Prasanna

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit परिशिष्टम्

1. सादरं समीहताम्
(आदर सहित करना चाहिए)

सादरं समीहताम् ……….. जीवनं प्रदीयताम्। सादरं॥

अनुवाद :
हमें आदर सहित (इन कार्यों को) करना चाहिए। ईश्वर की वन्दना करनी चाहिए। श्रद्धा सहित अपनी मातृभूमि की अच्छी तरह से अर्चना करनी चाहिए। चाहे विपत्ति हो अथवा बिजलियाँ चमक रही हों, अथवा मस्तक पर बार-बार आयुध (हथियार) गिर रहे हों, परन्तु (हमें) धैर्य नहीं खोना चाहिए। वीरता के भाव को बनाये रखना चाहिए। चित्त में निर्भय होकर (हमें) (अपने) कदम आगे बढ़ाने चाहिए (रखने चाहिए)। इस प्रकार (श्रेष्ठ कार्य) आदरपूर्वक करने चाहिए।

यह (मातृभूमि) प्राणदायिनी है, यह (मुसीबतों से) रक्षा करने वाली है। यह (हमें) शक्ति, मुक्ति तथा भक्ति देने वाली है और अमृत देने वाली है। इस कारण तो यह वन्दनीय है, सेवा किये जाने योग्य है। अभिनन्दन किये जाने योग्य है। इसलिए हमें इस (मातृभूमि) के लिए अभिमानपूर्वक अपना जीवन दे देना चाहिए। (इस तरह) यह (सारा कार्य) आदरपूर्वक करना चाहिए।

2. कृत्वा नवदृढ़ संकल्पम्
(नया पक्का संकल्प करके)

कृत्वा ……… नित्यनिरन्तर गतिशीलाः।

अनुवाद :
नया पक्का संकल्प करके नये सन्देश वितरित करते हुए, नया संगठन निर्मित करते हैं। नया इतिहास रचते हैं।

नये युग का निर्माण करने वाले, राष्ट्र की उन्नति की आकांक्षा करने वाले, त्याग ही जिनके लिए धन है, ऐसे वे त्यागपूर्ण कार्यों में लगे रहने वाले हम कार्यों के करने में चतुर और बुद्धि में तेज हैं। नया पक्का संकल्प करके।

भेदभाव को मिटाने के लिए, दीन और दरिद्रों का उद्धार करते हुए, दुःखों से तप्त लोगों को आश्वासन; (धैर्य बँधाते हुए), किये हुए संकल्पों का दैव स्मरण करते रहें। नये पक्के संकल्पों को करके।

प्रगति के मार्ग से विचलित न हों। परम्पराओं की हम रक्षा करें। उत्साह से युक्त होकर, उद्वेग से रहित होकर नित्य और निरन्तर गतिशील बने रहे। नये पक्के संकल्प करके।

3. अवनितलं पुनरवतीर्णा स्यात्
(पृथ्वीतल पर फिर से अवतार लें)

अवनितलं ……… यतामहे कृति शूराः।

अनुवाद :
पृथ्वी तल पर फिर से अवतार लें। संस्कृत रूपी गंगा की धारा के लिए धैर्यशाली भगीरथवंश हमारा है। हम तो पक्का इरादा करने वाले हैं।

यह संस्कृत रूपी गंगा की धारा विद्वानों रूपी भगवान शंकर के शिरों पर गिरती रहे। यह नित्य ही (सबकी) वाणियों में बहती रहे। व्याकरण के विद्वानों के मुख में यह प्रवेश करती रहे। जनमानस में बार-बार बहती रहे। हजारों पुत्र उद्धार प्राप्त करें और जन्म के विकारों से पार हो जायें अर्थात् मुक्ति प्राप्त कर लें। हम धीर भगीरथवंशी हैं और हमारा पक्का इरादा है।

हम प्रत्येक गाँव को जायें। संस्कृत की शिक्षा प्रदान करें। सभी को तृप्ति (सन्तुष्टि) देने तक अपने क्लेशों को न गिनें। प्रयत्न करने पर क्या प्राप्त नहीं होता है, ऐसे हमारे विचार हैं। हम धीर भगीरथवंशी हैं।

जो संस्कृतरूपी माता (हमारी) संस्कृति की मूल है, जिसकी विस्तृत रूप में व्याप्ति है। वह संस्कृत वाङ्मय हो जाय अर्थात् प्रत्येक की वाणी में समा जाये। वह संस्कृत भाषा प्रत्येक मनुष्यों की जिह्वा (वाणी) रूपी माला में सदैव सुशोभित बनी रहे। हम कर्मवीर पुरुष (उस) देववाणी को (संस्कृत को) जनवाणी बनाने के लिए प्रयत्न करते रहें। हम धीर भगीरथवंशी है।

4. वन्दे भारतमातरम्
(भारत माता की वन्दना करता हूँ)

वन्दे भारतमातरम् ………. नान्यद्देशहितद्धि ऋते।

अनुवाद :
बोलो, मैं भारत माता की वन्दना करता हूँ, माता की वन्दना करता हूँ, भारत माता की। वन्दना करता हूँ माता की, वन्दना करता हूँ माता की। भारत माता की।

यह (भारत माता) श्रेष्ठ वीरों की माता है, त्यागीजनों और धैर्यशाली लोगों की (यह माता है)। मातृभूमि के लिए और लोक कल्याण के लिए नित्य ही अपने मन को समर्पित करने वाले लोगों की (यह जन्मभूमि है) क्रोध पर जीत पाने वाले पुण्यकर्म करने वाले, धन को तिनके के समान समझने वाले, माता की सेवा के द्वारा अपने जीवन में सार्थकता लाने वाले लोगों की यह जन्मभूमि है। (1)

गाँव-गाँव में कर्म का उपदेश देने वाले, तत्व के जानने वाले, धर्म के कार्यों में लगे रहने वाले, धन का संचय केवल त्याग के लिए करने वाले तथा इस संसार में धर्म अनुकूल ही इच्छाएँ करने वाले लोगों की यह जन्मभूमि है। अज्ञान के नाश से युक्त तथा क्षण भर में ही परिवर्तनशील शरीर वाले अपने अन्दर आदरपूर्ण बुद्धि धारण किये हुए जो यहाँ जन्म लेते हैं, वे स्वयं अपने आप को जन्म लेकर धन्य मानते हैं, (उनकी यह भारतमाता जन्मभूमि है)। (2)

हे माता (जन्मभूमि?), तुम से धन, मन, अधिकार, बुद्धि और शारीरिक बल प्राप्त हुआ है। मैं (किसी भी कार्य का) कर्ता नहीं हूँ, तुम ही कार्य कराने वाली हो, मेरे द्वारा किये गये कर्म के फल में कोई आसक्ति नहीं है। हे माता! तुम्हारे शुभ (कल्याणकारी) चरणों में मेरा यह जीवन पुष्प अर्पित है। इससे बढ़कर कोई भी मेरे लिए अन्य मंत्र नहीं है, मैं कोई भी अन्य प्रकार से नहीं सोचता हूँ, इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी देश के हित में कुछ भी नहीं सोचता। (3)

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 27 The Means of Transport in India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Text Book Exercise Questions

Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What are means of transport? Give two examples.
Answer:
All the means used for moving from one place to another are called the means of transport.
Examples: Bus, railway, aeroplane, etc.

Question (b)
Write the names of the main means of transport in India.
Answer:
The means of transport makes important contribution in linking far off places, social integrity and unity and defence of the country. Different means of transport move on different routes.
Example: cycle, bullock cart, buses and car moves on road; trains move on railway tracks aeroplane move in air and boats, ships move on water.

Question (c)
State the difference between National and State Highways.
National Highways:

1. National Highways join capital and the main cities of the country and extend upto the territorial boundaries of our country.
2. These roads are managed and looked after by the Central Government.
3. Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) are the National Highways.

State Highways:

1. State Highways join main districts cities with the national highways. These roads limit upto the state boundaries only.
2. These roads are looked after by the state Governments.
3. Roads connecting two cities in a state are examples of State Highways.

Question (d)
Which National Highway connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.
Answer:
National Highway 3 connects Jabalpur and Jaipur.

Question (e)
Into how many zones have the Indian Railways been divided? Name them.
Answer:
The railways in India has been divided into nine zones for proper management. They are:

1. Eastern Railway
2. Northern Railway
3. Southern Railway
4. Central Railway
5. North – East Frontier Railway
6. South Central Railway
7. South – Eastern Railway
8. Western Railway
9. North – Eastern Railway

Question (f)
Which countries are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Kolkata harbours?
Answer:
Karachi, Captown, Africa are connected by water transport from Mumbai and Yangun is connected by water transport from Koikata.

Question (g)
Name any four harbours of India.
Answer:
The four harbours of India are Kandla, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Question (h)
Why are the rivers of Southern India not appropriate for internal transport through water?
Answer:
The rivers of Southern India flow on the hilly areas of the plateau which have much ups and downs. Therefore, they are not appropriate for water transport.

Question 2.
Mark the following in the given map:

1. National Highway No. 3 and 6.
2. Mumbai – Chennai rail route
3. Water route through Vishakhapatanam.
4. Water route through Paradip.
5. Delhi – Chennai air – route.
6. Kolkata Harbour.

Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 6 पूर्णांक Ex 6.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 140-141

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या रेखा का प्रयोग करते हुए, वह पूर्णांक ज्ञात कीजिए जो :
(a) 5 से 3 अधिक है
(b) – 5 से 5 अधिक है
(c) 2 से 6 कम है
(d) – 2 से 3 कम है।
हल :
(a) 5 से 3 अधिक है

हम 5 से प्रारम्भ करते हुए दाईं ओर 3 कदम चलते हैं तथा .8 प्राप्त करते हैं। अत: 5 से 3 अधिक 8 है।

(b)-5 से 5 अधिक है

हम – 5 से प्रारम्भ करते हुए दाईं ओर 5 कदम चलते हुए 0 प्राप्त करते हैं। अतः-5 से 5 अधिक 0 है।

(c) 2 से 6 कम है

हम 2 से प्रारम्भ करते हुए बाईं ओर 6 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 4 प्राप्त करते हैं। अतः 2 से 6 कम – 4 है।

(d) -2 से 3 कम है ।

हम – 2 से प्रारम्भ करते हुए बाईं ओर 3 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 5 प्राप्त करते हैं। अत: – 2 से 3 कम – 5 है।

प्रश्न 2.
संख्या रेखा का प्रयोग करते हुए निम्नलिखित योग ज्ञात कीजिए :
(a) 9 + (-6)
(b) 5 + (-11)
(c) (-1) + (-7)
(d) (-5) + 10
(e) (-1) + (-2) + (-3)
(f) (-2) + 8 + (-4)
हल :
(a) 9 + (-6)

सर्वप्रथम हम संख्या रेखा पर 0 के दाईं ओर 9 कदम चलकर 9 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर 9 के बाईं ओर 6 कदम चलकर 3 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः 9+ (-6) = 3

(b) 5 + (-11)

संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 से दाईं ओर 5 कदम चलते हैं और 5 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर 5 के बाईं ओर 11 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 6 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः 5 + (-11) = – 6

(c) (-1) + (-7)

संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 1 कदम चलते हैं और – 1 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 1 के बाईं ओर 7 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 8 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः (-1) + (-7) = -8

(d) (-5) + 10

संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 5 कदम चलते हैं और – 5 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 5 के दाईं ओर 10 कदम चलते हैं तथा 5 पर पहुँचते हैं। अतः (-5) +10 = 5

(e) (-1) + (-2) + (-3)

हम संख्या रेखा पर (0 के बाईं ओर 1 कदम चलते हैं और – 1 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 1 के बाईं ओर 2 कदम चलते हैं और – 3 पर पहुँचते हैं। पुन: -3 के बाईं ओर 3 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 6 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः (-1) + (-2) + (-3) = – 6

(f) (-2) + 8 + (-4)

हम संख्या रेखा पर 0 के बाईं ओर 2 कदम चलते हैं और -2 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 2 से दाईं ओर 8 कदम चलते हैं और 6 पर पहुँचते हैं। पुन: 6 के बाईं ओर 4 कदम चलते हैं तथा 2 पर पहुँचते हैं। अतः (-2) + 8 + (-4) = 2

प्रश्न 3.
संख्या रेखा का प्रयोग किए बिना, निम्नलिखित योग ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) 11 + (-7)
(b) (-13) + (+ 18)
(c) (-10) + (+ 19)
(d) (-250) + (+ 150)
(e) (-380) + (-270)
(f) (-217) + (-100)
हल :
(a) 11 + (-7)
= 4 + 7 + (-7)
= 4 + 0
= 4

(b) (-13) + (+ 18)
= (- 13) + (+ 13) + (+5)
= 0 + (+ 5)
= 5

(c) (-10) + (+ 19)
= (- 10) + (+ 10) + (+ 9)
= 0 + (+ 9)
= 9

(d) (-250) + (+ 150)
= (- 100) + (- 150) + (+ 150)
= (- 100) + 0
= – 100

(e) (-380) + (-270)
= – (380 + 270)
= -650

(f) (-217) + (-100)
= – (217 + 100)
= – 317

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित का योग ज्ञात कीजिए :
(a) 137 और – 354
(b) – 52 और 52
(c) – 312, 39 और 192
(d) – 50, – 200 और 300
हल :
(a) (+ 137) + (-354)
= (+ 137) + (- 137) + (- 217)
= 0 + (-217)
= – 217

(b) (-52) + (+ 52)= 0

(c)(-312) + (+ 39) + (192)
= (-312) + (+ 231)
= (-81) + (-231) + (+ 231)
= (-81) + 0
= -81

(d) (-50) + (-200) + (+ 300)
= (-250) + (+ 300)
= (-250) + (+ 250) + (+ 50)
= 0 + (+ 50)
= 50

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित के मान ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) (-7) + (-9) + 4 + 16
(b) (37) + (-2) + (-65) + (-8)
हल :
(a) (-7) + (-9) + 4 + 16
= (- 16) + 4 + 16
= (- 16) + 16 + 4
= 0 + 4
= 4

(b) (37) + (-2) + (-65) + (-8)
= 37 + (-75)
= 37 + (-37) + (-38)
= 0 + (-38)
= – 38

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit निबन्ध-लेखनम्

निबन्ध लेखन से छात्र/छात्राओं के अन्दर उनके रचना कौशल का विकास होता है, साथ ही कल्पनाशक्ति भी तीव्र होती जाती है। किसी भी विषय-वस्तु पर अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करने की स्वतंत्र अभिव्यक्ति विकास प्राप्त करती है। इसके लिए यहाँ कुछ निबन्ध दिये जाते हैं-

(1) सत्यम्

1. सत्यात् परो नान्यः धर्मः।
2. यद् वस्तु यथा भवति, तस्य तथैव कथनं सत्यमस्ति।
3. विश्वस्य सर्वाणि वस्तूनि सत्यस्य एव आश्रितानि।
4. सत्य वादिनः जनः समाजे सम्मानम् प्राप्नोति।
5. सत्यस्य रक्षार्थम् महाराजः हरिश्चन्द्रः सर्वस्वम् अत्यजत्।
6. सुखसमृद्धिहेतो सत्याचरणम् करणीयम्।

(2) परोपकारः

1. अन्येषां पुरुषाणाम् उपकरणं परोपकारः कथ्यते।
2. स्वार्थ परित्यज्य अन्येषां हित चिन्तनम्, तस्य च सम्पादनम् परोपकारः।
3. परोपकारेण जनः प्रगतिम् प्राप्नोति।
4. प्रकृतिः अपि सर्वेणाम् कल्याणं करोति।
5. परोपकाराय मेघाः वर्षन्ति।
6. वृक्षाः अपि परोपकाराय फलन्ति।
7. परोपकारिणाम् जीवनं सफलम्।

(3) विद्यामहिमा

1. विद्या कस्यापि विषयस्य उचितम् ज्ञानम् ददाति।
2. विद्या विनयम् ददाति।
3. विद्या एव समृद्धेः मूलम्।
4. विद्या प्रच्छन्नं धनम्।
5. विद्याहीनः जनः पशुतुल्यः भवति।

(4) भारतदेशः

1. भारतवर्षः एकः विशाल देशः।
2. अस्य उत्तर दिशायाम् हिमालयः अस्ति।
3. अस्य दक्षिणतः महासागरः अस्य चरणौ प्रक्षालयति।
4. अनेक नद्यः हिमालयात् निर्गच्छन्ति।
5. देवाः अपि अत्र आगत्य निवसितुं वाञ्छन्ति।

दृष्टव्यः :
गायन्ति देवा किल गीतकानि, धन्यास्तु ये भारत भूमिभागे। स्वर्गायवर्गास्पदहेतुभूते, भवन्ति भूयः पुरुषाः सुरत्वात्॥

(5) पुस्तकम्

1. पुस्तकानि मह्यम् अतीव रोचन्ते।
2. पुस्तकानि ज्ञानस्य भण्डारः भवन्ति।
3. पुस्तकानि अस्माकं मित्राणि सन्ति।
4. पुस्तकानां सङ्गति लाभप्रदा भवति।
5. अस्माभिः पुस्तकानि रक्षणीयानि।

(6) उद्यानम्

1. उद्यानम् अत्यन्तं रमणीयं भवति।
2. बालकाः उद्यानं क्रीडन्ति।
3. उद्याने तडागः अपि अस्ति।
4. जनाः उद्यानं भ्रमणार्थं गच्छन्ति।
5. खगाः वृक्षेषु निवसन्ति।

(7) विद्यालयः

1. मम विद्यालयः ‘खाईखेड़ा’ ग्रामे स्थितः अस्ति।
2. विद्यालयस्य भवनम् अतीवसुन्दरम् अस्ति।
3. अहं विद्यालयं गत्वा गुरून् प्रणमामि।
4. विद्यालये एकम् उद्यानम् अपि अस्ति।
5. विद्यालये एक विशालं क्रीडाक्षेत्रम् अस्ति।

(8) धेनुः

1. धेनुः अस्माकं माता अस्ति।
2. धेनूनां विविधाः वर्णाः भवन्ति।
3. धेनुः तृणानि भक्षयति।
4. धेनुः जनेभ्यः मधुरं पयः प्रयच्छति।
5. वयं धेनुं मातृरूपेण पूजयामः।

(9) महापुरुषः-आजादचन्द्रशेखरः

1. पुरुषः महत्कार्यं कृत्वा महापुरुषः भवति।
2. समाजहितार्थं राष्ट्रहितार्थं च यानि कार्याणि भवन्ति, तानि एव महत्कार्याणि भवन्ति।
3. चन्द्रशेखर आजादः एवमेव राष्ट्रसेवी महापुरुषः आसीत्।
4. 1906 ख्रीस्ताब्दे आजादचन्द्रशेखरस्य जन्म अभवत्।
5. आजादचन्द्रशेखर: 1931 ख्रीस्ताब्दे इलाहबादनगरे (प्रयागनगरे) वीरगतिं प्राप्नोत्।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 History of Ancient India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following cities is not related to Indus civilization?
(a) Mohen-jo-daro
(b) Kalibanga
(c) Lothal
(d) Pataliputra.
Answer:
(d) Pataliputra.

Question 2.
Which of foreign travelers come to India during Chandra Gupta Maurya’s period?
(a) Falien
(b) Arian
(c) Hieun Tsang
(d) Megasthenese.
Answer:
(d) Megasthenese.

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d) Magadh
2. (a) Kautilya
3. (b) Mahatma Buddha
4. (c) Vikrmaditya
5. (e) Kalinga War

Fill in the blank:

1. The founder of the Jain religion was ……………….
2. Mahatama Buddha attained enlightenment under the …………… tree.
3. India’s two great epics are the …………….. and …………….
4. The founder of the Gupta’s dynasty was …………….

Answer:

1. Vardhaman Mahavir
2. Pipal
3. Mahabharta, Ramayan
4. Sri Gupta

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write names of Vedas.
Answer:
There are four Vedas:

1. Rigveda
2. Samveda
3. Yajurveda
4. Atharvaveda.

Question 2.
Write the names of the four chief cities of the Indus civilization.
Answer:
The four chief cities of Indus civilization are:

1. Mohen-jo-daro
2. Harappa
3. Ropar
4. Kalibanga.

Question 3.
Who was Megasthenese? Name the book written by him.
Answer:
Megasthenese w’as a foreign traveler who came to India during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya. The name of the book written by him is Indica.

Question 4.
Write the names of chief education institutions of ancient India.
Answer:

• Taxshila University
• Nalanda University

Question 5.
Who was Kautilya? Write the name of the book written by him.
Answer:
Kautilya was a famous economist during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya. The name of the book written by him is Arthashastra.

Question 6.
Which Gupta ruler was successful in repulsing the Huna attacks?
Answer:
Skanda Gupta was successful in repulsing the Huna attacks.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who discovered the cities of Mohen-jo-daro and Harappa?
Answer:
The city of Mohen-jo-daro was discovered by Rakhaldas Banerjee and the city of Harappa was discovered by Dr. Day a ram Salmi.

Question 2.
Write about the new information received about river Saraswati.
Answer:
New discoveries have revealed that almost two-thirds of the Indus civilization is spread in the areas of the extinct Saraswati river and its tributaries. The contribution of Dr. Vishnu Shreedhar Wakandar’s research on the river Saraswati is of vital importance. During the Vedic period Saraswati was a very big river.

It is believed that the river Saraswati must have originated from the Shivalik ranges of the Himalayas and from it flowed to Ambala, Thaneser, Kurukshetra, Pahova, Sirsa, Hansi, Agroha, Hanumanganj and via Kalibanga to Anupgarh to Suratgarh. In due course of time due to ecological changes the Saraswati river slowly dried up and became extinct after some time.

Question 3.
What is the importance of Kalinga war in Indian history?
Answer:
The Kalinga war proved to be a turning point in the life of king Asoka. This war changed Asoka’s attitude and he followed a policy of peace rather than that of war. After this war, the era of military conquests or Digvijay was over and an era of spiritual conquest or Dhammavijay began. Asoka finally became a follower of Buddhism. Thus the Kalinga war gave a new direction to Asoka’s life.

Question 4.
State the political significance of matrimonial alliances made by Chandra Gupta – II.
Answer:
Chandra Gupta – II married Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty. This led to friendly relations between both the dynasties. He married his daughter Prabhavati Gupta to Rudrasena – II, the Vakataka King. This relationship secured Chandra Gupta’s control over the Sakas.

These matrimonial alliances proved to be politically very significant. The daughter of Kadama dynasty was also married in the Gupta dynasty. Due to this matrimonial alliances the glory of Chandra Gupta II spread to southern India as well.

Question 5.
Write about the chief features of the administrative organization during the Gupta period.
Answer:
Like Maurya rulers, the Gupta rulers also made public welfare as the basic foundation of their administration. The King was the highest official of the state. The final authority of the state was in his hands. There was a council of ministers and other officials to assist the King. The chief source of income was the land revenue, which was called ‘Bhaga’.

This was generally one sixth of the produce. Gupta Empire was divided into three parts Central, Provincial and Local administration. The chief objective of the Gupta rulers was public welfare. For this they made hospitals, Dharamshalas, or rest-houses, schools, roads, etc.

Question 6.
Write about the expansion of Harsha’s Empire.
Answer:
Emperor Harshavardhan was the son of ruler of Thanesar Prabhakar Vardhan. After Prabhakar Vardhan his son Rajyavardhan ascended the throne. When Rajyavardhan learnt of war between the ruler of Kannauj Grahavarman, husband of his sister Rajshree he fought against the King of Malwa Devgupta who had killed Grahavarman.

Rajyhavardhan defeated Dev Gupta but the King of Bengal Shashank, who was also the friend of Dev Gupta treacherously killed Rajyavardhan. Under these circumstances Harsha became the ruler of Thanesar. He ascended the throne in 606 A.D. at the ate of 16.

Since his sister Rajshree did not have any issue the throne of Kannauj also came in his hands. In this way he became the ruler of both Kannauj and Thanesar. His empire spread from Himalayas in the north to river Narmada in the south. To Bengal in the East to Indus. He had political relations with China and Persia.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about the contribution of the Indus civilization?
Answer:
The contribution of Indus Civilizations:
1. The People of Indus civilization had an artistic bend of mind. They were well-versed in the art of hairstyles, indulged in ornaments and cosmetics. People excelled in singing, music and dance.

2. Ornaments were made of copper, bronze, shells, ivory, clay, beads, etc.

3. Indus civilization paved the way to trade. Internal and external trade were is existence. Indus people had trade relatives with foreign countries. The contact with foreigners was both through land and water route.

4. Indus civilization gave a well – organized city planning system. For maintaining and keeping the city clean waste disposal terracotta pots (dustbins) and tins were placed at different places. Every city must have had an institution similar to Municipality for construction and renovation of roads, bridges, canal, public buildings, for controlling the shop and type of construction of individual homes, buildings, window, drains etc.

5. Indus civilization familiarized with the art of writing.

6. Indus people gave knowledge of efficient water drainage management.

Question 2.
Describe the Vedic civilization.
Answer:
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda, Atharvaveda, these four Vedas together with other contemporary literary works, is known as Vedic civilization. The entire vedic period indicates an extensive time period.

Social Life:
The Indian society during the Vedic period was formed of Aryans. Aryans had thousands of domesticated animals. They settled wherever food and fodder for animal was available. ‘The chief basis of social organization of the’ Aryans was the family or the clan. The oldest male member was the head of the family. Joint family system was prevalent during the period in which people of many generations lived together.

Varna – system was prevalent during the vedic period. There were 4 Varanasi Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. These Varanasi were, however not hereditary. For regulation of the social system Aryans considered life expectancy be 100 years and divided it into four Ashrams. These were Brahamcharya, (for learning and education), Grahastha (family life), Vanprastha (retirement from family life), Sannyas (giving up of worldly affairs).

Women enjoyed a high status in the society. Social evils like dowry, purdah system, child marriages were not prevalent. Women took keen interest in dressing up. Rice, Barley, Ghee (processed butter) and, milk formed the chief food of the Aryans. Chariot race, horse riding, hunting, dancing, gambling, game of dice were the chief means of entertainment.

Economic Life:
Vedic civilization was rural and was primarily ‘agrarian. Wheat, Jowar, Urad, Masoor (pulses) and Sesame were basically cultivated. Irrigation system was well developed. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry was the chief occupation. The status in the society was determined by the number of cows one had horse, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat etc. were domesticated.

Domestic systems of production and artisan-ship were highly developed. Carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith, cobblers, had great importance. Both internal and external trade flourished. Barter system was’ prevalent.

Religious Life:
Aryans made great progress in religious and spiritual sphere. The chief features of their religious lives were as follows:

• Vedic Aryans was nature worshipers. They worshiped various forms of nature. Sun, moon, wind, clouds (Megh) Usha (Goddess of Light) were chief Gods and Goddesses.
• There was a provision of ‘Yagyan’ for every Aryan. They believed that Yagyans pleased God and fulfilled all wishes. Yagyans were the chief basis of rites and rituals.
• Though Aryans worshiped many Gods still they believed in Monotheism.

Political Life:

• Vedic Aryans were organized into various ‘Janas’ or tribes. A tribe had members of the same clan or family.
• The basis of political system was the clan. The father was head of the clan. Many clans together formed a ‘tribe or village’.
• Many villages together formed the ‘Vish’ the head of the Vish was called the Vishapati.
• Many ‘Vish’ together formed ‘Jana’ the head of which was ‘Gopa – 1.

Rig Vedic people organized themselves into communities which were called ‘Janas’. The chief of the tribe the Pradhan or leader was called ‘Rajan’ or Gopit, who was responsible for the safety of his community and animals. Vedic period administrative system was primarily monarchical. The position of the king was hereditary.

The chief duties of the king were – protection of the subjects waging wars, to maintain peace and give justice to the subjects. There were many subordinates to assist the King. The chief among them were the Purohits or the priest. The commander of the army Senani, Gramin (village officer, Sangrahita or the treasurer, revenue collector, charioteer, Palagal’ (King’s friend and amuser)

Sabha and Samiti:
Sabha and Samiti were important and effective political organizations of the vedic period. Probably they checked the arbitrary decisions of the king. Rigveda refers to these institutions.

Military Organization:
Tire Military Organization and art of warfare were considerably developed during this period. Infantry, cavalry and charioteers formed the main army. The main objective of the wars was self-defense, victory and to destroy the glory of neighboring kingdoms.

Question 3.
State the chief features of Chandra Gupta Maurya’s administrative organization.
Answer:
We learn about Chandra Gupta’s administrative system through Megasthenese’s. Indica and Kautilya’s Arthashastra.

chief features of his administration were as follows:

1. The King was the highest official of the Empire. He was the head of the army and administrator of justice. He was involved in the works concerning the welfare of his subjects.
2. There was a council of ministers to assist the King.
3.  Espionage system, Judicial system and Military organization was strong.
4. Land revenue was the chief source of states income \(\frac { 1 }{6 }\)^th of the produce was taken as the tax.
5. The officer collecting taxes was called Samaharta.
6. Empire was divided into provinces. They were governed by Princes or members of royal family.
7. There were six Boards for city administration. Each had members.
8. Military system was very strong. It was looked after by six Boards. These were – Admiralty, Infantry, Cavalry, war chariots, elephant army board and commensurate which managed military transport.
9. Code of punishment were very strict.
10. From Kautilya’s Arthashastra we come to know that there were two types of Courts – civil (Diwali) and criminal (Faujdari).

Question 4.
Write about Asoka’s Dhamma and mention its chief features.
Answer:
Asoka was the third and most famous Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty. He proved his ability and talent during his father Bindusar’s reign. He was crowned in around 269 3.C. He fought a war with Kalinga which proved to be a turning point in his life. The war gave a new direction to him.

After the Kalinga war, Asoka embraced Buddhism. In his inscriptions he not only propagated the fundamental principles of Buddhism but also moral principles. His Dhamma was the summary of all religions. Asoka’s Dhamma aims for the welfare of all, and aims at mental, moral and spiritual upliftment of all living beings. His Dhamma was extremely simple and practical.

Mercy on all beings, speaking truth, wishing well being of all, respect to parents and teachers, were chief features of Asoka’s Dhamma. He sent for the spread of Buddhism in foreign countries. Asoka got many rock inscriptions and pillar inscriptions made.

His son and daughter Mahendra and Sanghamitra went to Srilanka for propagating Buddhism. He got Stu pas,constructed inscribed religious inscriptions established a department of religion and appointed officers called Dhamma Mahamatras. Most of the inscriptions of Asoka describe him as Devana Priyadasi which means favorite of Gods.

Chief features of Asoka’s Dhamma:

• Sovereignty
• Importance given to self-discipline and etiquette.
• Non-violence and religious toleration.
• Prominence of moral values.
• Emphasis on practicing truth in life.

Question 5.
‘Gupta period is known as the golden period of Indian history’Justify the statement.
Answer:
There was an all round development during the Gutpa period. Therefore this period is referred to as the golden period. During this period there were great rulers like Chandra Gupta – I, Samudra Gupta and Chandra Gupta II, Vikramaditya. The rulers paid great attention towards the welfare of their subjects. They maintained peace and good administration. Each ruler made efforts to organize India into one political unit.

There was economic prosperity everywhere. Consequently art and literature saw a remarkable growth. The period produced mathematician and astronomers like Varahmihira, Aryabhatta and Bhramagupta. Aryabhatta in his ‘Surya-Siddhanta’ explained the causes of solar and lunar eclipses. He also declared that the earth revolves round its axis. He also wrote a book ‘Aryabhatiya’.

The invention of zero and decimal system also started during this period. The prominent mathematicians of Gupta period were also skilled in astrology. Besides, astrology and mathematics, literature, painting, architecture, physics, metallurgy and knowledge of astronomical occurrences was at its peak.

The reasons why the Gupta age is called the Golden age.

1. Era of great rulers.
2. Era of Peace.
3. Era of Political unity.
4. Ear of Econometric prosperity.
5. Era of Artistic progress.
6. Era of Literary progress.
7. Era of Scientific progress.
8. Security from foreign aggression.

Question 6.
Briefly describe the victory campaign of Samudra Gupta.
Answer:
After Chandra Gupta I his son Samudra Gupta inherited the throne. He extended the boundaries of the Empire inherited by him and gave political unity to India. In his victory campaign Samudra Gupta conquered nine powerful states of northern India and merged them into his Kingdom. He also conquered the Atavika states of central India.

In his conquest of the south ‘Dakshinapath’ he won over 12 states but returned them to the Kings. These states gave annual taxes to the Gupta rulers. Due to his victory over Aryavratai and Dakshinapath the frontier states and republics got scared and they accepted the sovereignty of Samudra Gupta. After his victory he performed the Ashvamedha Yagyan and issued gold currencies. References of his. victory are mentioned in Harisen’s Allahabad pillar inscription.

Samudra Gupta was a great Military commander, efficient politician and an invincible warrior. The famous historian Smith has called Samudra Gupta the ‘Indian Napoleon.’ Some of the Indian historians call Samudra Gupta greater and more practical than Napoleon because Samudra Gupta accomplished many victories but never incorporated the won states in his Empire nor did he try to impose his will upon these states. He only took gifts or taxes from’ the rulers and allowed the rulers to be independent but friendly states.

Question 7.
Write about the administrative organisation of Harsha – vardhan.
Answer:
Besides beings a conqueror, Harsha was also an able administrator, with a few changes he followed the Gupta organization. The pattern of Harsha’s administration was monarchical. The Emperor had the most prominent place in the central administration. He was the chief of the army and the highest court of appeal.

Tire main aim of the rule was the welfare of the subjects. There were many ministers and secretaries to assist the Emperor. The King was not bound to the decisions of the Council of Ministers. There were departmental heads like Mahasenapati (Commander in chief) and Maha Sandhivigrahdhikrt (Secretary of war and power).

For administrative convenience the vasts .empire was divided into provinces. Province-were called Bhukti or Desh. The administrator of Bhukti was called Uparik. Only the princes of the royal dynasty or members of The royal family were appointed to these positions. Each province was divided into various Vishayas (districts).

The administrators of Vishayas were called Vishayapati. He supervised the various activities of the district. The smallest unit of administration was the village. Harsha had a large army. The code of punishment during Harsha’s period was very strict. There were capital punishments for some crimes. Due to the strict code of punishment the rate of crime was less.

The sources of information on Harsha have been derived from Bana’s Harsha Charita and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues. The chief source of states income was land revenue. Generally land revenue was one/sixth of the produce. Taxes could be paid in the form of grain. Besides markets river banks tax on traders and fines were chief sources of state income.

The sources of information on Harsha have been derived from Bana’s Harsha Charita and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues. The chief source of states income was land revenue. Generally land revenue was one / sixth of the produce. Taxes could be paid in the form of grain. Besides markets river banks tax on traders and fines were chief sources of state income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who did write Rajtarangini?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Panini
(c) Kalhan
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Kalhan

Question 2.
From geographical point of view the world’s largest civilization is –
(a) Harppan civilization
(b) Vedic civilization
(c) Epic period civilization
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Harppan civilization

Question 3.
The most ancient epic is –
(a) Yajurveda
(b) Rigvdea
(c) Samveda
(d) Atharvaveda.
Answer:
(b) Rigvdea

Question 4.
Vanprastha means –
(a) family life
(b) retirement from family life
(c) giving up of worldly affairs
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) retirement from family life

Question 5.
The founder of Gupta dynasty was
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Samudra Gupta
(c) Skanda Gupta
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Sri Gupta

Question 6.
Which Gupta ruler has been called the ‘Indian Napolean’?
(a) Skanda Gupta
(b) Samudra Gupta
(c) Sri Gupta
(d) Chandragupta
Answer:
(b) Samudra Gupta

Match the following:

Answer:
1. (c) Fa-Hein
2. (d) Indica
3. (e) Indian Nepolean
4. (a) Gautam Buddha
5. (b) Kalinga

Fill in the blank:

1. In ……………….. many janpads are mentioned.
2. Mohen-jo-dro was discovered in 1922 by …………….
3. Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samveda are called …………….
4. ………….. is the oldest work in the world.
5. Buddha was born at ……………..

Answer:

1. Mahabharata
2. Rabhaldas
3. Vedatriji
4. Rigveda
5. Lumbini.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of two epics.
Answer:
Mahabharata and Ramayan.

Question 2.
What is the literal meaning of ‘Mohen-jo-daro’?
Answer:
The literal meaning of Mohen-jo-daro is ‘The Mound of the Dead.’

Question 3.
What is known as Vedic civilization?
Answer:
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda, Atharvaveda – These four Vedas together with other contemporary literary works is known as vedic civilization.

Question 4.
Name the four varnas.
Answer:
Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras.

Question 5.
What was the commander of the army called during vedic civilization?
Answer:
He was called Senani.

Question 6.
Which two religions emerged during the period 6th century B.C.?
Answer:
Jainism and Buddhism emerged during the period 6th century B.C.

Question 7.
What is the main principle of Jainism?
Answer:
The main principle of Jainism is Ahimsa or nonviolence.

Question 8.
Name three famous rulers of the Mauryan empire?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusar and Asoka-the-Great.

Question 9.
Whom did Chandra Gupta defeat in around 305 B.C.?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta defeated the Greek Commander Seleucus Nicator in around 305 B.C.

Question 10.
Who fought a war with Kalinga?
Answer:
King Asoka fought a war with Kalinga.

Question 11.
What do you know about Asoka’s Dharma?
Answer:
Asoka’s Dharma was the summary of all religions. It aims for the welfare of all. It aims at mental, moral and spiritual upliftment of all living beings.

Question 12.
Who was the last Mauryan ruler?
Answer:
The last Mauryan ruler was Brihadrath.

Question 13.
What happened to him?
Answer:
He was killed by his commander Pushyamitra Sunga.

Question 14.
When did Harsha become ruler of Thanesar?
Answer:
Harsha became the ruler of Thanesar in 606 A.D.

Question 15.
Write the two sources of information on Harsha.
Answer:
The two sources of information on Harsha are Bana’s Harsha Charita – and Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang’s travelogues.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the chief civilizations and dynasties of Ancient India in Chronological order.
Answer:

Question 2.
Describe the literary sources that throw light on ancient Indian history.
Answer:
Indian literature has worldly and religious elements. Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajur / eda and Atharvaveda) Aranyakas, Upanishads, Vedangs, Sutras, Epics (Mahabharata and Ramayana) Smrities, Puranas, Buddhist liters Lure, Jain literature, Visakhadutta’s Mudrarakshhas, Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Patanjali’s Mahabhashya, Panini’s Ashtadhyayi, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini and other literary sources are chief sources of information about ancient Indian geographical, political, cultural, religious and economic life.

Question 3.
Write a note on ‘Public Bath’.
Answer:
In the excavations of Mohen – jo – daro a big bath has been found which is rectangular. It has a balcony on all the four sides and there are rooms behind the balconies, swimming pool and big wells to fill water in.

Every corner of the bath has staircase and the bath is made of baked bricks. This bath probably had religious significance and on sacred occasions people bathed in it. The great bath was so well constructed that it exists even today.

Question 4.
Write a note on Jainism.
Answer:
Vardharnan Mahavir was the 24th Tirthankar of the Jain religion. Mahavir was born to King Siddharth of Kundgrama. Vardharnan (Mahavir) was thoughtful and sober since childhood. He renounced the world after the death of his father. He attained Kaivalyagyan (highest knowledge) after 12 year’s of penance and meditation.

He was called a Jain (or victor over senses) as he got victory over his senses; and his followers were called Janis. The main principle of Jainism is Ahimsha or non – violence. According to Jainism non – violence it is not enough to refrain from violence but violence in thought, speech and allowing violence by others was also against religion. Mahavira professed the five vows.

Question 5.
Describe the chief features of Asoka’s Dharma.
Answer:
The chief features of Asoka’s Dharma are:

• Sovereignty.
• Importance given to self – discipline and etiquette.
• Non – violence and religious tolerance.
• Prominence of moral values.
• Explains on practicing truth in life.

Question 6.
What were the causes of downfall of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
There were several causes of downfall of the Mauryan Empire:

• The successors of Asoka were incapable. They divided the Empire among themselves and could not keep the Empire of their ancestors intact.
• The oppression of Provincial officers.
• Lack of nationalism in the subjects.
• Asoka’s policy of non-.violence made Military administration weak.
• There was lethargy also in the administrative system.

Question 7.
Some of the Indian historians call Samudra Gupta greater and more practical than Napoleon. Justify it.
Answer:
Samudra Gupta was really greater and more practical than Napoleon beacuse he (Samudra Gupta) accomplished many victories but never incorporated the won states in his empire nor did he try to impose his will upon these states. He only took gifts or taxes from the rulers and allowed the rulers to be independent but friendly states.

Question 8.
How can you say that Harsha was one of the greatest rulers of India?
Answer:
Harsha was one of the greatest rulers of India. It is generally believed that Harshvardhan had control over the entire northern India. He was a great conqueror, able administrator promoted welfare of the people. He was religious person and a patron of learning. Due to his victories and spread of religious works he has been called an assimilation of Samudra Gupta and Asoka.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 9 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the contribution of Chandra Gupta II in consolidating and strengthening the Gupta Empire.
Answer:
Chandra Gupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, was a great ruler of the Gupta Empire. His contribution to the Empire is noteworthy.

1. Chandra Gupta – II married Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty. This led to friendly relations between both the dynasties. He married his daughter Prabhavati Gupta to Rundrasena II the Vakataka King. This relationship secured Chandra Gupta’s control over the Sakas.

These matrimonial alliances proved to be politically very important. The daughter of Kadama dynasty was also married in the Gupta dynasty. Due to this matrimonial alliance the glory of. Chandra Gupta II spread to southern India as well.

2. An important achievement of Chandra Gupta – II’s reign was victory over Sakas. As a result of this victory western Malwa, Gujarat, Saurashtra, states of Kathiawad came under the Gupta Empire. The western boundaries of Gupta empire reached the Arabian sea.

3. Chandra Gupta – II is also described as Vikramaditya. He was an able politician. He was a great victor, able administrator, admirer of knowledge, benevolent, and protector of intellectuals. Among the Navratnas (nine Gems) in his court Kalidas was supreme.

During Chandra Gupta’s period science, architecture, sculpture, saw remarkable progress. The Chinese traveler Fa-Hein came during his reign and stayed in India from 405-411 A.D. In his travelogues he has described the contemporary political, social and economic condition of India.

Question 2.
Describe the social and economic life of the Indus civilization.
Answer:
Social life in the Indus Civilization:
The study of the archaeological sources the Tarappan civilization proves that the society was divided into various groups. The prominent among them were potters, carpenters, weavers, plumbers, masons, artisans, bricks makers, bead-makers and sculptors. During the period, the priests must have occupied an important position and performed special duties. The remains found at Mohen – jo – daro point in this direction.

Besides these bureaucrats, military and government officials, intellectuals and traders and laborers also resided. The people of the Tarappan civilization had an artistic bend of mind. The people of the Harappan civilization were well versed in the art of hairstyles, indulged in ornaments and cosmetics. During this period people excelled in singing, music, dance etc. The statue of a dancing girl found during the excavation certifies the same.

Food habits of the period included both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. Ornaments were made of copper, bronze, shells, ivory, clay beads, beads made of horn and bones, hair clips, finger rings, bangles, necklace, amulets, bracelet, anklets, earrings were worn as ornaments.

They were also fond of hunting. From the remains found at Mohen-jo-daro a Yogi’s image on one of the seal (resembling Pashupatinath – Shiva) Rock Lin – gas (resembling Shiv Linga) can form an idea of the religious beliefs of the people. Besides these evidences of worship of snake, trees, the sun and water have also been found from excavation.

Economic Life in the Indus Civilization:
The economy I of this period was well developed. Agriculture was the main occupation. Besides agriculture, animal rearing, industry, internal and external trade, statue making industry, bricks industry, sculpture etc. were the chief industries. Indus people had trade relations.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 The Climate of India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 17 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
What is Monsoon?
Answer:
The word ‘Monsoon’ originates from an Arabic word ‘Mausim’ meaning season. India is situated in the tropical zone. Most of our rain is brought by the monsoon winds. Our farmers depend very much on the monsoon showers to assure a good harvest. If monsoon comes early the crops suffer because fields are not ready to receive the rain. If it delays it causes drought. Thus, climatically monsoon is a very Important phenomenon.

Question (b)
What is retreating monsoon?
Answer:
Retreating monsoon winds begin to withdraw from land. The period from 2nd week of September to November is the period of retreating monsoon. They do not cause any rains over most parts of the country except the eastern coast of India and the Tamil Nadu coasts. Retreating monsoon winds after passing over the Bay of Bengal cause rains on the Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu coasts.

Question (c)
What is temperature variation?
Answer:
The temperature variation is more in North India than in the South India.

Question (d)
What is the climate of India called?
Answer:
The climate of India is called monsoon climate.

Question (e)
What are the four seasons is India?
Answer:
The four seasons in India are:

1. Cold weather season (winter)
2. Hot weather season (summer)
3. Advancing monsoon season (rainy)
4. Season of retreating monsoon (autumn)

Question (f)
Explain the general condition in winter in India?
Answer:
The temperature is low in northern India and atmospheric pressure is high. Winds blow from high pressure belt to low pressure belt, i.e from land to sea. Since the winds blow from the land, they are dry and cold. Their direction is north – east to south – west. Temperature falls rapidly. The characteristics of the winter seasons are:

1. Cold waves blow in all parts of northern India.
2. The western cyclone causes a little rainfall in the north – west.
3. The monsoon winds coming back from the Bay of Bengal causes rainfall in the coast of Tamil Nadu.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. In the north – west rainfall is caused by …………….. in winter.
2. When temperature rises, atmospheric pressure became …………………
3. The hot wind that blows in north west of India in summer in the afternoon is called ………………..
4. When temperature falls down 5° celcius, the cold wind that blows, is called ……………….

Answer:

1. western cyclone
2. low
3. loo
4. cold wave.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 3.
Question (a)
What are the factors that effect the climate of India ? Describe in detail?
Answer:
The following factors affect the climate of India:

1. Geographical position:
India is located between 8°4’N to 37°6’N latitude. The Tropic of Cancer divides it into almost two equal parts. Indian ocean stretches in the south of India. There are high mountains of the Himalayas in the North. The winds get enough moisture as it is surrounded by water on three sides.

2. The form of the surface of the earth:
The Himalayas stretches like a wall from east to west. It stops the cold winds blowing from the North pole and saves India from severe cold. On the other land it also stops the moist monsoon winds and causes rainfall.

3. Winds:
If the winds did not change direction with the change of season, India would have been a dry desert. In the north, change in the atmospheric pressure in Asia also changes the direction of the winds.

Question (b)
What are the characteristics of the Indian climate?
Answer:
The main characteristics of the Indian climate are:

1. Climate of India is Monsoon climate.
2. Most of the raimail occur in four months from June to September.
3. The temperature variation is more in North India than in the South India.
4. The distribution of rainfall is uneven.
5. The climate affects the life of the people.
6. The inner parts of India have continental and the coastal parts have moderate climate.
7. Cyclones occur before and after Monsoon. They cause rain.

Question (c)
How does Monsoon originate in India?
Answer:
The period from June to September is the south – west monsoon season. The low pressure area developed in the north – west of the sub – continent becomes intense. The south east trade winds blow towards low pressure area in the North India. These moist winds enter into the two oceans on the east as well as on the west (Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea). Suddenly they are caught up in the circulation over India and bring rain. The whole country, at one time or the other, gets rain in about 4 to 5 months either through south – west monsoon or north – east monsoon.

Question 4.
Show the following in the map of India:
Tropic of Cancer, Cherapunji and summer winds areas with heavy rain, Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Desert?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
Look at the map above and say?

1. In which direction are the winds blowing in the south?
2. Are the winds blowing from land to sea or sea to land?
3. Would the winds cause rainfall?

Answer:

1. Winds are blowing from high pressure belt to low pressure belt.
2. Winds are blowing from sea (Indian Ocean) to land (Indian Peninsula).
3. Yes.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Democracy

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a Democracy?
(a) Government of elected representatives.
(b) Respect of Rights.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person
(d) Free and impartial elections.
Answer:
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of one person

Question 2.
Which is the Democratic concept?
(a) Freedom
(b) Exploitation
(c) Inequality
(d) Individualism.
Answer:
(a) Freedom

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a demerit of democracy?
(a) Waste of public time and money
(b) Dominance of the wealthy
(c) Partisanship
(d) Public welfare.
Answer:
(b) Dominance of the wealthy

Question 4.
Democracy is a rule of the people, by the people, for the people-
(a) Machaivelle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Roussean
(d) Hautes.
Answer:
(d) Hautes.

Fill in the blank:

1. Aristotle has called Democracy as the …………….
2. The propounders of communism was …………… and ………………
3. A ……………….. constitution is essential for successful Democracy.
4. There is a wastage of ………….. and …………… in Democracy.

Answer:

1. Rule of many
2. Karl Marx and Lenin
3. written
4. time, money.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What has been mentioned with reference to democracy in the later Vedic Period?
Answer:
During the later Vedic Period the Republican Form of Government and local self-governing institutions were prevalent.

Question 2.
What was the basic unit of administration in ancient India?
Answer:
In ancient India the basic unit of administration was Panchyat.

Question 3.
What right does the Marxist principle of democracy lay emphasis on?
Answer:
The Marxist principle believe that the political power must be rested in the hands of the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be rested in the hands of the entire society. This principle lays emphasis on a classless and stateless society.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two definitions explaining the meaning of democracy?
Answer:

• Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
• Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation.

Question 2.
State the importance of Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society.

In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions does not vest is an individual but in the hands of representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings pf the people. In the social sphere of man’s life democracy gives a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth.

Question 3.
What do you understand by indirect or representative democracy?
Answer:
When the people participate in the making of law and controlling the working of administration through the elected representatives, it is called indirect democracy. In present times indirect democracy is practiced. In this the people choose their representatives for a definite period who form the legislature and make the laws. In this system the wishes of the people are expressed through the elected representatives.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by democracy. Write down its chief characteristics.
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘Demos’ and ‘Cretin’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’. It means a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives. It is also reformed to as Loktantra’ or ‘Jantantra’.

Characteristics of Democracy:
1. Accountable Ruling System:
The people can make the Government work in an accountable manner by asking question and criticizing it. Here the power to govern is basically with the people which is handed to the representatives for a fixed term. Therefore the accountability of the governing is essential for the people else the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

2. Rule based on Equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. In this form of government all citizens without any discrimination have equal civil and political rights. Elections in a fixed time period are essential for democracy. All adult citizens have equal rights to vote and contest elections as candidates in these elections.

The present democracies emphasis on social and economic equality as well. The basic traits of democracy are equal social and economic opportunities and equal importance to an individual personality. Therefore ‘one person one vote’ is the axis of democracy.

3. Strengthening System of Freedom:
In a democracy various types of freedom are given to the criticizers for their all-round development. Besides political freedom rights to various types of religious and cultural freedoms are also given to the citizens. In a democracy elasticize have the right to vote, get elected, hold public offices, give speeches, freedom to express, form associations, organize meetings, address people or practice any profession or trade.

4. Rule of Law:
By rule of law is meant that everyone is equal before law. Similar punishment is given for similar crime, whatever be the status and position.

5. Independent and Impartial Elections:
Conducting elections only is not enough in democracy but elections must be conducted in an independent and impartial manner so that the possibility of winning or losing election for the people in power is also there. There should be no pressure on the voters during elections and the election process should also be impartial.

The will of the people is supreme in a democracy. In this form of Government elections are held from time-to-time. For forming the Government various political parties and independent candidates also have the freedom to participate in these elections.

6. Existence of Written Constitution:
Definite fundamental principles and procedures of administrative organization is the most important feature of Democracy so that any ruling party on the basis of its majority may not define or change it according to its whims and fancies. The constitution of organs of government, procedures etc.

must be clearly defined in the constitution. Therefore, a written constitution is considered to be very important. Democracy is based on equality and freedom of the citizens. Therefore it is necessary to define them in the fundamental laws of the constitution.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure the rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. Therefore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

Question 2.
Describe the merits and demerits of democracy.
Answer:
Merits:
1. Based on Highest Values of Humanity:
Democracy is based on higher values like equality, justice and brotherhood and everyone is treated with equality respecting every individuals dignity. It develops virtues like self-respect and self-reliance in the citizens.

2. Public Welfare:
In a democracy the representatives of the people govern who are elected by the people for a definite period. They are always afraid that if they do not work in accordance with the wishes, feelings and need of the people then they will be defeated in the next elections. Therefore, the government is responsible to the people in a democracy and is always vigilant about their interests. Therefore public welfare is always kept in mind in a democracy.

3. Political Education:
Democracy is the best means of political education. People take interest in political field naturally, due to the right to vote and freedom to hold political position. Freedom of expression and the use of means of communication, promote the tendency to exchange ideas among citizens.

4. Growth of Feeling of Patriotism:
Democracy is the rule of the people for attaining public welfare for the people. People feel associated with the Government and state since they are politically conscious. This association promotes the feelings of love and commitment for the nation. This leads to the cultivation of nationalism.

5. Minimum Possibility of Violent Revolution:
Democracy is a philosophy of peace and tolerance. Its based on understanding and consensus. The opposition also has a right to put forth its views. Therefore, the opposition also criticizes and condemns the Government. If the majority of the people are dissatisfied with the ruling class it can easily remove them through constitutional methods. Therefore there is a least possibility of a violent revolution in the democracy.

Demerits:
1. Emphasis on Quantity rather than on Quality:
In a democracy more importance is given to quantity than quality. Only the votes are counted in this system. The vote of every voter has equal value irrespective of whether he is capable or incapable.

2. Rule of the Incapable:
Governance is an art. For this special knowledge and qualifications are required. The aim of welfare of the entire society cannot be realized if the ruler does not have the knowledge of this art. Only a few people have the art, capability and the potential to govern.

But in a democracy there is a rule of the majority and a capable person is also equated with an incapable. In developing countries the situation is even me e pitiable. Therefore critics also call democracy as a rule of the incapable.

3. Waste of Public Time’ and Money:
Only after a long and complex procedure the legislature is formed. Sometimes it takes years to make important laws. Lot of money is spent on the election process. A lot of money is also spent on the members of parliament.

4. Domination of the Wealthy:
To say that everyone participates in the political process in a democracy is only theoretical. Practically the elections have become so expensive that common people cannot even think of participating in the election for any position. To contest elections on money has become a common features of Democracy system. Candidates contesting elections spend a lot of money in campaigning. This has led to the transformation of Democracy from ‘Rule of the People’ to the ‘Rule of the Rich’.

5. Partisanship:
For the regulation of present Democracy political parties are becoming essential. Political parties are formed on the basis of ideologies but their main aim is to acquire power. To influence people and win popularity political parties levy baseless charges against each other opposition for the sake of opposing and not for principles or values becomes the aim of the political parties.

Political parties become a battling ground for those who influence the feelings of the people through negative campaigning and find ways and means to fulfill their selfish motives and establish their supremacy. Their immoral behavior during elections embitters the entire environment. Partisan interests becomes more important than public welfare and they also use political power to fulfill their selfish interests.

6. Weak during Wars and Emergencies:
There is a need to take quick decisions during a war or an emergency, but democracy proves to be ineffective during such times.

Question 3.
Describe the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
The fundamental principles of democracy are:

1. The Classical Principle of Democracy:
According to this principle the basis of governance is the consent of the people, but if the government does not come up to the expectations of the people, then the people can remove the government through next election. The welfare of the people is the aim of the government. This is also known as the liberal principle of Democracy, because it lays emphasis on the freedom of the people and supremacy of the society.

2. The Elitist Principle of Democracy:
This principle has been propounded in the beginning of the 20^th century. It lays emphasis on the basic natural inequalities among man and believes that in all political systems there are two classes the ruling and the ruled. Though the ruling class is in a minority still as a center of power it is an elite class. The power of governing is in the hands of this elite. class.

Generally people think that they are participating in the political process but actually their influence is confined to elections. The basis of elite is selection on the basis of superiority. Their superiority can be on any basis nature, thought, economic status, social and educational background, which makes them different from common people. Elite also consider themselves different and superior but they act and react with the common people.

Secondly this way integration of peoples sovereignty is attained. Elite have an influential role in deciding the policy or in the money and wealth of the society but in a democracy everyone has an equal opportunity to enter this elite class. On the other hand regulated and open election process acts as a hindrance for elite to work for the welfare of the people.

3. Pluralist Principle:
This principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organize himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the Government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interest.

This principle also believes that actually power is divided among these groups therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

4. Marxist Principle:
In the later 19th century a new principle of democracy based on the ideology of modern profounder of communism Karl Marx and Lenin came forward. According to this principle for the establishment of true democracy a classless and stateless society should be established first. Resourceful class is empowered with political therefore state itself becomes a group of exploiters.

The Marxist principle believes that the political power must be rested in the entire society but for this it is important that the economic power should be in the hands of the entire society. In such a condition alone will the administration be regulated for all and in the interests of all. This principle of democracy lays more emphasis on economic equality rather than on political and civil equalities. It recognizes that if a person has no food, clothing or shelter then the right to vote or to get elected is meaningless for him.

Question 4.
Describe the form and importance of democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy and ideas of democratic institutions are not new for India. It is believed that around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. during the Vedic period the tradition of representative consultation was prevalent among Indians. During the later Vedic period the Republican form of Government and local self – governing institutions were prevalent. In Rigveda and Atharvaveda a reference of Sabha and Samiti is found.

After the war of Mahabharat big empires started disappearing and many republican states rose. During the Mahajanpad period there was a birth of sixteen Mahajanpads which included Kashi, Kaushal, Magadh, Matsya etc. Some of the Mahajanpads were monarchical and others republic. Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both came from Republic.

Many rules of Buddhist monasteries resemble the rules of modern parliamentary system. For example Seating arrangement, various types of proposals, calling attention quorum, whip, counting of votes, motion thoughts related to justice etc. In the Vajji union everyone assembled for a meeting.

It was a form of direct democracy. Union of Vajji was formed by association of six republics. There was an elaborate system of self-government in villages and cities during the Mauryan period in India. Indian society was predominantly agrarian when the fundamental unit was self-governing and independent villages. The political structure was based on these village communities.

The village was administered by an elected Panchayat. The center of the village was a Panchayat Ghar where young and the old assembled. All members of the village elected the Panchayat every year. These elected Panchayats had ail rights in the matters of the village and the right to administer justice.

Panchayats distributed the land and collected taxes for the Government from the entire village. Some committees were formed from the elected members of the Panchayats. Each committee was formed for one year if any member misbehaved he could be immediately removed. If a member was unable to give a proper account of public exchequer he was declared incapable.

At the central level the king ruled. The king did not have autocratic rights based on Divine rights like kings in Europe. If the king misbehaved the subjects had the right to remove the king. There was a state council to give advice to the king. The king worked in accordance with the wisbs of the people and the advisors of the king (ministers / officers) respected the Panchas at the local levels. Therefore in ancient India the meaning , of Rule of Kings’ was serving the subjects.

Question 5.
What is the concept of democracy? Describe the present form of Indian democracy.
Answer:
The main concept of democracy is that the entire power of the state vests in the. people and not in any individual, group or dynasty. Therefore participation of the people is the basic , foundation of democracy. All must participate in the taking of such decisions or work which affects everyone.

By democracy is a meant a system of governance where public welfare is of utmost importance. Democracy is not confined to a system of governance. It is a form of state and society. Therefore, it is a mixture of state, society and governance.

Present Form of Indian Democracy:
In present times India is world’s largest democratic country. After getting independence Indian constitution came into force on 26^th Jan., 1950. India became a sovereign democratic republic after the enforcement of the constitution. Citizens were given universal adult suffrage in accordance with the fundamental principles of democracy by the constitution.

All adult Indian citizens were given . the right to vote without any discrimination by which the people could elect the representatives of their choice and form a popular Government. Indian citizens have shown an active participation and maturity in all the parliamentary and legislative elections. Barring the exception of emergency (1975-1977) holding of timely and impartial elections is an indicator of perpetual democracy in India.

Besides the elections for Panchayats and in cities municipalities and municipal corporation is also an example of Indian democracy being broad based. There are some challenges to Indian democracy. Indian democracy is getting affected i by illiteracy, caste-ism, linguism, regionalism, separatism, communism, political violence, social and economic inequalities, dominance of money and muscle power corruption and politics of vote banks.

Indian democracy can be freed from these problems by removing social – economic inequalities, expansion of education and establishing moral values. The commitment of Indian people towards democracy is clear from the various time bound elections and through change in power from time – to – time through constitutional methods. Therefore we can hope for perpetuation and success of democracy in India

Project Work

Question 1.
Collect information on the student council elections in your school. Write the process or procedure adopted in the elections of class representatives or student council. Make a beautiful chart of all representatives and office bearers.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 2.
Collect information on the elections of your village Panchayat. Make a chart of winning and defeated candidates. Write the role of people of the village in the election process of the Panchayat.
Answer:
Attempt yourself.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Who called democracy a rule of many’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Lincoln
(c) Dicey
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 2.
Democratic system believes in –
(a) Inequality
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers
(c) Classless society
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Organised and regular change of the rulers

Question 3.
Communism was in practice in Soviet Union till –
(a) 1980
(3) 2000
(c) 1990
(d) 2002.
Answer:
(c) 1990

Question 4.
Direct democracy is possible only in –
(a) States with less population
(b) States with big population
(c) Communist states
(d) Society with big population.
Answer:
(a) States with less population

Question 5.
Democracy is a form of government where the ruling community is a comparatively bigger part of the entire nation. Who is related with this statement?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Dicey
(c) Lincoln
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Dicey

Fill in the blank:

1. ………….. means a ruling system in which welfare of people is prominent.
2. Democracy is of …………………. types.
3. At present India is the biggest ……………….. country in the world.
4. After independence Indian constitution came into force on ……………
5. A group formed by definite geographical area, population, government and sovereignty is called a ………….

Answer:

1. Democracy
2. two
3. democratic
4. 26 January , 1950
5. State.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The word democracy has been derived from which two Greek words? What do they refer to?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from two Greek word ‘demos’ and ‘cratia’ which respectively mean ‘people’ and ‘power’.

Question 2.
What do you mean by direct democracy?
Answer:
When the people residing in a state themselves directly discuss on public issues on the basis of which policies are decided and laws made, then such a governance is called direct democracy.

Question 3.
Why is the accountability of the governing essential for the people?
Answer:
It is essential otherwise the people have the right to hand over the power to any alternative in the next elections.

Question 4.
Mention some freedoms given to the citizens in a democracy to their all round development.
Answer:
Freedom of holding officer, giving speeches, forming associations, organizing meetings, addressing people or practicing any profession or trade.

Question 5.
In which situation can judiciary give verdict against the Government?
Answer:
Judiciary can give verdict against the Government if it works against the constitution.

Question 6.
Where is direct democracy possible?
Answer:
Direct democracy is possible only in states with less population and small in size.

Question 7.
Where is direct democracy prevalent today?
Answer:
Direct democracy today is prevalent in some cautions of Switzerland and under the Panchyati raj system in the Gram Sabhas in India.

Question 8.
Write any two chief features of democracy.
Answer:

• Accountable ruling system.
• Rule based on equality.

Question 9.
On what bases is democratic system established?
Answer:
Democratic system is established on the dignity and equality of citizens, freedom, brotherhood and justice.

Question 10.
What is the fundamental belief of democracy?
Answer:
The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interest of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

Question 11.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a type of governing system where the power to govern rests with the people and administration is either directly done by the people or through their representatives.

Question 12.
Write the main types of democracy?
Answer:
The main types of democracy:

• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What suggestions does Marxism give for the establishment of a real democracy?
Answer:
For the establishment of a real democracy Marxism gives the following suggestions:

• Social ownership of means of production and distribution.
• Equal distribution of wealth and fulfillment of everyone’s fundamental needs.
• For representation of people with similar economic interests the complete power to administer must be in the hands of one party. Marxism believes such a democracy to be actual and best democracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about the pluralist principle of democracy?
Answer:
The pluralist principle believes that in a democracy a person has the freedom to organised himself into various groups for the fulfillment of various interests. These groups are autonomous in their region and pressurize the government for fulfillment of their interest. In this way all groups share power to the extent of fulfillment of their interests.

This principle also believes that actual power is divided among these groups. Therefore its basic concept is decentralization of power. According to this, the state alone does not have the right to supreme power but in a democracy all groups of a society have a share in political power and power to govern.

Question 3.
What is the need and importance of a constitution for a democracy?
Answer:
In the present democratic system the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. The fundamental belief of democracy is that the power of the governing must be in the interests of the governed for protecting the rights of the people.

In a democracy the common people easily get to know the procedure of formation of the Government and rights and duties of the citizens. There should also be a provision to ensure that the constitution may not be easily changed.

In this manner it is important to have a written constitution for safeguarding democracy. Democracy is therefore called the Rule of Law. Here the Law is above an individual or a group of individuals, which is ensured through written constitution. Therefore a constitution is very important for a Democracy. For strengthening democracies, democratic traditions are also important which give flexibility to a written constitution.

Question 4.
What is the importance of independent and impartial judiciary in the democracy?
Answer:
An independent and impartial judiciary is of paramount importance for putting into practice the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary has been made supreme to make the government work in accordance with the constitution, secure rights of the citizens and punish those who violate the constitution. There fore in order to make democracy practical an independent and impartial judiciary is very important.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 12  Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in detail the importance of democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is not only a special type of ruling but it is a special perspective towards life. Democracy is a system of governance based on freedom, equality, participation and brotherhood. It can also be called a social system. Under this the entire life of man is based on the democratic belief that every individual has equal importance in the society. If the importance of a person is only in the political field then democracy will remain incomplete.

For realization of true democracy it is important that individual get equal opportunities of growth in political, social and economic sphere of life. In political sphere of man’s life democracy means a political system in which the power to take decisions, does not vest in an individual but in the hands of the elected representatives of the people. Therefore the rule is based on the feelings of the people.

In the social sphere of mans life democracy imply a society where there is no discrimination on the grounds of caste,, religion, color, gender, race, creed or wealth. Everyone must have equal right and opportunities to grow in one’s life equally without any discrimination and the society must have the underlying feeling of brotherhood and mutual cooperation.

In the economic sphere of man’s life by democracy is mean! a system, where every member of the society gets the freedom and the right to choose his means of livelihood or any profession. An effort to establish such a system is made where there is no exploitation of one by the other.

An effort is made to provide basic facilities so that he may fulfill his minimum economics need and live a dignified life, meaning to provide the facilities of food clothing, shelter, health, education, employment is the basis  democracy. Democratic system believes in an organized and regular change of the rulers.

Democracy also believes that whatever changes have to be done in the political, social arid economic spheres can be done in a peaceful manner. This is the only administrative system which ensures the participation of the people in the political process. Therefore it is valued more than any other system of governance.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit पत्र-लेखनम्

पत्रलेखन रचना का महत्वपूर्ण अंग है। प्रायः प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को पत्र, प्रार्थना-पत्र इत्यादि लिखने पड़ते हैं। मार्गदर्शन के लिए महत्वपूर्ण पत्र यहाँ दिये जाते हैं

1. पितरम् प्रति पुत्रस्य पत्रम्
(पिता के लिए पुत्र का पत्र)

राजकीय विद्यालयः
इन्दौरनगरः (मध्य प्रदेश)
दिन. 21.07.20…

पूज्याः पितृचरणाः
सादरं कोटिशः प्रणामाः
अत्र कुशलं तत्रास्तु। मुद्राभिः सह पत्रं प्राप्तम्। राजकीय विद्यालये मम प्रवेशः अभवत्। मम त्रैमासिकी परीक्षा अक्टूबरमासे भविष्यति। अहं तथा परिश्रयम् प्रयत्नम् वा करिष्यामि यथा अहं सर्वासु परीक्षा विषयेतु प्रथमं स्थानम् प्राप्नुयम्। पूज्या जननी कामपि चिन्ताम् न करोत्। अत्र कापि कठिनता नास्ति। पूज्यायाः मातुः चरणकमलयोः कोटिशः साष्टाङ्ग प्रणामाः।

शुभशीर्वादाकांक्षी
विश्वनाथः
कक्षा सप्तमः

2. पुत्रं प्रति पितुः पत्रम्
(पुत्र के लिए पिता का पत्र)

गोकुल निवासः
बडनगरम्
इन्दौर
दि. 07.08.20…

वत्स विश्वनाथ!
कोटिशः शुभाशीर्वादाः।
अत्रकुशलं तत्रास्तु।
तव पठनम् सम्यक्रूपेण चलति इति ज्ञात्वा वयं सर्वे प्रसन्नाः। सुपुत्रात् इयमेव आशास्ति यत् स स्वसन्तोषजनकेन उत्तम परिणामेन पितरौ सन्तोषयेत्। धनस्य कापि चिन्ता न कार्या। वयं समये समये धनं प्रेषयिष्यामः। त्वं सर्वोत्तमम् परिणामम् दर्शय, वयं यथेच्छं धनं दास्यामः। माता तुभ्यं सस्नेहं शुभाशीर्वादम् ददाति। पत्रम् प्रेषणीयम्।

तव हितैषी पिता
रामचन्द्रः।

3. प्रधानाचार्य प्रति शिष्यस्य प्रार्थनापत्रम्

माननीयाः प्रधानाचार्य महोदयाः
राजकीय विद्यालयः
इन्दौरनगरम्।
मान्याः।
सादरं सविनयम् निवेदनमिदं यत् मम पितुः वेतनम् अतिन्यूनम्। अन्ये च मे भ्रातरः अस्मिन्नेव विद्यालये षष्ट कक्षायाम् पठन्ति। अतः मम सविनयं निवेदनम् यत् मह्यम् निःशुल्का शिक्षा प्रदेया। पितुः वेतन-प्रमाणपत्रम् संलग्नम् अस्ति, अशास्ति यत् मम विषये भवताम् उदार: दृष्टिकोणः भविष्यति।

कृपाकांक्षी भवच्छिष्यः
विश्वनाथ
कक्षा सप्तमः।

4. प्रधानाचार्य प्रति शिष्यस्य प्रार्थनापत्रम्

श्रीमन्तः
प्रधानाचार्य महोदयाः
राजकीय विद्यालयः
इन्दौरनगरम्, मध्यप्रदेशः।
महोदयाः
सादरं सविनयं निवेदनं यह अहं तीव्रज्वरेण पीड़ितः अस्मि। अतः विद्यालये उपस्थातुम् सर्वथा असमर्थः। कृपया दशदिवसानाम् मह्यम् अवकाशप्रदानेन अनुग्रहः कार्यः। वैद्यराजस्य प्रमाणपत्रं संलग्नम्।

भवदाज्ञाकारी
विश्वनाथः
कक्षा सप्तमः।

5. प्रधानाचार्यं प्रति प्रार्थनापत्रम्

श्रीमन्तः
प्रधानाचार्य महोदयाः
राजकीय विद्यालयः
इन्दौर नगरम् (मध्य प्रदेश)
मान्याः!
सविनयं निवेदनम् यत् मम ज्येष्ठभ्रातुः विवाहः अस्या मेव दशभ्याम् तिथौ अस्ति। वर-यात्रा भोपालनगरम् गमिष्यति। वरयात्रायां ममापि गमनम् अनिवार्यम्। अतः अहं पञ्च दिवसानाम् अवकाशस्य प्रार्थनां करोमि।

भवच्छिष्यः
विश्वनाथः
कक्षा सप्तमः।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.5

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 171-172

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न भिन्नों को योग या घटाने के उचित रूप में लिखिए

हल :
(a) +,
(b) -,
(c) +

प्रश्न 2.
हल कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 3.
शुभम ने अपने कमरे की दीवार के \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) भाग पर पेंट किया। उसकी बहन माधवी ने उसकी सहायता की और उस दीवार के \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) भाग पर पेंट किया। उन दोनों ने मिलकर कुल कितना पेंट किया ?
हल :
शुभम द्वारा पेण्ट किया दीवार का भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\)
माधवी द्वारा पेण्ट किया गया दीवार का भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)
दोनों द्वारा पेण्ट की गई दीवार

अत: दोनों ने मिलकर पूरी दीवार पेंट की।

प्रश्न 4.
रिक्त स्थानों को भरिए

हल :

प्रश्न 5.
जावेद को सन्तरों की एक टोकरी का \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\) भाग मिला। टोकरी में सन्तरों का कितना भाग शेष रहा ?
हल :
माना कि सन्तरों की पूरी टोकरी = 1
जावेद को मिला सन्तरों का भाग = \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\)
टोकरी में बचे सन्तरों का भाग

अतः टोकरी में सन्तरों का \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) भाग शेष रहा।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 173

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
\(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 7 }\) को जोड़िए।
हल :
\(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 3 }{ 7 }\)
∵ 5 और 7 का ल.स. = 35.

प्रश्न 2.
\(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\) में से \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) को घटाइए।
हल :
\(\frac{5}{7}-\frac{2}{5}\)
∵ 7 और 5 का ल. स. = 35

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 6 पूर्णांक Ex 6.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 132-133

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित के विपरीत (opposite) लिखिए :
(a) भार में वृद्धि
(b) 30 किमी उत्तर दिशा
(c) 326 ई. पूर्व
(d) Rs 700 की हानि
(e) समुद्र तल से 100 मी ऊपर
हल :
(a) भार में कमी
(b) 30 किमी दक्षिण
(c) 326 ई.
(d) Rs 700 का लाभ
(e) समुद्र तल से 100 मी नीचे।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित प्रयुक्त हुई संख्याओं को उचित चिह्न लगाकर पूर्णांकों के रूप में लिखिए
(a) एक हवाई जहाज भूमि से दो हजार मीटर की ऊँचाई पर उड़ रहा है।
(b) एक पनडुब्बी समुद्र तल से 800 मीटर की गहराई पर चल रही है।
(c) खाते में Rs 200 जमा कराना।
(d) खाते में से Rs 700 निकालना।
हल :
(a) + 2000 मीटर
(b) – 800 मीटर
(c) + Rs 200
(d) – Rs 700

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित संख्याओं को संख्या रेखा पर निरूपित कीजिए
(a) + 5
(b) – 10
(c) + 8
(d) – 1
(e) – 6
हल :
संख्या रेखा पर + 5, – 10, + 8, – 1 तथा – 6 को क्रमशः A, B, C, D और E द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

प्रश्न 4.
संलग्न आकृति में एक ऊर्ध्वाधर संख्या रेखा को दिखाया गया है, जो पूर्णांकों को निरूपित करती है। इस रेखा को देखिए और निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं के स्थान ज्ञात कीजिए:

(a) यदि बिन्दु D पूर्णांक + 8 है, तो – 8 वाला बिन्दु कौन-सा है?
(b) क्या G एक ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक है या धनात्मक?
(c) बिन्दु B और E के संगत पूर्णांक लिखिए।
(d) इस संख्या रेखा पर अंकित बिन्दुओं में से किसका मान सबसे कम है?
(e) सभी बिन्दुओं को उनके मानों के घटते हुए क्रम में लिखिए।
हल :
(a) बिन्दु F, – 8 को निरूपित करता है।
(b) हाँ, G एक ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक है।
(c) B के संगत पूर्णांक + 4 तथा E के संगत पूर्णांक – 10
(d) इस संख्या रेखा पर अंकित बिन्दु में E का मान सबसे कम है।
(e) बिन्दुओं का घटता क्रम D, C, B, A, O, H, G, F, E

प्रश्न 5.
वर्ष के विशेष दिन के लिए भारत के पाँच स्थानों पर तापमानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है :

(a) इन स्थानों के तापमानों को पूर्णांकों के रूप में रिक्त स्तम्भ में लिखिए।
(b) निम्नलिखित संख्या रेखा डिग्री सेल्सियस (Degree Celsius) में तापमानों को निरूपित करती है।

उपरोक्त स्थानों के नाम संख्या रेखा पर उनके तापमानों के संगत अंकित कीजिए।
(c) कौन-सा स्थान सबसे ठण्डा है?
(d) उन स्थानों के नाम लिखिए जिनका तापमान 10°C से ऊपर है।
हल :
(a)

(b)

(c) सियाचिन (- 10°C) सबसे ठण्डा है।
(d) 10°C से ऊपर वाले स्थान-दिल्ली (20°C), अहमदाबाद (+ 30°C)

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित युग्मों में, कौन-सी संख्या, संख्या रेखा पर दूसरी संख्या के दाईं ओर स्थित है ?
(a) 2, 9
(b)-3, -8
(c) 0, -1
(d)-11, 10
(e)-6, 6
(f) 1, -100.
हल :
(a) संख्या 9 संख्या 2 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(b) संख्या – 3 संख्या – 8 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(c) संख्या 0 संख्या – 1 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(d) संख्या 10 संख्या – 11 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(e) संख्या 6 संख्या – 6 के दाईं और स्थित है।
(f) संख्या 1 संख्या – 100 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।

प्रश्न 7.
नीचे दिए हुए युग्मों के पूर्णांकों के बीच के सभी पूर्णांक लिखिए (बढ़ते हुए क्रम में लिखिए) :
(a) 0 और -7
(b) -4 और 4
(c) -8 और -15
(d) -30 और -23.
हल :
(a) – 6, – 5, – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1
(b) – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(c) – 14, – 13, – 12, – 11, – 10, – 9
(d) – 29, – 28, – 27, – 26, – 25, – 24

प्रश्न 8.
(a) – 20 से बड़े चार ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक लिखिए।
(b) – 10 से छोटे चार ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक लिखिए।
हल :
(a) – 19, – 18, – 17, – 16
(b) – 11, – 12, – 13, – 14

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित कथनों के लिए सत्य अथवा असत्य लिखिए। यदि कथन असत्य है, तो सत्य बनाइए।
(a) संख्या रेखा पर – 8, – 10 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(b) संख्या रेखा पर – 100, – 50 के दाईं ओर स्थित है।
(c) सबसे छोटा ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक – 1 है।
(d) – 26 पूर्णांक – 25 से बड़ा है।
हल :
(a) सत्य;
(b) असत्य; सत्य कथन : संख्या रेखा पर – 100 संख्या – 50 के बाईं ओर स्थित है।
(c) असत्य; सत्य कथन : – 1 सबसे बड़ा ऋणात्मक पूर्णांक है।
(d) असत्य; सत्य कथन : – 26 पूर्णांक – 25 से छोटा है।

प्रश्न 10.
एक संख्या रेखा खींचिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए
(a) यदि हम – 2 के दाईं ओर 4 कदम चलें, तो हम किस संख्या पर पहुँच जायेंगे ?
(b) यदि हम 1 के बाईं ओर 5 कदम चलें, तो हम किस संख्या पर पहुँच जायेंगे ?
(c) यदि हम संख्या रेखा पर – 8 पर हैं, तो – 13 पर पहुँचने के लिए हमें किस दिशा में चलना चाहिए ?
(d) यदि हम संख्या रेखा पर – 6 पर हैं, तो – 1 पर पहुँचने के लिए हमें किस दिशा में चलना चाहिए ?
हल :
(a) – 2 के दाईं ओर 4 कदम चलने पर हम संख्या 2 पर पहुँच जायेंगे।

(b) 1 के बाईं ओर 5 कदम चलने पर हम संख्या – 4 पर पहुँच जायेंगे।
(c) – 8 से – 13 पर पहुँचने के लिए हमें संख्या रेखा पर -8 के बाईं ओर चलना चाहिए। (∵- 13 < -8)
(d) – 6 से – 1 पर पहुँचने के लिए, हमें – 6 के दाईं ओर चलना चाहिए।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 134

प्रश्न 1.
अमीना ने उन्हें इस प्रकार लिखा
(a)+6
(b)-4
(c) (+ 5) + (+ 3) = +8
(d) (-6) + (-2) = -4
(e) (-5) + (+ 12) = +7
(f) (-8) + (+ 5) = – 3
(g) (+ 7) + (-10) = 17
उसने कुछ गलतियाँ की हैं। क्या आप उसके उत्तरों की जाँच कर सकते हैं और गलतियाँ सही कर सकते हैं।
हल :
(a) सही,
(b) सही,
(c) सही,
(d) गलत है; सही है : (-6) + (-2) = – 6-2 = – 8
(e) सही
(f) सही
(g) गलत है;
सही है : (+7) + (- 10) = +7 – 10 = – 3.

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 135

प्रयास कीजिए

भूमि पर क्षैतिज संख्या रेखा के रूप में एक आकृति खींचिए जैसा कि नीचे दर्शाया गया है। उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में दिए प्रश्नों की ही तरह कुछ प्रश्न बनाइए और फिर उन्हें अपने मित्रों को हल करने के लिए कहिए।

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या 0 से बाईं ओर 4 कदम जाओ।
2. संख्या 0 के दाईं ओर 6 कदम जाओ।
3. संख्या 0 के दाईं ओर 3 कदम जाओ और फिर वहाँ से 8 कदम बाईं ओर आओ।
4. संख्या 0 से दाईं ओर 10 कदम और फिर दो कदम बायीं ओर आओ।
हल :
1.0 के बाईं ओर 4 कदम -4
2. संख्या 0 के दाईं ओर 6 कदम + 6
3. + 3 + (-8) = +3 – 8 = -5
4. (+ 10) + (-2) = + 10-2 = + 8

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 136

निम्नलिखित सारणी को देखिए और उसे पूरा कीजिए

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित का योग ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) (-11) + (-12)
(b) (+ 10) + (+4)
(c) (-32) + (-25)
(d) (+ 23) + (+ 40)
हल :
(a) (-11) + (- 12) = – 11 – 12 = – 23
(b) (+ 10) + (+4) = + 10 + 4 = + 14 = 14
(c) (-32) + (— 25) = — 32 – 25 = – 57
(d) (+ 23) + (+ 40) = + 23 + 40 = + 63 = 63

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 137

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में प्रत्येक का योग ज्ञात कीजिए
(a)(-7) + (+8)
(b) (-9) + (+ 13)
(c) (+7) + (-10)
(d) (+ 12) + (-7)
हल :
(a) (-7) + (+ 8) = (-7) + (+ 7) + (+ 1)
= 0 + ( + 1) = +1
(b) (-9) + (+ 13) = (-9) + (+9) + (+ 4)
= 0 + (+4) = +4
(c) (+7) + (- 10) = (+7) + (-7)+ (-3)
= 0 + (-3) = -3
(d) (+ 12) + (-7) = (+ 5) + (+ 7) + (-7)
= (+5)+0= +5

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 139

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या रेखा का प्रयोग करते हुए, निम्नलिखित योग ज्ञात कीजिए
(a) (-2) + 6
(b) (-6) + 2
ऐसे दो और प्रश्न बनाइए तथा संख्या रेखा की सहायता से उन्हें हल कीजिए।
हल :
(a) (-2) + 6

हम संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 2 दो कदम चलकर -2 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 2 के दाईं ओर 6 कदम चलते हैं तथा 4 पर पहुंचते हैं।
अतः (-2) + 6 = 4

(b) (-6) + 2

हम संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 6 कदम चलकर – 6 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 6 के दाईं ओर चलकर – 4 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः (-6) + 2 = – 4

अन्य दो प्रश्न

संख्या रेखा की सहायता से हल कीजिए
(a) (-3) +5
(b) (-5) +3
हल :
(a) (-3) +5

हम संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 3 कदम चलते हैं तथा – 3 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 3 के दाईं ओर 5 कदम चलकर 2 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः (-3) + 5 = 2

(b) (-5) +3

हम संख्या रेखा पर पहले 0 के बाईं ओर 5 कदम चलकर – 5 पर पहुँचते हैं। फिर – 5 से दायीं 3 कदम चलकर – 2 पर पहुँचते हैं।
अतः (-5) + 3 = – 2

प्रश्न 2.
संख्या रेखा का प्रयोग किए बिना निम्नलिखित का योग ज्ञात कीजिए :
(a) (+ 7) + (-11)
(b) (-13) + (+ 10)
(c) (-7) + (+9)
(d) (+ 10) + (-5)।
ऐसे पाँच प्रश्न और बनाइए और उन्हें हल कीजिए।
हल :
(a) (+ 7) + (-11)
= (+ 7) + (-7) + (-4)
= 0 + (-4)
= -4

(b) (-13) + (+ 10)
= (- 10) + (-3) + (+ 10)
= (- 10) + (+ 10) + (-3)
= 0 + (-3)
= -3

(c) (-7) + (+ 9)
= (-7) + (+ 7) + ( + 2)
= 0 + ( + 2)
= +2

(d) (+ 10) + (-5)
= (+ 5) + (+5) + (-5)
= (+5) + 0
= + 5

पाँच और प्रश्न
(a) (+ 6) + (-10)
(b) (-23) + (+ 8)
(c) (-7) + (+ 9)
(d) (+ 16) + (-5)
(e) (+21) + (-12)
हल :
(a) (+ 6) + (- 10)
= (+6) + (-6) + (-4)
= 0 + (-4)
= -4

(b) (-23) + (+ 8)
= (-15) + (-8) + (+ 8)
= (- 15) + 0
= -15

(c) (-7) + (+ 9)
= (-7) + (+ 7) + (+ 2)
= 0 + (+ 2)
= +2

(d) (+16) + (-5)
= (+ 11) + (+ 5) + (-5)
= (+ 11) + 0
= + 11

(e) (+21) + (- 12)
= (+ 9) + (+ 12) + (- 12)
= (+9) + 0
= +9

प्रश्न 1.
6 का योज्य प्रतिलोम क्या है?
हल :
6 का योज्य प्रतिलोम – 6 है।

प्रश्न 2.
-7 का योज्य प्रतिलोम क्या है?
हल :
– 7 का योज्य प्रतिलोम 7 है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions