MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry Important Questions

Electrochemistry Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Can you store copper sulphate solutions in a zinc pot? (NCERT)
Answer:
No, copper sulphate solution cannot be stored in a zinc container because value of standard electrode potential of zinc is less than of copper. Thus, zinc is a stronger reducing agent than copper.
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu.
Ecell = Fcathode – Fanode
= 0.34-(-0.76)
= +1.1V.

Question 2.
Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution? (NCERT)
Answer:
Because number of ions per cm3 decreases.

Question 3.
Explain, how rusting of iron is envisaged as setting up of an electrochemical cell? (NCERT)
Answer:
Formation of carbonic acid takes place on the surface of iron
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 1

Question 4.
Arrange the following metals in the order in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts. Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn. (NCERT)
Answer:
A metal with lesser standard potential (more reactive) can displace the other metal from solution of its salts.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 2

Question 5.
Write the definition of Electrochemical cell.
Answer:
System in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy by oxidation reduction is known as electrochemical cell or voltaic cell.

Question 6.
What is Electrode potential?
Answer:
The potential difference developed between the electrodes and electrolyte of an electrolytic cell is known as Electrode potential.

Question 7.
What is a strong electrolyte ? Write two examples.
Answer:
Electrolyte which completely dissociate in aqueous solution are known as strong electrolyte.
Example : NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl etc.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
What is meant by standard electrode potential?
Answer:
Standard electrode potential (E°) of a half cell is the potential difference when one electrode is dipped in molar solution of its ion at 298 K. If electrode is gaseous the pressure of gas must be one atmosphere. In IUPAC system, reduction potential are known as standard electrode potential.

Question 9.
Write Ohm’s law.
Answer:
According to Ohm’s law, “It states that potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it” i.e.,
Mathematically, it can be written as:
I ∝ V
V = IR (R = Resistance, unit = ohm, Q)

Question 10.
What is cell constant?
Answer:
For a conductivity cell, the ratio of distance between two electrodes (l) and area of cross-section of electrode (A) is called as cell constant.
Cell constant = \(\frac {1}{A}\) or x = \(\frac {1}{A}\)
Unit of cell constant = cm-1

Question 11.
What is galvanization? Explain.
Answer:
Iron is coated with the layer of zinc to protect it from rusting. This process is known as galvanization. The galvanized iron articles keep their lustre due to the coating of invisible protective layer of basic zinc carbonate, (ZnCO3) or zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2).

Question 12.
Why is it not possible to determine the Electrode potential of a single half cell?
Answer:
Because Electromotive force of two electrodes containing a complete circuit can be measured.

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Write the unit of specific conductance.
Answer:
ohm-1metre-1= Ω-1m-1 = Sm-1

Question 14.
What is the relation between equivalent conductance and specific conductance?
Answer:
Λceq = \(\frac {1ooo×k}{c}\)

Electrochemistry Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their variation with concentration. (NCERT)
Answer:
Conductivity:
Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution of 1 cm length and having 1 sq. cm as the area of cross-section.

Molar conductivity:
Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution (V) is the conductance of all the ions produced from one mole of the electrolyte dissolved in V cm3 of the solution when the electrodes are one cm apart and area of cross – section of the electrodes is so large that the whole of the solution is contained between them. It is usually represented by Λm.

Variation with concentration:
The conductivity of a solution (Both for strong and weak electrolytes) decreases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution. The molar conductivity of a solution increase in the decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution.

The molar conductivity of a solution increases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte. This is because both number of ions as well as mobility of ions increases with dilution. When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity.

Question 2.
What is salt bridge ? Write its two functions.
Answer:
‘U’ shaped tube filled with KCl or KNO3 in Agar – Agar solution or gelatin, is known as salt bridge. It connects the two half cell.

Functions:

  1. It allows the flow of current by completing the circuit.
  2. It maintains the electrical neutrality.

Question 3.
Write difference between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction.
Answer:
Differences between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction:
Metallic conduction:

  • Metallic conduction takes place by movement of electrons.
  • There is no chemical change.
  • There is no transfer of matter.
  • In metallic conduction conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

Electrolytic conduction:

  • Electrolytic conduction takes place by movement of ions.
  • Due to chemical change decomposition of electrolyte takes place.
  • Transfer of matter takes place as ions.
  • In electrolytic conduction conductivity
  • increases with increase in temperature.

Question 4.
What are the difference between emf (Cell potential) and potential difference:
Answer:
Differences between EMF (Cell potential) and Potential difference
EMF (Cell potential):

  • It is the potential difference between the two terminals of the cell when no current is flowing in the circuit, i.e., in an open circuit.
  • It is the maximum voltage which can be obtained from a cell.
  • It can be measured by potentiaometrie method.
  • Work performed by electromotive force is the maximum work done by a cell.
  • It is responsible for continuous flow of current in electric circuit.

Potential difference:

  • It is the difference of the electrodes potentials of the two electrodes when the cell is sending current through the circuit.
  • It is the less than the maximum voltage as it is the difference of electrode potential.
  • It can be measured by simple voltmeter also.
  • Work performed by potential difference is less than the maximum work done by a cell.
  • It is not responsible for the continuous flow of current in circuit.

Question 5.
What is specific conductance? Give its unit.
Answer:
Specific conductivity:
The reciprocal of resistivity is called specific conductivity. It is defined as the conductance between the opposite faces of one centimeter cube of a conductor. It is denoted by K (kappa).
Thus.
K = \(\frac {1}{ρ}\) (∵ ρ = \(\frac {RA}{l}\)
K = \(\frac {1}{R}\) × \(\frac {1}{A}\)
where, R = Resistance, A = Cross – sectional area of electrodes and l = Length between the electrodes.
Unit = K = \(\frac {1}{ohm}\) × \(\frac { cm }{ { cm }^{ 2 } } \) = ohm-1 cm-1
S.I. Unit Scnf1 or Ohm-1 cm-1.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What is resistivity of any solution?
Answer:
Resistivity:
When current flow in the solution through two electrodes the resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross – sectional area A.
R ∝\(\frac {l}{A}\)
or R = ρ\(\frac {l}{A}\)
or ρ = R × \(\frac {A}{l}\)
The constant p (rho) is called resistivity or specific resistance.
Unit: If Z is expressed in cm, A in cm2 and R in ohm, the unit of resistivity will be
\(\frac { c{ m }^{ 2 }\times ohm }{ { cm } }\) = ohm cm
If l = 1 cm and A = 1 cm2 then ρ = R
or Resistivity of any solution is the resistance of 1 cm cube.

Question 7.
What is equivalent conductance?
Answer:
Equivalent conductance:
“Conductance of total ion produced by one gram equivalent of electrolyte in the solution is called equivalent conductance.” It is denoted by Λeq.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 3

Question 8.
What is molar conductance?
Answer:
Molar Conductivity:
The molar conductivity of a solution at definite concentration of (or dilution) and temperature is the conductivity of that volume which contains one mole of the solute and is placed between two parallel electrodes 1 cm apart and having sufficient area to hold whole of the solution. It is denoted by Λm.
Mathematically,
Λ m=k × V .. (1)
Where, V is the volume in ml in which one gram mole of substance is dissolved.
If M is molarity or m moles are dissolved in 1000 ml.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 4

Question 9.
Define cell constant. Develop a relation between specific conductance and cetfconstant.
Answer:
Cell constant:
In any conductive cell, the distance between two electrodes and surface area of .electrode A are constant. The ratio of l and a is called cell constant i.e.
cell constant = \(\frac { l(cm) }{ a{ ({ cm) }^{ 2 } } }\)
Unit of cell constant is cm-1 and it is generally expressed by x.

Relation between specific conductance and cell constant:
For a conductor, the resistance R is directly proportional to length R and inversely proportional to area of crosssection of electrolyte.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 5

Question 10.
What are the factors which influence the electrical conductance of electrolytes?
Answer:
The main factor which influence the electrical conductivity are following :
1. Temperature : It influence following interactions.

  • Interionic attractions : It depends upon the solute-solute interactions. Which is found between the ions of solute.
  • Solvation of ions : It depends upon solute-solvent interactions. It is relation between ions of solute and solvent molecules.
  • Viscosity of solvent : It depends upon solvent-solvent interactions. Solvent molecules are related with each other.

With increase in temperature all these three effects decrease and average kinetic energy of ions increases. Thus, with increase of temperature, resistance of solution decreases and hence conductance increases.

2. Nature of electrolyte:
The conductance of solution depends upon the nature of electrolyte. On the basis of conductance measurement electrolytes are classified as strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte. Strong electrolytes have high value of conductance even at higher concentration also.

3. Dilution or concentration:
It is main factor which influence electrical conductance. Effect of dilution or concentration can be studied indivisually in equivalent conductance, specific conductance and molar conductance. But for a general concept of electrical conductance of solution as the concentration is lowered or dilution increases, electrical conductance of whole solution increases.

Question 11.
What is an Electrolytic cell and how does it work?
Answer:
Electrolytic cells:
In these cells electric current is supplied through an external source, as a result of which chemical reactions take place which is called electrolysis like Electrolysis of water, NaCl, Al2O2 etc. For example in Solvay trough cell electrode is immersed in sodium chloride solution and electric current is passed due to which NaCl electrolyses. At mercury cathode sodium is released and at anode chlorine is released. Sodium forms amalgam with mercury and is taken out of the cell.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 6
Electrolysis : NaCl → Na+ + Cl

At cathode : Na+ + e → Na
Na + Hg → (Na – Hg) Amalgam

At anode : Cl – e → Cl
Cl + Cl → Cl2
In electrolytic cell, electricity is supplied through an external source. Thus, positive pole is anode and negative pole is cathode.

MP Board Solutions

Question 12.
What is meant by electromotive force of an electrochemical cell?
Answer:
The difference in electrode potentials of the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell is known as electromotive force or cell potential. It is expressed in volt. Due to difference in potential electric current flows from an electrode of lower potential to an electrode of higher potential. EMF of the cell can be expressed in terms of reduction potential as :

Cell potential = Standard electrode potential of R.H.S. electrode – Standard electrode potential of L.H.S. electrode
Thus, Ecell = Eredn. (right) – Eredn. (left)
Ecell = Eredn.(cathode) – Eredn.(anode)
EMF of a cell is measured by connecting the voltmeter between the two electrodes of a cell. EMF of a cell depend on the concentration of solutions of both half cells and nature of the two electrodes. For example, In Daniel cell, concentration of CuSO4 and ZnSO4 solutions in the two half cells is 1M and at 298 K EMF of the cell is 1.10 volt.

Question 13.
What is electrochemical series? Write its application.
or, Write application and characteristics of Electrochemical series.
Answer:
The series in which elements are arranged in increasing order of standard electrode potential is known as electrochemical series.

Applications of Electrochemical Series :

1. Determination of EMF of cell:
EMF of a cell is the difference between standard reduction potential E° of its cathode and anode.
cell = E°cathode – E°anode
If e.m.f. is positive, then the cell reaction proceeds in the required direction and if e.m.f of the cell is negative the cell reaction proceeds in the opposite direction.

2. Calculation of Equilibrium constant of cell:
Equilibrium constant k of the cell can be calculated by determining the e.m.f of the cell by the help of Electrochemical series.
Characteristics:

  • Metals which are above hydrogen in the series react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
  • This series represents the standard electrode potential elements i.e, tendency to accept electrons. Elements of negative E° possess the tendency to loose electron.
  • Elements which come before in the series displace the metals placed below the series, from their salts.
  • At the top of the series strongly reducing elements are present because they possess the tendency to loose electrons.
  • Example : Li and below strongly oxidizing like F possess the tendency to accept electron.

Question 14.
What do you understand by standard potential of a half cell? How is the standard potential of a half cell determined?
Answer:
Standard electrode potential E° of an electrode (half cell) is that value of potential when all the substances are at one atmospheric pressure and activity of the species present in the form of reactant and product is one unit. Standard electrode potential (E°) is measured by the use of potentiometer.
cell = E°R – E°L = E°half cell – E°ref

Question 15.
Differentiate between Electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell) and Electrolytic cell.
Answer:
Differences between Electrochemical and Electrolytic cells:
Electrochemical cell:

  • It is a device to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
  • It consists of two electrodes in different compartments joined by a salt bridge.
  • Redox reactions occurring in the cell are spontaneous.
  • Free energy decreases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G <0.
  • Useful work is obtained from the cell.
  • Anode works as negative and cathode as positive electrodes.
  • Electrons released by oxidation process at anode go into external circuit and pass to cathode.
  • To set – up this cell, a salt bridge/porous pot is used.

Electrolytic cell:

  • It is a device to convert electrical energy into chemical energy.
  • Both the electrodes are in same solution.
  • Redox reactions occurring in the cell are non – spontaneous.
  • Free energy increases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G >0.
  • Work is done on the system.
  • Anode is positive and cathode is negative.
  • Electrons enter into cathode electrode from external source and leave the cell at anode.
  • No salt bridge is used in this cell.

Electrochemistry Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is standard hydrogen electrode? How is it prepared?
Answer:
Standard hydrogen electrode:
This consists of gas at 1 atmospheric pressure bubbling over a platinum electrode immersed in 1 M HCl at 25°C (298 K) as shown in figure. The platinum electrode is coated with platinum black to increase its surface. The hydrogen electrode thus constructed forms a half cell which on coupling with any other half cell begins to work on the principle of oxidation or reduction. Electrode depending upon the circumstances works both as anode or cathode.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 7
Cell reaction of standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) when it acts as anode is
H2(g) → 2H2+ + 2e
It is as represented as
H2(g)(1 atm) Pt |H3O+aq(1.0M)
When it acts as cathode, the cell reaction is
2H+ + 2e → H2(aq)
and it is represented as
H3O+(aq)(1.0M)|(latm)Pt
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is arbitrarily assigned a potential of zero.

Question 2.
Derive Nernst Equation for single electrode potential.
Answer:
Value of standard electrode potential given in electrochemical series is applicable only when the concentration of electrolyte is 1M and temperature is 298 K. But in electrochemical cells the concentration of electrolyte is not definite and electrode potential depends on concentration and temperature. In such condition single electrode potential can be expressed by Nernst equation.
For a reduction half reaction, Nernst equation can be expressed as follows:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 8
Where, E = Reduction electrode potential
E° = Standard electrode potential (Mn++concentration 1M and at 298 K)
R = Gas constant = 831 JK-1mol-1, T = Temperature (in Kelvin) = 298 K
n = Valency of metal ion, F = 1 Faraday (96,500 coulomb)
On substituting the values : E = E°+\(\frac {0.059}{n}\) log10[M+] … (2)
Equation (2) is Nemst equation for single electrode potential.

Question 3.
Write the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Answer:
Faraday’s first law of electrolysis:
The law states that, “The mass of any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.”
Thus, if W gm of the substance is deposited on passing Q coulomb of electricity, then W ∝Q or W = ZQ
Where, Z is a constant of proportionality and is called electrochemical equivalent of the substance deposited. If a current of I ampere is passed for t second, then Q = I x t. So that,
W = Z x Q = Z x l x t
Thus, if Q = 1 coulomb, I = 1 ampere and t = 1 second, then W = Z. Hence, electrochemical equivalent of a substance may be defined as, “The mass of the substance deposited when a current of one ampere is passed for one second.”
As one Faraday (96500 C) deposits one gram equivalent of the substance, hence electrbchemical equivalent can be calculated from the equivalent mass.
i.e., Z = \(\frac {Equivalent mass of the substance}{96500}\)

Faraday’s second law of electrolysis:
It states that, “When the same quantity of electricity is passed through solutions of different electrolytes connected in series, the weight of the substances produced at the electrodes are directly proportional to their equivalent mass.”

For example, for CuSO4 solution and AgNO3 solution connected in series, if the same quantity of electricity is passed, then
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 9

Question 4.
What is rusting of iron? Describe Electrochemical theory of rusting. An^Corrosion : Process by which the layers of undesirable compounds are formed on the surface of a metal on its exposure to atmospheric condition are called corrosion. Rusting of iron is an example of corrosion, chemically it is Fe2O3xH2O.

Electrochemical theory of rusting :
Anode reaction:
On one spot of iron sheet, oxidation takes place and this spot behaves as an anode.
Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e; E° = + 0.44 V.
The electrons which are released at this spot travel through the metal and reach another spot on the metal which acts as cathode. These electrons cause the reduction of oxygen in the presence of hydrogen ions (H+). H+ ions are formed due to decomposition of carbonic acid formed by dissolution of CO2 in H2O.
H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇌ 2H+ +CO32-+

Cathode reaction:
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2H2O; E° = 1.23V

Overall reaction:
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2Fe2+ +2H2O(l); E°cell = 1.67V

Fe2Fe2+ ion formed travel on the surface of article and react with more oxygen in the presence of H2O. This results in the formation of ferric oxide.

4Fe2+aq + O2(g) + 4H2O(l) → 2Fe2O3 + 8H+aq

Water present causes the hydration of ferric oxide formed.
Fe2O3 + XH2O → Fe2O3.xH2O (rust) Thus, rust is formed.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is Kohlrausch law? Give its two applications.
Answer:
Kohlrausch in 1875 gave a generalisation known as Kohlrausch’s law, “At infinite dilution when the dissociation of the electrolyte is complete, each ion makes a definite contribution towards molar conductance of the electrolyte irrespective of the nature of the other ion with which it is associated.”
Or
“The value of molar conductance at infinite dilution is given by the sum of the contributions of ions (cation and anion).”
Mathematically,
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 10
Where, λ+ and λ are ionic contributions or ionic conductances of cation and anion while v+ and vare the number of cations and anions in the formula unit of electrolyte.

Applications of Kohlrausch’s law:
(i) Calculation of molar conductance at infinite dilution for weak electrolytes :
Molar conductance or equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes cannot be obtained graphically by extrapolation method, since these are feebly ionized. Kohlrausch’s law enables indirect evaluation in such cases. For example, molar conductances of acetic acid can be obtained from the knowledge of molar conductances at infinite dilution of HCl, CH3COONa and NaCl which are strong electrolytes. From Kohlrausch’s law, it is clear that
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 11

(ii) Determination of degree of dissociation:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 12

Question 6.
Draw a labelled diagram of Daniel cell and explain ceLl reaction.
Or, Draw a labelled diagram of electrochemical cell and write cell reaction.
Answer:
Electrochemical cell:
In the redox reactions, the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents occurs through wire and thus chemical energy changes into electrical energy. The device on which chemical energy changes into electricaL energy is called electrochemical cell. These are also known as galvanic or voltaic cells. Working of these cells can be understood with the example of Daniel cell.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 13
Daniel çell:
In this cell, Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution and Cu rod in copper sulphate solution. Both solutions are connected through KCL salt bridge. When Zn and Cu electrodes are connected by wire and galvanometer, flow of electrons from Zn to Cu occurs. Zinc atoms change into Zn2+ and electrons reach at Cu electrode, where Cu2+ changes into Cu metal and this copper deposits on electrode.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 14

Electrochemistry Numerical Questions

Question 1.
Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10. (NCERT)
Solution:
If pH of solution is 10 means its [H+] ion concentration is 10-10 M.
Using, Ecell = E°cell – \(\frac {0.059}{n}\) log\(\frac { 1 }{ [{ H }^{ + }] }\)
Here E°cell = 0, n =2, [H+] = 10-10
∴Ecell = 0 – \(\frac {0.059}{2}\) log \(\frac { 1 }{ [{10}^{ -10 }] }\) = -0.59V

Question 2.
Calculate the standard cell potentials of galvanic cells in which the following reactions take place : (NCERT)
1. 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + 3Cd
2. Fe2+(aq) +Ag+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s). Calculate the ∆rG°, and equilibrium constant of the reactions.
Solution:
1. E°cell = E°Ecathode – E°Eanodg
= – 0.40 -(-0.74) = +0.34V
∆G° = -nFE° = -6 x 96500 x 0.34
= -196860J = -196.86kJmol-1
∆G° =-2.303 RT log K
– 196860 =-2.307 x 8.314 x 298 log K
or log K = 35.5014 or K
= Antilog 34.5014 = 3.19 x 1034

2. E°cell = E°Ecathode – E°Eanodg
= 0.80 – (0.77) = +0.03V
∆G° = -nFE° = -1 x 96500 x 0.03
= -2895Jmol-1
= – 2-895 kJmol-1
∆G° = -2-303 RT log K
– 2895 Jmol-1 = -2.303 x 8.314 x 298 log K or
or K = Antilog of 0.5074 = 3.22.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Using the standard electrode potentials given in Table 3.1 (in your Text-book), predict if the reaction between the following is feasible : (i) Fe3+(aq) and I(aq)
(ii) Ag+(aq) and Cus
(iii) Fe3+(aq) and Br(aq)
(iv) Agsand Fe3+(aq)
(v) Br2(aq) and Fe2+(aq). (NCERT)
Answer:
A reaction is feasible if EMF of the cell is +ve.
Cathode : At which reduction occurs.
Anode : At which oxidation occurs.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 15

Question 4.
If specific conductance of 0.02 mol L-1 KCI solution at 298 K is 2.48 x 10-2-1cm-1, then calculate its molar conductance.
Solution:
K = 2.48 x 10-2 cm-1, C = 0.02 mol L-1
Λm = \(\frac { 1000k }{ { C }_{ m } }\)
= \(\frac { 1000×2.48×{ 10 }^{ -2 } }{ 0.02 }\)
= 124 Scm2 mol-1

Question 5.
What are weak electrolytes? Give one example. Find out molar conductivity of LiBr aqueous solution infinite dilution when joint conductance of Li-1 ion and Br-1 ion are 38.7 Scm2 mol-1 and 78.40 Scm2 mol-1 respectively.
Solution:
Weak electrolytes : These are the substances which dissociate only to a small extent.
Examples: CH3COOH,NH4OH
Λ LiBr = Λ Li+ + Λ Br
Given that,
Λ Li+ = 38.7Scm2 mol-1
Λ Br = 78.40 Scm2 mol-1
Λ LiBr = 38.7 + 78.40
Λ LiBr = 117.10Scm2mol-1

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What are strong electrolytes? Find out the molar conductivity of aqueous solution of BaCl2 at infinite dilution when ionic conductance of Ba+2 ion and Cl ion are 127.30 Scm2 mol-1 and 76.34 Scm2 mol-1 respectively.
Solution:
Strong electrolytes : These are substances which dissociate almost completely into ions under all dilutions.
Examples : NaCl,HCl,CH3COONa
Λ BaCl2 = Λ Ba2+ + 2 Λ Cl
Given that,
Λ = 127.30Scm2+mol-1
Λ Cl-1 = 76.34Scm2+mol-1
Λ BaCl2 =127.30+2(76.34)
= 127.30 + 152.68
= 279.98 Scm2+mol-1

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

 

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

सारणिक Important Questions

सारणिक वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –

प्रश्न 1.
यदि A, 3 × 3 कोटि का वर्ग आव्यूह है, तो |adj A| का मान है
(a) |A|
(b) |A|2
(c) |A|3
(d) 3 |A|

प्रश्न 2.
यदि a, b, c समांतर श्रेढी में हो, तो सारणिक \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+2} & {x+3} & {x+2 a} \\
{x+3} & {x+4} & {x+2 b} \\
{x+4} & {x+5} & {x+2 c}
\end{array}\right|\) का मान होगा –
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) x
(d) 2x

प्रश्न 3.
आव्यूह A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो A-1 होगा –
(a) A-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(b) A-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(c) A-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(d) A-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
यदि ω इकाई का घनमूल हो, तो \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{\mathbf{1}} & {\omega} & {\omega^{2}} \\
{\omega} & {\omega^{2}} & {1} \\
{\omega^{2}} & {1} & {\omega}
\end{array}\right|\) =
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) ω
(d) ω2

प्रश्न 5.
सारणिक \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a+b} & {a+2 b} & {a+3 b} \\
{a+2 b} & {a+3 b} & {a+4 b} \\
{a+4 b} & {a+5 b} & {a+6 b}
\end{array}\right|\) =
(a) a2 + b2 + c2 – 3abc
(b) 0
(c) a3 + b3 + c3
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए –

  1. यदि = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & m \\ 4 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो m = …………………………
  2. सारणिक \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\) में अवयव – 3 का सहखण्ड ……………………….. है।
  3. यदि A = \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
    {1} & {0} & {1} \\
    {0} & {1} & {2} \\
    {0} & {0} & {4}
    \end{array}\right|\) हो, तो |3A| का मान ………………………………….. है।
  4. सारणिक \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & log_{ b }a \\ log_{ a }b & 1 \end{bmatrix}\) का मान …………………………….. है।
  5. सारणिक \(\begin{bmatrix} cos70^{ \circ } & sin20^{ \circ } \\ sin70^{ \circ } & cos20^{ \circ } \end{bmatrix}\) का मान है।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न कथनों में सत्य/असत्य बताइए –

  1. सारणिक \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
    {0} & {a} & {-b} \\
    {-a} & {a} & {-c} \\
    {b} & {c} & {0}
    \end{array}\right|\) का मान abc है।
  2. सारणिक \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
    {1} & {1} & {1} \\
    {1} & {1+\sin \theta} & {1} \\
    {1} & {1} & {1+\cos \theta}
    \end{array}\right|\) का उच्चिष्ठ मान \(\frac{1}{2}\) है।
  3. यदि A एक 3 × 3 कोटि का आव्यूह हो, तो |kA| का मान k2 |A| होगा।
  4. यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} x & 2 \\ 18 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = \(\begin{vmatrix} 16 & 2 \\ 18 & 6 \end{vmatrix}\) तो x का मान ±3 है।
  5. सारणिक \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & \omega \\ \omega & -\omega \end{vmatrix}\) का मान 1 है।

उत्तर:

  1. सत्य
  2. सत्य
  3. असत्य
  4. असत्य
  5. सत्य।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए –

  1. k के कितने मानों के लिए रैखिक समीकरणों 4x + ky + 2x = 0, kx +4y + 2 = 0, 2x +2y + z = 0 का एक शून्येत्तर हल होगा।
  2. यदि समीकरण 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 के मूल α, β हों, तो \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
    {0} & {\beta} & {\beta} \\
    {\alpha} & {0} & {\alpha} \\
    {\beta} & {\alpha} & {0}
    \end{array}\right|\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  3. यदि शीर्षों (2, – 6), (5, 4) और (k, 4) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल 35 वर्ग एकांक हो, तो k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  4. यदि A = \(\begin{vmatrix} x+2 & -2 \\ -3x & 2x \end{vmatrix}\) = 8 हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  5. सारणिक \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
    {1^{2}} & {2^{2}} & {3^{2}} \\
    {2^{2}} & {3^{2}} & {4^{2}} \\
    {3^{2}} & {4^{2}} & {5^{2}}
    \end{array}\right|\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।

उत्तर:

  1. 2
  2. –\(\frac{15}{4}\)
  3. 12, -2
  4. 2
  5. -8.

सारणिक अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
\(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 20 \\ 1 & 6 \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
-8

प्रश्न 2.
\(\begin{vmatrix} -6 & 2 \\ 3 & y \end{vmatrix}\) = 24 तो y का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
-5

प्रश्न 3.
\(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ x & 0 \end{vmatrix}\) तो का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
4

प्रश्न 4.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}\) तो \(\begin{vmatrix} 3a & 3b \\ 3c & 3d \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
45

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 5.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} a & \omega \\ \omega & -\omega \end{vmatrix}\) हो, तो छ का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
1

प्रश्न 6.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 3 & m \\ 4 & 5 \end{vmatrix}\) = 3 हो, तो m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
3

प्रश्न 7.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & x \\ 4 & 9 \end{vmatrix}\) = 30 हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
-3

प्रश्न 8.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ m & m \end{vmatrix}\) = 21 तो m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
3

प्रश्न 9.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ 3 & x \end{vmatrix}\) हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
9

प्रश्न 10.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ -m & m \end{vmatrix}\) = 21 हो, तो m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
21

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 11.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} -6 & 2 \\ 3 & m \end{vmatrix}\) = 12 हो, तो m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
-3

प्रश्न 12.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 4 & -6 \\ -2 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = 20 हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
8

प्रश्न 13.
यदि ω, ω2 इकाई के सम्मिश्र घनमूल हों, तो \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & \omega \\ \omega & -\omega \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
1

प्रश्न 14.
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{224} & {777} & {32} \\
{735} & {888} & {105} \\
{812} & {999} & {116}
\end{array}\right|\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
0

प्रश्न 15.
यदि सारणिक \(\begin{vmatrix} x & 4 \\ 3 & 3 \end{vmatrix}\) = 0 हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
4

प्रश्न 16.
\(\begin{vmatrix} 2+3i & 4 \\ 1 & 2-3i \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
9

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 17.
सारणिक \(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{vmatrix}\) में अवयव – 3 का सहखण्ड क्या है?
उत्तर:
1

प्रश्न 18.
यदि \(\begin{vmatrix} 3 & -2 \\ -4 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = 16 हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
8

प्रश्न 19.
\(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & log_{ b }a \\ log_{ a }b & 1 \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
0

प्रश्न 20.
सारणिक \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}\) में अवयव 2 का उपसारणिक क्या होगा?
उत्तर:
3

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 21.
\(\begin{vmatrix} 2+5i & 5 \\ 4 & 2-5i \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
9

प्रश्न 22.
\(\begin{vmatrix} cotx & cosecx \\ cosecx & cotx \end{vmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
-1

प्रश्न 23.
\(\begin{bmatrix} cos70^{ \circ } & sin20^{ \circ } \\ sin70^{ \circ } & cos20^{ \circ } \end{bmatrix}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
0

सारणिक दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न – I

प्रश्न 1.
सिद्ध कीजिए –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a+b+2 c} & {a} & {b} \\
{c} & {b+c+2 a} & {b} \\
{c} & {a} & {c+a+2 b}
\end{array}\right|\) = 2(a + b + c)3?
हल:
माना
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}+1} & {a b} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {b^{2}+1} & {b c} \\
{a c} & {b c} & {c^{2}+1}
\end{array}\right|\) = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2? (NCERT; CBSE 2014)
हल:
माना
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 3.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}} & {b c} & {a c+c^{2}} \\
{a^{2}+a b} & {b^{2}} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {b^{2}+b c} & {c^{2}}
\end{array}\right|\) = 4a2 b2 c2? (NCERT; CBSE 2015)
हल:
माना
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
= 2abc2 [-a(a – b) + a (a + b)]
= 2a2bc2 [-a + b + a + b]
= 2a2bc2. 2b = 4a2 b2 c2

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न सारणिक को हल कीजिए
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+1} & {3} & {5} \\
{2} & {x+2} & {5} \\
{2} & {3} & {x+4}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 5.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{\alpha} & {\beta} & {\lambda} \\
{\alpha^{2}} & {\beta^{2}} & {\lambda^{2}} \\
{\beta+\lambda} & {\lambda+\alpha} & {\alpha+\beta}
\end{array}\right|\) = (α – β) (β – λ) (λ – a) (α + β + λ)?
नोट -α = a,
β = b,
λ = c भी रखा जा सकता है।
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 6.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{1+a} & {1} & {1} \\
{1} & {1+b} & {1} \\
{1} & {1} & {1+c}
\end{array}\right|\) = (abc + ab + bc + ca) = (abc) (1 + \(\frac{1}{a}\) + \(\frac{1}{b}\) + \(\frac{1}{c}\) )? (NCERT; CBSE 2012, 14)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 7.
सिद्ध कीजिए –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{-a^{2}} & {a b} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {-b^{2}} & {b c} \\
{a c} & {b c} & {-c^{2}}
\end{array}\right|\) = 4a2b2c2?
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 8.
समीकरण हल कीजिए –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{3 x-8} & {3} & {3} \\
{3} & {3 x-8} & {3} \\
{3} & {3} & {3 x-8}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 9.
समीकरण \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
{a+x} & {a-x} & {a-x} \\
{a-x} & {a+x} & {a-x} \\
{a-x} & {a-x} & {a+x}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0 को हल कीजिए।
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 10.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a} & {a+b} & {a+b+c} \\
{2 a} & {3 a+2 b} & {4 a+3 b+2 c} \\
{3 a} & {6 a+3 b} & {10 a+6 b+3 c}
\end{array}\right|\) = a3? (NCERT)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 11.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x} & {x+y} & {x+2 y} \\
{x+2 y} & {x} & {x+y} \\
{x+y} & {x+2 y} & {x}
\end{array}\right|\) = -2(x3 + y3)? (NCERT)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 12.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+4} & {2 x} & {2 x} \\
{2 x} & {x+4} & {2 x} \\
{2 x} & {2 x} & {x+4}
\end{array}\right|\) = (5x + 4) (4 – x)2? (NCERT)
हल:
माना
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 13.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x} & {y} & {x+y} \\
{y} & {x+y} & {x} \\
{x+y} & {x} & {y}
\end{array}\right|\) = -2(x3 + y3)? (NCERT)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

प्रश्न 14.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}+2 a} & {2 a+1} & {1} \\
{2 a+1} & {a+2} & {1} \\
{3} & {3} & {1}
\end{array}\right|\) = (a – 1)3? (CBSE 2017)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 15.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{1} & {1} & {1+3 x} \\
{1+3 y} & {1} & {1} \\
{1} & {1+3 z} & {1}
\end{array}\right|\) = 9(3xyz + xy + yz + zx)? (CBSE 2018)
हल:
माना
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 सारणिक

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health Important Questions

Reproductive Health Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
The gestation period in human female is :
(a) 30 days
(b) 200 days
(c) 250 days
(d) 270-280 days.
Answer:
(d) 270-280 days.

Question 2.
In population growth curve the early phase is also called as :
(a) Exponential phase
(b) Stationary phase
(c) Lag period
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Lag period

Question 3.
Removal of fallopian tube in human female is called :
(a) Vesectomy
(b) Tubectomy
(c) Ovaritectomy
(d) Castration.
Answer:
(b) Tubectomy

Question 4.
The cause of population explosion in large cities is : (MP 2009 Set A)
(a) Chances of education
(b) Available facilities
(c) Sources of income
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Population density is more in : (MP 2009 Set B)
(a) USA
(b) India
(c) China
(d) Japan.
Answer:
(b) India

Question 6.
Ratio of death rate and birth rate percentage is called : (MP 2016)
(a) Organic index
(b) Demography
(c) Population density
(d) Total population.
Answer:
(a) Organic index

Question 7.
Which of the following is the best solution of population problem in India :
(a) Conservation of natural resources
(b) Growth of medicinal fascility
(c) Decreasing in birth rate
(d) Increasing in food product.
Answer:
(c) Decreasing in birth rate

Question 8.
In which state has less population density :
(a) Manipur
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Arunachal pradesh.
Answer:
(d) Arunachal pradesh.

Question 9.
Meaning of test tube-baby, when child :
(a) Produce from unfertilized egg
(b) Developed in test-tube
(c) Developed by tissue culture
(d) Fertilization of ovum to out side the body then transplant in uterus.
Answer:
(d) Fertilization of ovum to out side the body then transplant in uterus.

Question 10.
Study of human population growth is :
(a) Anthropology
(b) Sociology
(c) Demography
(d) Geography.
Answer:
(c) Demography

Question 11.
Amniocentesis is used for determining :
(a) Heart disease
(b) Brain disease
(c) Hereditary disease of embryo
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Hereditary disease of embryo

Question 12.
Amniocentesis is the withdrawal of amniotic fluid in :
(a) Menopause
(b) Lactation
(c) Gastation
(d) Pregnancy.
Answer:
(d) Pregnancy.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. Statisitical study of population is called ………………
  2. According to Malthus population grows ……………… whereas the means of its subsistinance grows ………………
  3. According to census 2001, the population of India was ………………
  4. The entry and exit of member in any population is called ………………
  5. Cutting and ligating ends of segments of vas deferense is called ………………
  6. The testing of sex of embryo is done by ………………
  7. Immigration ……………… the population.
  8. Study of differences in foetus is called ………………
  9. Theory of population growth was given by ………………

Answer:

  1. Demography
  2. Geometrically Arithmatically
  3. 1,02,70,15,247
  4. Migration
  5. Vasectomy
  6. Amniocentesis
  7. Increases
  8. Teratology
  9. Malthus.

Question 3.
Match the followings :
I.
MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Important Questions 1
Answer:

  1. (b)
  2. (d)
  3. (a)
  4. (c)
  5. (e).

II.
MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Important Questions 2
Answer:

  1. (d)
  2. (e)
  3. (c)
  4. (b)
  5. (a).

Question 4.
Write the answer in one word/senteces :

  1. Give the full name of IUCD.
  2. Write a disease which is transmitted by sexual contact.
  3. Write the full name of ZIFT.
  4. Name the method in which cutting and binding of spermatic duct in male.
  5. What is the name of the study of population?
  6. World population day celebrated on.
  7. Name the process in which implantation of embryo in fallopian tube.
  8. Name the stage of life which is called puberty.
  9. Name the disease caused by HIV.
  10. Who gave the human population growth theory?
  11. Write the name of technique in which testing of amniotic fluid to find out the sex and disorders of the foetus.
  12. Name the technique by which found the AIDS.
  13. Write the lull name of GIFT.
  14. Name the technique in which removal of a segment of oviduct.

Answer:

  1. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
  2. Gonorrhoea
  3. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
  4. Vasectomy
  5. Demography
  6. 11 July
  7. Actopic pregnancy
  8. 13 to 18 years
  9. AIDS
  10. T.R.Malthus
  11. Amniocentesis
  12. ELISA test
  13. Gamete Intrafaillopian Transfer
  14. Tubectomy.

Reproductive Health Important Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write one benefit of condom.
Answer:
Condom provides protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).

Question 2.
What is the name of contraceptive pill which is taken only in once in a week?
Answer:
“Saheli.”

Question 3.
Write the full form of IUCD.
Answer:
Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device.

Question 4.
Write the full form of STDs.
Answer:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Question 5.
What is the legal age for marriage of male and female in India?
Answer:
For male 21 Years and for female 18 years.

Question 6.
Write the name of two STDs which are spread through infected blood.
Answer:
AIDS, Hepatitis – B.

Question 7.
Write the name of two diseases which are caused by sexual contact.
Answer:
Gonorrhoea, Syphilis.

Question 8.
Write the full form of HIV and AIDS.
Answer:
HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

Question 9.
Write the full form of ZIFT.
Answer:
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer.

Question 10.
What is the process for surgical sterilization in males called?
Answer:
Vasectomy.

Reproductive Health Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the following :

  1. Tubectomy
  2. Vasectomy.

Answer:
1. Tubectomy:
The surgical removal of a segment of oviduct and then ligating the cut end is called tubectomy. It is applied in females to check the pregnancy.

2. Vasectomy:
Surgical cutting and ligating ends of segments of vas deferens is called vasectomy.

Question 2.
What is amniocentesis? Write its effects and two advantages.
Answer:
Amniocentesis:
It is prenatal diagnostic technique in which amniotic fluid of uterus is isolated by a surgical needle and foetus cells are cultured on a culture medium and chromosomes are examined.

This technique is used to understand the following things or Advantages:

  1. Chromosomal abnormalities like that of Down’s syndrome, Philadelphia syndrome and Edward’s syndrome.
  2. Metabolic disorders like that of PKV, Cretinism, Alkaptonuria, etc.
  3. Sex of the embryo can be examined by this technique.

Effects of amniocentesis:
Due to this type of test, the female embryos are being eradicated. This leads into the decrease in number of females which may cause a serious problem.

Question 3.
Explain the social causes of human population growth.
Answer:
Social causes of human population growth rate are:

  1. Illiteracy in society.
  2. Low level of society.
  3. Various orthodox tradition like son leads to progeny.
  4. Social barriers.
  5. Early child marriage presuming that after mid-age marriage reproductive capacity degenerates.
  6. Social backwardness.
  7. Social set – up that “Putra Ratan se Moksh milta hai”.

Question 4.
What do you think about the significance of reproductive health in a society?
Answer:
Significance of reproductive health in a society are:

  1. Control over the transmission of STDs.
  2. Less death due to reproduction related diseases, like AIDS, cancer of reproductive tract.
  3. Control in population explosion.
  4. Not only this reproductive health of men and women affectsthe health of the next generation.

Question 5.
Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
Answer:
Special attention need to be given to the following aspects:

  1. Introduction of sex education in school that to helps in eradicating myths and misconceptions regarding sex – related aspects.
  2. Proper information about reproductive organs, safe and hygienic sexual practices and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
  3. Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled population growth, social evils like sex abuse and sex – related crimes etc.
  4. Strong infrastructural facilities, professional expertise and material support to provide medical assistance and care to people in reproduction related problems.
  5. Educating people about available birth control options, care of pregnant mothers, postnatal care of mother and child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for the male and female child.

Question 6.
Is sex education necessary in schools. Why?
Answer:
Yes, sex education is necessary in schools because:

  1. It will provide proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence, safe, hygienic sexual practices and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
  2. It will provide right information to avoid myths and misconceptions about sex related queries.

Question 7.
Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.
Answer:
Yes, reproductive health in our country has improved in the last 50 years.

Some areas of improvement are:

  1. Better awareness about sex-related matters.
  2. Increased number of medically assisted deliveries and better post-natal care of child and mother leading to decreased maternal and infant mortality rates.
  3. Increased number of couples with small families.
  4. Better direction and cure of STDs and overall increased medical facilities for all sex – related problems.

Question 8.
What are the suggested reasons of population explosion?
Answer:
The situation where population exceeds productive capacity is known as popu-lation explosion. In nature, the amount of resources are limited hence, if the population increases in the present rate and increasing beyond the limit, they (Resources) would get exhausted.

Reasons of population explosion : Following are the reasons of population explosion:

  1. Increasing birth rate.
  2. Decreasing death rate.
  3. Higher rate of reproduction.
  4. Medical services have brought down mortality due to fatal diseases and epidemics.
  5. Lack of predator in the civilized world today, the only predator of man is man himself.

Question 9.
Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
Answer:
Yes, use of contraceptive is justified because it helps to control the rapid growth of human population. It will also help in preventing unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Contraceptive also help in controlling the population growth rate.

Question 10.
Removal of gonads can not be considered as a contraceptive option, why?
Answer:
Removal of gonads not only stops the production of gametes but will also stop the secretions of various important hormones, which are important for bodily func¬tions. This method is irreversible and thus, can not be considered as a contraceptive method.

Question 11.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.
Answer:
Yes, the ban is necessary because amniocentesis is misused for determining the sex of the foetus and then aborting the child if it is a female. This process is illegal as it causes harm to the foetus as well as mother it can also disturb the sex ratio.

Question 12.
What is test – tube baby?
Answer:
In some cases, a woman is unable to have a normal fertilization to bear the child. In such cases, test – tube technique may be successful. In this technique, the unfertilized eggs of such woman is isolated in aseptic condition and fertilized it in test – tube by the sperms of her husband. The fertilized egg or blastocyst can be maintained in vitro till it gets 32 celled stage. It can be implanted in the uterus of the female. The female remains under the supervision of doctor till completion of gestation period of 280 days. The baby produced in such a way is called a test – tube baby.

Question 13.
What is GIFT? Explain in brief.
Answer:
GIFT (Gametes Intrafallopian Transfer): It is a latest technique to produce a child. In this technique, the gametes are kept separately in a catheter and injected directly into the fallopian tube of the woman using laproscopy. Thus, in this case, fertilization occurs inside the body of woman. Prior to injection of gametes, the mother would be given hormones for about a week to stimulate follicle formation. This causes development of several eggs i.e., super ovulation. The first GIFT in India was done in Mumbai and twins were born in August, 1990.

Reproductive Health Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Answer:
If the couples are enable birth the children and corrections are not possible, the couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques, com¬monly known as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Some methods are given as:

(1) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):
In this method, ova from the female and the sperm from the male are collected and induced to form zygote under stimulated conditions in the laboratory. This process is called In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Some method given as follows:

1. Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT):
The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.

2. Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT):
Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is trans – ferred into the uterus in females who cannot conceive embryos formed by fusion of gametes in another female are transfered.

3. Test – tube baby:
In this method, ova from the donor (female) and sperm from the donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under stimulated conditions in the laboratory. The zygote could then be transferred into the fallopian tube and embryos transferred intc the uterus, to complete its further development. The child bom from this method is called test-tube baby.

(2) Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT):
It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development of the embryo.

(3) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directly injecting the sperm into an ovum.

(4) Artificial Insemination (AI):
In this method, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vegina or into the uterus (Intra Uterine Insemination, IUI). This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the female reproductive tract or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.

(5) Host Mothering:
In this process, the embryo is transferred from the biological mother to a surrogate mother. The embryo then develops till it is fully developed or partially developed. It is then transferred to the biological mother or into any other. This technique is useful for females in which embryo forms but is not able to develop.

Question 2.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Answer:
STDs can be prevented by the following methods:

  1. Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
  2. Always use condoms during coitus.
  3. Always contact a qualified doctor for any doubt in early stage of infection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.

Question 3.
State True/False with explanation.

Question (a)
Abortion could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)
Answer:
False, Abortion does not happen under normal conditions. It happens accidently or under the will of Parents.

Question (b)
Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
Answer:
False, Sterility always does not occur due to female. Sometimes males are also responsible for this.

Question (c)
Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)
Answer:
True, Menstrual cycle does not occur after parturition which can act as natural contraception but this method is functional for a period of six months from parturition.

Question (d)
Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to im-prove reproductive health of the people. (True/False)
Answer:
True, this creates better reproductive health among people.

Question 4.
Correct the following statements:

Question (a)
Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
Answer:
It prevents the transportation of gametes not their formation.

Question (b)
All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
Answer:
Hepatitis – B and AIDS are not curable.

Question (c)
Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.
Answer:
Oral pills are not popular among rural women. They require sex education.

Question (d)
In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
Answer:
In E.T. techniques, 8 – celled blastomere is transferred into the fallopian tube. While more than 8 – celled blastomere is transferred into the uterus.

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Special Hindi Sahayak Vachan Solutions Chapter 4 मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र

MP Board Class 12th Special Hindi सहायक वाचन Solutions Chapter 4 मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र (आत्मकथा, डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा)

मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र अभ्यास प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा सबसे पहले अपनी माता का स्मरण क्यों करते हैं? उनकी माता की दिनचर्या लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अपने अतीत के झरोखों में झाँकते समय डॉ.रामकुमार वर्मा के मन-मस्तिष्क में जो सबसे पहली तस्वीर उभरती है वह है उनकी पूज्यनीय एवं प्रातः स्मरणीय माताजी राजरानी देवी की डॉ. वर्मा अपनी माताजी का बहुत आदर और सम्मान करते थे। उनकी माँ एक उच्च कोटि की संगीतज्ञ एवं काव्य-ज्ञान से परिपूर्ण थीं। उन्हीं की प्रेरणा,स्नेह,मार्गदर्शन और आशीर्वाद से वे कविता-लेखन के क्षेत्र में कदम रख सके थे, अत: डॉ.वर्मा अपनी माँ में न सिर्फ करुणामयी माँ का रूप देखते थे, अपितु एक गुरु का बिम्ब भी उन्हें अपनी माँ में दिखाई देता था। अत: डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा सवसे पहले अपनी माता का स्मरण किया करते थे।

डॉ.रामकुमार वर्मा की माँ एक कुशल संगीतज्ञ एवं कला प्रेमी महिला थीं। उनके कण्ठ में अद्भुत मिठास थी। वे सुबह-सवेरे जल्दी उठकर शौच इत्यादि से निवृत्त हो राग विभास के स्वरों ‘भोर भयो जागह रघुनन्दन’ का तन्मयता से गान करती थीं। परिवार के अन्य सभी लोग उनके कोकिल कण्ठ को सुनने के लिए उनके पास एकत्रित हो जाते थे। ये नियम उनका प्रतिदिन का था। प्रातःकाल गान के पश्चात् ही वे अन्य आवश्यक कार्यों को सम्पादित किया करती थीं।”

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
बचपन में लेखक किस पात्र के अभिनय के विशेषज्ञ थे? इस अभिनय का प्रभाव उन पर कितने समय तक बना रहा?
उत्तर:
बचपन से ही लेखक को कुश्ती लड़ने,नाटक करने, अभिनय करने और पढ़ने का बहुत शौक था। वैसे तो लेखक ने नाटकों में कई पात्रों का अभिनय किया था, किन्तु ‘श्रीकृष्ण’ का अभिनय करने में उन्हें दक्षता प्राप्त थी और वे उसके विशेषज्ञ माने जाते थे। ‘श्रीकृष्ण’ का अभिनय करने के लिए उनके गुरुजन उन्हें शहर के बाहर भी लेकर जाते थे। कई लोग तो उन्हें ‘श्रीकृष्ण’ कहकर ही पुकारने लगे थे।

श्रीकृष्ण’ के अभिनय का लेखक पर प्रभाव पूरे बचपन भर बना रहा। इस पात्र के अतिरिक्त उन्हें किसी अन्य चरित्र का अभिनय करने में आनन्द प्राप्त नहीं होता था। जैसे-जैसे लेखक ने बाल्यावस्था से किशोरावस्था में प्रवेश किया ‘श्रीकृष्ण’ का अभिनय छूटता गया, क्योंकि अब वे बड़े हो गये थे।

प्रश्न 3.
नागपंचमी के दिन घटित अखाड़े की घटना का वर्णन अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
बचपन से ही लेखक को कुश्ती लड़ने, नाटक करने, अभिनय करने और पढ़ने इत्यादि का बहुत शौक था। साथ ही,लेखक इनकी प्रतियोगिताओं में भी भाग लेने के लिए सदैव ही उत्सुक रहते थे। एक बार बचपन में लेखक अपने पिताजी के साथ तमाशा देखने के लिए गये। वह नागपंचमी का दिन था। अखाड़े में कुश्ती की प्रतियोगिता चल रही थी। दूर-दूर से कई पहलवान कुश्ती के मैदान में अपना-अपना भाग्य परखने के लिए डटे थे। प्रतियोगिता के दौरान एक पहलवान सबको ‘चित्त’ करता गया और ‘फुल्लम’ (सर्व विजयी) घोषित हुआ। दम्भ के मारे वह पहलवान अखाड़े की मिट्टी को शरीर पर मलते हुए ताल ठोंककर किसी को भी उसका मुकाबला करने के लिए खुली चुनौती देने लगा। लेखक अपने पिताजी के साथ ये सब देख रहे थे।

उनसे यूँ चुनौती से दूर भाग जाना गवारा न हुआ। उन्होंने आव देखा न ताव और उस ‘फुल्लम’ की चुनौती को स्वीकार करते हुए कुश्ती के लिए ललकार दिया। दोनों पहलवानों ने अखाड़े की मिट्टी में अपने-अपने हाथ मले और बोल बजरंग’ के उद्घोष के साथ भिड़ गये। मात्र 5 मिनट से भी कम समय में वह ‘फुल्लम’ पहलवान ‘फुस्स’ हो धरती की धूल चाट रहा था और लेखक के चेहरे पर विजयी आभा तैर रही थी। तालियों की करतल ध्वनि के मध्य लेखक को शेरवानी और नकद पुरस्कार उपहारस्वरूप दिये गये जो लेखक ने प्राप्त करके उदारता के साथ उसी ‘फुल्लम’ पहलवान को प्रदान कर दिये।

प्रश्न 4.
माँ ने रामकुमार वर्मा को पढ़ाई के सम्बन्ध में क्या निर्देश दिए थे? (2010)
उत्तर:
डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा की माँ एक सुशिक्षित एवं सुसंस्कृत महिला थीं। वे अपने बच्चों में भी शिक्षा के उच्च संस्कार प्रदान करना चाहती थीं। यह उन्हीं के मार्गदर्शन और सीख का फल था कि डॉ.रामकुमार वर्मा कभी अनुत्तीर्ण नहीं हुए, बल्कि वे सदैव ‘डिवीजन’ से उत्तीर्ण होते रहे। पढ़ाई के सम्बन्ध में निर्देशित करते हुए उनकी माँ ने उनसे कहा था कि पढ़ाई में उन्हें पहले दर्जे का ध्यान रखना चाहिए। अपने लक्ष्य के प्रति उसी एकाग्रता एवं समर्पण के साथ प्रयत्नशील रहना चाहिए जिस प्रकार महाभारत काल में अर्जुन ने चिड़िया की केवल आँख पर अपना ध्यान रखा था।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने स्कूल जाना क्यों छोड़ा?
उत्तर:
लेखक जब अपनी किशोरावस्था से युवावस्था में प्रवेश कर रहे थे तब देश में स्वतन्त्रता के लिए संघर्ष अपने चरम पर था। महात्मा गाँधीजी के आह्वान पर देशभर में असहयोग आन्दोलन चलाया जा रहा था। लेखक ने भी इस असहयोग आन्दोलन में भाग लिया। सन् 1921 में जब नागपुर में आयोजित कांग्रेस के सम्मेलन में असहयोग-आन्दोलन का प्रस्ताव पारित हुआ तो लेखक ने मन-ही-मन स्कूल छोड़ने का प्रण कर लिया। लेखक नरसिंहपुर में रहते थे और उनके पिताजी मंडला (सी.पी) में ‘ऐक्स्ट्रा असिस्टेंट कमिश्नर’ थे। उस समय लेखक कक्षा 10 में पढ़ते थे और उन्हें 6 रुपये का वजीफा भी मिलता था। अपने प्रण को पूरा करते हुए लेखक ने स्कूल छोड़ दिया। यह समाचार सुनकर उनके पिताजी ने उन्हें भविष्य के स्वप्न दिखाते हुए पुनः स्कूल जाने के लिए कहा,किन्तु लेखक नहीं माने। पिताजी उनसे रुष्ट हो गये और बेंत से उन्हें दण्ड भी दिया। लेखक ने 72 घण्टे तक उपवास रखा और अपने स्कूल न जाने के निर्णय पर अडिग रहे।

प्रश्न 6.
लेखक ने ‘देश-सेवा’ कविता किन परिस्थितियों में लिखी और उसका क्या परिणाम हुआ? (2016)
उत्तर:
उन दिनों देश-भर में असहयोग आन्दोलन की गूंज थी। बच्चे, बड़े, स्त्री-पुरुष सभी बढ़-चढ़कर उस आन्दोलन में भाग ले रहे थे। गाँधीजी के नेतृत्व में समूचा राष्ट्र मानो एक साथ उठ खड़ा हुआ था। उन दिनों जुलूस राष्ट्रीय झण्डे को लेकर निकलते थे और गाने के लिए नए-नए गीतों की आवश्यकता पड़ती थी। उसी समय देश-सेवा’ कविता के लिए कानपुर के श्री बेनीमाधव खन्ना की 51 रुपये के नकद पुरस्कार वाली घोषणा निकली। लेखक के पिताजी ने लेखक से कहलवाया; “छोटे गाँधीजी से कहो देश-सेवा पर कविता लिखें।” लेखक ने पिताजी की आज्ञा को चुनौती के रूप में स्वीकार करते हुए कविता लिखने की ठान ली। उन्होंने बिना किसी को बतलाए कविता लिखकर भेज दी। तीन माह बाद सूचना मिली कि लेखक की भेजी गई कविता को सर्वोत्तम आँका गया है और उन्हें 51 रुपये का पुरस्कार प्रेषित किया जा रहा है। यूँ कविता चयन की बात सुनकर प्रसन्न माताजी ने लेखक पर अभिमान जताते हुए कहा था, “मुझे गर्व है कि मेरा एक बेटा देश-सेवा में तन-मन से काम कर रहा है” और लेखक के पिताजी ने प्रसन्न होकर लेखक के लिए एक कोट बनवाया था।

मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा के लिए ‘देव पुरस्कार’ से भी अधिक मूल्यवान क्या था?
उत्तर:
लेखक की माताजी संगीतज्ञ एवं काव्य-ज्ञान से पूर्ण थीं। वे उषा-काल में उठकर ‘भोर भयो जागहु रघुनन्दन’ गातीं और लेखक से भी गाने के लिए कहतीं। ठीक गाने पर लेखक को एक जलेबी अधिक का पुरस्कार मिलता था जो लेखक के लिए किसी ‘देव पुरस्कार’ से भी अधिक मूल्यवान था।

प्रश्न 2.
बचपन में लेखक डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा की विशेष रुचि क्या थीं?
उत्तर:
लेखक को बचपन से ही ‘प्रतियोगिता’ विशेष प्रिय रही। कुश्ती लड़ने, नाटक करने, अभिनय करने और पढ़ने में लेखक की विशेष रुचि रही।

MP Board Solutions

मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र पाठ का सारांश

सुप्रसिद्ध कहानीकार ‘डॉ. रामकुमार वर्मा द्वारा लिखित प्रस्तुत आत्मकथा ‘मेरे जीवन के कुछ चित्र’ में लेखक ने अपने बचपन एवं प्रियजनों से सम्बन्धित अतीत की कुछ घटनाओं का सुन्दर एवं सजीव वर्णन किया है।

लेखक के अनुसार उनके जीवन में उनकी माँ का स्थान सर्वोपरि है। उनकी माता का नाम राजरानी देवी था। वे एक उच्च कोटि की संगीतज्ञ थीं और उन्हें काव्य-ज्ञान भी खूब था। वे प्रात:काल जल्दी उठकर राग विभास में गान करतीं और परिवार के सभी लोग सुध-बुध खोकर तन्मयता से उनके गान को सुना करते थे। उन्हीं की प्रेरणा एवं प्रभाव से लेखक कविता-लेखन के क्षेत्र में प्रविष्ट हुए। बचपन से ही लेखक को कुश्ती लड़ने, नाटक खेलने, अभिनय करने और पढ़ने इत्यादि में गहन रुचि थी। किशोरावस्था में एक बार लेखक ने अपने से कहीं अधिक बलशाली प्रतिद्वन्द्वी को कुश्ती में हराकर पुरस्कार जीता था। अभिनय की यदि बात की जाये तो लेखक श्रीकृष्ण’ के अभिनय के विशेषज्ञ थे। श्रीकृष्ण के अभिनय में उन्होंने बहुत-से पुरस्कार अर्जित किये थे।

लेखक पढ़ने में भी काफी होशियार थे। वे सदैव ‘डिवीजन’ में ही उत्तीर्ण हुआ करते थे। माँ की प्रेरणा पर वे सदैव लक्ष्य पर ही अपना ध्यान केन्द्रित करते और उसे पाकर ही साँस लेते थे। लेखक ने अपने जीवन की प्रथम कविता स्वयं-प्रेरणा से एक छोटी-सी तुकबन्दी के रूप में लिखी थी। युवावस्था में लेखक ने असहयोग आन्दोलन में भाग लिया और विरोधस्वरूप स्कूल छोड़ दिया। एक बार पिताजी के कहने पर लेखक ने देश-सेवा पर एक कविता लिखी और 51 रुपये का नकद पुरस्कार अर्जित कर अपने माता-पिता को गौरवान्वित किया। समाचार के साथ-साथ अपने बचपन की यादों से जुड़ी ये कहानियाँ अब लेखक के मस्तिष्क से निकलती जा रही हैं।

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 15 Polymers

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 15 Polymers

Polymers Important Questions

Polymers Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
The polymerization in which two or more chemically different monomers take part is called :
(a) Addition polymerization
(b) Copolymerization
(c) Chain polymerization
(d) Homogeneous polymerization.
Answer:
(b) Copolymerization

Question 2.
Natural rubber is mainly a polymer of:
(a) Chloroprene
(b) Neoprene
(c) Isoprene
(d) Butadiene.
Answer:
(c) Isoprene

Question 3.
Which is a heat resistant polymer :
(a) P.V.C.
(b) P.V.A.
(c) Bakelite
(d) Rubber.
Answer:
(c) Bakelite

Question 4.
Is not a polymer :
(a) Orlon
(b) Teflon
(c) Neoprene soprene.
(d) Isoprene
Answer:
(d) Isoprene

Question 5.
Which among the following is a thermosetting polymer :
(a) P.V.C.
(b) P.V.A.
(c) Bakelite
(d) Perspex.
Answer:
(c) Bakelite

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Which substance is used as ‘non stick’ in cooking utencils :
(a) P.V.C.
(b) Polystyrene
(c) Poly ethylene Pterephthalate
(d) Poly tetrafluoro ethylene.
Answer:
(d) Poly tetrafluoro ethylene.

Question 7.
Out of the following which polymer contain nitrogen :
(a) Nylon
(b) Polythene
(c) P.V.C.
(d) Terylene.
Answer:
(a) Nylon

Question 8.
Is a natural polymer :
(a) Starch
(b) Nylon
(c) Teflon
(d) Buna – S – Rubber
Answer:
(a) Starch

Question 9.
Is a polymer :
(a) Macro molecule
(b) Micromolecule
(c) Submicro molecule
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Macro molecule

Question 10.
P.V.C is a polymer of the following :
(a) CH2 = CH2
(b) CH2 = CHCl
(c) ClCH2 = CH2Cl
(d) Cl – C ≡ C – Cl
Answer:
(b) CH2 = CHCl

Question 11.
Teflon is a polymer of:
(a) Vinyl chloride
(b) Ethylene
(c) Acetylene
(d) Tetrafluroethene
Answer:
(d) Tetrafluroethene

Question 12.
Example of condensation polymeris :
(a) Polythene
(b) P.V.C.
(c) Orion
(d) Terylene
Answer:
(d) Terylene

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Intermolecular force in elastomer is :
(a) Not present
(b) Weak
(c) Strong
(d) Extremely strong.
Answer:
(b) Weak

Question 14.
Complete hydrolysis of cellulose gives :
(a) D – Fructose
(b) D – Ribose
(c) D – Glucose
(d) L – Glucose
Answer:
(c) D – Glucose

Question 15.
Cellulose is a :
(a) Protein
(b) Fat
(c) Hormone
(d) Polysaccharide
Answer:
(d) Polysaccharide

Question 16.
Which of the following is a natural polymer :
(a) Starch
(b) Nylon
(c) Teflon
(d) Buna – s – Rubber
Answer:
(a) Starch

Question 17.
Nylon is an example of:
(a) Polyamide
(b) Polythene
(c) Polyester
(d) Polysaccharide
Answer:
(a) Polyamide

Question 18.
Nylon 6,6 is not a :
(a) Condensation polymer
(b) Co – Polymer
(c) Polyamide Bakelite is a polymer of:
(d) Homopolymer
Answer:
(d) Homopolymer

Question 19.
Bakelite is a polymer of :
(a) HCHO and acetic acid
(b) HCHO and phenol
(c) C2H5 – OH and phenol
(d) CH3 – COOH and benzene.
Answer:
(b) HCHO and phenol

Question 20.
Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer :
(a) Cellulose
(b) Polythene
(c) Polyvinyl chloride
(d) Nylon 6.
Answer:
(a) Cellulose

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. ……………… is used for the preparation of chloroprene.
  2. Charge on polymers is ………………
  3. Polymer ……………… the light.
  4. Molecular mass of polymers is ………………
  5. Glucose is a monomer of ………………
  6. Cellulose is a ……………… polymer. (MP 2015)
  7. Polymer of ethylene glycol and phthalic acid is ………………
  8. Rubber is a ……………… polymer.
  9. Vulcanisation of rubber is an example of ………………
  10. Bakelite is a ……………… polymer.
  11. Nylon 6 is also called ……………… (MP 2011)
  12. Teflon is a polymer of ……………… (MP 2103)

Answer:

  1. Synthetic rubber
  2. Nil (zero)
  3. Scatter
  4. High
  5. Cellulose and starch
  6. Natural
  7. Glyptal
  8. Natural
  9. Elastomer
  10. Heat resistant
  11. Perlon – L
  12. Tetra fluoro ethylene.

Question 3.
Make correct pairs :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 15 Polymers 1
Answer:

  1. (d)
  2. (a)
  3. (c)
  4. (f)
  5. (b)
  6. (g)
  7. (e)
  8. (h)

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Answer in one word / sentence :

  1. Give two examples of natural polymer.
  2. Give two examples of addition polymer.
  3. Give two examples of condensation polymer.
  4. Write chemical name of Buna rubber.
  5. Give an example of synthetic rubber.
  6. Monomer of polythene is. (MP 2011)
  7. Name the polymer which is formed by condensation of ethylene glycol and dimethyl teraphthalic acid. (MP 2011)
  8. Name the polymerisation which takes place by addition of two or more than two different monomers. (MP 2010)
  9. Give the name of polymer used for formation of tyre thread. (MP 2010)
  10. Which polymer obtained by polymerisation of caprolactum?

Answer:

  1. Natural polymer – Rubber, starch
  2. Polythene, Polypropylene
  3. Nylon – 6, Bakelite
  4. Styrene Butadiene rubber
  5. Styrene Butadiene rubber (S.B.R.)
  6. Ethylene
  7. Terylene
  8. Copolymerisation
  9. Nylon – 6
  10. Nylon – 6

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines

Amines Important Questions

Amines Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
A compound which gives oily nitrosoamine with nitrous acid at low temperature:
(a) Methyl amine
(b) Dimethyl amine
(c) Trimethyl amine
(d) Triethyl amine.
Answer:
(b) Dimethyl amine

Question 2.
Which of the following has strongest basic character :
(a) C6H5NH2
(b) (CH3)2NH
(c) (CH3)3NH
(d) NH3.
Answer:
(b) (CH3)2NH

Question 3.
Benzene diazonium chloride gives on hydrolysis :
(a) Chlorobenzene
(b) Phenol
(c) Alcohol
(d) Benzene.
Answer:
(b) Phenol

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
In the reaction C6H5CHO + C6H5NH2 → C6H5N = CHC6H5 + H2O + C6H5N = CHC6H5 is known as :
(a) Aldol
(b) Schiff’s reagent
(c) Schiff’s base
(d) Benedict reagent.
Answer:
(c) Schiff’s base

Question 5.
Nitrobenzene gives N – phenyl hydroxyl amine when it reacts with :
(a) Sn/HCl
(b) C6H5CH2NH – CH3
(c) Zn/NaOH
(d) Zn/NH4Cl.
Answer:
(c) Zn/NaOH

Question 6.
Which of the mixture when reacts with ale. KOH known as Carbylamine reaction :
(a) Chloroform and Ag powder
(b) Trihalogenated methane and primary amine
(c) Alkyl trihalide and primary amine
(d) Alkyl cyanide and primary amine.
Answer:
(b) Trihalogenated methane and primary amine

Question 7.
Which of the following gas is responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 :
(a) CH3 – N = C = O
(b) CH3 – N = C = S
(c) CHCl3
(d) C6H5COCl.
Answer:
(a) CH3 – N = C = O

Question 8.
Aniline reacts with cold nitrous acid (NaNO2 + HCl) and gives :
(a) C6H5 – OH
(b) C6H5 – N, – Cl
(C) C6H5 – NO2
(d) C6H5 – Cl.
Answer:
(b) C6H5 – N, – Cl

Question 9.
The product of mustard oil reaction is : (MP 2013,16)
(a) Alkyl isothiocyanate
(b) Dithiocarbonamide
(c) Dithioethyl acetate
(d) Thioether.
Answer:
(c) Dithioethyl acetate

Question 10.
A nitrogen containing compound, on heating with chloroform and alcoholic KOH gives vapours of disagreeable odour, the compound can be :
(a) Nitrobenzene
(b) Benzamide
(c) N, – N – dimethyl aniline
(d) Aniline.
Answer:
(d) Aniline.

Question 11.
Ethyl amine reacts with nitrous acid to form :
(a) Ammonia
(b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Ethane
(d) Nitrogen.
Answer:
(d) Nitrogen.

Question 12.
Oil of mirbane is :
(a) Aniline
(b) Nitrobenzene
(c) p – Nitroaniline
(d) p – Aminoazobenzene.
Answer:
(b) Nitrobenzene

Question 13.
Aniline is purified by :
(a) Steam distillation
(b) Vacuum distillation
(c) Simple distillation
(d) Solvent extraction.
Answer:
(a) Steam distillation

MP Board Solutions

Question 14.
Amine which will not react with acetyl chloride is :
(a) CH3 – NH2
(b) (CH3)2NH
(c) (CH3)3N
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) (CH3)3N

Question 15.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 1
(a) Gattermann’s reaction
(b) Sandmeyer’s reaction
(c) Wurtz’s reaction
(d) Frankland reaction.
Answer:
(b) Sandmeyer’s reaction

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. With transition metal ion amine establish co – ordination and form …………….
  2. By reduction cyanides form ……………. and isocyanides form
  3. Benzoic acid reacts with hydrazoic acid to form …………….
  4. All aliphatic amines are more ……………. than ammonia.
  5. 1° and 2° amine react with Grignard reagent to form …………….
  6. C6H6 – COOH + ……………. → C6H5NH2 + N2 + CO2
  7. Trinitrotoluene is an ……………. substance. (MP 2011)
  8. Methyl amine is ……………. basic than ammonia. (MP 2011,15)
  9. Aromatic amines are ……………. in water.
  10. Amines are benzolate in presence of NaOH. This reaction is called …………….
  11. By reaction with nitrous acid 1° amine forms alcohol and 2° amine form …………….
  12. Reaction of 2° amine with nitrous acid represent …………….
  13. Basic nature of amine is due to presence of ……………. on nitrogen atom. (MP 2009)
  14. Primary amine on heating with ……………. and ……………. form alkyl isocyanides. (MP 2009)
  15. Mixture of T.N.T. and ammonium nitrate is known as …………….
  16. On reacting aniline with HCl and NaNO2 at 0°C temperature benzene diazonium chloride is formed. This is called ……………. reaction.
  17. On heating alkyl isocyanide at 250°C ……………. is formed. (MP 2014)

Answer:

  1. Complex ion
  2. Primary amine, secondary amine
  3. Aniline
  4. Basic
  5. Alkane
  6. N3H
  7. Explosive
  8. More
  9. Insoluble
  10. Schotten Baumann
  11. Nitrosamine
  12. Libermann nitroso test
  13. Lone electron pair
  14. Chloroform and caustic soda
  15. Amatol
  16. Diazotisation
  17. Alkyl isocyanate

Question 3.
Match the followings:
I.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 2
Answer:

  1. (e)
  2. (d)
  3. (b)
  4. (c)
  5. (a)
  6. (g)
  7. (f)
  8. (h)

II.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 3
Answer:

  1. (e)
  2. (d)
  3. (a)
  4. (c)
  5. (b)

III.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 4
Answer:

  1. (d)
  2. (e)
  3. (a)
  4. (c)
  5. (f)
  6. (b)

Question 4.
Answer in one word/sentence:

  1. Why aniline turns blackish brown in open air? (MP 2013)
  2. Tertiary amine does not acetanilised, why?
  3. Which isomer of C3H9N is least basic and having lowest b.p.?
  4. Which amine gives diazotization reaction?
  5. The compound obtained when primary aromatic amine when heated with CHCl3 and ale. KOH.
  6. Secondary amine can be identified by.
  7. Primary nitroalkane reacts with nitrous acid to form which compound?
  8. What is the nature of amines? (MP 2010)
  9. Write the name and formula of Hinsberg’s reagent. (MP 2011)
  10. What is nitrating mixture?
  11. Nitrobenzene is known as.
  12. MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 5
    Write the name of reaction.
  13. What is the name of reaction for preparation of methyl isocyanide?
  14. What do 1° and 2° amine form on reaction with phosgene?
  15. Write the name of reaction :
    MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 6
  16. MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 8
  17. What is obtained by reacting amine with chloroform?
  18. In which form is amine used in organic synthesis ?
  19. What does ethylamine form on oxidation in the presence of KMnO4?
  20. On adding Br2 water in aqueous solution of C6H5NH2 which precipitate is obtained?
  21. Which amine is obtained by the reduction of cyanide in the presence of Pt or Ni?
  22. MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 8
    Write the formula of x.
  23. MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 9
    Write the formula of x.
  24. Write the formula of Benzene diazonium chloride.

Answer:

  1. Aniline gets oxidised by air
  2. Active hydrogen is absent
  3. Tertiary amine
  4. All primary aromatic amines
  5. Phenyl isocyanide
  6. By Liebermann’s nitroso test
  7. Nitrolic acid
  8. Basic
  9. Benzene sulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)
  10. Conc. HNO3 + conc. H2SO4
  11. Oil of mirbane
  12. Diazotisation
  13. Carbyl – amine reaction
  14. Substituted urea
  15. Carbylamine reaction
  16. Sand – meyer’s reaction
  17. Alkyl isocyanide
  18. Reagent alkane
  19. Aldehyde
  20. Symmetrical tribromoaniline
  21. 1°amine
  22. C6H5NH2
  23. Schmidt reaction
  24. C6H5 – N2 – Cl.

Amines Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Hinsberg reagent?
Answer:
Aryl sulphonyl chloride like Benzene sulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) is called Hinsberg reagent.

Question 2.
Which group linked in Aniline increases basic strength?
Answer:
Groups like – OCH3, – CH3 etc. linked in aniline increases the basic strength.

Question 3.
Write the structure of Phthalimide.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 10

Question 4.
How is the structure of amines and why?
Answer:
Structure of amines is pyramidal because of the presence of lone electron pair on nitrogen.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is the use of Benadryl? Tell the functional group present in it.
Answer:
Benadryl is used as an antihistamine and tertiary amine group is present in it.

Question 6.
Why are amines soluble in dilute mineral acids?
Answer:
Amines form ionic crystalline salts in dilute mineral acids.
R – NH2 + HCl > [R – \(\overset { + }{ N }\) H3s]Cl

Question 7.
Write the formula and IUPAC name of Sulphonic acid.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 11

Question 8.
In what are amines found in nature?
Answer:
In nature, amines are found in proteins, vitamins, alkaloids and hormones.

Question 9.
What is the bond angle in trimethyl amine?
Answer:
Bond angle in trimethyl amine (CH3)3N is 108°.

Question 10.
Write the equation of formation of iodobenzene from aniline.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 12

Amines Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Aniline is insoluble in water but soluble in HCl. Explain.
Answer:
Being basic nature, aniline forms soluble salts with strong acids like HCl while with water no such salt is formed. Therefore, aniline is insoluble in water but soluble in HCl.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 13

Question 2.
Write a short note on Schotten Baumann reaction.
Answer:
Aromatic acid chloride reacts with phenol and aniline in presence of aqueous NaOH or pyridine. The reaction is known as Schotten Baumann reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 14

Question 3.
How will you convert: (NCERT)
(i) Benzene into aniline
(ii) Benzene into N, N – dimethylaniline
(iii) Cl – (CH2)4 – Cl into hexane – 1, 6 – diamine.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 15

Question 4.
Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic strength: (NCERT)

  1. C2H5NH2,C6H5NH2,NH3,C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5)2NH
  2. C2H5NH2,(C2H5)2NH,(C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2
  3. CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2.

Answer:

  1. C6H5NH2 < NH3 < C6H5CH2NH2 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
  2. C6H5NH2 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)3N < (C2H5)2NH
  3. C6H5NH2 < C6H5CH2NH2 < (CH3)3N < CH3NH2 < (CH3)2NH.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Also write chemical equations of the reactions involved. (NCERT)
Answer:
Hinsberg’s test:
This is a excellent test for distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. The amine is treated with benzene sulphonyl chloride (Hinsberg’s reagent) in presence of excess of aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. (Refer text for details)

Question 6.
What is Mendius reaction?
Answer:
Reduction of alkyl cyanides by sodium and alcohols yield primary amine. This reaction is called Mendius reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 16

Question 7.
Ethyl amine is more basic than ammonia, why?
Answer:
The value of Ka = 4.5 x 10-4 for ethyl amine and for ammonia it is 1.8 x 10-5. Larger is the Kb value, more basic is the amine and vice – versa. In ethyl amine the availability of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom increases due to the +I inductive effect of the ethyl group. Hence, this lone pair of electrons can easily accept a proton. This explains why ethyl amine is more basic than ammonia.

Question 8.
Write short notes on :

  1. Chmidt reaction
  2. Mustard oil reaction.

Answer:
1. Schmidt reaction:
When hydrazoic acid dissolved in chloroform or benzene, react with mono carboxylic acid in presence of H2SO4 at 55°C, primary amine is obtained.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 17

Mustard oil reaction:
When aliphatic primary amine is heated with carbon disulphide and HgCl2, alkyl isothiocyanate is formed, which has smell like mustard oil. Therefore, this reaction is called mustard oil reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 18

Question 9.
Give a Hinsberg method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Answer:
Hinsberg method:
This method is capable to differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Amines are heated with benzene sulphonyl chloride (Hinsberg reagent) and various products are obtained.

1. Primary amine : These form sulphonamide which are soluble in KOH.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 19

2. Secondary amine : Secondary amine also form sulphonamide which are insoluble in KOH.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 20

3. Tertiary amine : Tertiary amine does not react.
C6H5SO2Cl + R3N → No reaction.

Question 10.
Write the points of difference between Ethyl amine and Aniline.
Answer:
Differences between Ethyl amine and Aniline:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 21

Question 11.
Why aniline is less basic than ethyl amine?
Answer:
Aniline is less basic than ethyl amine as due to resonance of benzene nucleus, the lone pair of electron of nitrogen atom is attracted towards nucleus and gets delocalised in the ring Thus, electron pair is liberated with difficulty in aniline than ethyl amine. Hence, its basic property is less than ethyl amine.

The delocalisation of electron as a result of resonance is shown as follows :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 22

Question 12.
Convert: (NCERT)

  1. 3 – Methylaniline into 3 – nitrotoluene
  2. Aniline into 1,3,5 – tribromobenzene.

Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 23

Amines Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write reduction reactions of nitro – benzene :

  1. In acid medium
  2. Neutral medium
  3. In basic medium.

Or,
Describe reduction reactions of nitro – benzene in different conditions.
Answer:
Reduction of Nitro – benzene:
Nitro – benzene is readily reduced. This gives different compounds under different conditions depending upon the pH of the medium and the nature of the reducing agent. The reduction takes place in three steps :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 25
(a) Acidic medium : When reduced with Sn + HCl or Fe + HCl, gives aniline.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 26

(b) Neutral medium : When reduced with aluminium mercury couple or zinc dust and ammonium chloride, phenyl hydroxyl amine is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 27

(c) In basic medium (Alkaline medium):
(i) Reduction with alkaline sodium arsenite : Azoxy benzene is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 28

(ii) Reduction with zinc dust and caustic soda : Hydrozo benzene is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 29

Question 2.
Distinguish among p, s and t amines under the following points:

  1. Reaction with HNO2
  2. Carbyl amine reaction
  3. Mustard oil reaction
  4. Reaction with acid halide
  5. Reaction with alkyl halide
  6. Reaction with C6H5SO2Cl

Answer:
Differences among p, s and t amines :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 30

Question 3.
Explain the laboratory method of preparation of ethyl amine under the following heads:

  1. Procedure
  2. Equation of reaction
  3. Diagram
  4. Physical properties.

Answer:
Laboratory method of preparation of ethyl amine:
In laboratory ethyl amine is prepared by Hofmann Bromoamide reaction. In this process reaction of propanamide with bromine and caustic potash solution takes place. All steps in the process are following:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 31
C2H5CONH2 + Br2 → C2H5CONHBr + HBr
KOH + HBr → KBr + H2O
C2H5CONHBr + KOH → C2H5NCO + KBr + H2O
C2H5NCO + 2KOH → C2H5NH2 + K2CO3
C2H5CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH → C2H5NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2H2O

Procedure:
In a round bottom distillation flask equivalent quantities of bromine and propanamide is taken and 10% KOH solution is added in it. Now 50% KOH solution is added in excess and the flask is heated on water bath upto 57.67°C. When the solution becomes colourless, ethyl amine starts to be distilled which is absorbed in dil. HCl.

Physical properties:
It is a colourless liquid with an odour like ammonia which is soluble in water and organic solvent. It is a combustible substance. Its boiling point is 19°C.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Write laboratory method of preparation of aniline. Give all chemical equations of this process.
Or,
Describe commercial method of preparation of aniline.
Answer:
Laboratory Method for the Preparation of Aniline:
Aniline is prepared in the laboratory by the reduction of nitro – benzene with tin and hydrochloric acid.
C6H5NOZ +6[H] → C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Experiment:
Nitrobenzene (20 g) and granulated tin (40 g) are taken in a round – bottom flask and a reflux condenser is fitted. Now hydrochloric acid (100 ml) is added in small amounts (10 ml at a time). The flask is shaken after each addition of acid and the temperature is not allowed to rise above 90°C. The flask is heated on a water bath till the smell of nitro – benzene disappears. On cooling the flask, a solid mass of molecular formula
(C6H5NH2.HCl)2.SnCl4 separates out.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 32
Sn + 4HCl → SnCl4 +4H
C6H5NO2 + 6[H] → C6H5NH2 + 2H2O
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 33

The solid mass is treated with concentrated NaOHsolution. So that a clear alkaline solution is obtained. Aniline is liberated and floats as a dark brown coloured oil.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 34
From this aniline is obtained by steam distillation.

Question 5.
Write down the chemical equation representing preparation of nitrobenzene in laboratory and give the following chemical reaction of nitrobenzene:

  1. Nitration
  2. Sulphonation.

Answer:
Preparation of nitrobenzene in laboratory : Nitrobenzene is prepared in laboratory by treating benzene with a mixture of cone. HNO3and cone. H2SO4at 60°C.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 35

Reaction of nitrobenzene:
1. Nitration : Nitrobenzene forms m – dinitrobenzene when heated with fuming HNO3 and cone. H2SO4.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 36

2. Sulphonation : Nitrobenzene forms m – nitrobenzene sulphonic acid on heating with fuming H2SO4.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 37

Question 6.
Write short notes on the following : (NCERT)

  1. Carbylamine reaction
  2. Diazotisation
  3. Hofmann’s bromamide reaction,
  4. Coupling reaction
  5. Ammonolysis
  6. Acetylation
  7. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.

Answer:
1. Carbylamine reaction:
Primary aliphatic amine or aniline when warmed with chloroform in presence of alcoholic KOH gives isocyanide or carbylamine, a compound with disagreeable odour. This reaction is known as Carbylamine reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 38

2. Diazotisation:
By action of NaNO2 solution in ice cooled solution of aromatic amine formed inorganic acid, diazonium salts are obtained.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 39
Diazonium salt contains diazo group (- N = N -) therefore, this process is called diazotization.

3. Hofmann’s bromamide reaction:
Primary aliphatic and aromatic amines can be prepared from amides by treatment with Br2 and KOH. The amine formed contains one carbon atom less than the parent amide. Therefore, this method is used for stepping down the series in organic conversion. Due to this reason it is also known as Hofmann degradation.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 40

4. Coupling reaction:
Aniline reacts with diazonium chloride at ice cold temperature to giveoright orangered dye.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 41

5. Ammonolysis:
It is a process of replacement of either halogen atom in alkyl halides (or aryl halides) or hydroxyl group in alcohols (or phenols) by amino group. The reagent used for ammonolysis is alcoholic ammonia. Generally, a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amine is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 42

6. Acetylation:
Aliphatic and aromatic primary and secondary amines react with acid chlorides, anhydrides and esters by nucleophilic substitution reaction. This reaction is considered as replacement of hydrogen atom of – NH2 or >NH group by acyl group.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 43
This reaction is known as acylation. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base stronger than amine like pyridine, which removes HCl so formed and shift the equilibrium towards right hand side. The product obtained by acylation reaction is known as amides.

7. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:
In this reaction, potassium phthalimide react with alkyl halide to form N – methyl phthalimide which on hydrolysis give primary amine.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 44

Question 7.
Complete the following reactions
(i) C6H5NH2+ CHCl3+ (alc.)KOH →
(ii) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2+H2O →
(iii) C6H5NH2+ H2SO4(Conc.) →
(iv) C6H5N2Cl + C2H5OH →
(v) C6H5NH2+Br2(aq)
(vi) C6H5NH2+ (CH3CO)2O →
(viii) MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 45
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 13 Amines 46-1

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन Important Questions

प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –

प्रश्न 1.
यदि sin-1x – cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 6 } \) हो, तो x का मान ज्ञात कीजिए –
(a) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac { \sqrt { 3 } }{ 2 } \)
(c) – \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(a) \(\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 2.
यदि tan-1 3 + tan-1 x = tan-1 8 हो, तो x का मान होगा –
(a) 5
(b) \(\frac{1}{5}\)
(c) \(\frac{5}{14}\)
(d) \(\frac{14}{5}\)
उत्तर:
(b) \(\frac{1}{5}\)

प्रश्न 3.
tan-1 ( \(\frac{x}{y}\) ) – tan-1 ( \(\frac { x-y }{ x+y } \) ) का मान है –
(a) \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
(b) \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \)
(c) \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
(d) \(\frac { -3\pi }{ 4 } \)
उत्तर:
(c) \(\frac { -3\pi }{ 4 } \)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
2 tan-1 {cosec (tan-1 x) – tan (cot-1 x)} का मान है –
(a) cot-1 x
(b) cot-1 \(\frac{1}{x}\)
(c) tan-1 x
(d) tan-1 \(\frac{1}{x}\)
उत्तर:
(c) tan-1 x

प्रश्न 5.
tan {cos-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ 5\sqrt { 2 } } \) – sin-1 \(\frac { 4 }{ \sqrt { 17 } } \) } का मान होगा –
(a) \(\frac { \sqrt { 29 } }{ 3 } \)
(b) \(\frac{29}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac { \sqrt { 3 } }{ 29 } \)
(d) \(\frac{3}{29}\)
उत्तर:
(d) \(\frac{3}{29}\)

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए –

  1. tan-1 (1) + tan-1 (2) + tan-1 (3) = ………………………….
  2. tan-1 (2) – tan-1 (1) = …………………………….
  3. cot-1 3 + cosec-1 \(\sqrt{5}\)
  4. sin(sin-1 x + 2 cos-1 x) = …………………………..
  5. यदि sin-1 ( \(\frac { 2a }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) ) + sin ( \(\frac { 2b }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) ) = 2 tan-1 x, तो x = ………………………….
  6. यदि tan-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) ) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) tan-1 x (जब x > 0), तो x =
  7. tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac { b-c }{ 1+bc } \) ) + tan-1 c = ………………………..

उत्तर:

  1. π
  2. tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{3}\) )
  3. \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
  4. x
  5. \(\frac { a+b }{ 1-ab } \)
  6. \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } \)
  7. tan-1 (a)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न कथनों में सत्य/असत्य बताइए –

  1. tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 \(\frac { x+y }{ 1-xy } \)
  2. cos-1(-x) = – cos-1 x
  3. sin-1 (3x – 4x3) = sin-1 \(\frac{x}{3}\)
  4. cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x^{ 2 } }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } \) ) = 2 tan-1 x
  5. sin-1 x – sin-1 y = sin-1 [xy – \(\sqrt { 1-x^{ 2 } } \) \(\sqrt { 1-y^{ 2 } } \) ].

उत्तर:

  1. सत्य
  2. असत्य
  3. असत्य
  4. सत्य
  5. असत्य।

प्रश्न 4.
सही जोड़ी बनाइये –
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
उत्तर:

  1. (b)
  2. (e)
  3. (f)
  4. (a)
  5. (c)
  6. (d)

प्रश्न 5.
एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए –

  1. tan-1\(\frac{1}{2}\) + tan-1\(\frac{3}{2}\) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  2. tan-1 \(\frac { x }{ \sqrt { 1-x^{ 2 } } } \) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  3. sin (2 sin-1\(\frac{3}{5}\) ) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  4. समीकरण sin-1 \(\frac{x}{5}\) + cosec-1\(\frac{5}{4}\) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  5. cos-1 (cos \(\frac { 7\pi }{ 6 } \) ) का मुख्य मान लिखिए।
  6. यदि cos-1 ( \(\frac{1}{x}\) ) = θ हो, तो tan θ का मान लिखिए।

उत्तर:

  1. tan-1 8
  2. sin-1 x
  3. \(\frac{24}{25}\)
  4. x = 3
  5. \(\frac { 5\pi }{ 6 } \)
  6. \(\sqrt { x^{ 2 }-1 } \)

प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन लाधु उतरिय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित के मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिये – (CBSE 2014)

(i) tan-1 [sin (- \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) ) (CBSE 2014)

(ii) cot [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – 2 cot-1 \(\sqrt{3}\) (CBSE 2014)

(iii) tan-1 (-\(\sqrt{3}\) )

(iv) sec-1 (-\(\frac{2}{3}\) \(\sqrt{3}\) ) (NCERT)

(v) cosec-1 (2) (NCERT)

हल:
(i) tan-1 [sin (- \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) )
= tan-1 [- sin \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) ], [∵sin (- θ) = – sin θ]
= tan-1 (-1), (∵ sin \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) = 1)
= – tan-1 (1), (∵ tan-1 (-x) = – tan-1 x)
= –\(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) (∵ tan-1 (1) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
(ii) cot [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – 2cot-1 \(\sqrt{3}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

(iii) माना tan(-\(\sqrt{3}\)) = θ
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

(iv) sec-1 \(\frac{-2}{3}\)\(\sqrt{3}\)) = θ
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 2.
सिद्ध कीजिये –
(a) 2 cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) = cos-1 \(\frac{7}{25}\)
(b) 2 sin-1 \(\frac{3}{5}\) = sin-1 \(\frac{24}{25}\)
(c) 2 sin-1 \(\frac{5}{13}\) = sin-1 \(\frac{120}{169}\)
हल:
(a) 2 cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) = cos-1 \(\frac{7}{25}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

(b) 2 sin-1 \(\frac{3}{5}\) = sin-1 \(\frac{24}{25}\)

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
(c) क्रमांक की 2(b) भाँती हल कीजिये।

प्रश्न 3.
मान ज्ञात कीजिये –
tan-1 {2 cos (2 sin-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) )} (CBSE 2013, NCERT)
हल:
tan-1 {2 cos (2 sin-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) )} = tan-1 [2 cos (2 × \(\frac { \pi }{ 6 } \) ) ]
= tan-1 [2 cos \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \) ] = tan-1 [2 × \(\frac{1}{2}\) ]
= tan-1 1
= \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
मान ज्ञात कीजिये –
sin [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \) – sin-1 (- \(\frac{1}{2}\)) ] (CBSE 2008, 13)
हल:
sin [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \) – sin-1 (- \(\frac{1}{2}\) ) ]
= sin [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \) + sin-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\)) ], [∵sin-1 (-x) = – sin-1x]
= sin [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \) + \(\frac { \pi }{ 6 } \) ] = sin \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) = 1

प्रश्न 5.
सिद्ध कीजिये –
2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{5}{12}\)?
हल:
L.H.S = 2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 6.
मान ज्ञात कीजिये –
tan (2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\) – \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) )
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 7.
सिद्ध कीजिये –
3 sin-1 x = sin-1 (3x – 4x3). (NCERT, CBSE 2018)
हल:
मानलो sin-1 x = θ.
∴ x = sin θ
अब sin 3θ = 3 sinθ – 4sin3θ
= 3x – 4x3
∴ 3θ = sin-1 (3x – 4x3)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 8.
सिद्ध कीजिये –
3 cos-1 x = cos-1 (4x3 – 3x) (NCERT)
हल:
मानलो cos-1 x = θ
∴ x = cos θ
अब cos 3θ = 4 cos3θ – 3 cos θ
= 4x3 – 3x
∴ 3θ = cos-1 (4x3 – 3x)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 9.
सिद्ध कीजिये –
(A) tan-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) + tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
(B) cos-1\(\frac{12}{13}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{5}{12}\)
(C) cos-1\(\frac{3}{5}\) = sin-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\)
हल:
(A) tan-1 = \(\frac{1}{2}\) + tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
L.H.S = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) + tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\)

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
(B) cos-1 \(\frac{12}{13}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{5}{12}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
समी. (1) तथा (2) L.H.S. = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

(C) cos-1 \(\frac{3}{5}\) = sin-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\)

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
समी. (1) तथा (2) L.H.S. = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 10.
सिद्ध कीजिये
(A) sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
(B) sin-1 x + cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
(C) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
हल:
(A) sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
माना sin-1 x = θ ………………… (1)
⇒ x = sin θ
⇒ x = cos ( \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ) ………………………. (2)
समी. (1) तथा (2) को जोड़ने पर
sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = θ + \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) यही सिद्ध करना था।

(B) sin-1 x + cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
माना sin-1 x = θ ………………….. (1)
⇒ x = sin θ
⇒ x = cos ( \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ)
⇒ cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ …………………………. (2)
समी. (1) तथा (2) को जोड़ने पर,
sin-1 x + cos-1 x = θ + \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ
⇒ sin-1 x + cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) यही सिद्ध करना था।

(C) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
माना
⇒ tan-1 x = θ …………………………… (1)
⇒ x = tan θ
⇒ x = cot ( \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ)
⇒ cot-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – θ ……………………… (2)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 11.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
(A) tan-1 5 – tan-1 3 – tan-1 \(\frac{1}{8}\)
(B) tan-1 3 – tan-1 2 = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{7}\)
(C) tan-1 7 – tan-1 5 = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{18}\)
हल:
(A) tan-1 5 – tan-1 3 = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{8}\)
L.H.S = tan-1 5 – tan-1 3
= tan-1 \(\frac { 5-3 }{ 1+5.3 } \) = tan-1 \(\frac{2}{16}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{8}\)
= R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

(B) प्रश्न क्रमांक 11 (A) की भाँति हल कीजिये।

(C) प्रश्न क्रमांक 11 (A) की भाँति हल कीजिये।

प्रश्न 12.
सिद्ध कीजिये कि
(A) tan-1 \(\frac{4}{7}\) – tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\)
(B) tan-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) – tan-1 \(\frac{2}{9}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{4}\)
(C) tan-1 \(\frac{1}{7}\) + tan-1 \(\frac{1}{8}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{3}{11}\)
हल:
(A) tan-1 \(\frac{4}{7}\) – tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\)
L.H.S = tan-1 \(\frac{4}{7}\) – tan-1 \(\frac{1}{5}\)
= tan-1 \(\frac { \frac { 4 }{ 7 } -\frac { 1 }{ 5 } }{ 1+\frac { 4 }{ 7 } .\frac { 1 }{ 5 } } \) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\)
= tan-1 \(\frac{13}{39}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{3}\)
= R.H.S यही सिद्ध करना था।

(B) प्रश्न क्रमांक 12 (A) की भाँति हल कीजिये।

(C) प्रश्न क्रमांक 12 (A) की भाँति हल कीजिये।

प्रश्न 13.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 1 + tan-1 2 + tan-1 3 = π
हल: L.H.S. = tan-1 1 + (tan-1 2 + tan-1 3)
= tan-1 (1) + π + tan-1 ( \(\frac { 2+3 }{ 1-2\times 3 } \) )
[∵ tan-1 x + tan-1 y = π + tan-1 \(\frac { x+y }{ 1-xy } \), यदि x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1, यहाँ xy = 6 > 1]
= tan-1 (1) + π + tan-1 ( \(\frac{5}{5-6}\) )
= tan-1 (1) + π + tan-1 (-1)
= tan-1 (1) + π – tan-1 (1), [∵tan-1(-x) = – tan-1 x]
= π = R.H.S
∵ बाएँ पक्ष की राशियाँ धनात्मक कोण बनाती हैं, अतः बायाँ पक्ष शून्य नहीं हो सकता।
अत: बायाँ पक्ष = π = दायाँ पक्ष। यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 14.
यदि tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{k}\) ) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) हो, तो k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल: tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{k}\) ) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
⇒ \(\frac { k+2 }{ 2k-1 } \) = 1
⇒ k + 2 = 2k – 1
⇒ 2 + 1 = 2k – k
⇒ k = 3.

प्रश्न 15.
यदि tan-1 ( \(\frac{3}{4}\) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{k}\) ) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) हो, तो k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
प्रश्न क्रमांक 14 की भाँति हल कीजिये।
[उत्तर – k = 1.]

प्रश्न 16.
यदि tan-1 ( \(\frac{4}{5}\) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{k}\) ) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) हो, तो k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
प्रान क्रमांक 14 की भाँति हल कीजिये।
[उत्तर – k = 9.]

प्रश्न 17.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 \(\sqrt{x}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) )
हल:
R.H.S. = \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) )
माना \(\sqrt{x}\) = tan θ
⇒ x = tan2 θ
⇒ \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) = \(\frac { 1-tan^{ 2 }\theta }{ 1+tan^{ 2 }\theta } \) = cos 2θ
∴ R.H.S = \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 (cos 2θ)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 2θ = θ
= tan-1 ( \(\sqrt{x}\) ), [∵ \(\sqrt{x}\) = tanθ ⇒ tan-1 ( \(\sqrt{x}\) ) = θ]
= L.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 18.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
sin (cos-1x) = cos (sin-1x)
हल:
L.H.S.= sin (cos-1 x)
= sin [ \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – sin-1 x], [∵sin-1 x + cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \), cos-1 x = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) – sin-1 x] [∵ sin(90° – θ) = cos θ]
= cos (sin-1 x),
= R.H.S यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 19.
(A) सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 ( \(\frac { b-c }{ 1+bc } \) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac { c-a }{ 1+ca } \) ) + tan-1 a = tan-1 b?
हल:
L.H.S = tan-1 ( \(\frac { b-c }{ 1+bc } \) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac { c-a }{ 1+ca } \) ) + tan-1 a
= tan-1 b – tan-1 c + tan-1 c – tan-1 a + tan-1 a
= tan-1 b = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

(B) सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac { b-c }{ 1+bc } \) ) + tan-1 c = tan-1 a?
हल:
L.H.S = tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) ) + tan-1 ( \(\frac { b-c }{ 1+bc } \) ) + tan-1 c
= (tan-1 a – tan-1 b) + (tan-1 b – tan-1 c) + tan-1 c
= tan-1 a = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 20.
समीकरण हल कीजिए –
sin-1 \(\frac { 2a }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) + sin-1 \(\frac { 2b }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) = 2 tan-1 x?
हल:
दिया गया समीकरण है:
sin-1 \(\frac { 2a }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) + sin-1 \(\frac { 2b }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) = 2 tan-1 x
⇒ 2 tan-1 a + 2 tan-1 b = 2 tan-1 x, [∵ sin-1 \(\frac { 2x }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } \) = 2 tan-1 x]
⇒ tan-1 a + tan-1 b = tan-1 x
⇒ tan-1 \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) = tan-1 x
x = \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \)

प्रश्न 21.
समीकरण हल कीजिए –
cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-a^{ 2 } }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) ) – cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-b^{ 2 } }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) ) = 2 tan-1 x?
हल:
दिया गया समीकरण है:
cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-a^{ 2 } }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) ) – cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-b^{ 2 } }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) ) = 2 tan-1 x
⇒ 2 tan-1 a – 2 tan-1 = 2 tan-1 x
⇒ tan-1 a – tan-1 b = tan-1 x
⇒ tan-1 \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) = tan-1 x
∴ x = \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \)

प्रश्न 22.
(A) सिद्ध कीजिए –
2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{4}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{8}{15}\)?
हल:
दिया है:
2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{4}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{8}{15}\)
L.H.S = 2 tan-1 \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= tan-1 \(\frac { 2.1/4 }{ 1-(1/4)^{ 2 } } \) [∵ 2 tan-1 x = tan-1 \(\frac { 2x }{ 1-x^{ 2 } } \) ]
= tan-1 \(\frac { 1/2 }{ 15/16 } \)
= tan-1 \(\frac{8}{15}\) = R.H.S यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

(B) सिद्ध कीजिए –
2 tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) ) = tan-1 ( \(\frac{4}{3}\) )
हल:
दिया है:
2 tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) ) = tan-1 ( \(\frac{4}{3}\) )
L.H.S = 2 tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) )
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 23.
सरलतम रूप में लिखिए –
tan-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1-cosx }{ 1+cosx } } \)?
हल:
दिया है:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 24.
सरलतम रूप में लिखिए –
cos-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1 }{ 2 } (1+cosx) } \)?
हल:
दिया है:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 25.
यदि tan-1 a + tan-1 b + tan-1 c = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि
ab + bc + ca = 1.
हल:
दिया है:
tan-1 + tan-1 b + tan-1 c = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)
⇒ tan-1a + tan-1 b + tan-1 c = tan-1 a + cot-1 a, [∵tan-1 a + cot-1 a = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) ]
⇒ tan-1 b + tan-1 c = cot-1 a
⇒ tan-1 ( \(\frac { b+c }{ 1-bc } \) ) = tan-1 ( \(\frac{1}{a}\) )
⇒ \(\frac { b+c }{ 1-bc } \) = \(\frac{1}{a}\)
⇒ ab + ca = 1 – bc
⇒ ab + bc + ca = 1 यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 26.
सिद्ध कीजिए –
यही सिद्ध करना था।
tan-1 \(\frac{2}{11}\) + cot-1 \(\frac{24}{7}\) = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\)?
हल:
L.H.S. = tan-1 \(\frac{2}{11}\) + cot-1 \(\frac{7}{24}\)
= tan-1 \(\frac{2}{11}\) + tan-1 \(\frac{7}{24}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
= tan-1 [ \(\frac{125}{250}\) ] = tan-1 \(\frac{1}{2}\) = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 27.
सिद्ध कीजिए –
cos-1 x = 2 cos-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1+x }{ 2 } } \)
= 2 cos-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1+cos\theta }{ 2 } } \), ( x = cos θ रखने पर)
= 2 cos-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 2cos^{ 2 }\frac { \theta }{ 2 } }{ 2 } } \) = 2. \(\frac { \theta }{ 2 } \)
= cos-1 x = L.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 28.
सिद्ध कीजिए –
cos-1 x = 2 tan-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } } \)?
हल:
R.H.S = 2 tan-1 \(\sqrt { \frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } } \)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
= 2. \(\frac { \theta }{ 2 } \) = θ = cos-1 x = L.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 29.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 ( \(\frac{a}{b}\) ) – tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ a+b } \) ) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)?
हल:
L.H.S = tan-1 ( \(\frac{a}{b}\) ) – tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ a+b } \) )
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
= tan-1 1
= \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) = R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न – I

प्रश्न 1.
(A) सिद्ध कीजिए कि
sin-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 5 } } \) + sin-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 10 } } \) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)?
हल:
माना sin-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 5 } } \) = A, sin-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 10 } } \) = B
∴ A + B = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
⇒ sin(A + B) = sin \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
⇒ sinA cosB + cosA sinB = \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 2 } } \)
L.H.S = sinA \(\sqrt { 1-sin^{ 2 }B } \) + \(\sqrt { 1-sin^{ 2 }A } \). sin B
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

(B) निम्न समीकरण को हल कीजिए:
sin-1 x + sin-1 (1 – x) = sin-1 \(\sqrt { 1-x^{ 2 } } \)?
हल:
दिया गया समीकरण है:
sin-1 x + sin-1 (1 – x) = sin-1 \(\sqrt { 1-x^{ 2 } } \)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
वर्ग करने पर,
x2 (2x – x2) = x2 (1 – x2)
⇒ x2 (2x – x2 – 1 + x2) = 0
⇒ x2 (2x – 1) = 0
अतः x = 0, \(\frac{1}{2}\).

प्रश्न 2.
(A) सिद्ध कीजिए कि tan-1 \(\frac { x+1 }{ x } \) – tan-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2x+1 } \) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)?
(B) यदि tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए xy + yz + zx = xyz.
(C) यदि tan-1 x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \), हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए xy + yz + zx = 1.
हल:
(A) tan-1 \(\frac { x+1 }{ x } \) – tan-1 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2x+1 } \) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
= R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।
(B) tan-1 x + tan-1 z = π
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
⇒ x + y + z – xyz = 0 [∵ tan π = 0]
∴ x + y + z = xyz. यही सिद्ध करना था।
(C) प्रश्न क्रमांक 2 (B) की भाँति tan \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \) = ∞ = \(\frac{1}{0}\), रखकर विद्यार्थी स्वयं हल करें।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
सरलतम रूप में लिखिए –
tan-1 [ \(\frac { \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } }{ x } \) ]?
हल:
tan-1 [ \(\frac { \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } }{ x } \) ]
माना x = tan θ
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 4.
(A) सिद्ध कीजिए –
\(\frac{1}{2}\) sin-1 x = cot-1 \(\frac { \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } }{ x } \)?
हल:
R.H.S. = cot-1 \(\frac { \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } }{ x } \)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

(B) सिद्ध कीजिए –
\(\frac{1}{2}\) cot-1 x = cot-1 ( \(\sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }+x } \) )?
हल:
\(\frac{1}{2}\) cot-1 x = cot-1 ( \(\sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }+x } \) )
R.H.S. = cot-1 ( \(\sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }+x } \) )
माना x = cot θ
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 5.
समीकरण को हल कीजिए –
tan-1 (x + 1) + tan-1 (x – 1) = tan-1 ( \(\frac{6}{17}\) )?
हल:
दिया है:
tan-1 (x + 1) + tan-1 (x – 1) = tan-1 ( \(\frac{6}{17}\) )?
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
⇒ 17x = 6 – 3x2
⇒ 3x2 + 18 x – x – 6 = 0
⇒ 3x(x + 6) -1 (x + 6) = 0
⇒ (x + 6) (3x – 1) = 0
∴ x = – 6, x = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 6.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि cos-1 \(\frac{3}{5}\) + cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \)?
हल:
दिया है:
L.H.S = cos-1 \(\frac{3}{5}\) + cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 7.
यदि cos-1 x + cos-1 y + cos-1 z = π हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1
हल:
दिया है:
cos-1 x + cos-1 y + cos-1 z = π
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
दोनों पक्षों का वर्ग करने पर,
x2y2 + z2 + 2xyz = (1 – x2) (1 – y2)
⇒ x2y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 – y2 – x2 + x2y2
⇒ z2 + 2xyz = 1 – y2 – x2
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1. यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 8.
यदि sin-1 \(\frac { 2a }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) – cos-1 \(\frac { 1-b^{ 2 } }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) = tan-1 \(\frac { 2x }{ 1-x^{ 2 } } \) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि x = \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \)?
हल:
यहाँ sin-1 \(\frac { 2a }{ 1+a^{ 2 } } \) – cos-1 \(\frac { 1-b^{ 2 } }{ 1+b^{ 2 } } \) = tan-1 \(\frac { 2x }{ 1-x^{ 2 } } \) ………………………….. (1)
माना a = tan θ, b = tan ∅, x = tan Ψ
समी. (1) में इन मानों को रखने पर,
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
⇒ sin-1 (sin 2θ) – cos-1 (cos 2∅) = tan-1 (tan 2Ψ)
⇒ 2θ – 2∅ = 2Ψ
⇒ θ – ∅ = Ψ
⇒ tan-1 a – tan-1 b = tan-1 x
⇒ tan-1 ( \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \) ) = tan-1 x
⇒ x = \(\frac { a-b }{ 1+ab } \). यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 9.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि
tan-1 \(\frac{\sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}}{\sqrt{1+x}+\sqrt{1-x}}\) = \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \) – \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos1 x
हल:
माना कि x = cos θ, तब θ = cos-1 x
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 10.
सरलतम रूप में लिखिये –
tan-1 ( \(\frac { x }{ \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } } \) )?
हल:
tan-1 ( \(\frac { x }{ \sqrt { 1+x^{ 2 }-1 } } \) ) में x = tan θ रखने पर,
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

प्रश्न 11.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
tan-1 \(\sqrt{x}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) ) (NCERT)
हल:
R.H.S. = \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-x }{ 1+x } \) )
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
माना \(\sqrt{x}\) = tan θ
तब, θ = tan-1 \(\sqrt{x}\)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 ( \(\frac { 1-tan^{ 2 }\theta }{ 1+tan^{ 2 }\theta } \) )
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) cos-1 (cos 2θ), [∵ cos-1 (cos x) = x]
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 2θ
= θ
= tan-1 \(\sqrt{x}\), [समी. (1) से]
= L.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 12.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
tan-1 \(\frac { 6x-8x^{ 3 } }{ 1-12x^{ 2 } } \) – tan-1 \(\frac { 4x }{ 1-4x^{ 2 } } \) = tan-1 2x, जहाँ |2x| < \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } \) (CBSE 2016)
हल:
L.H.S. = tan-1 \(\frac { 6x-8x^{ 3 } }{ 1-12x^{ 2 } } \) – tan-1 \(\frac { 4x }{ 1-4x^{ 2 } } \)
= tan-1 \(\frac { 3(2x)-(2x)^{ 3 } }{ 1-3(2x)^{ 2 } } \) – tan-1 \(\frac { 2\times 2x }{ 1-(2x)^{ 2 } } \)
माना 2x = tanθ
तब,
θ = tan-1 2x
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन
= 3θ – 2θ = θ
= tan-1 2x [समी. (1) से]
= R.H.S. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 13.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) + cos-1 \(\frac{12}{13}\) = cos-1 \(\frac{33}{65}\)?
हल:
L.H.S. = cos-1 \(\frac{4}{5}\) + cos-1 \(\frac{12}{13}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 2 प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Swati Solutions पद्य Chapter 9 विविधा-1

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Swati Solutions पद्य Chapter 9 विविधा-1

विविधा-1 अभ्यास

विविधा-1 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पृथ्वी का आँचल किस प्रकार का कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी का आँचल सुनहरी धानों जैसा कहा गया है।

प्रश्न 2.
बसन्त के आमगन पर प्रकृति में क्या-क्या परिवर्तन होते हैं? (2014)
उत्तर:
बसन्त के आगमन पर नवयुवती बेल रूपी दुल्हन ने नवीन कोपलों के वस्त्र धारण कर लिये हैं। भौरे गुंजार कर रहे हैं। बेलों के पुष्पों का हार पहन कर समीर धीरे-धीरे बहने लगता है। धरती रूपी नायिका का सुनहरी धान्य भरा आँचल लहराने लगा है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘धरती और बसन्त’ का आपस में क्या नाता है? (2017)
उत्तर:
धरती मानव है तो बसन्त मानवता है। यही नाता दोनों का है।

प्रश्न 4.
नये-नये फूल कवि को कैसे लगते हैं?
उत्तर:
नये-नये लाल फूल कवि को ऐसे लगते हैं मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति विधात्री आग का ही प्रतिरूप हो।

MP Board Solutions

विविधा-1 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘पल्लव वसना’ किसे कहा गया है? (2016)
उत्तर:
पल्लव वसना’ सूखी-सी डाल को कहा गया है जो बसन्त के आने पर पल्लवों से वस्त्रधारिणी बनेगी। वह डाली उस शैलपुत्री के समान है जिसने पत्ते भी खाना छोड़ दिया था और सूख गई थी। वह सूखी डाली बसन्त के आने पर पल्लवों से वस्त्रधारिणी बनेगी।

प्रश्न 2.
शिपार्वती और सूखी डाली के बीच कौन-कौनसी समानताएँ हैं?
उत्तर:
शिव को पति के रूप में प्राप्त करने के लिए शैलपुत्री ने पत्ते भी खाना छोड़ दिया था। अतः अत्यन्त कमजोर हो गईं थीं। इधर पतझड़ ऋतु के आने पर डालें पत्तों से रहित हो जाती हैं। फिर बसन्त के आने पर उनमें नवीन पत्ते आ जाते हैं। अर्थात् वह पल्लवों से वस्त्रधारिणी बनती हैं। पार्वती अपनी तपस्या के बाद शिवजी का वरण करेंगी। यह डाल रूपी वधू बसन्त के आने पर बासन्ती वस्त्र पहनेगी।

प्रश्न 3.
“धरती है मानव तो बसन्त मानवता है” कवि की इस उक्ति का आशय समझाइये।
उत्तर:
कवि ने अपनी कविता में बसन्त के सौन्दर्य को मनुष्य के माध्यम से ही व्यक्त किया है। बसन्त में खिले लाल पुष्प मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति रूपी आग का ही प्रतिरूप हैं। यह परस्पर आदान-प्रदान है, जो मनुष्य और प्रकृति के बीच निरन्तर चलता रहता है। मनुष्य जब मानवता की भावना से जुड़ता है तभी उसके भीतर बसन्त खिलता है। कवि ने यहाँ धरती को मानव तो बसन्त को मानवता माना है। जिस प्रकार बसन्त धरती पर आकर चारों ओर आल्हाद बिखेर देता है उसी प्रकार मानव जब मानवता को समझ लेता है और उसके हित में भागीदार होता है तो ही बसन्त आता है अर्थात् खुशियाँ छा जाती हैं।

MP Board Solutions

विविधा-1 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निराला ने नवोत्कर्ष की बात किसके लिए कही है?
उत्तर:
निराला ने कहा है कि बसन्त आ गया है, जिससे सम्पूर्ण वन आनन्दित हो उठा है और चारों ओर सौन्दर्य का नया उत्कर्ष छा गया है। नवयुवती बेल रूपी दुल्हन ने नवीन कोंपलों के वस्त्र धारण कर लिये हैं और वृक्ष रूपी पति के गले से उमंगित होकर मिल रही है। भौरे गुंजार कर रहे हैं मानो बसन्त की वन्दना में चारण की भाँति गीत गा रहे हों। कोयल के स्वर को सुनकर आकाश के हृदय में प्रसन्नता भर गई है। समीर सुगन्धित फूलों का हार पहने धीरे-धीरे बहने लगा है। तालाब में कमल खिल गये हैं और कली के केशर रूपी केश बिखर गये हैं। बसन्त के आने पर चारों ओर नवोत्कर्ष स्पष्ट लक्षित हो रहा है।

प्रश्न 2.
“मधुव्रत में रत वधू मधुर फल देगी जग को स्वाद तोष दल” के भाव को स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
बसन्त के आगमन पर सूखी डाली बासन्ती वस्त्र धारण करेगी। यह वधू मधु का व्रत लेकर समस्त संसार को स्वाद का सन्तोष प्रदान करने वाला फल देगी। जिस शिव ने जहर को अमृत समझ कर पिया,ऐसे शीघ्र प्रसन्न होने वाले का बल समस्त संसार को उपहार में देगी। यह डाल रूपी वधू बासन्ती वस्त्र पहनेगी। इसका शुष्क एवं रूखापन बसन्त के आगमन पर पीलेपन में परिवर्तित हो जायेगा। यह पूरा वातावरण प्रसन्नता का द्योतक है। पुष्प मधु से भर जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत पंक्ति के दो भाव हैं

पार्वती के पक्ष में :
मधुर मिलन का व्रत लिए अनुरागिनी वधू मधुर फल (प्रिय-मिलन) को प्राप्त करेगी और संसार को सन्तोष रूपी स्वाद का फल प्रसाद रूप में देगी अर्थात् पार्वती भगवान शिव से विवाह करके जो मधुर फल प्राप्त करेंगी उसे जगत को दे देंगी। शीघ्र प्रसन्न होने वाली शिवजी की शक्ति से भी अमृत हो जायेगा।

बसन्त के पक्ष में :
डाल रूपी बधू मधु (बसन्त) के व्रत के मधुर मिलन की प्रतीक्षा में मग्न है और संसार को तृप्ति प्रदान करती फूलों की पाँखुरी से ग्रीष्म रूपी गरल का बसन्त रूपी अमृत बन जायेगा।

प्रश्न 3.
मुक्तिबोध ने प्रकृति को किस रूप में पहचाना है?
उत्तर:
मुक्तिबोध की अनुभूति अत्यन्त गम्भीर तथा मार्मिक है। कल्पना में प्रसूतों की महक है जो भावना सागर की लहरों को मोहित करने वाली है। मुक्तिबोध ने प्रकृति को मानवीय भावनाओं से जोड़ा है। धरती ने जो लाल-लाल फूल खिलाए हैं वे ऐसे लगते हैं जैसे मानव के हृदय में क्रान्ति की ज्वाला के उठते हुए भाव हों। बसन्त मानो पृथ्वी की ही छाया हो जो प्रकृति के ऊपर पड़कर चारों ओर के वातावरण को सुन्दर और सुखद बना देती है। धरती और बसन्त का नाता यह है कि धरती मानो मानव है तो बसन्त मानवता है। मनुष्य जब मानवता की भावना से जुड़ता है तभी उसके अन्दर बसन्त खिलता है। बसन्त में खिले लाल फूल मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति रूपी ज्वाला का ही प्रतिरूप हों। बसन्त की प्राकृतिक सुषमा का सम्बन्ध मनुष्य की चेतना से भी है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘मुझमें अपना ज्वलन्त बसन्त निहार लिया’ से कवि का क्या आशय है?
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति से कवि का तात्पर्य है कि धरती ने अपना धानी घूघट खोल कर मेरे हृदय के ज्वलन्त बसन्त को देख लिया अर्थात् बसन्त में खिले लाल पुष्प मानो हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति रूपी ज्वाला का ही प्रतिरूप हों। मेरे हृदय में जलती अग्नि रूपी आसव को पीकर धरती ने लाल-लाल फूल खिलाए हैं। उन नये-नये फूलों में भी कवि को अग्नि दिखाई देती है क्योंकि उसके अन्दर भी क्रान्ति की आग सुलग रही है। मेरे अन्दर जो अग्नि की ज्वाला जल रही है वह मुझे बसन्त के लाल-लाल फूलों में दिखाई दे रही है। कवि ने मानव का धरती से तादात्म्य स्थापित किया है। अन्त में कवि ने स्पष्ट कर दिया है कि धरती यदि मानव है तो बसन्त मानवता है। धरती के मानव पर कोई कष्ट आयेगा तो उसे बसन्त भी कष्टदायक प्रतीत होगा। मनुष्य जब मानवता की भावना से जुड़ता है,तभी उसके भीतर बसन्त खिलता है।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 5.
मुक्तिबोध ने नये-नये फूलों का वर्णन किस रूप में किया है?
उत्तर:
मुक्तिबोध के काव्य में विचार तत्त्व की प्रधानता है। बसन्त की प्राकृतिक सुन्दरता का सम्बन्ध मनुष्य की चेतना से है। एक तरह से कवि ने बसन्त के सम्पूर्ण सौन्दर्य को मनुष्य के माध्यम से ही व्यक्त किया है। उन्होंने नये-नये फूलों का वर्णन मनुष्य के हृदय में जलती हुई क्रान्ति की ज्वाला से किया है। नये-नये फूल भी आग भरे लगते हैं। मैंने उनको पहचाना नहीं कि वे मेरे हैं, धरती को कहा वे सब तेरे हैं। धरती ने तो फूल मनुष्य के लिए ही खिलाए हैं। जब मनुष्य के हृदय में कोई संघर्ष चल रहा हो तो वे फूल उसे क्रान्ति को पूर्ण करने का ही उत्साह देते हैं। कवि बसन्त के लाल-लाल फूलों को अपने हृदय में जलती हुई क्रान्ति की ज्वाला के समान मानता है। धरती पर बसन्त तभी सुन्दर लगता है जब मानवता बेवश व पददलित न हो। मानव के समाज में समरसता का होना आवश्यक है। जब तक समाज में विषमता रहेगी बसन्त के फूल हृदय में जलती हुई ज्वाला के समान लगेंगे।

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सन्दर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिये
(1) किसलय वसना ……… तरु पतिका।
(2) हीरक-सी समीर ……. अपर्ण अशना।
(3) धरती ने ……….. निहार लिया।
(4) बसन्त नहीं हूँ ………… बसन्त मानवता है।
उत्तर:
(1) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश कवि सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ द्वारा रचित ‘बसन्त गीत’ शीर्षक से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
इस कविता में कवि ने प्रकृति सुन्दरी के सौन्दर्य का वर्णन किया है,जो बसन्त के आगमन पर अति प्रसन्न है। कवि ने यहाँ प्रकृति का मानवीकरण किया है।

व्याख्या :
हे सखि ! बसन्त आ गया है, जिससे सम्पूर्ण वन आनन्दित हो उठा है और चारों ओर सौन्दर्य ही सौन्दर्य छा गया है। नवयुवती बेल रूपी दुल्हन ने नवीन कोंपलों के वस्त्र धारण कर लिये हैं और वृक्ष रूपी प्रिय पति के गले से प्रफुल्लित होकर मिल रही है, इस समय भौरे गुंजार कर रहे हैं तो ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि बसन्त की वन्दना में चारण की तरह गीत गा रहे हैं। कोयल के स्वर से आकाश भी प्रसन्न हो गया है।

सुगन्ध के भरे हुए पुष्पों का हार पहनकर समीर भी धीरे-धीरे बहने लगा है। वन की आँखों में भी यौवन का जादू जाग उठा है। तालाब में कमल खिल गये हैं और कली के केसर रूपी केश बिखर गये हैं। धरती रूपी नायिका का सुनहरी धान्य भरा अँचल लहराने लगा है।

(2) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश कवि सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी “निराला’ द्वारा रचित ‘वसन बासंती लेगी’ शीर्षक से उधृत है।

प्रसंग :
इस कविता में निराला जी ने बसन्त के आने से सूखी डाली में जो परिवर्तन आता है उसका वर्णन किया है। डाल की उपमा उन्होंने पार्वती से दी है।

व्याख्या :
हे सखि ! सूखी-सी यह डाल बसन्ती रंग का वस्त्र धारण करेगी। देखो, यह डाली पत्ते भी न खाने वाली पार्वती के समान हवा की चमकीली माला से जाप कर तपस्या कर रही है। यह पल्लवों के वस्त्र धारण करेगी। इसने गले में फूलों की माला पहन रखी है। सभी पुष्पों का रस बसन्त उसके हृदय-सरोवर में भर देगा। तब वह कामदेव को हराने वाले शिवजी का वरण करेगी। वह सूखी डाली बासन्ती वस्त्र धारण करेगी। यह वधू मधु का व्रत लेकर समस्त संसार को स्वाद का सन्तोष प्रदान करने वाला फल देगी। जिस शिव ने जहर को अमृत समझकर पिया,ऐसे शीघ्र प्रसन्न होने वाले का बल सम्पूर्ण संसार को उपहार में देगी। यह डाल रूपी वधू बासन्ती वस्त्र पहनेगी। इसका शुष्क एवं रूखापन बसन्त के आगमन पर पीलेपन में परिवर्तित हो जायेगा।

(3) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘अमृत का चूंट शक्ति के’ नामक कविता से उद्धृत है। इसके रचयिता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ हैं।

प्रसंग :
इसमें कवि ने बसन्त की प्राकृतिक सुषमा का सम्बन्ध मनुष्य की चेतना से लिया है। बसन्त में खिले लाल पुष्प मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति रूपी आग का ही रूप है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि आज मैंने शक्तिरूपी अमृत का चूँट पी लिया है अर्थात् मुझमें चेतना और शक्ति आ गई है। धरती ने अपना धानी रंग का चूँघट उठा कर मेरे हृदय के अन्दर जलने वाली क्रान्ति की ज्वाला का बसन्त देख लिया है। धरती पर खिले हुए लाल-लाल फूल मनुष्य के हृदय में जलने वाली क्रान्ति की ज्वाला के समान हैं। नये-नये फूलों में भी अग्नि की ज्वाला दिखाई देती है उस मनुष्य को जो मानवता के लिए संघर्षरत है।

(4) सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में बताया है कि धरती और बसन्त का गहरा सम्बन्ध है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि मैंने धरती के फूलों को अपना नहीं समझा। मैंने सोचा कि ये फूल धरती के हैं, धरती ने कहा कि ये सब तेरे हैं। बसन्त क्या है? बसन्त प्रकृति की लावण्यमयी छाया है जो पृथ्वी पर पड़ती है। धरती और मानव का अटूट नाता है। धरती मानव है तो बसन्त मानवता है। धरती पर जब मानव प्रसन्न होता है तो बसन्त आता है। यह परस्पर आदान-प्रदान है जो मनुष्य और प्रकृति के बीच निरन्तर चलता रहता है।

प्रश्न 7.
‘अमृत का चूंट शक्ति के’ कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव लिखिए। (2010)
उत्तर:

प्रस्तुत कविता ‘बसंत गीत ऋतु-चित्रण के महत्त्वपूर्ण कवि ‘सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ द्वारा रचित है। इस कविता में कवि ने ऋतुराज बसंत का बड़ा मनोहारी वर्णन किया है।

‘निराला’ छायावाद के श्रेष्ठ कवि हैं। उनकी कविता में समाज,संस्कृति,प्रकृति, अध्यात्म, व्यंग्य आदि भावों का समावेश है। वे निर्भीक कवि हैं। बसन्त वर्णन में तो वे सिद्धहस्त हैं ही। उनकी ऋतुपरक कविताओं में बसन्त के लिए सर्वाधिक स्थान है। प्रस्तुत कविता में बसन्त प्रसन्नता और उत्कर्ष का भाव लेकर आता है। यह मिलन की ऋतु है और रस-रंग का काल है। खेतों में पीताभ फसलें लहरा रही हैं। जीवन का उल्लास और प्रकृति का सौन्दर्य दोनों इस कविता में परिलक्षित होते हैं। पतझड़ में पत्तों से रहित हो जाने वाली डाल बसन्त आते ही पत्र-वसना हो जाती है। उसका तप,त्याग मानो सफल हो गया हो। बसन्त आकर सभी जगह रस भर देगा और सभी अच्छे कार्यों की तरह बसन्त भी इस पृथ्वी पर विस्तारित होगा। इस कविता में सूखी डाली को कवि ने तप करती हुई पार्वती के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। उसकी तपस्या के परिणामस्वरूप ही उसे बसन्त रूपी शिव से विवाह करने का अवसर प्राप्त होता है।

MP Board Solutions

विविधा-1 काव्य सौन्दर्य

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिए
बसन्त, मधुप, सरसिज, पल्लव, गरल।
उत्तर:
बसन्त ऋतुराज, बासंत, ऋतुपति। मधुप-भौंरा, भ्रमर, अलि। सरसिज कमल,पंकज,नलिन। पल्लव-पत्ता,पत्र,कोपल। गरल-विष,जहर, हलाहल।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों में से अलंकार पहचान कर लिखिये
(अ) किसलय-वसना नव-वय लतिका
मिली मधुर प्रिय-उर तरु-पतिका
(ब) हीरक-सी-समीर-माला जप
(स) धरती ने खिलाये हैं ज्वलन्त लाल-लाल
उत्तर:
(अ) रूपक व मानवीकरण अलंकार।
(ब) उपमा अलंकार।
(स) पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों में शब्द गुण पहचान कर लिखिए
स्नेह-सरस भर देगा उर-सर स्मर हर को वरेगी
वसन बासंती लेगी।
उत्तर:
माधुर्य गुण है।

प्रश्न 4.
बसन्त नहीं हूँ केवल तेरी ही लावण्यमयी
छाया हूँ, तेरी ही जो मुझ पर ही छा गयी।
उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों में रस पहचान कर लिखिए।
रस का स्थायी-भाव भी लिखिए।
उत्तर:
शृंगार रस। स्थायी भाव-रति।

प्रश्न 5.
मुक्तक काव्य से आप क्या समझते हैं? आपकी पाठ्य-पुस्तक के पद्य भाग में कौन-कौन से पाठ मुक्तक काव्य की श्रेणी में आते हैं?
उत्तर:
मुक्तक काव्य-मुक्तक काव्य में किसी एक अनुभूति,भाव या कल्पना का चित्रण किया जाता है। इसमें प्रत्येक पद स्वतन्त्र एवं अपने आप में पूर्ण होता है। मुक्तक काव्य दो प्रकार के होते हैं-पाठ्य-मुक्तक और गेय मुक्तक। कबीर, तुलसी, वृंद,रहीम आदि कवियों के भक्ति और नीति विषयक दोहे पाठ्य-पुस्तक के अन्तर्गत आते हैं। गेय मुक्तक में भावों की प्रधानता रहती है। सूर, तुलसी,मीरा, प्रसाद, महादेवी वर्मा आदि के गीत गेय मुक्तक हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
निम्न पंक्तियों को पढ़िए तथा नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए
उषा सुनहरे तीर बरसाती
जय-लक्ष्मी-सी उदित हुई,
उधर पराजित कालरात्रि भी,
जल में अंतर्निहित हुई।
1. ‘उषा के सुनहरे तीर बरसाने’ से क्या तात्पर्य है?
2. ‘कालरात्रि’ को पराजित क्यों कहा गया है?
3. ‘जय-लक्ष्मी-सी उदित हुई’ पंक्ति में प्रयुक्त अलंकार का नाम लिखिए।
4. उपर्युक्त पद्यांश का भाव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
1. ‘उषा के सुनहरे तीर बरसाने’ से तात्पर्य यह है कि प्रातःकाल सूर्योदय से पूर्व के समय, उषाकाल में पृथ्वी व आकाश में फैला प्रकाश सुनहरा होता है। उस सुनहरे प्रकाश की प्रारम्भिक किरणें ऐसी प्रतीत हो रही हैं,मानो आकाश में कोई सुनहरे तीरों की बारिश कर रहा हो।

2..उषा के आने पर रात्रि का अंधकार नष्ट हो जाता है तथा पृथ्वी पर चारों ओर प्रकाश फैल जाता है। जिस प्रकार युद्ध में हारने वाले का अस्तित्व ही नष्ट हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार दिन के निकलने पर रात का साम्राज्य नष्ट हो, विलुप्त हो जाता है। अतः कालरात्रि’ को पराजित कहा गया है।

3. ‘जय-लक्ष्मी-सी उदित हुई’ पंक्ति में उपमा अलंकार है।

4. भाव-उपर्युक्त पद्यांश में उषाकाल का सजीव चित्रण करते हुए कहा गया है कि जब प्रातःकाल से पहले उषाकाल आता है तो रात्रि का समस्त अंधकार नष्ट होने लगता है और सम्पूर्ण संसार में उषा की लालिमा छा जाती है। धीरे-धीरे दिन के उदय होने पर पृथ्वी एवं आकाश में प्रकाश फैलने लगता है और इस प्रकाश के हाथों पराजित रात का अंधकार विलुप्त हो जाता है अर्थात् रात का समापन होकर दिन का आगमन होने लगता है।

MP Board Solutions

बसंत गीत, वसन बासंती लेगी भाव सारांश

प्रस्तुत कविता ‘बसंत गीत ऋतु-चित्रण के महत्त्वपूर्ण कवि ‘सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ द्वारा रचित है। इस कविता में कवि ने ऋतुराज बसंत का बड़ा मनोहारी वर्णन किया है।

‘निराला’ छायावाद के श्रेष्ठ कवि हैं। उनकी कविता में समाज,संस्कृति,प्रकृति, अध्यात्म, व्यंग्य आदि भावों का समावेश है। वे निर्भीक कवि हैं। बसन्त वर्णन में तो वे सिद्धहस्त हैं ही। उनकी ऋतुपरक कविताओं में बसन्त के लिए सर्वाधिक स्थान है। प्रस्तुत कविता में बसन्त प्रसन्नता और उत्कर्ष का भाव लेकर आता है। यह मिलन की ऋतु है और रस-रंग का काल है। खेतों में पीताभ फसलें लहरा रही हैं। जीवन का उल्लास और प्रकृति का सौन्दर्य दोनों इस कविता में परिलक्षित होते हैं। पतझड़ में पत्तों से रहित हो जाने वाली डाल बसन्त आते ही पत्र-वसना हो जाती है। उसका तप, त्याग मानो सफल हो गया हो। बसन्त आकर सभी जगह रस भर देगा और सभी अच्छे कार्यों की तरह बसन्त भी इस पृथ्वी पर विस्तारित होगा। इस कविता में सूखी डाली को कवि ने तप करती हुई पार्वती के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। उसकी तपस्या के परिणामस्वरूप ही उसे बसन्त रूपी शिव से विवाह करने का अवसर प्राप्त होता है।

बसंत गीत, वसन बासंती लेगी संदर्भ-प्रसंग सहित व्याख्या

(1) बसंत गीत
सखि बसंत आया।
भरा हर्ष वन के मन,
नवोत्कर्ष छाया।
किसलय-वसना नव-वय-लतिका
मिली मधुर प्रिय-उर तरु-पतिका
मधुप-वृन्द बन्दी
पिक-स्वर नभ सरसाया
लता-मुकुल-हार-गन्ध भार भर
बही पवन बंद मंद मंदतर
जागी नयनों में बन
यौवन की माया।
आवृत सरसी-उर-सरसिज उठे
केशर के केश कली के छूटे
स्वर्ण-शस्य-अंचल
पृथ्वी का लहराया।

शब्दार्थ :
नवोत्कर्ष = नया विकास; किसलय वसना = कोंपल रूपी वस्त्र धारण करने वाली; नव वय लतिका = तरुणी लता; तरु पतिका = वृक्ष ही जिसका पति है; मधुप-वृन्द = भौरों का समूह; मुकुल = कली; सरसी = तालाब; सरसिज = कमल; आवृत्त = ढके हुए; स्वणे-शस्य = पके हुए धान रूपी सुनहरा; अंचल = आँचल।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश कवि सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ द्वारा रचित ‘बसन्त गीत’ शीर्षक से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
इस कविता में कवि ने प्रकृति सुन्दरी के सौन्दर्य का वर्णन किया है,जो बसन्त के आगमन पर अति प्रसन्न है। कवि ने यहाँ प्रकृति का मानवीकरण किया है।

व्याख्या :
हे सखि ! बसन्त आ गया है, जिससे सम्पूर्ण वन आनन्दित हो उठा है और चारों ओर सौन्दर्य ही सौन्दर्य छा गया है। नवयुवती बेल रूपी दुल्हन ने नवीन कोंपलों के वस्त्र धारण कर लिये हैं और वृक्ष रूपी प्रिय पति के गले से प्रफुल्लित होकर मिल रही है, इस समय भौरे गुंजार कर रहे हैं तो ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि बसन्त की वन्दना में चारण की तरह गीत गा रहे हैं। कोयल के स्वर से आकाश भी प्रसन्न हो गया है।

सुगन्ध के भरे हुए पुष्पों का हार पहनकर समीर भी धीरे-धीरे बहने लगा है। वन की आँखों में भी यौवन का जादू जाग उठा है। तालाब में कमल खिल गये हैं और कली के केसर रूपी केश बिखर गये हैं। धरती रूपी नायिका का सुनहरी धान्य भरा अँचल लहराने लगा है।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

  1. प्रकृति को नायिका मान कर उसके रूप का वर्णन किया गया है।
  2. सांगरूपक, श्लेष तथा मानवीकरण अलंकार है।
  3. शृंगार रस का वर्णन है।
  4. संस्कृतनिष्ठ समास-प्रधान माधुर्य गुण का प्रयोग हुआ है।

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(2) वसन बासंती लेगी
रूखी री यह डाल,
वसन बासंती लेगी।
देख, खड़ी करती तप अपलक,
हीरक-सी-समीर-माला जप।
शैलसुता ‘अर्पण-अशना’
पल्लव-वसना बनेगी
वसन बासन्ती लेगी।
हार गले पहना फूलों का
ऋतुपति सकल सुकृत कूलों का
स्नेह सरस भर देगा उर-सर
स्मर हर को वरेगी
वसन बासंती लेगी।
मधुव्रत में रत वधू मधुर फल
देगी जग को स्वाद-तोष-दल
गरलामृत शिव आशुतोष-बल
विश्व सकल नेगी
वसन बासंती लेगी।

शब्दार्थ :
वसन = वस्त्र; शैलसुता = पार्वती; अर्पण-अशना = पत्तों को भी ग्रहण न करने वाली (पार्वती); सुकृत = पुण्य; स्मर-हर = कामदेव को पराजित करने वाले शिव; नेगी = उपहार देने वाला; गरलामृत = जहररूपी अमृत; आशुतोष = शिव, बासन्ती = बसन्त ऋतु में चलने वाली पवन; ऋतुपति = बसन्त; कूलों = किनारों।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश कवि सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी “निराला’ द्वारा रचित ‘वसन बासंती लेगी’ शीर्षक से उधृत है।

प्रसंग :
इस कविता में निराला जी ने बसन्त के आने से सूखी डाली में जो परिवर्तन आता है उसका वर्णन किया है। डाल की उपमा उन्होंने पार्वती से दी है।

व्याख्या :
हे सखि ! सूखी-सी यह डाल बसन्ती रंग का वस्त्र धारण करेगी। देखो, यह डाली पत्ते भी न खाने वाली पार्वती के समान हवा की चमकीली माला से जाप कर तपस्या कर रही है। यह पल्लवों के वस्त्र धारण करेगी। इसने गले में फूलों की माला पहन रखी है। सभी पुष्पों का रस बसन्त उसके हृदय-सरोवर में भर देगा। तब वह कामदेव को हराने वाले शिवजी का वरण करेगी। वह सूखी डाली बासन्ती वस्त्र धारण करेगी। यह वधू मधु का व्रत लेकर समस्त संसार को स्वाद का सन्तोष प्रदान करने वाला फल देगी। जिस शिव ने जहर को अमृत समझकर पिया,ऐसे शीघ्र प्रसन्न होने वाले का बल सम्पूर्ण संसार को उपहार में देगी। यह डाल रूपी वधू बासन्ती वस्त्र पहनेगी। इसका शुष्क एवं रूखापन बसन्त के आगमन पर पीलेपन में परिवर्तित हो जायेगा।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

  1. प्रकृति का मानवीकरण है,जो छायावादी कविता का प्रमुख गुण है।
  2. समास-प्रधान संस्कृतनिष्ठ भाषा होते हुए भी मधुरता लिए है।
  3. रूपक तथा मानवीकरण अलंकार है।
  4. शृंगार रस एवं माधुर्य गुण है।

अमृत का घूँट शक्ति के भाव सारांश।

प्रस्तुत कविता ‘अमृत का चूंट शक्ति के’ नई कविता के महत्त्वपूर्ण कवि ‘गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा लिखित है। इस कविता में कवि ने ऋतु-वर्णन का सुन्दर वर्णन किया है।

गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ नई कविता के महत्त्वपूर्ण कवि हैं। इनकी कविताओं में हमारे। समय के अन्तर्विरोध मिलते हैं। इनके काव्य में विचार तत्व प्रधान होता है। इनके प्रारम्भिक काव्य में ऋतु-वर्णन के सुन्दर चित्र प्राप्त होते हैं। बसन्त की प्राकृतिक सुन्दरता का सम्बन्ध मनुष्य। की चेतना से भी है। एक प्रकार से कवि ने बसन्त के पूर्ण सौन्दर्य को मनुष्य के माध्यम से ही व्यक्त किया है। बसन्त में खिले लाल पुष्प मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति की ज्वाला के समान हैं। यह परस्पर आदान-प्रदान है जो मनुष्य और प्रकृति के बीच सदा चलता रहता है। मनुष्य जब मानवता की भावना से जुड़ता है,तभी उसके अन्दर बसन्त खिलता है। इस कविता में रूपक के माध्यम से यही सत्य प्रकट किया गया है।

MP Board Solutions

अमृत का घूँट शक्ति के संदर्भ-प्रसंग सहित व्याख्या

(1) आज मैने शक्ति के अमृत का घुट पिया,
धरती ने अपना धानी पूँघट उघार कर
मुझमें अपना ज्वलन्त वसन्त निहार लिया।
मेरी हृदय-अग्नि के आसव को पिये,
अरे धरती ने खिलाये हैं ज्वलन्त लाल-लाल
नये-नये फूल कैसे लगते हैं आग भरे
जीवन-सुहाग भरे !!

शब्दार्थ :
धानी = सुनहरे रंग का; ज्वलन्त = जलता हुआ; निहार = देखना।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘अमृत का चूंट शक्ति के’ नामक कविता से उद्धृत है। इसके रचयिता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ हैं।

प्रसंग :
इसमें कवि ने बसन्त की प्राकृतिक सुषमा का सम्बन्ध मनुष्य की चेतना से लिया है। बसन्त में खिले लाल पुष्प मानो मनुष्य के हृदय के भीतर जलने वाली क्रान्ति रूपी आग का ही रूप है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि आज मैंने शक्तिरूपी अमृत का चूँट पी लिया है अर्थात् मुझमें चेतना और शक्ति आ गई है। धरती ने अपना धानी रंग का चूँघट उठा कर मेरे हृदय के अन्दर जलने वाली क्रान्ति की ज्वाला का बसन्त देख लिया है। धरती पर खिले हुए लाल-लाल फूल मनुष्य के हृदय में जलने वाली क्रान्ति की ज्वाला के समान हैं। नये-नये फूलों में भी अग्नि की ज्वाला दिखाई देती है उस मनुष्य को जो मानवता के लिए संघर्षरत है।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

  1. भाषा संस्कृतनिष्ठ होते हुए भी सरल है।
  2. कवि की अनुभूति अत्यन्त गम्भीर एवं मार्मिक है।
  3. प्रतीक एवं बिम्बों का प्रयोग किया गया है।

(2) मैंने पहचाना भी नहीं कि वे मेरे हैं,
धरती को कहा, तेरे फूल सब तेरे हैं
बसन्त नहीं हूँ,  केवल तेरी ही लावण्यमयी
छाया हूँ, तेरी ही जो मुझ पर छा गयी !!
धरती औ’ बसन्त के समान ही जो नाता है
धरती है मानव तो बसन्त मानवता है !!

शब्दार्थ :
लावण्यमयी = सुन्दरता से भरी।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
कवि ने प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में बताया है कि धरती और बसन्त का गहरा सम्बन्ध है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि मैंने धरती के फूलों को अपना नहीं समझा। मैंने सोचा कि ये फूल धरती के हैं, धरती ने कहा कि ये सब तेरे हैं। बसन्त क्या है? बसन्त प्रकृति की लावण्यमयी छाया है जो पृथ्वी पर पड़ती है। धरती और मानव का अटूट नाता है। धरती मानव है तो बसन्त मानवता है। धरती पर जब मानव प्रसन्न होता है तो बसन्त आता है। यह परस्पर आदान-प्रदान है जो मनुष्य और प्रकृति के बीच निरन्तर चलता रहता है।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

  1. भाषा सहज और सरल है।
  2. धरती को मानव और बसन्त को मानवता का रूपक दिया गया है।
  3. मानवीकरण की छटा दर्शनीय है।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह

आव्यूह Important Questions

आव्यूह वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –

प्रश्न 1.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos\alpha & -sin\alpha \\ sin\alpha & cos\alpha \end{bmatrix}\) तथा A + A’ = I, तो α का मान है –
(a) \(\frac { \pi }{ 6 } \)
(b) \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \)
(c) π
(d) \(\frac { 3\pi }{ 2 } \)
उत्तर:
(b) \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 } \)

प्रश्न 2.
यदि A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{2} & {0} & {0} \\
{0} & {2} & {0} \\
{0} & {0} & {2}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो A5 बराबर होगा –
(a) 5 A
(b) 10 A
(c) 16 A
(d) 32 A
उत्तर:
(c) 16 A

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प्रश्न 3.
यदि एक आव्यूह सममित तथा विषम सममित दोनों ही है, तो –
(a) A एक विकर्ण आव्यूह है
(b) A एक शून्य आव्यूह है
(c) A एक वर्ग आव्यूह है
(d) A इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(b) A एक शून्य आव्यूह है

प्रश्न 4.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} \alpha & \beta \\ \gamma & -\alpha \end{bmatrix}\) इस प्रकार है, कि A2 = I तो –
(a) 1 + α2 + βγ = 0
(b) 1 – α2 + βγ = 0
(c) 1 – α2 – βγ = 0
(d) 1 + α2 – βγ = 0
उत्तर:
(c) 1 – α2 – βγ = 0

प्रश्न 5.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 \\ 3 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\) हो तो An = ……………………………
(a) A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\), यदि n सम प्राकृत संख्या
(b) A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\), यदि n विषम प्राकृत संख्या
(c) A = \(\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\), यदि n ∈ N
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(a) A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\), यदि n सम प्राकृत संख्या

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए –

  1. यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ 3 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) तथा B = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो AB का मान.
    …………………………………. होगा।
  2. यदि A = diag [1, – 1, 2] तथा B = diag [2, 3, – 1] हो, तो 3A + 4B का मान ……………………………. होगा।
  3. एक वर्ग आव्यूह A समशम आव्यूह कहलाता है, यदि ……………………………….
  4. एक वर्ग आव्यूह A लाम्बिक आव्यूह कहलाता है, यदि …………………………..
  5. यदि [x, 1] \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -2 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\) = 0, तो x का मान…………. होगा।

उत्तर:

  1. \(\begin{bmatrix} 10 & 26 \\ 7 & 19 \end{bmatrix}\)
  2. diag [11, 9, 2]
  3. A2 = A
  4. AA’ = A’A = I
  5. x = 2

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न कथनों में सत्य/असत्य बताइए –

  1. गुणन संक्रिया क्रम-विनिमेय नियम का सदैव पालन करती है।
  2. दो आव्यूह तुलनीय कहलाते हैं यदि उनमें पंक्तियों और स्तम्भों की संख्या समान हो।
  3. यदि A एक वर्ग आव्यूह हो, तो A.adj A = |A|I होता है।
  4. वर्ग आव्यूह A सममित आव्यूह कहलाती है, यदि A = -AT
  5. आव्यूह A तथा B एक-दूसरे के व्युत्क्रम होंगे यदि AB = BA

उत्तर:

  1. असत्य
  2. सत्य
  3. सत्य
  4. असत्य
  5. असत्य।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
सही जोड़ी बनाइये –
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 1
उत्तर:

  1. (d)
  2. (e)
  3. (a)
  4. (b)
  5. (c).

प्रश्न 5.
एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए –

  1. यदि A और B एक ही क्रम के वर्ग आव्यूह हों तो Adj (AB) का मान क्या होगा?
  2. एक वर्ग आव्यूह A प्रतिकेन्द्रज कहलाता है, यदि –
  3. यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 0 & i \\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो A2 का मान होगा।
  4. यदि A = [1, 2, 3], तो AAT का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
  5. यदि x + Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) तथा X – Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ -1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\) तो X का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।

उत्तर:

  1. Adj.(AB) = (Adj B).(Adj A)
  2. A2 = I
  3. – 1
  4. [14]
  5. \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)

आव्यूह लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} a^{ 2 }+b^{ 2 } & b^{ 2 }+c^{ 2 } \\ a^{ 2 }+c^{ 2 } & a^{ 2 }+b^{ 2 } \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो A + B ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
A+ B = \(\begin{bmatrix} a^{ 2 }+b^{ 2 } & b^{ 2 }+c^{ 2 } \\ a^{ 2 }+c^{ 2 } & a^{ 2 }+b^{ 2 } \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} 2ab & 2bc \\ -2ac & -2ab \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 2

प्रश्न 2.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos^{ 2 }x & sin^{ 2 }x \\ sin^{ 2 }x & cos^{ 2 }x \end{bmatrix}\) तथा B = \(\begin{bmatrix} sin^{ 2 }x & cos^{ 2 }x \\ cos^{ 2 }x & sin^{ 2 }x \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो A + B ज्ञात कीजिए। (NCERT)
हल:
A + B = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos^{ 2 }x & sin^{ 2 }x \\ sin^{ 2 }x & cos^{ 2 }x \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} sin^{ 2 }x & cos^{ 2 }x \\ cos^{ 2 }x & sin^{ 2 }x \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 3

प्रश्न 3.
यदि A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{\frac{2}{3}} & {1} & {\frac{5}{3}} \\
{\frac{1}{3}} & {\frac{2}{3}} & {\frac{4}{3}} \\
{\frac{7}{3}} & {2} & {\frac{2}{3}}
\end{array}\right]\) तथा B = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{\frac{2}{5}} & {\frac{3}{5}} & {1} \\
{\frac{1}{5}} & {\frac{2}{5}} & {\frac{4}{5}} \\
{\frac{7}{5}} & {\frac{6}{5}} & {\frac{2}{5}}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो 3A – 5B परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 4
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 4a

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 4.
सरल कीजिए –
cos θ \(\begin{bmatrix} cos\theta & sin\theta \\ -sin\theta & cos\theta \end{bmatrix}\) + sin θ \(\begin{bmatrix} sin\theta & -cos\theta \\ cos\theta & sin\theta \end{bmatrix}\)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 5

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित समीकरण से x तथा y के मानों को ज्ञात कीजिए – (NCERT)
2 \(\begin{bmatrix} x & 5 \\ 7 & y-3 \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & -4 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) = \(\begin{bmatrix} 7 & 6 \\ 15 & 14 \end{bmatrix}\)?
हल:
दिया है –
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 6
समान आव्यूह की परिभाषा से,
2x + 3 = 7
⇒ 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2
⇒ 2y – 4 = 14
⇒ 2y = 18 ⇒ y = 9
∴ x = 2, y = 9

प्रश्न 6.
X तथा Y ज्ञात कीजिए यदि X + Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 2 \\ 0 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\) तथा X – Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 6 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\) है। (NCERT)
हल:
दिया है:
X + Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 2 \\ 0 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\) ……………………………. (1)
तथा
X – Y = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 6 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\) ……………………………….. (2)
समी. (1) और (2) को जोड़ने पर,
2X = \(\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 2 \\ 0 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 6 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 7
समी. (1) में (2) को घटाने पर,
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 8

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 7.
x तथा y ज्ञात कीजिए यदि
2 \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 0 & x \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} y & 0 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) = \(\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 8 \end{bmatrix}\)? (NCERT)
हल:
दिया है:
2 \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 0 & x \end{bmatrix}\) + \(\begin{bmatrix} y & 0 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) = \(\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 8 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 9
समान आव्यूह की परिभाषा से,
2 + y = 5 ⇒ y = 3
2x + 2 = 8
⇒ x + 1 = 4
⇒ x = 3
∴ x = 3, y = 3.

प्रश्न 8.
यदि \(\left[\begin{array}{c}
{x+y+z} \\
{x+z} \\
{y+z}
\end{array}\right]\) = [ \(\begin{matrix} 9 \\ 5 \\ 7 \end{matrix}\) ] हो तो x, yतथा z के मान कीजिये
हल:
दिया है:
\(\left[\begin{array}{c}
{x+y+z} \\
{x+z} \\
{y+z}
\end{array}\right]\) = [ \(\begin{matrix} 9 \\ 5 \\ 7 \end{matrix}\) ]
सामान आतुयह की परोबाशा से
x + y + 2 = 9
x+ z = 5
y + z = 7
समी. (1) और (2) से,
x + z + y = 9
⇒ 5 + y = 9
⇒ y = 4
समी. (1) और (3) से,
x + (y + z) = 9
⇒ x + 7 = 9
⇒ x = 2
x का मान समी. (2) में रखने पर,
2 + z = 5
⇒ z = 3
∴ x = 2, y = 4, z = 3.

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 9.
यदि
\(\begin{bmatrix} x+y & 2 \\ 5+z & xy \end{bmatrix}\) = \(\begin{bmatrix} 6 & 2 \\ 5 & 8 \end{bmatrix}\)
हो, तो x, y तथा z के मान ज्ञात कीजिए। (NCERT)
हल:
दिया है:
\(\begin{bmatrix} x+y & 2 \\ 5+z & xy \end{bmatrix}\) = \(\begin{bmatrix} 6 & 2 \\ 5 & 8 \end{bmatrix}\)
समान आव्यूह की परिभाषा से,
x + y = 6 …………………………. (1)
xy = 8 ………………………… (2)
5 + z = 5
⇒ z = 0
समी. (1) से,
y = 6 – x
xy = 8
⇒ x (6 – x) = 8
⇒ 6x – x2 = 8
⇒ x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
⇒ x2 – 4x – 2x + 8 = 0
⇒ x(x – 4) – 2(x – 4) = 0
⇒ (x – 2) (x – 4) = 0
⇒ x = 2, 4
जब x = 2 तब y = 6 – 2 = 4
जब x = 4 तब y = 6 – 4 = 2
अतः
x = 2, y = 4, z = 0
x = 4, y = 2, z = 0.

प्रश्न 10.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए A2 – 4A + 5I = 0?
हल:
दिया है
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\)
A2 = A. A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\) \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 \\ 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 10
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 10a

प्रश्न 11.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए A2 – 6A + 17I = 0?
हल:
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\)
A2 = A.A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 11

प्रश्न 12.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि A2 – 5A + 7I = 0? (NCERT)
हल:
A2 = A.A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\) × \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 12
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 12a

प्रश्न 13.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & -2 \\ 4 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\) और I = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो k का मान ज्ञात कीजिए यदि A2 = KA – 2I? (NCERT)
हल:
माना A2 = kA – 2I
⇒ kA = A2 + 2I
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 13

प्रश्न 14.
यदि f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3, तो f (A) ज्ञात कीजिए जब A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\)?
हल:
f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3
∴ f (A) = A2 – 24A – 3I
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 14

प्रश्न 15.
यदि आव्यूह A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{0} & {a} & {-3} \\
{2} & {0} & {-1} \\
{b} & {1} & {0}
\end{array}\right]\) विषम सममित है तो ‘a’ तथा ‘b’ के मान ज्ञात कीजिये। (CBSE 2018)
हल:
यदि A आव्यूह विषम सममित है तो A’ = – A
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 15
2 = – a या a = – 2
– 3 = – b या b = 3.

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 16.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos\alpha & -sin\alpha \\ sin\alpha & cos\alpha \end{bmatrix}\) है तो सिद्ध कीजिए –
AA-1 = I?
हल:
दिया है:
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos\alpha & -sin\alpha \\ sin\alpha & cos\alpha \end{bmatrix}\)
A-1 = \(\frac { adjA }{ |A| } \)
|A| = \(\begin{vmatrix} cos\alpha & -sin\alpha \\ sin\alpha & cos\alpha \end{vmatrix}\)
= cos2 α – ( – sin2 α)
= cos2 α + sin2 α = 1
∴ |A| = 1 …………………………….. (1)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 15

प्रश्न 17.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} cos\alpha & -sin\alpha \\ sin\alpha & cos\alpha \end{bmatrix}\) है तो सिद्ध कीजिए –
A. (Adj A) = |A|I?
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 17

प्रश्न 18.
सिद्ध कीजिए कि वर्ग आव्यूह A = \(\begin{vmatrix} cos\theta & sin\theta \\ -sin\theta & cos\theta \end{vmatrix}\) लाम्बिक आव्यूह है। [
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 18
इसी प्रकार A’. A = I
तब A. A’ = A’. A = I
अतः A लाम्बिक आव्यूह है। यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 19.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 7 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) तथा B = \(\begin{bmatrix} 6 & 7 \\ 8 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो (AB)-1 का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है,
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 7 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\), B = \(\begin{bmatrix} 6 & 7 \\ 8 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\)
A. B = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 7 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) \(\begin{bmatrix} 6 & 7 \\ 8 & 9 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 19

प्रश्न 20.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -4 & 7 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि
2A-1 = 9I – A? (CBSE 2018)
हल:
दिया है,
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -4 & 7 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 20
अतः समी (1) और (2) से,
2A-1 = 9I – A

प्रश्न 21.
A तथा B आव्यूहों के लिए सत्यापित कीजिए कि (AB)’ = B’A’ जहाँ A = [ \(\begin{matrix} 1 \\ -4 \\ 3 \end{matrix}\) ] B = [-1 2 1]? (NCERT)
हल:
AB = [ \(\begin{matrix} 1 \\ -4 \\ 3 \end{matrix}\) ] 3×1 [ \(\begin{matrix} -1 & 2 & 3 \end{matrix}\) ] 1×3
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 21
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 21a

अतः समी (1) और (2) से,
(AB)’ = B’A’

MP Board Solutions

आव्यूह दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न – II

प्रश्न 1.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
A. adj A = (adjA). A = (adj A). A = |A| I?
हल:
दिया है,
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\)
तब
|A| = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\) = 5 – 12 = -7
A11, A12 = – 3, A21 = – 4, A22 = 1

⇒ (adj A). A = \(\begin{bmatrix} -7 & 0 \\ 0 & -7 \end{bmatrix}\)
⇒ (adj A). A = – 7 \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\)
⇒ (adj A).A = |A| I ………………………….. (2)
अतः समी (1) और (2) से,
A.adj A = (adjA). A = |A| I. यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि A-1 = A?
हल:
प्रश्न क्र. 1 की भाँति हल करें।

प्रश्न 3.
यदि आव्यूह A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{0} & {0} & {1} \\
{0} & {1} & {0} \\
{1} & {0} & {0}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि A-1 = A?
हल:
दिया है:
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{0} & {0} & {1} \\
{0} & {1} & {0} \\
{1} & {0} & {0}
\end{array}\right]\)

प्रश्न 4.
आव्यूह A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{2} & {3} & {1} \\
{3} & {4} & {1} \\
{3} & {7} & {2}
\end{array}\right]\) का प्रतिलोम ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है,
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{2} & {3} & {1} \\
{3} & {4} & {1} \\
{3} & {7} & {2}
\end{array}\right]\)
∴ |A| = 2(4 × 2 – 7 × 1) – 3(3 × 2 – 3 × 1) + 1(3 × 7 – 3 × 4)
= 2(8 – 7) – 3(6 – 3) + 1(21 – 12)
= 2(1) – 3(3) + 1(9)
= 2 – 9 + 9 = 2
स्पष्ट है कि |A| ≠ 0
अतः A-1 का अस्तित्व है।
अब |A| के अवयवों का सहखण्ड है –
A11 = +(8 – 7) = 1, A12 = -(6 – 3) = -3
A13 = +(21 – 12) = 9, A21 = -(6 – 7) = 1
A22 = +(4 – 3) = 1, A23 = -(14 – 9) = -5
A31 = +(3 – 4) = -1, A32 = -(2 – 3) = 1
A33 = +(8 – 9) = -1

प्रश्न 5.
यदि A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {2} & {3} \\
{2} & {4} & {5} \\
{3} & {5} & {6}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो A-1 का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल: प्रश्न क्र. 4 की भाँति हल कीजिए।
उत्तर:
\(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {2} & {3} \\
{2} & {4} & {5} \\
{3} & {5} & {6}
\end{array}\right]\)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 6.
यदि A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {2} & {2} \\
{2} & {1} & {2} \\
{2} & {2} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो A-1 का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है, A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {2} & {2} \\
{2} & {1} & {2} \\
{2} & {2} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\)
|A| = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {2} & {2} \\
{2} & {1} & {2} \\
{2} & {2} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\)
⇒ |A| = 1(1 – 4) + 2(4 – 2) + 2 (4 – 2)
= – 3 + 4 + 4 = 5
|A| ≠ 0, इसलिए A-1 का अस्तित्व है।

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 30
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 25b

प्रश्न 7.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ -1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो सिद्ध कीजिए कि –
A2 – 2A + 3I = 0?17
हल:
दिया है,
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ -1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 26

प्रश्न 8.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो दर्शािइये कि A2 – 6A + 17I = 0 तथा A-1 का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिया है:
A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 26
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 27a

प्रश्न 9.
यदि A = \(\begin{bmatrix} -8 & 5 \\ 2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\) हो, तो दर्शाइये A2 + 4A – 42I = 0 तथा A-1 का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
प्रश्न क्र. 8 की भाँति हल कीजिए।
उत्तर:
A-1 = \(\frac{1}{42}\) \(\begin{bmatrix} -4 & 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\)

प्रश्न 10.
आव्यूह विधि से निम्न समीकरणों को हल कीजिए –
x + y + 2 = 3
2x – y + z = 2
x – 2y + 3z = 2
हल:
यहाँ A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
{1} & {1} & {1} \\
{2} & {-1} & {1} \\
{1} & {-2} & {3}
\end{array}\right]\), X = [ \(\begin{matrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{matrix}\) ] तथा B = [ \(\begin{matrix} 3 \\ 2 \\ 2 \end{matrix}\) ]
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 28
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 28a
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 28b
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 28c

प्रश्न 11.
आव्यूह विधि से निम्न समीकरण हल कीजिये।
x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 14
x + 4y + 9z = 36?
हल:
दिया गया समीकरण निकाय है –
x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 14
x + 4y + 9z = 36.
उपरोक्त समीकरण निकाय का आव्यूह रूप है –
AX = B
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 29
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 29a
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 29a

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 12.
यदि A’ = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
{3} & {4} \\
{-1} & {2} \\
{0} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\) तथा B = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
{-1} & {2} & {1} \\
{1} & {2} & {3}
\end{array}\right]\) है तो सत्यापित कीजिये की

(i) (A + B)’ = A’ + B’
(ii) (A – B)’ = A’ – B’ (NCERT)

हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 30
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 30a
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 30b
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 30c
अतः समी (1) और (4) से,
(A – B)’ = A’ – B’ यही सिद्ध करना था।

प्रश्न 13.
यदि A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
{-1} & {2} & {3} \\
{5} & {7} & {9} \\
{-2} & {1} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\) तथा B = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
{-4} & {1} & {-5} \\
{1} & {2} & {0} \\
{1} & {3} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\) हो, तो सत्यापित कीजिए कि
(i) (A + B)’ = A’ + B’
(ii) (A – B)’ = A’ – B’
हल:
प्रश्न क्र. 12 की भाँति हल करें। (NCERT)

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 14.
आव्यूह A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 5 \\ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\) को सममित और विषम सममित आव्यूह के योग के रूप में प्रदर्शित कीजिए? (NCERT)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 31
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 31a

प्रश्न 15.
(A) प्रारंभिक संक्रियाओं का प्रयोग करते हुए आव्यूह A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 5 & 7 \end{bmatrix}\) का व्युत्क्रम ज्ञात कीजिए? (NCERT)
हल:
A = AI के प्रयोग से,
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 32
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 32a

(B)
प्रारंभिक संक्रियाओं का प्रयोग करते हुए आव्यूह A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 10 \\ 2 & 7 \end{bmatrix}\) का व्युत्क्रम ज्ञात कीजिए। (NCERT)
हल: प्रश्न क्र. 15 (A) की भाँति हल करें।
उत्तर- \(\begin{bmatrix} 7 & -10 \\ -2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\)

प्रश्न 16.
आव्यूह विधि के प्रयोग से निम्नलिखित समीकरण निकाय को हल कीजिए – (NCERT)
\(\frac{2}{x}\) + \(\frac{3}{y}\) + \(\frac{10}{z}\) = 4 (CBSE 2011)
\(\frac{4}{x}\) – \(\frac{6}{y}\) + \(\frac{5}{z}\) = 1
\(\frac{6}{x}\) + \(\frac{9}{y}\) – \(\frac{20}{z}\) = 2, x, y, z, ≠ 0
हल:
माना
\(\frac{1}{x}\) = u, \(\frac{1}{y}\) = v, \(\frac{1}{z}\) = w, तब
2u+ 3v+ 10w = 4
4u – 6v + 5w = 1
6u + 9v – 20w = 2
उपरोक्त समीकरण निकाय का आव्यूह रूप है –
AX = B
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 33
⇒ |A| = 2 × (120 – 45) – 3(-80 – 30) + 10(36 + 36)
⇒ |A| = 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200
⇒ |A| ≠ 0 अर्थात् A व्युत्क्रमणीय है।
अतः समीकरण निकाय संगत है और अद्वितीय हल निम्न है –
X = A-1 B
माना A में अवयव aij का सहखण्ड Aij है, तब
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 34

प्रश्न 17.
A-1 ज्ञात कीजिये जहाँ इसकी सहायता से निम्न निम्न समीकरण निकाय को हल कीजिये –
x + 2y – 3z = -4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x – 3y – 4z = 11 (CBSE 2008, 10, 12)
हल:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 37
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 37a

प्रश्न 18.
\(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{-4} & {4} & {4} \\
{-7} & {1} & {3} \\
{5} & {-3} & {-1}
\end{array}\right]\) \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{1} & {-1} & {1} \\
{1} & {-2} & {-2} \\
{2} & {1} & {3}
\end{array}\right]\) का गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए तथा इसकी सहायता से समीकरण निकाय को हल कीजिए – (CBSE 2012)
x – y + z = 4
x – 2y – 2x = 9
2x + y + 3z = 1.
हल:
माना B = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{-4} & {4} & {4} \\
{-7} & {1} & {3} \\
{5} & {-3} & {-1}
\end{array}\right]\) और A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
{1} & {-1} & {1} \\
{1} & {-2} & {-2} \\
{2} & {1} & {3}
\end{array}\right]\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 38
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 38
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 38

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 19.
4kg प्याज, 3kg गेहूँ और 2kg चावल का मूल्य 60 रु. है। 2kg प्याज, 4kg गेहूँ और 6kg चावल का मूल्य 90 रु. है। 6kg प्याज, 2kg गेहूँ और 3kg चावल का मूल्य 70 रु. है। आव्यूह विधि द्वारा प्रत्येक का मूल्य प्रति kg ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना 1 kg प्याज का मूल्य = x रु.
1 kg गेहूँ का मूल्य = y रु.
1 kg चावल का मूल्य = zरु.
प्रश्नानुसार,
4x + 3y + 2z = 60
2x + 4y + 6z = 90
6x + 2y + 3z = 70
आव्यूह रूप है –
AX = B
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 39
⇒ |A| = 4(12 – 12) – 3(6 – 36) + 2(4 – 24)
⇒ |A| = 0 + 90 – 40 = 50 ≠ 0
⇒ A-1 का अस्तित्व है।
अतः समीकरण निकाय का अद्वितीय हल है –
X = A-1 B
माना A में aij का सहखण्ड Aij है, तब
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 40
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 40a
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 3 आव्यूह img 40a

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules

Biomolecules Important Questions

Biomolecules Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Which protein transports oxygen in blood flow :
(a) Haemoglobin
(b) Insulin
(c) Albumin
(d) Myoglobin.
Answer:
(a) Haemoglobin

Question 2.
Enzyme which enhances the conversion of glucose to ethanol is :
(a) Zymase
(b) Invertase
(c) Maltase
(d) Diastase.
Answer:
(a) Zymase

Question 3.
In human body carbohydrate is stored :
(a) In the form of glucose
(b) In the form of glycogen
(c) In the form of starch
(d) In the form of fructose.
Answer:
(b) In the form of glycogen

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Change in optical rotation of a freshly prepared solution of sugar after some time is called :
(a) Optical activity
(b) Inversion
(c) Specific rotation
(d) Mutation.
Answer:
(b) Inversion

Question 5.
Formula of most familiar disachharide is :
(a) C10H18O9
(b) C10H12O10
(c) C18H22O11
(d) C12H22O11.
Answer:
(d) C12H22O11.

Question 6.
The following statement is false in relation to Ribose :
(a) It is a polyhydroxy compound
(b) It is a aldehydic sugar
(c) It contain 6 carbon atoms
(d) It has optical rotation.
Answer:
(c) It contain 6 carbon atoms

Question 7.
How many subunits are present in haemoglobin :
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5.
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 8.
Starch is polymer of :
(a) Glucose
(b) Sucrose
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Glucose

Question 9.
Which sugar is present in maximum amount in human blood :
(a) Fructose
(b) d – glucose
(c) Sucrose
(d) Lactose.
Answer:
(b) d – glucose

Question 10.
Element present in vitamin B12 is :
(a) Pb
(b) Zn
(c) Fe
(d) Co.
Answer:
(d) Co.

Question 11.
Amount of glucose in blood is determined by :
(a) Tollen’s reagent
(b) Benedict’s solution
(c) Alkaline iodine solution
(d) Bromine water.
Answer:
(b) Benedict’s solution

Question 12.
Vitamin B, is : (MP2014)
(a) Riboflavin
(b) Cobaltamine
(c) Thiamine
(d) Pyrimidine.
Answer:
(c) Thiamine

Question 13.
Deficiency of Vitamin C leads to :
(a) Scurvy
(b) Rickets
(c) Pyorrhoea
(d) Anaemia.
Answer:
(a) Scurvy

Question 14.
Most effective energy reservoir in all living cells is :
(a) A.M.P.
(b) A.T.P.
(c) A.D.P.
(d) U.D.P.
Answer:
(b) A.T.P.

Question 15.
Disaccharide present in milk is :
(a) Sucrose
(b) Lactose
(c) Maltose
(d) Cellulose.
Answer:
(b) Lactose

MP Board Solutions

Question 16.
Which is not glyceroid : (MP2018)
(a) Fat
(b) Oil
(c) Phospholipid
(d) Soap.
Answer:
(d) Soap.

Question 17.
Which is not found in R.N.A.: (MP 2016)
(a) Thymine
(b) Uracil
(c) Adenine
(d) Guanine.
Answer:
(a) Thymine

Question 18.
Deficiency of which vitamin causes Rickets :
(a) Vitamin C
(b) Vitamin B
(c) Vitamin A
(d) Vitamin D.
Answer:
(d) Vitamin D.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

  1. By the oxidation of glucose ……………… molecules of ATP are produced.
  2. The breaking of complex molecules in organisms is known as ………………
  3. In hyperglycemia the amount of ……………… in blood increases.
  4. Deficiency of ……………… leads to eye disease.
  5. Deficiency of iodine leads to ……………… disease.
  6. Blood ……………… the temperature of the entire body.
  7. ……………… hormone balances the amount of sugar in blood.
  8. ……………… is responsible for the clotting of blood.
  9. Denaturation does not affect the ……………… structure of protein.
  10. Protein is a polymer of ……………… (MP 2018)
  11. ……………… is the basic unit of protein.
  12. ……………… is not present in D.N.A.
  13. Haemoglobin is a ……………… compound of iron.
  14. Oils and fats obtained from plants and animals (organisms) are called ………………

Answer:

  1. 38
  2. Catabolism
  3. Sugar
  4. Vitamin A
  5. Goitre
  6. Balance
  7. Insulin
  8. Vitamin K
  9. Primary
  10. Amino acids
  11. Amino acid
  12. Uracil
  13. Complex
  14. Lipids.

Question 3.
(A) Match the following :

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 1
Answer:

  1. (f)
  2. (c)
  3. (b)
  4. (e)
  5. (d)
  6. (a)
  7. (h)
  8. (g)

Question 4.
Answer in one word/sentence :

  1. Write the chemical name of Vitamin C.
  2. Tell the source of Vitamin K.
  3. Is responsible for clotting of blood?
  4. Which bond links amino acids together?
  5. How many amino acids are synthesized by human body?
  6. Cellulose is a linear polymer of which glucose?
  7. In RNA molecule which pyrimidine is present in place of Thymine?
  8. Lactose on hydrolysis gives.
  9. Glucose contains Pyranose ring whereas Fructose contain.
  10. In polysaccharides, monosaccharide units are linked to each other by which bond?
  11. Which protein helpful for clotting of blood known as? (MP 2018)
  12. Write one example of Monosaccharide Carbohydrate.
  13. What is the name of Disaccharides sugar present in milk?

Answer:

  1. Ascorbic acid
  2. Green leafy vegetables
  3. Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
  4. Peptide bond
  5. Ten
  6. β – glucose
  7. Uracil
  8. Glucose and Lactose
  9. Furanose ring
  10. Glycosidic
  11. Fibrinogen
  12. Glucose or fructose
  13. Lactose.

Biomolecules Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the reaction of hydrolysis of sucrose.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 2

Question 2.
What type of compounds are bases?
Answer:
Bases are heterocyclic compounds.

Question 3.
What is the formula of peptide bond?
Answer: Formula of peptide bond is – CO – NH -.

Question 4.
Which are the main biomolecules found in the biological system?
Answer:
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids etc. are found in the biological system.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What are oligosaccharides?
Answer:
Carbohydrates that yield 2 to 10 oligosaccharides monosaccharide units are called oligosaccharides.

Question 6.
Write two examples of fibrous protein.
Answer:
Keratin and myosin are the examples of fibrous protein.

Question 7.
What are biomolecules?
Answer:
Molecules which take part in the formation of living system are known as bio – molecules. Like : Proteins, carbohydrates.

Biomolecules Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg? (NCERT)
Answer:
When egg is boiled, the denaturation of protein and then coagulation takes place probably through H – bonding. Water present in the egg gets absorbed or adsorbed during denaturation and disappears. In this process, the globular protein in egg changes to insoluble fibrous protein.

Question 2.
Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body? (NCERT)
Answer:
Vitamin C is soluble in water. It cannot be stored in our body because it is easily excreted in urine.

Question 3.
What are proteins?
Answer:
The word protein is derived from the Greek word protious (Protious = to take the first) i.e. first or very important. Proteins are high molecular mass nitrogen containing complex organic compounds found in the protoplasm of all animal and plants.
Chemically protein is the condensation polymer of α – amino acid.

Question 4.
What are essential and non – essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type. (NCERT)
Answer:
Essential amino acids:
The amino acids which our body cannot make and must be obtained through diet.
Examples : Valine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Lysine, Threonine etc.

Non – essential amino acids:
These are the amino acids which our body can make.
Examples : Glycine, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Glutamine, Serine etc.

Question 5.
What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins? (NCERT)
Answer:
The conformation of polypeptide chain assumed as a result of hydrogen bonding is called secondary structure of proteins. The two types of secondary structures are α – helix and β – pleated sheet structure. (For detail refer your NCERT text – book.)

Question 6.
What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins? (NCERT)
Answer:
During denaturation, 2° and 3° structures of proteins are destroyed but 1° structure remains intact. As a result of denaturation, the globular proteins (soluble in H2O) are converted into fibrous proteins (insoluble in H2O) and their biological activity is lost. The coagulation of egg white on boiling is a common example of denaturation.

Question 7.
Differentiate between globular and fibrous proteins. (NCERT)
Answer:
Differences between globular and fibrous protein :
Globular protein:

  • They have coiled ball like structure.
  • They have three – dimensional structure.
  • They are soluble in water and aq. solution of salt and base.
  • These proteins are inactive towards temperature and pH value.

Fibrous protein:

  • These molecule have long threads like structure.
  • They have sheet like structure.
  • These are insoluble in water.
  • Fibrous protein are active towards temperature and pH value.

Question 8.
What are monosaccharides? (NCERT)
Answer:
Monosaccharides are the carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler units of polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.

Question 9.
What are disaccharides? Write general formula of disaccharides.
Answer:
Disaccharides are sugar which are formed by combination of two monosaccharides by removal of one molecule of water. Both monosaccharides are of hexose type in which one unit is glucose. Thus, disaccharides are of aldose – aldose or aldose – ketose type. General formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
Example : Sucrose, maltose, lactose etc.

Question 10.
What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose? (NCERT)
Answer: Starch consists of two components : amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a long linear polymer of 200 – 1000 α – D – (+) glucose units held by C1 – C4 glycosidic linkage. It is soluble in water. Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer of α – D – (+) glucose linkage whereas branching occurs by C1 – C6 glycosidic linkage. It is insoluble in water.

On the other hand cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed only of β – D – (+) glucose units which are formed by glycosidic linkage between C1 of one glucose unit and C4 of next glucose unit.

Question 11.
What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage? (NCERT)
Answer:
The oxygen (ethereal) linkage through which two monosaccharide units are joined together by the loss of a water molecule to form a molecule of disaccharide is called glycosidic linkage. For example, sucrose (a disaccharide) is composed of C1 of α – glucose and C2 β – fructose through the glycosidic linkage.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 11

Question 12.
What is glycogen? How is it different from starch? (NCERT)
Answer:
1. The carbohydrates are stored in animal body as glycogen. It is present in liver, muscles and brain. Enzymes break the glycogen down to glucose when the body needs glucose.

2. Glycogen is more highly branched than amylopectin (starch) glycogen chain consist of 10 – 14 glucose units, whereas amylopectin (starch) glycogen chain consist of 20 – 25 glucose units.

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Write two Differences between α – Amino acid and Protein.
Answer:
Differences between α – Amino acid and Protein :
α – Amino acid:

  • They are simple compounds having amino and Carboxylic acid group.
  • On combining amino acid gives dipeptide, polypeptide and then protein. example glucose, lysine etc.

Protein:

  • Proteins are complex nitrogenous compounds.
  • Protein on hydrolysis gives amino acid. example Haemoglobin, casein etc.

Question 14.
What are carbohydrates? Which unit of carbohydrate provide energy to human body?
Answer:
Carbohydrates are compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General formula of carbohydrate is where x and y are integers. These compounds have ratio of hydrogen and oxygen 2 : 1 like water (H2O). Therefore the name of these compounds is given carbohydrates. Examples of carbohydrates are glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), sucrose (C6H12O6) etc.

Glucose is the unit of carbohydrates which is responsible to provide energy. Glucose decomposes slowly with the help of oxydase enzyme present in the body into CO2 and water. Energy is released in this process.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 3

Question 15.
Define polysaccharides. Give examples also.
Answer:
Polysaccharides are natural isomers which have molecular weight upto many lacks, general formula of polysaccharides is (C6H10O5)nwhere value of n is from 12 to thousands. These are complex material which are formed by condensations of mono-saccharides. These compounds contain glycocydic bonds.
Example : Starch, cellulose etc.

Question 16.
What is invert sugar?
Answer:
Cane – sugar is dextro – rotatory [D or +] which gives equimolar mixture of monosaccharides. This mixture is laevorotatory [L or -]. Hence the mixture of glucose and fructose obtained as a result of hydrolysis of cane sugar is called as invert sugar.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 4

Question 17.
Define the following as related to proteins :

  1. Peptide linkage
  2. Primary structure and
  3. Denaturation.

Answer:
1. Peptide linkage:
A peptide bond is an amide linkage formed between – COOH group of one α – amino acid and NH2 group of the other α – amino acid by loss of a molecule of water. It units two amino acids unit in a peptide bond (molecule).

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 5

2. Proteins are the polymers of aramino acids. These polymers (also known as polypeptide) consist of amino acids linked with each other in a specific sequence. This sequence of amino acids is known as the primary structure of proteins. Any change in this sequence of amino acids (i.e., primary structure) creates a different proteins.

3. A process that changes the physical and biological properties of proteins without affecting the chemical composition of proteins is called denaturation. The denaturation is caused by certain physical and chemical treatment such as changes in pH, temperature, presence of somegalts or certain chemical agents.

Question 18.
Give the names and functions of any four proteins.
Answer:
Proteins and their functions :

  1. Haemoglobin : Transport of oxygen from lungs to different tissues of body.
  2. Myosin : For motion of muscles
  3. Pepsin : As a catalyst in bio-chemical reactions
  4. Keratin : Present in hairs, nails and teeth.

Question 19.
What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions. (NCERT)
Answer:
Nucleic acids are long chain polymers of nucleotides. They are also called poly-nucleotides. Nucleic acids are mainly of two types, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Functions :
1. DNA is responsible for transmission of hereditary effects from one generation to another. This is due to unique property of replication, during cell division and two identical DNA strands are transferred to the daughter cells.

2. DNA and RNA are responsible for synthesis of all proteins needed for the growth and maintenance of our body. Actually, the proteins are synthesized by various RNA molecules (m – RNA and f – RNA etc.) in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA.

Question 20.
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide? (NCERT)
Answer:
A nucleoside contains only basic component of nucleic acids namely a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains all the three basic components of nucleic acids namely a phosphoric acid group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 6

Question 21.
The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain. (NCERT)
Answer:
The two strands in DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds between purine base of one strand and pyrimidine base of the other and vice – versa. Because of different sizes and geometries of the bases, the only possible pairing in DNA are G (guanine) and C (cytosine) through three H – bonds i.e., (C = G) and between A (adenine) and T (thiamine) through two H – bonds i.e., (A = T) (for figure refer your NCERT text – book). Due to this base pairing principle, the sequence of bases in one strand automatically fixes the sequence of bases in the other strand. Thus, the two strands are complimentary and are not – identical.

Question 22.
Write the important structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA. (NCERT)
Answer:
Differences between DNA and RNA:
DNA :

  • Occurs mainly in the nucleus of the cell.
  • It contains the sugar deoxyribose.
  • Does not contain nitrogenous base, uracil.
  • It has a double strand helix.
  • It is responsible for the transmission of heredity character.
  • Alkaline hydrolysis is quite slow.
  • Ratio A/T = 1 and G/C = 1.

RNA:

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • It contains the sugar ribose.
  • Does not contain nitrogenous base thymine.
  • It has double as well as single strand helix.
  • It helps in protein biosynthesis.
  • Alkaline hydrolysis takes place readily.
  • Such ratio is not present.

Question 23.
How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin responsible for the co – agulation of blood. (NCERT)
Answer:
On the basis of solubility in water or fat, the vitamins are generally classified into two types:
1. Water soluble vitamins:
These include vitamin B – complex. (B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B12 and nicotinic acid etc.) and vitamin C etc.

2. Fat soluble vitamins:
These include vitamins A, D, E and K. Liver cells are rich in fat soluble vitamins. Vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood.

MP Board Solutions

Question 24.
What happens when protein is denatured ?
Or, Explain the denaturation of protein. (MP 2016)
Answer:
Denaturation of Protein:
Disruption of tertiary structure of protein is called denaturation. These reactions take place by heating in in presence of acids or highly concentrated salts or heavy metals. Denauration does not affect the primary structure of protein. Denaturation takes place in the rearrangement of secondary and tertiary structures. As a result of this, protein losses its biological actvity.

During denaturation the protein molecule uncoils fro an ordered and specific conformation into a more disordered conformation. Denaturation takes place when proteins are heated or treated with acids, bases, alcohols, KI, urea, acetone etc. or when exposed to UV or X – ray radiations. Denaturation is of two types :

  1. Reversible and
  2. Irreversible.

Reversible denaturation of proteins takes place in presence of denaturating agents like salts. But on removal of denaturating agent protein acquires its original structure. In irreversible denaturation protein cannot change to its original state. For example, white of example, i.e., yolk is a globulin and soluble protein. On putting it into boiling water it changes to white rubber like solid which is insoluble in water. Similarly, addition of an acid generally lemon juice to milk results in denaturation and milk coagulates to form cheese.

Question 25.
Write functions and sources of the following bio – molecules/elements : (MP 2011)

  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fat
  4. Calcium.

Answer:
1. Protein : Formation of new tissues and their repairing with the body.
Source : Milk, egg, meat, cheese, fish.

2. Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates provides energy to the body.
Source : Rice, potato, fruits, cane sugar etc.

3. Fats : They provides energy to the body.
Source : Ghee, oils, milk, egg. etc.

4. Calcium : Increase the bones and teeth.
Source : Green leafy vegetables, milk.

Biomolecules Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Nucleic acid.
Answer:
Nucleic acid:
It is found in nucleus of the cell. It has large amount of phosphorus. Nucleic acid are polynucleotides which is formed by the combination of various nucleotide units.

Each nucleotide is formed by three chemical components:

  1. Phosphate group
  2. Pentose ribose sugar or De – oxyribose
  3. Heterocyclic base : Like derivative of pyrimidine (Thiamine, uracil, cytosine) and derivatives of purine (Adenine and Guanine).

Nucleic acids are of two types :

  1. DNA : De – oxyribonucleic acid.
  2. RNA : Ribonucleic acid.

Components of DNA:

(a) De – oxyribose sugar molecule
(b) Phosphoric acid molecule
(c) Nitrogenous base : It is of two types :

  • Pyrimidine base : It includes Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
  • Purine base : It includes Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Components of RNA:
RNA contains Ribose and nitrogen base like Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C).

Question 2.
What are carbohydrates? Write its classification and four main functions.
Answer:
Definition:
Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances which yield these on hydrolysis are known as carbohydrates.
Example : Glucose, starch, cellulose, sucrose etc.

Classification of Carbohydrate:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 7

Functions of Carbohydrates:
1. It is the main structural component of cell.

2. It acts as a bio – fuel and provides energy to organisms for doing work.MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules

3. Carbohydrate is stored in the liver as glycogen, which hydrolysis to provide the energy required.

4. Cellulose is found in grass and plants which provide energy to animals grazing grass because these animals possess specific enzymes which hydrolyses cellulose to glucose.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Write the functions of the following vitamins : (MP 2014)

  1. Vitamin – A
  2. Vitamin – D
  3. Vitamin – E
  4. Vitamin – K.

Answer:
Functions caused by the above Vitamins :

  1. Vitamin – A : For vision and growth develops resistance against diseases.
  2. Vitamin – D : For bones, control of metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
  3. Vitamin – E : Virility in man and reproduction.
  4. Vitamin – K : Coagulation of blood.

Question 4.
Give the diseases caused by ascorbic acid, thiamine retinol and nicotinic
Or,
Give the source and diseases caused by Vitamin A, B, C and D.
Answer:
Name of Vitamins deficiency diseases are given in the ahead chart:
Chemical names of Vitamins , their sources and diseases due to deficiency:

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 9

Question 5.
Give differences between monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
Answer:
Difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide :

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 14 Biomolecules 10

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions