
10. How ………………………. eggs ……………………….?

Exercise : 3
(Solved) Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences.
1. a few/a man/he/words/is/of.
2. anything/have/the villagers/not/done.
3. ink/in the bottle/much/how/there/is?
4. mangoes/enough/have/they.
5. the/give/any/me/work/teacher/did not.
6. before/met/hadn’t/of/them/many/I.
7. a lot lof milk/is/there/in the glass.
8. they/money/how much/did/need?
9. a/them/each/of/given/was/certificate.
10. the/both/table/you/the chair/take/can/and.
Answers
1. He is a man of a few words.
2. The villagers have not done anything.
3. How much ink is there in the bottle?
4. They have enough mangoes.
5. The teacher did not give me any work.
6. I hadn’t met many of them before.
7. There is a lot of milk in the glass.
8. How much money did they need?
9. Each of them was given a certificate.
10. You can take the table and the chair both.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 16 प्रायिकता विविध प्रश्नावली

प्रश्न 1.
एक डिब्बे में 10 लाल, 20 नीली व 30 हरी गोलियाँ रखी हैं। डिब्बे से 5 गोलियाँ यादृच्छया निकाली जाती हैं। प्रायिकता क्या है कि
(i) सभी गोलियाँ नीली हैं?
(ii) कम से कम एक गोली हरी है ?
हल:
एक डिब्बे में 10 लाल, 20 नीली तथा 30 हरी कुल 60 गोलियाँ हैं।
(i) 60 गोलियों में से 5 गोलियाँ निकालने के तरीके = \(60 \mathrm{C}_{5}\)
∴ n(S) = \(60 \mathrm{C}_{5}\)
20 नीली गोलियाँ हैं इनमें से 5 गोलियाँ चुनने के तरीके = \(20 \mathrm{C}_{5}\)
5 नीली गोलियाँ निकालने की प्रायिकता

प्रश्न 2.
ताश के 52 पत्तों की एक अच्छी तरह फेंटी गई गड्डी से 4 पत्ते निकाले जाते हैं। इस बात की क्या प्रायिकता है कि निकाले गए पत्तों में 3 ईंट और एक हुकुम का पत्ता है ?
हल:
कुल 52 पत्तों की ताश की गड्डी में से 4 पत्ते निकालने के तरीके = \(^{52} C_{4}\)
∴ n(S) = \(^{52} C_{4}\)
3 ईट के पत्ते निकालने के तरीके = \(^{13} C_{3}\)
एक हुकुम का पत्ता निकालने के तरीके = \(^{13} C_{1}\)
3 ईट और 1 हुकुम का पत्ता निकालने के तरीके = \(^{13} C_{3} \times^{13} C_{1}\)
अनुकूल परिणामों की कुल संख्या = \(^{13} C_{3} \times^{13} C_{1}\)
अतः 3 ईंट और एक हुकुम के पत्ते निकालने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{13 C_{3} \times 13 C_{1}}{^{52} C_{4}}\).

प्रश्न 3.
एक पासे के दो फलकों में से प्रत्येक पर संख्या 1 अंकित है। तीन फलकों में प्रत्येक पर संख्या 2 अंकित है और एक फलक पर संख्या 3 अंकित है। यदि पासा एक बार फेंका जाता है, तो निम्नलिखित ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) P(2)
(ii) P(i या 3)
(iii) P(3 – नहीं)
हल:
पासे पर कुल संभावित परिणाम = 6
(i) 2 अंक 3 फलकों पर अंकित है
2 प्राप्त करने के 3 तरीके हैं
P(2) = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)

(ii) दो फलकों पर 1 है।
∴ 1 प्राप्त करने के तरीके, P(1) = \(\frac{2}{6}\)
3 एक फलक पर अंकित है। अत: 3 एक तरीके से मिल सकता है, P(3) = \(\frac{1}{6}\)
∴ P(1 या 3) = \(\frac{2}{6}+\frac{1}{6}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)

(iii) 6 फलकों में 3 केवल एक फलक पर है।
अतः 3 प्राप्त न करने के तरीके = 6 – 1 = 5
∴ P(3 – नहीं) = \(\frac{5}{6}\).

प्रश्न 4.
एक लाटरी में 10000 टिकट बेचे गए जिनमें दस समान इनाम दिए जाने हैं। कोई भी इनाम न मिलने की प्रायिकता क्या है यदि आप
(a) एक टिकट खरीदते हैं
(b) दो टिकट खरीदते हैं
(c) 10 टिकट खरीदते हैं ?
हल:
टिकटों की संख्या जिन पर इनाम नहीं है
= 10000 – 10 = 9990
∵ कुल टिकटों की संख्या = 10000
(a) एक टिकट जिससे कोई इनाम नहीं मिलेगा ऐसे कुल तरीके
= \(9990 C_{1}\) = 9990
जबकि कुल संभावी परिणाम = 10,000
एक टिकट के साथ इनाम न मिलने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{9990}{10000}=\frac{999}{1000}\)

(ii) बिना इनाम वाले 9990 में से 2 टिकट मिलने के तरीके
= \(9990 \mathrm{C}_{2}\)
कुल 10000 टिकट हैं। उनमें से 2 टिकट पाने के तरीके
= \(10000 \mathrm{C}_{2}\)
दो टिकट के साथ इनाम न मिलने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{9990 C_{2}}{10000 C_{2}}\).

(iii) इसी प्रकार 9990 में बिना इनाम वाले 10 टिकट को पाने के तरीके
= \(9990 \mathrm{C}_{10}\)
10000 में से 10 टिकट पाने के तरीके = \(10000 C_{10}\)
अतः 10 टिकट के साथ इनाम न मिलने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{9990 \mathrm{C}_{10}}{10000 \mathrm{C}_{10}}\).

प्रश्न 5.
100 विद्यार्थियों में से 40 और 60 विद्यार्थियों के दो वर्ग बनाए गए हैं। यदि आप और आपकाएक मित्र 100 विद्यार्थियों में हैं तो प्रायिकता क्या है कि
(a) आप दोनों एक ही वर्ग में हों।
(b) आप दोनों अलग-अलग वर्गों में हों।
हल:
माना दो वर्ग A और B हैं जिनमें क्रमशः 40 और 60 विद्यार्थी हैं।
(i) मान लीजिए दोनों विद्यार्थी वर्ग A में आते हैं।
∴ 98 विद्यार्थियों में से 38 विद्यार्थी चुने जाते हैं।
98 विद्यार्थियों में से 38 विद्यार्थी चुनने के तरीके = \(98 \mathrm{C}_{38}\)
बिना किसी शर्त के, 100 में से 40 विद्याथीं चुनने के तरीके n(S) = \(^{100} C_{40}\)
दोनों विद्यार्थी (वह और उसका मित्र) एक ही वर्ग A में प्रवेश करने की प्रायिकता

(ii) यदि दोनों विद्यार्थी वर्ग B में प्रवेश करते हैं। तब 98 विद्यार्थियों में से 58 विद्यार्थी चुनने के तरीके = \(98 \mathrm{C}_{58}\)
100 विद्यार्थियों में से 60 विद्यार्थी चुनने के तरीके = \(^{100} C_{60}\)
अतः यदि वे विद्यार्थी वर्ग B में प्रवेश पाते हैं तो उसकी प्रायिकता


दोनों विद्यार्थी वर्ग A या वर्ग B में प्रवेश पाते हैं तो उसकी प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{26}{165}+\frac{59}{165}=\frac{85}{165}=\frac{17}{33}\).
(b) दोनों विद्यार्थियों के विभिन्न वर्गों में प्रवेश पाने की प्रायिकता
= 1 – \(\frac{17}{33}=\frac{33-17}{33}=\frac{16}{33}\).

प्रश्न 6.
तीन व्यक्तियों के लिए तीन पत्र लिखवाए गए हैं और प्रत्येक के लिए पता लिखा एक लिफाफा है। पत्रों को लिफाफों में यादृच्छया इस प्रकार डाला गया कि प्रत्येक लिफाफे में एक ही पत्र है। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि कम से कम एक पत्र अपने सही लिफाफे में डाला गया है।
हल:
मान लीजिए लिफाफों को A, B, C और संगत पत्रों को क्रमशः a, b, c से निरूपित किया गया है।
(i) एक पत्र उसके संगत लिफाफे में और दूसरे दो गलत लिफाफे में रखने के तरीके
(Aa, Bc, Cb), (Ac, Bb, Ca), (Ab, Ba, Cc)

(ii) यदि दो पत्र संगत (ठीक) लिफाफों में रखे गए हैं तो तीसरा भी संगत (ठीक) लिफाफे में होगा।

(iii) तीनों पत्र उनके संगत (ठीक) लिफाफों में रखे जाए (Aa, Bb, Cc) एक तरीका है।
पत्र कम से कम एक संगत लिफाफे में रखे जाने के तरीके
3 + 1 = 4
तीन पत्रों को तीन लिफाफा में रखने के कुल तरीके = 3! = 6
∴ कम से कम एक पत्र संगत लिफाफे में रखे जाने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}\).

प्रश्न 7.
A और B दो घटनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं कि P(A) = 0.54, P(B) = 0.69 और P(A ∩ B) = 0.35, ज्ञात कीजिए:
(i) P(A ∪ B)
(ii) P(A’ ∩ B)
(iii) P(A ∩ B’)
(iv) P(B ∩ A’)
हल:
P(A) = 0.54, P(B) = 0.69, P(A ∩ B) = 0.35
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – (A ∩ B)
= 0.54 + 0.69 – 0.35 = 0.88

(ii)P(A’ ∩ B’) = P[(A ∪ B)’] = 1 – P(A ∪ B)
= 1 – 0.88 = 0.12.

(iii) P(A ∩ B’) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.54 – 0.35 = 0.19.

(iv) P(B ∩ A’) = P(B) – P(B ∩ A)
= 0.69 – 0.35 = 0.34.

प्रश्न 8.
एक संस्था के कर्मचारियों में से 5 कर्मचारियों का चयन प्रबन्ध समिति के लिए किया गया है। पाँच कर्मचारियों का ब्यौरा निम्नलिखित है :

इस समूह से प्रवक्ता पद के लिए यादृच्छया एक व्यक्ति का चयन किया गया। प्रवक्ता के पुरुष या 35 वर्ष से अधिक आयु का होने की प्रायिकता क्या है ?
हल:
माना A पुरुष के चयन और B व्यक्ति की आयु 35 वर्ष से अधिक को दर्शाते हैं।
पुरुषों की कुल संख्या = 3
35 वर्ष से अधिक आयु के कुल लोग = 2
35 वर्ष से अधिक आयु का पुरुष 1 है।

प्रश्न 9.
यदि 0, 1, 3, 5 और 7 अंकों द्वारा 5000 से बड़ी चार अंकों की संख्या का यादृच्छया निर्माण किया गया हो तो पाँच से भाज्य संख्या के निर्माण की क्या प्रायिकता है जब :
(i) अंकों की पुनरावृत्ति नहीं की जाए ?
(ii) अंकों की पुनरावृत्ति की जाए ?
हल:
(i) जब अंकों की पुनरावृत्ति नहीं होती।
मान लीजिए अंकों के स्थानों को I, II, III, IV से निरूपित किया गया हैं।
5000 से बड़ी संख्या बनाने के लिए स्थान I पर 5 या 7 रखना होगा अर्थात स्थान I को भरने के तरीके = 2
अब 5 अंक शेष रह जाते हैं।
स्थान II, III और IV को 4, 3 व 2 तरीकों से भर सकते हैं।
∴ 5000 से बड़ी संख्याएँ = 4 x 4 x 3 x 2 = 48 = n(S)
5 से भाज्य संख्याएँ वे हैं जब इकाई (स्थान IV) पर 0 या 5 हो। 5 को स्थान I पर तथा 0 को स्थान IV पर रखने के बाद 3 अंक बचते हैं। स्थान II और III, को 2 x 3 = 6 तरीकों से भरा जा सकता है।
इस प्रकार स्थान I पर जब 5 हो और IV पर 0 हो तो 6 संख्याएँ बनती हैं।
जब स्थान I पर 7 और स्थान IV पर 5 हो तो भी 6 संख्याएँ बनेंगी।
∴ 5000 से बड़ी और 5 से भाज्य संख्याएँ
= 6 + 6 + 6 = 18
अत: 5000 से बड़ी और 5 से भाज्य संख्याओं के बनने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{18}{24}=\frac{3}{4}\)

(ii) जब पुनरावृत्ति की जा सकती है।
स्थान [ पर 5 या 7 रख सकते है जिससे संख्या 5000 से बड़ी बन सके।
∴ स्थान I को 2 तरीकों से भर सकते हैं।
क्योंकि पुनरावृत्ति की अनुमति है तो प्रत्येक स्थान II, III, IV को 5 तरीकों से भर सकते हैं।
चारों स्थानों को भरने के तरीके या 5000 से बड़ी संख्याएँ
= 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 250 = n(S)
संख्या यदि 5 से भाज्य है तो इकाई (IV) स्थान पर 0 या 5 रखना होगा।
इसलिए इकाई के स्थान को 2 तरीकों से भर सकते हैं।
बीच के स्थान II और III को 5 × 5 तरीकों से भर सकते हैं।
इस प्रकार 5000 से बड़ी और 5 से भाज्य संख्याएँ = 2 × 5 × 5 × 2 = 100
5000 से बड़ी और 5 से भाज्य बनाने वाली संख्याओं की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{100}{250}=\frac{2}{5}\).

प्रश्न 10.
किसी अटैची के ताले में चार चक्र लगे हैं। जिनमें प्रत्येक पर 0 से 9 तक 10 अंक अंकित हैं। ताला चार अंकों के एक विशेष क्रम (अंकों की पुनरावृत्ति नहीं) द्वारा ही खुलता है। इस बात की क्या प्रायिकता है कि कोई व्यक्ति अटैची खोलने के लिए सही क्रम का पता लगा ले।
हल:
प्रथम स्थान पर कोई अंक 10 तरीकों से ही लाया जा सकता है। यहाँ 0, 1, 2, …. 9 में से कोई भी अंक ‘हो सकता है।
दूसरे, तीसरे व चौथे स्थान को 9 × 8 × 7 तरीकों से भरा जा सकता है।
इस प्रकार चार अंकों की संख्या (जबकि पुनरावृत्ति नहीं की गई है) बनने के तरीके = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 5040
ताले को खोलने के लिए सही संख्या केवल एक ही है।
∴ अटैची को खोलने का सही क्रम ज्ञात करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{5040}\).

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Modals

Anomalous finites be, have तथा do व उनके रूप temporal finites कहलाते हैं और अंग्रेजी भाषा की व्याकरण में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। इनकी negatives, questions, tenses और passives की रचना में बड़ी अहम् भूमिका होती है। किन्तु शब्दकोष में इनका अर्थ देखने से हमें विशेष लाभ नहीं होता क्योंकि इनमें शाब्दिक अर्थ नहीं के बराबर होता है। इसके विपरीत can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare और used to जिन्हें हमने modal finites के अन्तर्गत रखा है, व्याकरण में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाने के साथ-साथ अर्थ के क्षेत्र में भी बड़ी अहम् भूमिका निभाते हैं। Modal finites में आपस में काफी समानताएँ हैं :

1. Form की दृष्टि से modal finites अन्य finites से काफी भिन्न हैं। 3rd person singular subject के साथ इनमें -5 या-es नहीं लगता। इस प्रकार इनके infinitive, present participle तथा past participle forms का उपयोग नहीं होता।

2. could, might, should और would क्रमश: can, may, shail और will के past tense के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। परन्तु यह उनके function का केवल एक छोटा-सा क्षेत्र है। इनका अधिकतर उपयोग present और future की घटनाओं की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए होता है। शेष में से dare, need, must और ought ‘to के past tense के रूप उपलब्ध नहीं हैं तथा उनका उपयोग भूतकाल की घटनाओं के लिये नहीं होता। वहीं used to का present tense का रूप उपलब्ध नहीं है व उसका उपयोग present या future की घटनाओं के लिये नहीं किया जाता।

3. वास्तव में need और used दोनों एक ही spelling की दो अलग-अलग क्रियाएँ हैं तथा दोनों का कार्यक्षेत्र और अर्थ एक-दूसरे से काफी भिन्न हैं। एक need anomalous finite के समान कार्य करती है वह उसके साथ questions और negatives में do के forms की आवश्यकता नहीं होती जबकि जो need regular verb के समान कार्य करती है जिसका अर्थ होता है “आवश्यकता होना”; उसके साथ questions और negatives में do के forms का उपयोग करना पड़ता है:

• We need a lot of paper every month.
• We do not need a lot of paper every month.
• Do we need a lot of paper every month?

इसी प्रकार use की दो क्रियाएँ हैं, एक anomalous finite के समान काम करती है-used to- तथा दूसरी regular verb के समान कार्य करती है तथा इसके साथ questions और negatives में do के form का उपयोग करना पड़ता है :

• They use a lot of paper every month.
• They do not use a lot of paper every month.
• Do they use a lot of paper every month?

4. Ought और used को छोड़कर सभी के साथ main verb का bare infinite (infinitive without to) का उपयोग होता है। केवल ought और used के बाद to-infinitive का उपयोग होता है :
You need not come to this meeting.
(तुम्हारा इस बैठक में आना जरूरी नहीं है।)

You must come to this meeting.
(तुम्हारा इस बैठक में आना जरूरी है।)

You ought to come to this meeting.
(तुम्हें इस बैठक में आना चाहिए।)

Can you come to this meeting?
(क्या तुम इस बैठक में आ सकते हो?)

I used to attend such meetings.
(भूतकाल में मैं इस प्रकार की बैठकों में आता था।)

5. Function की दृष्टि से भी modal finites अन्य finites से काफी भिन्न हैं। इनका उपयोग ऐसी घटनाओं के लिए नहीं किया जा सकता जो निश्चित रूप से घट रही हों या घट चुकी हों। used to का उपयोग केवल भूतकाल में आदतन घटने की प्रत्याशा में उनके घटने की सम्भावना, आवश्यकता, अनिवार्यता आदि की चर्चा करने के लिए किया जाता है :

They can finish the work by Saturday.
(उनमें शनिवार तक कार्य पूर्ण करने की योग्यता है।)

They may finish the work by Saturday.
(उनके शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेने की सम्भावना है।)

They might finish the work by Saturday.
(ऐसी सम्भावना है कि वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेंगे–पर सम्भावना ऊपर वाले वाक्य से कम है)

They will finish the work by Saturday.
(वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेंगे।)

They must finish the work by Saturday.
(उन्हें शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लेना होगा।)

They needn’t finish the work by Saturday.
(यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि वे शनिवार तक काम पूरा कर लें।)

They ought to finish the work by Saturday.
(शनिवार तक काम पूरा करना उनकी नैतिक बाध्यता है।)

6. Modal finites के बाद perfect infinitive (have + past participle) का उपयोग कर हम ऐसी घटनाओं की चर्चा कर सकते हैं जिन्हें भूतकाल में घटना था परन्तु वे नहीं घर्टी या जिनके बारे में निश्चित रूप से ये नहीं जानते कि वे घटी या नहीं :

They could have come earlier.
(वे पहले आ सकते थे-पर नहीं आए।)

You should have told me at once.
(तुम्हें मुझको तुरन्त बताना चाहिए था—पर तुमने नहीं बताया।)

They may have missed the train.
(हो सकता है उनकी ट्रेन छूट गई हो हमें निश्चित नहीं मालूम कि क्या हुआ।)

They will have come by now.
(वे अभी तक आ चुके होंगे-हमें निश्चित नहीं मालूम कि वे वास्तव में आए या नहीं।)

She must have typed the letter.
(उसने पत्र टाइप कर लिया होगा—सम्भावना है, पर निश्चित नहीं मालूम।)

SHALL and WILL

Future tense में 1st person subjects-I और we के साथ shall तथा 2nd person -you- 311 3rd person—he, she, it, they, the boy, the car, the girls, etc. के साथ will का उपयोग किया जाता है।

I shall be seventy next birthday.
(मैं अगले जन्मदिन पर सत्तर वर्ष का हो जाऊँगा।)

We shall have a good monsoon this year.
(इस वर्ष मानसून की वर्षा अच्छी होगी।)

Tomorrow will be Monday.
(कल सोमवार होगा।)

The sun will set at 17.56 hours today.
(आज सूर्यास्त 5 बजकर 56 मिनट पर होगा।)

Next year they will celebrate the golden jubilee of their marriage.
(अगले वर्ष वे अपनी शादी की स्वर्ण जयन्ती मनायेंगे।)

The train will reach Jabalpur about an hour late.
(ट्रेन जबलपुर करीब एक घंटे देर से पहुँचेगी।)

Note : क्योंकि औपचारिक लेखन व भाषण के अलावा सभी परिस्थितियों में
subjects, विशेषकर pronoun subjects के साथ shall और will का contracted form-II,जो दोनों के लिये एक जैसा ही है प्रयुक्त होता है, अत: Modern English में shall और will का अन्तर करीब-करीब समाप्त हो गया है।

केवल प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में, जहाँ ये subject के पूर्व आते है और इस कारण इनके contracted form का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता, इनका अन्तर अभी भी बरकरार है।

Shall

1. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी के लिये कुछ करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं तथा हमें उम्मीद होती है कि हमारा प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया जायेगा :

Shall I spell that word for you?
(क्या मैं उस शब्द की हिज्जे कर दूँ?)

2. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के साथ मिलकर कुछ करने का सुझाव देते हैं :

Shall we go and see a film?
(क्यों न हम लोग जाकर एक फिल्म देखें?)

3. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम स्वयं कुछ करने का सुझाव देते हैं :

Shall I contact the chairman?
(क्या मैं चेयरमेन से सम्पर्क स्थापित करूँ?)

4. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी से निर्देशों के लिए आग्रह करते हैं :

What shall we do now?
(अब हमें क्या करना चाहिए?)

5. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी से सलाह देने का आग्रह करते हैं :

Which book shall I buy?
(मैं कौन-सी किताब खरीदूँ?)

6. Shall का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा कुछ जानकारी चाही जाती है :
Shall I need some help there?
(क्या वहाँ मुझे कुछ सहायता की आवश्यकता होगी?)

When shall we go there?
(हम लोग वहाँ कब जाएँगे?)

Where shall we be this time tomorrow?
(कल इस समय हम कहाँ होंगे?)

7. 2nd और 3rd person subjects के साथ shall का उपयोग कानूनी या शासकीय शर्तों में होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में इसके contracted form का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता:

Candidates shall not be allowed to use calculators.
(परीक्षार्थियों को केलक्युलेटर का उपयोग नहीं करने दिया जाएगा।)

Applicants shall submit three copies.
(आवेदकों को तीन प्रतियाँ प्रस्तुत करनी होंगी।)

Will

1. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जो
किसी कार्य को करने में सहयोगशीलता दिखाते हैं :

A. Can somebody help me?
(क्या कोई मेरी मदद कर सकता है?)

B. I will.
(मैं करूँगा।)

2. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है, जो किसी कार्य को करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं :
A. There isn’t any bread in the house.
(घर में डबलरोटी नहीं है)

B. Don’t worry. I will go and get some.
(चिन्ता मत करिये। मैं जाकर ले आऊँगा।)

3. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनसे दृढ़ निश्चय या वादा प्रकट किया जाता है।

I will stop smoking.
(मैं सिगरेट पीना छोड़ दूंगा।)

4. 1st person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जो धमकी देने का काम करते हैं :
I will break your neck.
(मैं तुम्हारी गर्दन तोड़. दूंगा।)

5. 2nd person subject के साथ will का प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने का अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Will you pass the salt, please?
(कृपया क्या नमक इधर बढ़ाने का कष्ट करेंगे?)

अनुरोध के लिय उपयोग किये गये प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में will के स्थान पर would का उपयोग अनुरोध को ओर अधिक विनम्र बना देता है :
Would you pass the salt, please?
(कृपया क्या नमक इधर बढ़ाने का कष्ट करेंगे?)

6. 2nd person subject के साथ will का उपयोग आज्ञा देने के लिए किया जाता है:
Will you be quiet?
(खामोश रहो।)

7. 2nd person subject के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनका अभिप्राय किसी से कोई कार्य करने का अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :
Will you have some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए।)

ऐस प्रश्नों में will के स्थान पर won’t का उपयोग अनुरोध को और सबल बना देता है:

Won’t you have some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए न।)

8. 1st और 3rd person subjects के साथ won’t का उपयोग किसी कार्य को करने से इन्कार करने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

No I won’t do it.
(नहीं, मैं यह नहीं करूँगा।)

She won’t open the door. (वह दरवाजा खोलने से इन्कार कर रही है।)

3rd person subjects के साथ won’t का उपयोग ऐसी चीजों की चर्चा के लिए भी किया जाता है, जो हमारी इच्छा के अनुसार काम नहीं करती :
The scooter won’t start.
(स्कूटर स्टार्ट नहीं हो रहा है।)

The door won’t open.
(दरवाजा खुल ही नहीं रहा है।)

9. 2nd और 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा कुछ जानकारी चाही जाती है :

How will you reach there?
(तुम वहाँ कैसे पहुँचोगे?)

Why will he oppose our suggestions?
(वह हमारे सुझाव का विरोध क्यों करेगा?)

10. 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग तथ्यात्मक कथन के लिए भी किया जाता है :
There will be time for questions after the lecture.
(लेक्चर के बाद प्रश्नों के लिये समय होगा।)

They will not be able to come tomorrow.
(वे कल नहीं आ सकेंगे।)

11: 3rd person subjects के साथ will का उपयोग वर्तमान के आदतन व्यवहार के लिए भी होता है :

She will sit for hours without saying anything.
(वह बिना कुछ कहे घंटों बैठी रहती है।)

12. 3rd person subjects के साथwill तथा won’t का उपयोग किसी चीज के स्वाभाविक व्यवहार या उसकी विशेषता बताने के लिए भी होता है :

Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals.
(सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड अधिकतर धातुओं का विलयन कर लेता है।)

Gold won’t dissolve in hydrochloric acid.
(सोना हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड में नहीं घुलता।)

Should And Would

1. Should और would का उपयोग subordinate clause में जबकि main clause की verb past tense में हो, shall और will के past form के रूप में होता है। ऐसा अधिकतर reported speech में होता है :

• I said, “I shall be there before ten.”
• I said that I should be there before ten.
• He said, “They will see you again tomorrow.”
• He said that they would see me again the next day.

Note: आजकल reported speech में 1st person subjects के साथ भी should के स्थान पर would का उपयोग करने की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है। इसका एक कारण यह हो सकता है कि इससे should के औचित्य के अर्थ में व्याख्या की जाने की सम्भावना समाप्त हो जाती है :
I said I would be there before ten.

2. Should और would का उपयोग conditional constructions में भी होता है :

If I worked hard, I should be paid well.
(यदि मैं मेहनत से काम करता तो मुझे अच्छी मजदूरी मिलती।)

If he worked hard, he would be paid well.
(यदि वह मेहनत से काम करता तो उसे अच्छी मजदूरी मिलती।)

Note : ऐसे वाक्यों में भी आजकल 1st person subjects के साथ should के स्थान पर would का उपयोग करने की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है :
If I worked hard, I would be paid well.

Should

1. Should और ought to का उपयोग सभी प्रकार के subjects के साथ कर्तव्य, बाध्यता, या औचित्य की चर्चा के लिए किया जाता है। बाध्यता को मुख्य रूप से दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं :
(i) बाध्यता जहाँ चुनाव करने का अवसर नहीं होता-कानून या नियम के अनुरूप यह कर सकते हो, यह नहीं कर सकते,

जैसे-
In India, you must keep to your left while driving.
(भारत में, तुम्हें बायें हाथ पर वाहन चलाना चाहिए।)

(ii) बाध्यता जहाँ चुनाव करने का अवसर होता है, जैसे
You should help old people.
(तुम्हें बूढ़े व्यक्तियों की मदद करनी चाहिए।)

यह एक सामाजिक बाध्यता है। यदि तुम ऐसा नहीं करते तो कानूनन तुम्हें दण्ड नहीं मिल सकता पर समाज में तुम्हारे सम्मान को ठेस पहुँच सकती है, या:

I ought to go and see my doctor.
(मुझे अपने डॉक्टर से मिलना चाहिए।)

यदि मैं ऐसा नहीं करता तो मुझे दण्ड तो नहीं मिल सकता पर इसके न करने से मुझे ही नुकसान होने वाला है।

Note : Should और ought to के अर्थ में बहत साम्य है. अतः इन अर्थों में एक के स्थान पर दूसरे का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। (देखिये आगे ought to)

2. Should का उपयोग सम्भावना व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Our team should win this series.
(Provided they keep playing like this.)
(हमारी टीम यह श्रृंखला जीत जायेगी–यदि वे इसी प्रकार खेलते रहे तो।)

3. Should का उपयोग यह व्यक्त करने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि क्या करना अच्छा या उचित है। यह ऊपर 1 पर बताए अर्थ के करीब-करीब समान है :

We should send him a reply.
(हमें उसे उत्तर दे देना चाहिए।)

We shouldn’t spend all the money.
(हमें सारा पैसा खर्च नहीं कर देना चाहिए।)

4. Should का उपयोग अन्य व्यक्तियों को क्या करना चाहिए इस बाबत सलाह देने के लिए भी किया जाता है :
You should attend this meeting.
(तुम्हें इस बैठक में उपस्थित रहना चाहिए।)

You shouldn’t watch TV for long duration.
(तुम्हें बहुत देर तक टी.वी. नहीं देखना चाहिए।)

5. Should का उपयोग स्थिति विशेष पर लोगों का अभिमत जानने के लिए भी किया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्य अक्सर I think’, ‘I don’t think’, या ‘Do you think’ से शुरू होते हैं :

I think he should join the army.
(मैं सोचता हूँ उसे सेना में भर्ती हो जाना चाहिए।)

I don’t think that a mid-term poll should be held.
(मैं नहीं सोचता कि मध्यावधि चुनाव होना चाहिए।)

Do you think we should go there?
(क्या तुम सोचते हो कि हमें वहाँ जाना चाहिए?)

6. Should के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग कर यह बताया जाता है कि भूतकाल में हमें किसी घटना के घटने की आशा थी पर वह नहीं घंटी :

They should have arrived yesterday.
(उन्हें कल आ जाना चाहिए था-परन्तु वे नहीं आए।)

Would

1. Would का उपयोग भूतकाल की ऐसी घटनाओं के लिए किया जाता है जो नियमित रूप से घटती रही हों :

We would normally go to school by bus.
(हम सामान्यतः बस से स्कूल जाते थे।)

Note : इस अर्थ में would का उपयोग उन क्रियाओं के साथ नहीं होता जो सामान्यतः continuous tenses में उपयोग (देखिये Present Progressive Tense) इस अर्थ में would के स्थान पर used to का उपयोग किया जा सकता है :

• We used to go to school by bus.

Used to का उपयोग उन क्रियाओं के साथ भी किया जा सकता है जो सामान्यत: continuous tenses में उपयोग में नहीं लाई जाती :
People used to believe that the earth was flat.
(लोग विश्वास करते थे कि पृथ्वी चपटी है।)

2. Would you का उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने के लिए कहने को किया जाता है। इस अर्थ में will you का उपयोग भी किया जाता है। Will you और Would you दोनों का उपयोग सामान्यतः सत्तासम्पन्न व्यक्तियों द्वारा किया जाता है।

Will you से would you अधिक विनम्र है :

• Will you please leave the room?
• Would you please leave the room?

3. औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में जब हम किसी से सहायता के लिए आग्रह करते हैं तब would you और could you दोनों का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। इनका उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब हम अत्यधिक विनम्रता दिखाते हुए किसी से ऐसा कुछ करने के लिए कहते हैं जिसमें कुछ अतिरिक्त मेहनत लगती हो। would you से could you अधिक विनम्र है:

Would you show me how to do this?
(क्या आप यह बताने का कष्ट करेंगे कि इसे कैसे किया जाता है?)

Could you show me how to do this?
(कृपया यह बताने का कष्ट करें कि इसे किस प्रकार किया जाता है।)

4. I would like के बाद to infinitive या noun group का उपयोग किसी से कुछ अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है :
I would like to ask you à question.
(मैं आपसे एक प्रश्न पूछना चाहूँगा।)

I would like black coffee, please.
(मैं बिना दूध की कॉफी लेना चाहूँगा।)

5. Would you mind’ के बाद present participle का उपयोग कर किसी से कुछ करने के लिए अनुरोध किया जा सकता है:
Would you mind waiting a moment?
(क्या आप कुछ इन्तजार कर सकेंगे?)

6. ‘Would you like’ के बाद to- infinitive या noun group का उपयोग किसी से कुछ करने का निवेदन करने के लिए किया जाता है :
Would you like some more coffee?
(थोड़ी और कॉफी लीजिए।)

Would you like to come to the film with us?
(आप हमारे साथ फिल्म देखने चलिए न?)

7. Would like के बाद to- infinitive या noun group का उपयोग कोई क्या चाहता है यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है :

They would like to know the date of the next meeting.
(वे अगली मीटिंग की तारीख जानना चाहते हैं।)

He would like the work to be finished by Saturday.
(वह चाहता है कि शनिवार तक काम समाप्त हो जाए।)

Would not like का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई व्यक्ति क्या नहीं चाहता :

They would not like your presence in the meeting.
(वे मीटिंग में तुम्हारी उपस्थिति नहीं चाहते।)

She would not like to go there alone.
(वह वहाँ अकेले जाना नहीं चाहती।)

8. Would hate, would love या would prefer के बाद to-infinitive याnoun group का उपयोग करके भी यह बताया जाता है कि कोई क्या चाहता है क्या नहीं चाहता :

I would hate to go there again.
(मैं फिर से वहाँ जाना पसन्द नहीं करूंगा।)

I would prefer a cup of tea.
(मैं एक कप चाय पसन्द करूँगा।)

Note: Would enjoy के बाद noun group या present participle का उपयोग किया जाता है, to- infinite का नहीं :

I would enjoy a bath before we leave.
(रवाना होने से पहले मैं स्नान करना पसन्द करूँगा।)

I would enjoy seeing the film again.
(मैं यह फिल्म दोबारा देखना पसन्द करूँगा।)

9. I wouldn’t mind’ के बाद noun group या present participle का उपयोग भी .. यह बताने के लिए किया जा सकता है कि हम क्या चाहते हैं :

I wouldn’t mind a cup of tea.
(मैं एक प्याला चाय चाहता हूँ।)

I wouldn’t mind going there alone.
(मैं वहाँ अकेला जाना चाहूँगा।)

CAN

1. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव है :

Watching television can sometimes be boring.
(टेलीविजन देखना कभी-कभी उबाऊ हो सकता है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव ‘नहीं है :

You cannot learn English in just three months.
(तुम अंग्रेजी केवल तीन महीनों में नहीं सीख सकते।)

Note: Cannot हमेशा एक शब्द के समान लिखा जाता है। 2. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि किसी में कुछ करने की सामर्थ्य है :

He can speak two languages.
(वह दो भाषाएँ बोल सकता है।)

Can not और can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि किसी में कुछ करने का सामर्थ्य नहीं है :

She can’t lift this heavy table.
(वह इस भारी टेबिल को नहीं उठा सकती।)

3. Can और can’t का उपयोग verb of senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel) के साथ यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई व्यक्ति इनका उपयोग कर कुछ अनुभव कर पाता है अथवा नहीं:

I can hear that sound.
(मैं यह आवाज सुन रहा हूँ।)

I can’t see her from here.
(मैं यहाँ से उसे नहीं देख पा रहा हूँ।)

4. Can का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी होता है कि किसी व्यक्ति को कुछ करने की अनुमति है :
Any student can participate in this competition.
(कोई भी विद्यार्थी इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग ले सकता है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि उन्हें ऐसा करने की अनुमति नहीं है :
Students cannot use calculators in the exam.
(विद्यार्थी परीक्षा में केलक्युलेटर का उपयोग नहीं कर सकते।)

5. Can का उपयोग किसी कार्य करने की अनुमति चाहने के लिए भी किया जाता है। Can का उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

Can I ask a question?
(क्या मैं एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूँ?)

6. Can का उपयोग किसी को कोई कार्य करने की अनुमति प्रदान करने के लिए भी किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में होता है:

She can take a day off.
(वह एक दिन का अवकाश ले सकती है।)

Cannot या can’t का उपयोग किसी काम के करने की अनुमति से इन्कार करने के लिए किया जाता है :

Student : Can I leave the class for a moment?
(विद्यार्थी : क्या मैं कुछ देर के लिये कक्षा से बाहर जा सकता हूँ?)

Teacher : No, You can’t.
(शिक्षकः नहीं, तुम नहीं जा सकते।)

7. Can का उपयोग अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में सहायता के लिये अनुरोध करने के लिये भी किया जाता है। ऐसा तभी किया जाता है जब सहायता के काम में कम समय व मेहनत लगती हो :

Can you give me his telephone number?
(क्या आप मुझे उसका टेलीफोन नम्बर बताएँगे?)

8. Can का उपयोग किसी की सहायता के लिये कुछ करने के प्रस्ताव में भी किया जाता हैं :

Can I help you with your homework?
(क्या मैं तुम्हारे गृहकार्य में तुम्हारी मदद करूँ?)

9. I can’ का उपयोग विवरणात्मक वाक्यों में यह बताने के लिये भी किया जाता है कि हम उनकी सहायता करने की स्थिति में है व उनके लिए कुछ कर सकते हैं :

I am going to town, I can post the letters for you.
(मैं शहर जा रहा हूँ और तुम्हारे पत्र पोस्ट कर सकता हूँ।)

COULD

1. Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि किसी व्यक्ति में भूतकाल में कोई विशेष योग्यता थी।

He could run faster than any one else.
(वह किसी भी अन्य से तेज दौड़ सकता था।)

Note : Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये नहीं किया जाता कि भूतकाल में कोई व्यक्ति किसी विशेष समय पर कुछ कर सका था, इसके लिये managed to का उपयोग किया जाता है। Could तो बीते हुए समय की किसी सामान्य योग्यता की चर्चा के लिये काम में लाया जाता है :

Pete Sampras was a better player but Paes managed to beat him on that occasion.
(पीट सम्प्रास बेहतर खिलाड़ी था परन्तु पेस उस अवसर पर उसे हरा सका था।)

Could not का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में किसी व्यक्ति में एक विशेष योग्यता नहीं थी :

A lot of them couldn’t read or write.
(उनमें से बहुत से व्यक्ति पढ़-लिख नहीं सकते थे।)

Note : Could not या couldn’t का उपयोग बीते हुए किसी विशेष अवसर पर कोई व्यक्ति कोई कार्य नहीं कर सका था इसको बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

Pete Sampras was a better player but on that occasion he could not beat Paes.
(पीट सम्प्रास बेहतर खिलाड़ी था परन्तु उस अवसर पर वह पेस को हरा नहीं सका था।)

2. Could का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में किसी व्यक्ति को कुछ करने की अनुमति थी :

We could keep library books for the whole session.
(हम पुस्तकालय की किताबें पूरे सत्र रख सकते थे।)

Could not या couldn’t का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि उन्हें कुछ करने की अनुमति नहीं थी :

We couldn’t go to the library after 5 p.m.
(हम शाम के 5 बजे के बाद पुस्तकालय में नहीं जा सकते थे।)

3. Could का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति मांगने के लिये किया जाता है। Can की अपेक्षा could का प्रयोग अधिक विनम्रता दर्शाता है :

Could I just ask you a question?
(क्या मैं आपसे एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूँ?)

4. Could के बाद you का उपयोग कर हम किसी से कोई काम करने के लिये कह सकते हैं। Could का उपयोग इसे बहुत विनम्र बना देता है :

Could you just open that window?
(क्या आप उस खिड़की को खोल देंगे?)

Note: Could you का उपयोग औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में किया जाता है :

• Can you show me how to do it? (informal)
• Could you show me how to do it? (formal)

5. Could का उपयोग कुछ करने का सुझाव देने के लिये भी किया जाता है :

We could meet next Sunday.
(हम लोग अगले रविवार को मिल सकते हैं।)

6. Could I का उपयोग ऐसे प्रश्नों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा हम किसी के लिए कुछ करने का प्रस्ताव करते हैं। Can की अपेक्षा Could I प्रस्ताव को अधिक विनम्र बनाता है :

Could I help you carry those bags?
(क्या मैं इन थैलों को ले जाने में आपकी मदद करूँ?)

7. I could का उपयोग ऐसे वाक्यों में किया जाता है जिनके द्वारा आप किसी को यह बताने का प्रयत्न करते हैं कि आप उनकी मदद करने की स्थिति में हैं:

I could pay some of the rent.
(कुछ किराया मैं चुका सकता हूँ?)

8. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि बीते हुए समय में कुछ होने की सम्भावना थी परन्तु आप निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा हुआ अथवा नहीं :

They could have been you.
(हो सकता है कि उन्होंने तुम्हें देख लिया हो।)

इसी प्रकार की नकारात्मक संरचना could not + perfect infinitive यह बताती है कि यह सम्भव नहीं है कि कोई घटना घटी हो :
His train was late by two hours, so he could not have reached in time.
(उसकी ट्रेन दो घंटे देर से चल रही थी, अतः यह सम्भव नहीं है कि वह समय से पहुँच गया हो।)

9. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये भी किया जाता हैं कि बीते हुए समय में किसी घटना के घटने की सम्भावना थी परन्तु वह नहीं घटी :

You could have broken your legs.
(तुमने अपना पैर तोड़ लिया होता।)

10. Could के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि बीते हुये समय में किसी में कुछ करने की सामर्थ्य थी किन्तु उसने वैसा नहीं किया। ऐसा उस समय किया जाता है जब तुम कार्य के न किए जाने पर अपनी नापसन्दगी दिखाना चाहती हो :

You could have told me earlier.
(तुम मुझे पहले बता सकते थे।)

MAY

1. May का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित तौर पर यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा होगा :

They may help us.
(हो सकता है वे हमारी मदद करें।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए may not का उपयोग किया जाता है :

They may not get a house in our locality.
(हो सकता है कि उन्हें हमारे इलाके में मकान न मिले।)

First person के साथ प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में may का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति प्राप्त करने के लिये किया जाता है। परन्तु may का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) परिस्थितियों में ही किया जाता है-अनौपचारिक परिस्थितियों में can का उपयोग होता है :

May I come in?
(क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ?)

3. May का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की अनुमति प्रदान करने के लिए भी किया जाता है। ऐसा औपचारिक परिस्थितियों में ही होता है :

You may leave as soon as you have finished.
(जैसे ही तुम्हारा काम पूरा हो तुम जा सकते हो।)

4. May का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी किया जाता है कि आमतौर से ऐसा करने की इजाजत है :

Candidates may submit an advance copy.
(प्रत्याशियों को एडवान्स कॉपी भेजने की इजाजत है।)

इस प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए may not का उपयोग किया , जाता है :

Candidates may not use calculators.
(परीक्षार्थियों को कलक्युलेटर के उपयोग की इजाजत नहीं है।)

5. May के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में ऐसा हुआ हो यह सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित रूप से नहीं कह सकते कि ऐसा हुआ था :

You may have seen this advertisement.
(हो सकता है तुमने यह विज्ञापन देखा हो।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिये may not के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग होता है :

They may not have seen you.
(हो सकता है उन्होंने तुम्हें नहीं देखा हो।)

Might

1. Might का उपयोग भी यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य सम्भव तो है पर हम निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि वैसा होगा :

He might come to the meeting.
(सम्भव है कि वह मीटिंग में आ जाए।)

Might के बाद व्यक्त अनिश्चितता may से ज्यादा होती है।

2. You के बाद might का उपयोग like या want जैसी क्रिया के साथ बहुत ही विनम्रता के साथ कुछ सुझाव देने के लिए किया जाता है :

You might want to see another book.
(कदाचित आप एक और किताब देखना पसन्द करेंगे।)

3. Might के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में ऐसा हुआ हो, यह सम्भव तो है परन्तु हम निश्चित रूप से यह नहीं कह सकते कि ऐसा हुआ था। Might का उपयोग may से अधिक अनिश्चितता बताता है :

You might have seen this advertisement.
(हो सकता है आपने यह विज्ञापन देखा हो।)

इसी प्रकार के अर्थ की नकारात्मक अभिव्यक्ति के लिए might nor के बाद perfect infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है :

They might not have seen you.
(हो सकता है उन्होंने तुम्हें नहीं देखा हो।)

MUST
1. Must का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब वक्ता किसी चीज के बारे में पूर्ण रूप से आश्वस्त हो :

You must be Mr. Gupta’s son.
(मैं निश्चित रूप से कह सकता हूँ कि तुम गुप्ताजी के पुत्र हो।)

2. जब वक्ता पूर्ण रूप से आश्वस्त हो कि ऐसा नहीं है तो must not का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता। इसके लिए cannot या can’t का उपयोग होता है :

You cannot be Mr. Gupta’s son. (And not : must not be)
(मैं निश्चित रूप से कह सकता हूँ कि तुम गुप्ताजी के पुत्र नहीं हो।)

3. Must का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए भी होता है कि किसी के लिए कुछ करने की बाध्यता (obligation) है या उसके लिए ऐसा करना आवश्यक है। Must का उपयोग यह बताता है कि बाध्यता या आवश्यकता वक्ता की ओर से है :

You must go now.
(अब तुम्हें जाना चाहिए-यह बाध्यता मेरी ओर से है।)

जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि बाध्यता किसी और व्यक्ति की ओर से है वह तो केवल सूचित कर रहा है, तो वह have to का उपयोग करता है :

You have to go now.
(अब तुम्हें जाना चाहिए—यह बाध्यता किसी और की ओर से है।)

4. जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि किसी काम को नहीं करना आवश्यक है तब वह must not का उपयोग करता है :

You must not come tomorrow.
(तुम्हें कल नहीं आना है—यह आवश्यक है कि तुम कल नहीं आओ।)

जब वक्ता यह बताना चाहता है कि किसी काम को करना आवश्यक नहीं है कर भी सकते हो नहीं भी कर सकते-तब वह need not या not have to का उपयोग करता है:

You need not come tomorrow.
Or
You don’t have to come tomorrow.
(तुम्हारे लिए कल आना आवश्यक नहीं है।)

5. जैसा ऊपर बताया जा चका है. must के past का form उपलब्ध नहीं है, अत: ऐसी परिस्थिति में have to के past का उपयोग किया जाता है :

We had to reach there before Sunday.
(हमें वहाँ रविवार से पहले पहुँचना आवश्यक था।)

NEED

जैसा हम पहले बता चुके हैं, need एक ही spelling की दो अलग-अलग क्रियाएँ हैं। Modal need का उपयोग अक्सर negative sentences में ही होती है।

1. Need not का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई काम करना आवश्यक नहीं हैं :

You need not bring your homework on Monday.
(तुम्हें सोमवार को अपना होमवर्क लाना आवश्यक नहीं है।)

2. Need not के बाद perfect infinitive का उपयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि किसी व्यक्ति ने भूतकाल में कोई काम किया था जिसका करना आवश्यक नहीं था :

I need not have bought a Hindi-English dictionary
(मुझे हिन्दी-अंग्रेजी शब्दकोश नहीं खरीदना था।)

DARE

Dare का उपयोग अक्सर affirmative sentences में नहीं होता :

I dare not go there again.
(मैं फिर वहाँ जाने का साहस नहीं कर सकता।)

लेकिन हमें इन दो उपयोगी fixed phrases को याद रखना चाहिए:

(i) Idare say………’ जिसका अर्थ होता है 1 suppose ………’ या I think probably……… I dare say you are tired after that long journey. (मैं समझता हूँ कि इस लम्बी यात्रा के बाद तुम थक गये हो।)

(ii) How dareyou……….’ How dare you speak to me like that? (तुम्हें मुझसे इस प्रकार बात करने का साहस कैसे हुआ?)

OUGHT TO

जैसा हम ऊपर बता चुके हैं, ought to का उपयोग जिन अर्थों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए किया जाता है उनके लिए should का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। दोनों के अर्थ में कोई बड़ा अन्तर नहीं है। 1. Ought to का उपयोग कर्तव्यजनित बाध्यता या आवश्यकता के लिए किया जाता है :

You ought to go and see your parents.
(तुम्हें जाकर अपने माता-पिता को देखना चाहिए।)

2. Ought to का उपयोग किसी काम को करने की सलाह देना या अनुशंसा करने के लिए भी किया जाता है :

You ought to improve your English if you want a good job.
(यदि तुम अच्छी नौकरी चाहते हो तो तुम्हें अपनी अंग्रेजी सुधारनी चाहिए।)

USED TO

जैसा हम पहले कह चुके हैं, used to का उपयोग केवल past की घटनाओं के लिए ही किया जा सकता है।
1. Used to का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये किया जाता है कि भूतकाल में कोई काम नियमित रूप से या आदतन किया जाता था पर अब ऐसा नहीं किया जाता :

I used to smoke a lot.
(मैं पहले बहुत सिगरेट पीता था-पर अब नहीं पीता।)

वर्तमान आदत को बताने के लिए am/is/are + used to + verb + ing का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

As-
I am used to taking a cup of milk every morning.
(मैं एक कप दूध (आदतन) सुबह पीता हूँ।)

2. Used to का उपयोग यह बताने के लिये नहीं किया जा सकता कि बीते हुए काल में कोई काम कितने समय तक होता रहा या कितनी बार हुआ। इसके लिए past indefinite tense का उपयोग करना पड़ता है :

• I lived in Sagar for four years. (note : used to live)
• I went to Delhi a number of times.. (note : used to go)

Exercise (a)
Fill in the blanks choosing the right modals.
1. We ………….. obey our teachers. (must, may, will) [2009]
2. I know the place so I ………….. advise you where to go. (can, must, should, ought to)
3. The swimmer was very tired but he ………….. reach the shore. (could, managed to, would, might)
4. He ………….. read well when he was only five years old. (could, managed to, might, would)
5. You should buy it now; prices ………….. go up after the budget. (will, must, may, shall)
6. We eat so that we ………….. live. (may, should, can) [2008]
7. The buses were all full so l………… take a taxi. (would, could, had to, must)
8. “Cars ………… not be parked here.” (must, need, could, should)
9. Hands up ! otherwise l…………… kill you.(may, will, shall) [2012]
10. He ………….. not ask for a pay rise for fear of losing his job. (must, need, dare, will)
11. You ………….. not do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. (could, should, need, must)
12. We ……….. obey the law. [2010] (must, should, may)
13. I ……… be an atheist but now I believe in God. (would, could, used to, ought to)
14. ………… I do that sum for you? (shall, will, can, may)
15. Come what may I ………. stop smoking? (shall, will, can, may)
16. He said I………….use his telephone at any time. (dare, might, should) [2013]
17. He will get a driving license as soon as he ………… drive well. (will, shall, may, can)
18. The sun ….. rise at 6.17 hours tomorrow. (can, may, will, shall)
19. ……….. I need a lot of money for the journey? (can, may, will, shall)
20. You … speak up. I can hardly hear you. (must, will, can, may)
21. I ……….. be 18 next birthday. (can, may, shall, should)
22. You ………. not come with us if you don’t want to. (need, can, will, must)
23. I hope it will not be necessary, but I …… borrow some money from you. (have to, would, might, can)
24. When we were children we ……….. get up at five every morning. (would, could, should, might)
25. We………get up early in the morning. (should, would, must) [2008]
Answers
1. would for will, 2. won’t for will, 3. used to play, 4. could for would, 5. going for to go, 6. can for could, 7. could for can, 8. can for may, 9. might for may, 10. cannot for must, 11. may for might, 12. have to for must, 13. need not for must, 14. must not for must. 15. for must, 16. used to smoke for smokes, 17. may for can, 18. could for may, 19. could for can, 20. would for used to.

(b) Rewrite the following sentences as required :
1. Will you pass the sugar, please? (Express a more polite request)
2. Will you have some more tea? (Express a more polite offer)
3. Praveen was in the habit of playing cricket when he was in college. (Rewrite using used to) [2008]
4. Would you show me how to run this machine? (Express a more forceful request)
5. I would hate to go there again. (Use enjoy in place of hate)
6. Could I just ask you a question? (Make it slightly less formal)
7. Can I help you carry that box? (Make it more polite)
8. May I borrow this book for a day? (Make it less formal)
9. He may come to the meeting. (Express lesser possibility)
10. You must be an engineer. (Express a negative meaning)
11. They might have seen this film. (Express greater possibility)
12. I must go to Jabalpur tomorrow. (Express that the obligation is not from your side)
13. They must finish the work by Monday. (Express that there is no obligation to do it)
14. You Haust invite him to the meeting. (Express a negative obligation)
15. We must finish the work by Saturday. (Express a past obligation)
16. He smokes a hundred cigarettes a day. (Express a past habit)
17. You can leave as soon as you have finished. (Make it more formal)
18. We may keep library books for the whole session. (Express it in the past)
19. Can you give me his telephone number? (Make it more formal)
20. We used to go swimming on Sundays. (Use another modal without changing the meaning)
Answers
1, must, 2. can, 3. managed to, 4. could, 5. may, 6. may, 7. had to, 8. must, 9. will, 10. dare, 11. need, 12. must to, 13. used to, 14. Shall, 15. will, 16. might, 17. can, 18. will, 19. Shall, 20. must, 21. shall, 22. need, 23. might, 24. would, 25. must.

Charts Of Modals

Chart : 1
हम यहाँ एक चार्ट के माध्यम से यह स्पष्ट कर रहे हैं कि कौन-सी Modal Auxiliary किस बात को प्रकट करती है।

Chart : 2

Note: There are no such fit words for other modals. They are selected on the basis of the circumstances expressed in the sentence.

Additional Exercises

Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals :
Exercise : 1 (Solved)
1. You ………. not think so, but dirty streets ……. cause ‘epidemics.
2. (i) The doctor told me that I …….. not smoke any more.
(ii) 1 ……. come there even if it rains.
(iii) One …….. always be kind to others.
(iv) If you have a ticket, you ………. go inside.

3. (i) You ……. not enter my class. I forbid it.
(ii) He has been absent for a fortnight, he …….. be ill.
(iii) …….. I come in? I’m sorry to be late.
(iv) You …….. to respect your elders.
(v) …….. you possibly lend me a thousand rupees?

4. (i) ……. I speak to Principal for a minute?
(ii) The breeze is cool and fresh; it ……. rain soon.

5. …….. not come yesterday since I was too busy.
6. We …….. go to the station by taxi; it is getting late.
7. We …….. help our neighbours as much as we can.
8. You ……. respect your elders.
9. You ……. not see him. Just write a letter.
10. You ……. always remember that you ……. be the first to offer help wherever needed. 11. Work hard lest you ……. fail.
Answers
1. may, can 2. (i) must, (ii) will, (iii) should, (iv) can, 3. (i) shall, (ii) must, (iii) May, (iv) ought, (v) Could, 4. (i) Could, (ii) may, 5. could, 6. must, 7. should, 8. ought to, 9. need, 10. must, should, 11. should.

Exercise : 2 (Solved)
1. (i) In a democracy everyone …….. obey the laws of the country. [2014]
(ii) We ……. borrow any money. We have enough for our needs.
(iii) If I were rich, I ……. give my money to the poor.
2. (i) …… you like to take coffee?
(ii) The headmaster …….. check all these accounts.
3. We ……. go shopping next week. We ……. need a lot of things for the holidays.
4. (i) He …….. be rich; but he is very cruel.
(ii) We …….. do as we are told.
5. (i) 1 …….. not come yesterday since I was too busy.
(ii) If you have a ticket, you ……. go inside.
6. (i) The doctor told me that I …….. not smoke any more.
(ii) The children asked if they …….. have ice cream.

7. (i) He …….. like to spend the evening with you.
(ii) ……… help him with money before I leave for London.
8. (i) …….. he work hard, he will pass.
(ii) Children ……. obey and respect their elders.
9. (i) We eat that we …….. live.
(ii) I doubt, if it …….. be of any use telephoning them so late.

10. Fill in the blanks with one of the following:

Should; would; can; could; may; might.
(i) …….. his soul rest in peace !
(ii) If I were you, I …….. not do it.

11. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals :

May; ought to; would; must; need.
(i) The doctor told me that I ……. not smoke any more.
(ii) You ……. go home now.
(iii) You ……. not see him. Just write a letter to him.
(iv) We ….. show respect to our elders.
(v) ……. you possibly lend a thousand rupees?
Answers
1. (i) should, (ii) needn’t, (iii) would, 2. (i) Would, (ii) must, 3. (i) may, (ii) shall, 4. (i) may, (ii) must, 5. (i) could, (ii) can, 6. (i) must, (ii) should, 7. (i) would, (ii) will, 8. (i) Should, (ii) ought to, 9. (i) may, (ii) would, 10. (i) May, (ii) would, 11. (i) must, (ii) may, (iii) need, (iv) ought to, (v) Would.

Exercise : 3
(Solved) Complete the following sentences with appropriate modals.
1. Work hard so that ……..
2. He is so weak that ………………
3. I want to go to Delhi ……………….?
4. Till father is earning enough ………..
5. This old man has no relatives to look after so
6. The wolf said to the lamb “……………?”
7. Father could not walk properly so ……….
8. The traffic is heavy, everyone
9. On the answer book the instruction was
10. He was a good jumper so ………
Answers
1. you may not fail.
2. he cannot walk.
3. Would you give me a ticket?
4. you need not worry.
5. I have to look after him.
6. “How dare you dirty the water that I am drinking.”
7. he used to carry a stick.
8. ought to obey traffic rules.
9. candidate must not write their name anywhere in the answer book,
10. he could jump this wall easily.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Model Question Paper

Time : 3 Hrs.
M.M. 100

• Note : Attempt all quest tons.

Section ‘A’

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

Rural India faces serious shortages-power, water, health facilities, roads etc. these are known and recognised. However, the role of technology in solving these and other problems is barely acknowledged and the actual availability of technology in rural areas is marginal. The backbone of the rural economy is agriculture, which also provides substance to cover the half the country’s population. The green revolution of the [1]970s was in fact, powered by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutions. While some fault the green revolution for excessive exploitation of water and land resources through over use of fertilizers, it did bring about a wheat surplus and prosperity in certain pockets of the country.

In rural India, there is a dire inadequacy of both science (i.eknowledge) and technology (which drives from science and manifests itself in physical form. The scope to apply technology to both farm and non-farm activities in rural areas is huge, as are the potential benefits. In fact, crop yields are far lower than what they are in demonstration farms, where science and technology are more fully applied. Technologies that reduce power consumptions of pumps are vital, unfortunately, their use is minimal, since agricultural power is free or largely subsidized. Similarly, there is little incentive to optimize through technology for processing and adding value could greatly enhance rural employment and incomes but at present deployment of technology is marginal. Cold storage and cold chains of transportation to market is of great importance for many agricultural products-particularly fruits and vegetables, but are non- existant. These are clearly technologies with an immediate return to investment, and benefits of the farmer, the end-customer, the technology provider.

Questions :

A. (a) Which shortages does Rural India face? [2]
(b) Which is the backbone of rural economy? [2]
(c) What did Green Revolution bring? [2]
(d) Why are the crop yields lower in fields than they in demonstration farms? [2]
(e) What is of great importance in marketing agricultural products particularly fruits and vegetables? [2]
(f) Give a title to the passage. [2]

B. Do as directed : [3]
(i) Give the adverb form of ‘serious’.
(ii) Give the adjective form of ‘problem’.
(iii) Give the noun form of‘scientific’.
Answer:
(a) Rural India faces serious shortages-power, water, health facilities roads etc.
(b) The backbone of rural economy is agriculture.
(c) Green Revolution was powered by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutions.
(d) Crop yields are lower than that they are in demonstration field farms, where science and technology are more fully applied.
(e) Cold storage and cold chains of transportation to market is of great importance for many agricultural products particularly fruits and vegetables.
(f) Problems of Rural India.

B. (i) seriously,
(ii) problematic,
(iii) science.

Question 2.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below-

Educate and raise the masses and thus alone a nation is possible. But what is education? It is book-learning? No, Is it diverse knowledge? Not even that. Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man. Is that education which is slowly making man a machine? It is more blessed, in my opinion, even to go wrong, impelled by one’s free will and intelligence, than to be good as an automation Take your universities. What have they done during the fifty years of their existence? They have not produced one original man. They are merely examining bodies Education is not a tie amount of information that is put into your brain remains undigested all your life. We must have service to man, life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library.

Questions:

(A) On the basis of reading the passage make notes on it and supply a title to it.
(B) (I) Give the noun form of ‘diverse’. [1]
(ii) Give the verb form of’ opinion’. [1]
(iii) Give the adjective form of’ idea’. [1]
Answer:
(A) Title-‘What is Education?’
Notes-

1. Education raises the masses and only by it a nation is possible.
2. Education is not book-learning. It is not diverse knowledge.
3. It is manifestation of the perfection already in man.
4. Today’s education making man a machine.
5. In place of automation it should be going force.
6. Universities have not produced even one original man.
7. Collection of information is also not education.
8. It is service to man, life building, man-making, character-making and assimilation of ideas.

(B) (i) diversity.
(ii) opine.
(iii) ideal.

Section ‘B’
(Writing)

Question 3.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on ‘Looted Tourist Bus’ in 40-50 words.
(i) Detai Is of bus, date and time,
(ii) The place of incidents,
(iii) Details of looting,
(iv) Complaint to the police. [4]
Or
With the help of the words given below produce a write up on ‘Getting a bus pass made’ in 40-50 words.
(i) Buying a ticket daily,
(ii) Costly and troublesome,
(iii) Provision of passes,
(iv) Counters at several places,
(v) Form and money,
(vi) Pass ready.
Answer:
See chapter 3.

Question 4.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write upon “Exploitation of parents by private schools.” in 80-100 words:
(i) Numbers of public schools increasing,
(ii) Weakness of parents,
(iii) English medium schools,
(iv) Teaching shops,
(v) Make money,
(vi) Ignorants parents,
(vii) Temples of learning.
Or
Write an essay on any one topic-
(a) Importance of games and sports
(b) Cleanliness drive
(c) Dowry problem
(d) Any cricket match
(e) Wonders of science.
Answer:
See chapter 4 or 5.

Question 5.
Write an application to your Principal to arrange extra classes of English for the weak students of your class. [4]
Or
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper about frequent breakdown of water and electricity supply in your locality.
Answer:
and

Question 6.
Write a letter to your friend informing him your new address. [5]
Or
Write a letter to your friend inviting him on your birthday party arranged atHotel Shri Maya.
Answer:
See chapter 6

Section ‘C’

Question 7.
(A) Fill in the blanks choosing from the words given in brackets : [5]
(i) Last night thieves broke into the house of Mr. Jain. (some, any)
(ii) The table was by them. (break, broke, broken)
(iii) He lay unconscious for hour. (a, an, the)
(iv) He cut the fruit a knife. (by, with, from)
(v) day is new day to a wise man. (Each, every)
(B) Do as directed (anyfive): 5
(i) Do as I tell you. Otherwise you will regret it. (Rewrite using unless)
(ii) Mumbai is not so costly as Pune. (Rewrite using comparative degree)
(iii) What are you doing? (Rewrite in the Present Perfect)
(iv) met/peasants/we/illiterate/many (Rearrange the words so as to make a meaningful sentence)
(v) I eat an apple daily. (Make the sentence emphatic)
(vi) I saw a lame man. (Make in a complex sentence)
Answer:
(A)

1. some,
2. broken,
3. an,
4. with,
5. every.

(B)

1. Unless you do as I tell you. You will regret it.
2. Pune is costlier than Mumbai.
3. What have you done?
4. We met many illiterate peasants.
5. I do eat an apple daily.
6. I saw a man who was lame.
7. The beggar did not rub his forehead.

Section ‘D’

Question 8.
Read the following extract and answer the questions given below:

I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence
Two roads diverged in a wood, and
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

Questions:
(a) Name the poem. [1]
(b) Which is the meaning of ‘sigh’? [1]
(i) Silence, (ii) A deep breath.
(c) Which road did the poet take? [2]
Or
How sweet is the shepherd’s sweet lot
From the mom to the evening he strays
He shall follow his sheep all day,
And his tongue shall be filled with praise.

Questions:
(a) Name the poet. [1]
(b) What is the meaning of ‘lot’. [1]
(i) fortune (ii) greatness [1]
(c) What does the shepherd do all the day? [2]
Answer:
(a) The Road Not Taken
(b) A deep breath
(c) The poet took a road the one that was less travelled.
Or
(a) William Blake
(b) Fortune
(c) The shepherd follows his sheep all the day.

9. Answer any three of the following questions: 9
Questions:
(a) Why does the sheep feel secure?
(b) What should we remove from our hearts first?
(c) What did the traveller find in the yellow wood?
(d) Who are the nearest relatives of nature?
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 10.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words, (any six) [12]
(i) What did the peasant’s grand father do with the grain?
(ii) What would happen when the dropped nail had been found?
(iii) Why did Jim throw the gift upon the table which he had brought for Della?
(iv) How did the judge come to know that the oil merchant was guilty?
(v) Describe how the gravitational theory explains earthquakes.
(vi) What did Amena fear as the child left for Idgah?
(vii) Who are the two Sadness?
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 11.
Answer any two of the following questions in about 70-80 words: [10]
(i) Why did the woman decide to bring the king and the scholar to earth?
(ii) Hamid had an answer for every child who claimed his toy was better. Do you think Hamid really believed in what he said? Why?
(iii) One can’t help but laugh at the Uncle Podgar while going through the story ‘Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture’, explain.
Answer:
See chapter 14.

Question 12.
(A) Fill in the blanks with the help of correct alternative: [5]

(i) The lesson ‘Dear Teacher’ is written by …………………….
(a) M.K. Gandhi
(b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Queen Victoria.
Answer:
(c) Abraham Lincoln

(ii) Della ……………………. sold to buy a gift for Jim.
(a) her hair
(b) golden chain
(c) combs
(d) wedding ring.
Answer:
(a) her hair

(iii) For mental health Gandhiji prescribed …………………… .
(a) honestly
(b) wisdom
(c) truth
(d) peace.
Answer:
(c) truth

(iv) The place of worship of the Muslims is called …………………….
(a) chapel
(b) synagogue
(c) mosque
(d) temple.
Answer:
(c) mosque

(v) ‘Altar’ means …………………….
(a) mountain
(b) a holy book
(c) a raised platform
(d) a building.
Answer:
(c) a raised platform

(B) Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’:

Answer:
(B)
(i) – (d),
(ii) – (c),
(iii) – (a),
(iv) – (e),
(v) – (b).

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 16 प्रायिकता Ex 16.3

प्रश्न 1.
प्रतिदर्श समष्टि S = {ω₁, ω₂, ω₃, ω₄, ω₅, ω₆} के परिणामों के लिए निम्नलिखित में से कौन से प्रायिकता निर्धारण वैध नहीं हैं :

हल:
(a) 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.01 + 0.2 + 0.6 = 1.00
घटनाओं की दी गयी प्रायिकता का योगफल 1 है।
अतः निर्धारित प्रायिकता वैध है।
(b) दी गयी प्रायिकताओं का योगफल
= \(\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}=\frac{7}{7}\) = 1
∴ दी गयी प्रायिकता वैध है।
(c) दी हुई प्रायिकताओं का योग
= 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.7
= 2.7
यह एक से अधिक है
अतः दी गयी प्रायिकता वैध नहीं है।
(d) किसी भी घटना की प्रायिकता ऋणात्मक नहीं हो सकती।
यहाँ पर दो प्रायिकताएँ – 0.1 और – 0.2 ऋणात्मक हैं।
अतः दी गयी प्रायिकता वैध नहीं है।
(e) दी गयी प्रायिकताओं का योगफल

जो कि एक से अधिक है
अतः दी गयी प्रायिकता वैध नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
एक सिक्का दो बार उछाला जाता है। कम से कम एक पट प्राप्त होने की क्या प्रायिकता है ?
हल:
दिए हुए परीक्षण का प्रतिदर्श समष्टि
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
∴ कुल सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 4 कम से कम एक पट प्राप्त करने के तरीके TH, HT, TT = 3
एक सिक्के को दो बार उछालने से कम से कम 1 पट प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{4}\).

प्रश्न 3.
एक पासा फेंका जाता है। निम्नलिखित घटनाओं की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) एक अभाज्य संख्या प्रकट होना।
(ii) 3 या 3 से बड़ी संख्या प्रकट होना।
(iii) 1 या 1 से छोटी संख्या प्रकट होना।
(iv) छः से बड़ी संख्या प्रकट होना।
(v) छः से छोटी संख्या प्रकट होना।
हल:
एक पासे को फेंकने में परीक्षण का प्रतिदर्श समष्टि
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
अर्थात् कुल सम्भावित परिणाम n (S) = 6
(i) अभाज्य संख्याएँ 2, 3, 5 हैं।
n (A)= 3
अतः एक अभाज्य संख्या प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{n(A)}{n(S)}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}\)

(ii) माना घटना 3 या 3 से बड़ी संख्या को B से दर्शाया गया है, 3 या 3 से बड़ी संख्याएँ 3, 4, 5, 6 हैं।
n (B) = 4
अतः प्रायिकता, P(B) = \(\frac{n(B)}{n(S)}=\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}\).

(iii) माना घटना 1 या 1 से छोटी संख्या को C से दर्शाया गया है।
1 या 1 से छोटी संख्याएँ = 1
∴ n(C) = 1
अतः प्रायिकता, P(C) = \(\frac{1}{6}\).

(iv) एक पासे पर 6 से बड़ी कोई संख्या नहीं होती है, अर्थात् इसकी प्रायिकता
= \(\frac{0}{6}\) = 0

(v) 6 से छोटी संख्याएँ : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 हैं। यदि इसे E से दर्शाया गया हो, तब
n(E) = 5
अतः प्रायिकता, P(E) = \(\frac{5}{6}\).

प्रश्न 4.
ताश की एक गड्डी के 52 पत्तों में से एक पत्ता यादृच्छया निकाला गया है।
(a) प्रतिदर्श समष्टि में कितने बिन्दु हैं ?
(b) पत्ते का हुकुम का इक्का होने की प्रायिकता क्या है ?
(c) प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि पत्ता
(i) इक्का है
(ii) काले रंग का है।
हल:
(a) ताश की गड्डी में कुल 52 पत्ते होते हैं। जब एक पत्ता निकाला जाता है तो इसके प्रतिदर्श समष्टि में 52 बिन्दु होते हैं।
(b) ताश को गड्डी में हुकुम का एक इक्का होता है। यदि एक पत्ता निकालने की घटना को A से दर्शाया जाए तो
n(A) = 1, n(S) = 52
P(A) = P(हुकुम का इक्का) = \(\frac{1}{52}\).
(c) (i) यदि B इक्का निकालने को दर्शाता हो तो
n(B) = 4 [∵ ताश की गड्डी में 4 इक्के होते हैं।]
n(S) = 52
∴ P(B) = \(\frac{1}{13}\).

(ii) C काले रंग हुकुम की पत्ते आने की घटना को दर्शाता है .
n(C) = 26 [∵ ताश की गड्डी में 26 काले पत्ते होते हैं।]
n(s) = 52
∴ P(C) = \(\frac{26}{52}=\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 5.
एक अनभिनत (unbiased) सिक्का जिसके एक तल पर 1 और दूसरे तल पर 6 अंकित है तथा एक अनभिनत पासा दोनों को उछाला जाता है। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि प्रकट संख्याओं का योग (i) 3 है (ii) 12 है।
हल:
एक पासे पर 1 व 6 अंकित है और दूसरे पर 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
∴ प्रतिदर्श समष्टि = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
(i) दी गयी संख्याओं का योग 3 घटना (1, 2) से प्राप्त होता है।
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 1
∴ प्रायिकता जब प्राप्त संख्याओं का योग 3 है = \(\frac{1}{12}\)

(ii) दी गयी संख्याओं का योग घटना (6, 6) से प्राप्त होता है। यहाँ अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 1
∴ प्रायिकता जब प्राप्त संख्याओं का योग 12 है = \(\frac{1}{12}\)

प्रश्न 6.
नगर परिषद् में चार पुरुष व छः स्त्रियाँ हैं। यदि एक समिति के लिए यादृच्छया एक परिषद् सदस्य चुना गया है तो एक स्त्री के चुने जाने की कितनी सम्भावना है ?
हल:
नगर परिषद् में चार पुरुष व छः स्त्रियाँ हैं।
उनमें से किसी एक को चुनने के तरीके = \(^{10} C_{1}\)
∴ कुल सम्भावित परिणामों की संख्या = 10
कुल 6 स्त्रियाँ हैं। उनमें से एक स्त्री को चुनने के तरीके = 6
अनुकूल परिणामों की संख्या = 6
एक स्त्री को चुने जाने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{10}=\frac{3}{5}\).

प्रश्न 7.
एक अनभिनत सिक्के को चार बार उछाला जाता है और एक व्यक्ति प्रत्येक चित्त पर एक रूपया जीतता है और प्रत्येक पट पर 1.50 रू हारता है। इस परीक्षण के प्रतिदर्श समष्टि से ज्ञात कीजिए कि आप चार उछालों में कितनी विभिन्न राशियाँ प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। साथ ही इन राशियों से प्रत्येक की प्रायिकता भी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
सिक्के की उछाल में पाँच तरीकों से चित्त प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। जो निम्न प्रकार हैं।
कुल संभावित परिणाम = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
(i) कोई भी चित्त प्राप्त नहीं होता या चारों पट प्राप्त होते हैं।
चारों पट् के आने पर हानि = 4 × 1.50 = 6 रू
चार पट प्राप्त करने के तरीके (TTTT) = 1
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 16
∴ चार पट प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{16}\).

(ii) जब एक चित्त और 3 पट प्राप्त होते हैं।
हानि = 3 × 1.50 – 1 × 1
= 4.50 – 1.00 = 3.50 रू
एक चित्त और 3 पट इस प्रकार आ सकते हैं :
{TTTH, TTHT, THTT, HTTT}
∴ 4 तरीकों से एक चित्त और 3 पट प्राप्त हो सकते हैं।
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 16
एक चित्त प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{16}=\frac{1}{4}\).

(iii) जब 2 चित्त और 2 पट् प्रकट होते हैं
हानि = 2 × 1.5 – 1 × 2 .
= 3 – 2 = 1 रू
2 चित्त और 2 पट् इस प्रकार प्राप्त हो सकते हैं।
{HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH}
छः तरीकों से 2 चित्त और 2 पट प्राप्त हो सकते हैं।
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 16
2 चित्त प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = 2.

(iv) जब 3 चित्त और 1 पट् प्रकट होता है, तब
लाभ = 3 × 1 – 1 × 1.5
= 3 – 1.50 = 1.50 रू
3 चित्त प्राप्त करने के तरीके = {HHHT, HHHH, HTHH, THHH}
चार तरीकों से 3 चित्त और 1 पट प्राप्त होता है।
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 16
3 चित्त प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{16}=\frac{1}{4}\).

(v) चारों चित्त एक तरीके से प्राप्त कर सकते हैं, तब
लाभ = 4 × 1 = 4 रू
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 16.
चार चित्त प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{16}=\frac{1}{4}\).

प्रश्न 8.
तीन सिक्के एक बार उछाले जाते हैं। निम्नलिखित की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) तीन चित्त प्रकट होना
(ii) 2 चित्त प्रकट होना
(iii) न्यूनतम 2 चित्त प्रकट होना
(iv) अधिकतम 2 चित्त प्रकट होना
(v) एक भी चित्त प्रकट न होना
(vi) 3 पट प्रकट होना
(vii) तथ्यतः 2 पट् प्रकट होना
(viii) कोई भी पट प्रकट न होना
(ix) अधिकतम 2 पट् प्रकट होना
हल:
यदि 3 सिक्के उछाले जाते हैं तो परीक्षण का प्रतिदर्श समष्टि
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 8
(i) तीन चित्त {HHH} एक तरीके से प्रकट होता है।
अतः 3 चित्त प्राप्त करने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{8}\).

(ii) 2 चित्त या 2 चित्त 1 पट प्राप्त करने के HHT, HTH, THH तीन तरीके हैं।
कुल सम्भावित परिणाम = 8
2 चित्त प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{8}\)

(iii) न्यूनतम 2 चित्त प्राप्त करने के लिए 2 चित्त 1 पट् या 3 चित्त आएंगे
∴ न्यूनतम 2 चित्त HHT, HTH, THH, HHH, चार तरीकों से प्रकट हो सकते हैं।
अतः न्यूनतम 2 चित्त प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{4}{3}=\frac{1}{2}\).

(iv) अधिकतम 2 चित्त, इस प्रकार प्रकट होंगे।
(a) कोई चित्त नहीं या तीन पट्
(b) एक चित्त 2 पट्
(c) 2 चित्त 1 पट्
यह {TIT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH} सात तरीकों से प्रकट हो सकते हैं।
कुल संभावित परिणाम = 8
∴ अधिकतम 2 चित्त प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{7}{8}\)

(v) एक भी चित्त न आने का अर्थ है तीन पट प्रकट होना जो (TTT) एक तरीके से हो सकता है।
कुल संभावित परिणाम = 8
अतः एक भी चित्त न आने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{8}\)

(vi) तीन पट (TIT) एक तरीके से प्रकट हो सकते हैं।
तीन पट् प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{8}\)

(vii) तथ्यतः 2 पट् (TTH, THT, HTT) तीन तरीकों से प्राप्त हो सकते हैं।
कुल संभावित परिणाम = 8
∴ दो पट् प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{3}{8}\)

(viii) कोई पट् नहीं का अर्थ है तीनों चित्त प्रकट होते हैं तो (HHH) 1 तरीके से ही हो सकता है।
कुल संभावित परिणाम = 8
कोई पट् प्रकट न होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{8}\)

(ix) अधिकतम दो पट् प्रकट होना
⇒ तीनों पट् प्रकट नहीं होते।
तीनों पट् प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{8}\)
∴ अधिकतम दो पट् प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता = 1 – (तीनों पट् प्रकट होने की प्रायिकता)
= 1 – \(\frac{1}{8}=\frac{7}{8}\).

प्रश्न 9.
यदि किसी घटना A की प्रायिकता \(\frac{2}{11}\) है तो घटना ‘A – नहीं’ की प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
P(A) = \(\frac{2}{11}\)
P(A – नहीं) = P (A’) = 1 – P(A)
= 1 – \(\frac{2}{11}=\frac{9}{11}\).

प्रश्न 10.
शब्द ‘ASSASSINATION’ से एक अक्षर यादृच्छया चुना जाता है। प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि चुना गया अक्षर
(i) एक स्वर (vowel) है
(ii) एक व्यंजन (consonant) है।
हल:
शब्द ASSASSINATION में कुल 13 अक्षर हैं जिसमें (AAAIIO) 6 स्वर और (SSSSNNT) 7 व्यंजन है।
(i) n(S) = 13
स्वरों की संख्या = 6
एक स्वर चुनने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{6}{13}\).
(ii) व्यंजनों की संख्या = 7
n(S) = 13
एक व्यंजन चुनने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{7}{13}\)

प्रश्न 11.
एक लाटरी में एक व्यक्ति 1 से 20 तक की संख्याओं में से छः भिन्न-भिन्न संख्याएँ यादृच्छया चुनता है और यदि ये चुनी गई छः संख्याएँ उन छः संख्याओं से मेल खाती हैं जिन्हें लाटरी समिति ने पूर्व निर्धारित कर रखा है, तो वह व्यक्ति इनाम जीत जाता है। लाटरी के खेल में इनाम जीतने की प्रायिकता क्या है ?
हल:
1 से 20 तक की प्राकृत संख्याओं में से 6 संख्या चुनने के तरीके = \(20 \mathrm{C}_{6}\)
= \(\frac{20 \times 19 \times 18 \times 17 \times 16 \times 15}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 \times 5 \times 6}\)
= 38760
केवल एक ही अनुकूल परिणाम है।
अतः लाटरी जीतने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{1}{38760}\).

प्रश्न 12.
जाँच कीजिए कि निम्न प्रायिकताएँ P(A) और P(B) युक्ति संगत (consistently) परिभाषित की गई हैं:
(i) P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
(ii) P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4, P(A ∪ B) = 0.8
हल:
(i) दिया है : P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
∴ यहाँ P(A ∩ B) = 0.6 > P(A)
अत: P(A) और (B) युक्ति संगत नहीं है।
(ii) यहाँ पर P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4, P(A ∪ B) = 0.8
अब
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B)
= 0.5 + 0.4 – 0.8
∴ P(A ∩ B) = 0.1
अतः P(A) और P(B) युक्ति संगत है।

प्रश्न 13.
निम्नलिखित सारणी में खाली स्थान भरिए :

हल:
(i) P(A) = \(\frac{1}{3}\), P(B) = \(\frac{1}{5}\), P(A ∩ B ) = \(\frac{1}{15}\). P(A∪ B) = ?
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= \(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{15}=\frac{8}{15}-\frac{1}{15}=\frac{7}{15}\).
(ii) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
0.6 = 0.35 + P(B) – 0.25
या P(B) = 0.6 – 0.35 + 0.25 = 0.5.
(iii) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
0.7 = 0.5 + 0.35 – P(A ∩ B)
∴ P(A ∪ B) = 0.5 + 0.35 – 0.7 = 0.15.

प्रश्न 14.
P(A) = \(\frac{3}{5}\) और P(B) = \(\frac{1}{5}\) दिया गया है। यदि A और B परस्पर अपवर्जी घटनाएँ हैं, तो P(A या B) ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
A और B परस्पर अपवर्जी घटनाएँ हैं, तब
P(A ∩ B) = 0
P(A) = \(\frac{3}{5}\), P(B) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
P(A या B) = P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
∴ P(A ∪ B) = \(\frac{3}{5}+\frac{1}{5}-0=\frac{4}{5}\).

प्रश्न 15.
यदि E और F घटनाएँ इस प्रकार की हैं कि P(E) = \(\frac{1}{4}\), P(F) = \(\frac{1}{2}\), और P(E और F) = \(\frac{1}{8}\) तो ज्ञात कीजिए
(i) P(E या F)
(ii) P(E – नहीं और F – नहीं)।
हल:
P(E) = \(\frac{1}{4}\), P(F) = \(\frac{1}{2}\), P(E और F) = P(E ∩ B) = \(\frac{1}{8}\)
(i) P (E) या F) = P(E U F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E ∩ F)
= \(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{8}=\frac{2+4-1}{8}=\frac{5}{8}\)
(ii) P(E नहीं और F – नहीं) = P(E ∩ F)
= P[(E ∪ F)’] = 1 – P(E ∪ F)
= 1 – \(\frac{5}{8}=\frac{3}{8}\).

प्रश्न 16.
घटनाएँ E और F इस प्रकार हैं कि P(E – नहीं और F – नहीं) = 0.25, बताइए कि E और F परस्पर अपवर्जी हैं या नहीं।
हल:
P(E – नहीं और F – नहीं) = P(E ∩ F)
= P[(E ∪ F)’]
अर्थात् = 1 – P(E ∪ F) = 0.25
या P(E ∪ F) = 1 – 0.25
= 0.75.
∴ P(E) ∪ F) ≠ 0 इसलिए E और F परस्पर अपवर्जी नहीं है।

प्रश्न 17.
घटनाएँ A और B इस प्रकार हैं कि P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48 और P(A और B) = 0.16, ज्ञात कीजिए: .
(i) P(A – नहीं)
(ii) P (B – नहीं)
(iii) P(A या B)
हल:
P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48
P(A और B) = P(A ∩ B) = 0.16
(i) P(A – नहीं) = P(A’) = 1 – P(A) = 1 – 0.42 = 0.58.
(ii) P(B – नहीं) = P(B’) = 1 – P(B) = 1 – 0.48 = 0.52.
(iii) P(A या B) = P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.42 + 0.48 – 0.16
= 0.90 – 0.16 = 0.74.

प्रश्न 18.
एक पाठशाला की कक्षा XI के 40% विद्यार्थी गणित पढ़ते हैं और 30% जीव विज्ञान पढ़ते हैं। कक्षा के 10% विद्यार्थी गणित और जीव विज्ञान दोनों पढ़ते हैं । यदि कक्षा का एक विद्यार्थी यादृच्छया चुना जाता है, तो प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि वह गणित या जीव विज्ञान पढ़ता होगा।
हल:
एक पाठशाला के 40% विद्यार्थी गणित पढ़ते हैं।
∴ गणित पढ़ने वाले विद्यार्थी की प्रायिकता P(M) = \(\frac{40}{100}\) = 0.4
30% विद्यार्थी जीव विज्ञान पढ़ते हैं।
∴ जीव विज्ञान पढ़ने वाले विद्यार्थी की प्रायिकता P(B) = \(\frac{30}{100}\) = 0.3
∴ 10% विद्यार्थी गणित और जीव विज्ञान दोनों पढ़ते हैं।
∴ गणित और जीव विज्ञान वाले विद्यार्थियों की प्रायिकता, P(M ∩ B)
= \(\frac{10}{100}\)
= 0.1
अब एक विद्यार्थी यादृच्छया चुना गया हो, तब उस विद्यार्थी द्वारा गणित या जीव विज्ञान लिए गए विषय की प्रायिकता
P(M ∪ B) = P(M) + P(B) – P(M ∩ B)
= 0.4 + 0.3 – 0.1
= 0.6

प्रश्न 19.
एक प्रवेश परीक्षा की दो परीक्षणों (Tests) के आधार पर श्रेणीबद्ध किया जाता है। किसी यादृच्छया चुने गए विद्यार्थी की पहले परीक्षण में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता 0.8 है और दूसरे परीक्षण में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता 0.7 है। दोनों में से कम से कम एक परीक्षण उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता 0.95 है। दोनों परीक्षणों को उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता क्या है?
हल:
माना A और B क्रमशः पहले और दूसरे परीक्षण में उत्तीर्ण होने को दर्शाते हैं।
P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.7
कम से कम एक परीक्षण में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता
= 1 – P(A’ ∩ B’) = 0.95
⇒ P(A’ ∩ B’) = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05
परन्तु A’ ∩ B’ = (A ∪ B)’ (डी-मोर्गन नियम से)
∴ P(A’ ∩ B’) = P(A ∪ B)’ = 1 – P(A ∪ B) = 0.05
∴ P(A ∪ B) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
अब P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
0.95 = 0.8 + 0.7 – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∩ B) = 1.5 – 0.95 = 0.55
इस प्रकार दोनों परीक्षणों को उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता = 0.55.

प्रश्न 20.
एक विद्यार्थी के अंतिम परीक्षा के अंग्रेजी और हिन्दी दोनों विषयों को उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता 0.5 है और दोनों में से कोई भी विषय उत्तीर्ण न करने की प्रायिकता 0.1 है। यदि अंग्रेजी की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता 0.75 हो तो हिन्दी की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने की प्रायिकता क्या है?
हल:
माना E और H क्रमशः अंग्रेजी और हिन्दी में पास करने को दर्शाते हैं।
तब अंग्रेजी और हिन्दी दोनों परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता
P(E ∩ H) = 0.5
दोनों में से कोई परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण न करने की प्रायिकता
= P(E’ ∩ H’) = 0.1
या P[(E ∪ H)’] = 1 – P(E ∪ H) = 0.1
⇒ P(E ∪ H) = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
अंग्रेजी परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता = P(E) = 0.75
अतः
P(E ∪ H) = 0.9, P(E) = 0.75, P(E ∩ H) = 0.5
P(E ∪ H) = P(E) + P(H) – P(E ∩ H)
0.9 = 0.75 + P(H) – 0.5
P(H) = 0.9 + 0.5 – 0.75
= 1.4 – 0.75 = 0.65
अतः हिन्दी परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण होने की प्रायिकता = 0.65.

प्रश्न 21.
एक कक्षा के 60 विद्यार्थियों में से 30 ने एन.सी.सी. (NCC), 32 ने एन.एस.एस. (NSS) और 24 ने दोनों को चुना है। यदि इनमें से एक विद्यार्थी यादृच्छया चुना गया है तो प्रायिकता ज्ञात कीजिए कि
(i) विद्यार्थी ने एन.सी.सी. या एन.एस.एस. को चुना है।
(ii) विद्यार्थी ने न तो एन.सी.सी. और न ही एन.एस.एस. को चुना है।
(iii) विद्यार्थी ने एन.एस.एस. को चुना है किन्तु एन.सी.सी को नहीं चुना है।
हल:
माना A और B क्रमशः एन.सी.सी. और एन.एस.एस. चुनने की घटना को दर्शाते हैं।
विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या = 60
एन.सी.सी. चुनने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 30
एन.सी.सी. चुनने की प्रायिकता P(A) = \(\frac{30}{60}=\frac{1}{2}\)
एन.एस.एस. चुनने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 32
∴ एन.एस.एस. चुने जाने की प्रायिकता P(B) = \(\frac{32}{60}\)
एन.सी.सी. और एन.एस.एस. चुनने वालों की संख्या = 24
एन.सी.सी. और एन.एस.एस. चुनने की प्रायिकता = \(\frac{24}{60}\)
(i) एन.सी.सी. और एन.एस.एस. चुने जाने की प्रायिकता P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= \(\frac{30}{60}+\frac{32}{60}-\frac{24}{60}=\frac{38}{60}=\frac{19}{30}\).
(ii) एन.सी.सी. और एन.एस.एस. में से कोई भी विषय न चुने जाने की प्रायिकता
P(A’ ∩ B’) = P[(A ∪ B)’]
= 1 – P(A ∪ B)
= 1 – \(\frac{19}{30}=\frac{11}{30}\).
(iii) विद्यार्थी ने एन.एस.एस. को चुना है परन्तु एन.सी.सी. को नहीं
इसकी प्रायिकता = P(A’ ∩ B) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= \(\frac{32}{60}-\frac{24}{60}=\frac{8}{60}=\frac{2}{15}\).

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions