Class 11

MP Board Class 11th Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Subsidiary Books-I

Subsidiary Books-I Important Questions

Subsidiary Books-I Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is entered in cash – book –
(a) Only cash transactions
(b) Only credit transactions
(c) Both cash and credit transactions
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Only cash transactions

Question 2.
Cash – book always show –
(a) Debit balance
(b) Credit balance
(c) Debit or Credit balance
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Debit balance

Question 3.
The cash – book meant for recording petty expenses is called –
(a) Simple cash – book
(b) Petty cash – book
(c) Triple column
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Petty cash – book

Question 4.
The entry which affects cash and bank column of a triple column cash – book is known as –
(a) Compound entry
(b) Contra entry
(c) Journal entry
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Contra entry

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Only …………… transactions are recorded in cash – book.
2. Cash – book is a main book as well as …………… book.
3. ………….. entry is passed in triple column cash – book for depositing cash in bank.
4. Advancing money to petty cashier is called ……………
5. Contra entry is made in …………… book.

Answer:

1. Cash
2. Subsidiary
3. Contra
4. Float
5. Cash.

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

1.(c)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a).

Question 4.
Answer in one word/sentence:

1. The book used for recording cash and bank related transactions is.
2. Which book is maintained to record day – to – day expenses?
3. Mention any transaction for which contra entry will be done.
4. Which side of cash – book records all cash payments?

Answer:

1. Double column cash – book
2. Petty cash – book
3. Cash deposited in bank
4. Credit side.

Question 5.
State True or False:

1. Cash – book is only a subsidiary book.
2. When a cheque is received, it is recorded in both sides of cash – book?
3. Cash – book always shows debit balance.
4. The cash balance as per cash-book is tallied daily with the physical cash balance.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True.

Subsidiary Books-I Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“A cash-book never shows a credit balance.” Explain.
Or
A cash – book always shows debit balance. Why?
Answer:
In cash – book, only cash transactions are recorded. All the cash receipts are entered in debit side and all the cash payments are entered in credit side. The payments can be done only out of the total receipts, i. e., it is not possible to make payment more than the cash receipts. Hence, a cash – book has never been a credit balance.

Question 2.
What is petty cash – book?
Answer:
Petty cash – book is a book where small expenses like postage, tax, refreshments, etc. are entered. It is maintained by a petty cashier. It is also known as retail cash – book or small cash – book.

Question 3.
Write the difference between petty cash – book and main cash – book.
Answer:
The following are the differences between cash – book and petty cash – book. They are:

Cash – book:

1. All cash transactions are entered here.
2. It is prepared by the main cashier.
3. Cash balance is transferred to Balance and then to balance Sheet.

Petty Cash – book:

1. Only small type of expenses are entered here.
2. It is prepared by the petty cashier.
3. Balance is transferred to cash – book.

Question 4.
Explain the advantages of maintaining petty cash – book. Five points.
Answer:
The following are the advantages of petty cash – book:

1. In big business concerns, it is essentially to make numerous expenses of small amounts. When these expenses are done through the petty cash – book, the main cashier should get free from such disturbances.
2. When the petty expenses are entered separately, then they can be checked occasionally and be controlled.
3. By making petty cash its ledger account can be maintained easily and correctly.
4. Though the petty cash – book is maintained by petty cashier, it is checked by the main cashier. So, errors can be maintained and rectified.
5. It can be maintained even by an ordinary person.

Question 5.
Differentiate between cash account and cash – book.
Answer:
Following are the differences between cash account and cash – book:

Cash Account:

1. It is an account prepared in ledger book.
2. Posting in cash account is done from journal.
3. Only one aspect of the transaction i.e., cash is recorded in account.
4. Account has no types.

Cash – book:

1. It is a separate book maintained for entering cash transactions.
2. It is a book of prime entry cash transactions are directly recorded in cash – book.
3. In this book both aspects of the transactions are recorded (triple column cash – book).
4. Cash – book are of four types
   • Simple
   • Double column
   • Triple column
   • Petty cash – book.

Question 6.
“Cash – book is not only a subsidiary book but also a principal book of accounts”. Explain.
Answer:
There is difference of opinion that whether cash – book is a subsidiary book or a principal book of accounts. The following points argues that cash – book is a subsidiary book:

1. In this book, only cash transactions are entered.
2. It is the main journal and with the help of it, ledger accounts can be maintained.

The following points argue that cash – book is a ledger account:

1. By keeping this, cash account and bank account can be easily maintained,
2. By maintaining this, the cash position of the business can be known easily at any time.

Hence, we can say that cash-book is not only a subsidiary book but also a principal book of accounts.

Question 7.
What do you mean by three column cash – book?
Answer:
It is a cash – book, where transactions relating to cash, bank and discount are entered at a time, i.e., In a three column cash – book there are separate columns for entering cash, bank and discount columns on both the sides.

Question 8.
What are contra entries? When they are made?
Answer:
Contra entries:
The transactions which take place between bank and office are entered on both the sides of cash – book in separate columns. If the transaction is written in the debit in cash column, it would be written in the credit in bank column. Those entries which are entered in the opposite side on one are called ‘Contra entries’.

In the following circumstances, contra entries are entered:

1. When cash is deposited
2. When cash is withdrawn from bank for business purpose
3. When the cheque is sent to the bank for collection, which was entered in the cashbook.

Question 9.
What is proper Journal and what are its uses?
Answer:
There are certain transactions which are not recorded in subsidiary books. To keep a record of such transactions, it is necessary to maintain a separate book which is known as Journal proper or proper Journal. The uses of proper Journal are as follows:

1. Opening entries – Opening entries means balances of personal and real A/c of the previous year and it will recorded in the beginning of new financial year. This type of entry is enter in proper Journal
2. Adjustment entries – The transaction of adjustment entry are also recorded in it.
3. Transfer entry – Transfer of one A/c to another A/c is done by means of transfer entries.
4. Rectification entry – The entry passed for rectifying the error are also enter in it.
5. Other entry – Whatever entries are left out to record in subsidiary books are entered in it.

Subsidiary Books-I Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any five advantages of cash – book.
Answer:
The following are the advantages of maintaining cash – book:

1. Knowledge of cash in hand – The balance of cash can easily and readily be known from the cash – book.
2. Saving of time – Only the cash transactions are recorded in the cash – book. Thus, cash – book saves time.
3. Less burden of accounts – Cash – book reduces the burden of ledger and there remains no need to maintain a separate cash account.
4. Other advantages – All the advantages which a trader may get from subsidiary books are also available from cash – book.
5. Knowledge of bank balance and discount – When three column cash – book is maintaining in the business, it helps the businessmen to get the bank balance and the amount of discount allowances and receipts at a time.

Question 2.
“Cash – book is a principle book as well as subsidiary book”. Explain.
Answer:
There is difference of opinion that whether cash – book is a subsidiary book or a principal book of accounts. The following points argues that cash – book is a subsidiary book:

1. In this book, only cash transactions are entered
2. It is the main journal and with the help of it, ledger accounts can be maintained.

The following points argue that cash – book is a ledger account:

1. By keeping this, cash account and bank account can be easily maintained,
2. By maintaining this, the cash position of the business can be known easily at any time.

Hence, we can say that cash – book is not only a subsidiary book but also a principal book of accounts.

Question 3.
Explain the Imprest system of petty cash – book.
Answer:
Under this system, the head cashier gives an advance amount for a fixed period to the petty cashier for the payment of petty expenses. The amount what he spends is reimbursed, i. e., he never allows to keep more than the imprest amount. It is also known as Float system of petty cash – book.

Question 4.
What is three column cash – book? How it is prepared?
Answer:
It is a cash – book, where transactions relating to cash, bank and discount are entered at a time.

The following are the rules of its preparation:

1. It is starting with a cash balance as ‘To balance b/d’ in the debit side. But if the business is in commencing stage, then it will be entered as ‘To capital account’. The bank account has either a debit balance or a credit balance.

2. When the cash is receiving and discount is allowing, it is entering in the debit side in the cash column and discount column respectively. When the cash is paying and discount is receiving, it is entering in credit side in the cash column and discount column respectively.

3. When a cheque or draft receives and directly deposits in the bank, it enters in the bank column in debit side. If such a cheque or draft is not immediately deposits in the bank, then it enters in the cash column. When there is a cheque or draft payment, then it enters in credit side of bank column. When the interest receives from the bank, it enters in the debit side and when bank charges as interest then it is credited, in the bank column.

4. Contra entries:
These entries are made when cash is deposited in the bank or cash is withdrawn from the bank for business purpose. In this condition, the entries are made on both the sides. It is represented as ‘C’ in the L.F. column.

MP Board Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Exercises

1. Objective Type Questions

Fill in the blanks using correct words given in the brackets:
(i) Can you give me more Information? (some, any, many) [2009]
(ii) He did not buy sugar from the shop, (some, any, many)
(iii) room of this hotel has a cooler. (Each, Every, AH)
(iv) you like moving a bit? (Would, Should, Could)
(v) We obey the rules of the road. (should, ought to, must) [2009]
(vi) If I were rich, I give my money to the poor. (can, would, may) [2015]
(vii) Mohan is M.A. of Vikram University, (a, an, the) [2009]
(viii) I had to face trouble. (much, many, a few)
(ix) My father teaches in University. (a, an the) (2013, 15)
(x) I borrow this book for a day? (Can, Dare, Need)
(xi) It rain today. (can, may, might)
(xii) God bless you ! (Can, Will, May)
(xiii) Sunil the window yesterday, (shut/shuts/shutting) [2010]
(xiv) I played chess while my brothers kite, (fly, flies, flew) [2012]
(xv) it was getting late, I sent for a taxi. (Since, When, Though)
(xvi) Please wait here I come back. (when, till, as)
(xvii) Italy is European country. (a, an, the) [2009]
(xviii) She tried both keys but worked. (either, or, neither)
(xix) When he was young, he cross the river, (can, could, would)
(xx) They were homework by the teacher. (allot, allotting, allotted) [2009]
(xxi) Grammar is by Abhishek. (like, liking, liked) [2009]
(xxiii) She did not make mistake in the essay.(some, any) [2015]
(xxiv) Nidhi answered twenty questions correctly. (all, whole, enough) [2015]
(xxv) She usually Hindi. (speaks, spoke, spoken) [2015]
(xxii) I want a fresh apple. Have you? (any, some, much) [2010]
(xxvi) He is honour to his profession. (a, an, the)
(xxvii) How chairs do we need? (much, some, many)
(xxviii) In the games field we follow the rules, (might should, may)
(xxix) You should not give up studies you get the scholarship. (as soon as, as well as, as long as)
(xxx) Stop and start living happily, (worrying, worry, worried)
Answer
(i) some,
(ii) any,
(iii) Each,
(iv) Would,
(v) ought to,
(vi) would,
(vii) an,
(viii) much,
(ix) a,
(x) Can,
(xi) may,
(xii) May,
(xiii) shut,
(xiv) flew,
(xv) Since,
(xvi) till,
(xvii) a,
(xviii) neither,
(xix) could,
(xx) allotted,
(xxi) liked,
(xxii) any,
(xxiii) any,
(xxiv) all,
(xxv) speaks,
(xxvi) an,
(xxvii) many,
(xxviii) should,
(xxix) as long as,
(xxx) worrying.

2. Do As Directed

A. (i) Sunita has prepared tea for us. (Change into Present Indefinite Tense)
(ii) They made him captain. (Change the voice)
(iii) He was in the habit of walking in the morning. (Rewrite using ‘used to’)
(iv) I did it. (Change into negative) [2010, 15]
(v) I get up early in the morning so that I may go for a walk. (Change into simple sentence)
(vi) You will come tomorrow. (Add a question tag)
(vii) Mohan is the cleverest boy in the class. (Rewrite using Positive Degree) [2009]
Answer:
(i) Sunita prepares tea for us.
(ii) He was made captain.
(iii) He used to walk in the morning.
(iv) I did not do it.
(v) I get up early in the morning to go for a walk.
(vi) You will come tomorrow. Won’t you?
(vii) No other boy in the class is as clever as Mohan.

B. (i) They are not eager to learn. (Change into Interrogative)
(ii) He works hard. He may pass the examination. (Combine the sentences using ‘so that’)
(iii) As soon as the rats see the cat they run away. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘no sooner than’ in place of ‘As soon as’)
(iv) If he does not work properly, he will be punished. (Begin with : unless he )
(v) She was reading since 8 O’clock. (Change into Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
(vi) She speaks Marathi at home. (Change into Passive Voice)
(vii) (1) Gopal is my friend.
(2) He has topped the merit list. (Combine both sentences making a relative clause) [2011]
Answer:
(i) Are they not eager to learn?
(ii) He works hard so that he may pass the examination.
(iii) No sooner do the rats see the cat than they run away.
(iv) Unless he works properly, he will be punished.
(v) She has been reading since 8 O’clock.
(vi) Marathi is spoken at home by her.
(vii) Gopal who is my friend has topped the merit list.

C. (i) Our team won the match. (Change into Past Perfect Tense) [2009, 10]
(ii) The earth is not as big as the sun. (Rewrite using ‘bigger than’)
(iii) Hockey is played by him. (Change into active voice)
(iv) Students respect their teachers. (Change into interrogative)
(v) He was a poor child. (Change into interrogative) [2009]
(vi) He is my friend. (Add’a question tag)
(vii) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using ‘relative clause’) [2014]
(viii) They are cutting the tree. (Change into Present Perfect) [2013]
Answer:
(i) Our team had won the match.
(ii) The sun is bigger than the earth.
(iii) He plays hockey.
(iv) Do students respect their teachers?
(v) Was he a poor child?
(vi) He is my friend. Isn’t he?
(vii) I saw a bird who was beautiful.
(viii) They have cut the tree.

D. (i) Earth turns on its axis. (Rewrite using suitable article where necessary)
(ii) Gwalior is not as big as Bhopal. (Rewrite using comparative degree)
(iii) He is so young that he cannot run fast. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘too’)
(iv) Sudhir gave me a pen. (Change into past perfect tense) [2014]
(v) India exports tea. (Change the voice)
(vi) I saw a beautiful bird. (Rewrite using relative clause)
(vii) Monu is hard working. Sonu is not so. (Combine the sentence using ‘than’) [2009]
(viii) (1) Who is the dancer?
(2) The chief guest wanted to know. (Combine the sentence using a noun clause) [2011]
(ix) Unless you work hard, you cannot make up your loss. (Transform into a compound sentence) [2013]
Answer:
(i) The Earth turns on its axis.
(ii) Bhopal is bigger than Gwalior.
(iii) He is too young to run fast.
(iv) Sudhir had given me a pen.
(v) Tea is exported by India.
(vi) I saw a bird which was beautiful.
(vii) Monu is hard working than Sonu.
(viii) The chief guest wanted to know who is the dancer.
(ix) Work hard or you cannot make up your loss.

E. (i) Mr. Sharma teaches us English. (Change into Present Perfect Tense)
(ii) When Kiran called I was (sleep). (Use the correct form of the verb and rewrite the sentence)
(iii) We do not hate the poor. (Change into Passive Voice) [2013]
(iv) An honest man is trusted by all. (Change into active Voice)
(v) The boy is my brother. He is wearing a red cap. (Combine the sentences using relative clause)
(vi) My sister is a doctor. My sister lives in Bhopal. (Combine the sentences with the conjunction ‘who’) [2009]
(vii) (1) He did not come to school on time.
(2) He did not complete his homework. (Combine the sentences into a compound sentence using ‘neither….nor’) [2011]
(viii) Hari opens the gate in the morning. (Change into Future indefinite Tense) [2012]
(ix) He purchased a new can (Change into interrogative) [2012]
(x) I will get ready. Wait till then. (Combine the sentences to make a complex sentence) [2013]
(xi) Where do you live?. (Change into past simple) [2014]
(xii) My aunt (walk) in the garden when I met her. (Use the correct tense and rewrite) [2014]
(xiii) The weather is so hot. I cannot go outside. (Combine using too-to) [2015]
Answer:
(i) Mr. Sharma has taught us English.
(ii) When Kiran called I was sleeping.
(iii) The poor are not hated by us.
(iv) All trust an honest man.
(v) The boy who is wearing a red cap is my brother.
(vi) My sister who lives in a Bhopal is a doctor.
(vii) He neither comes to school on time nor complete his homework.
(viii) Hari will open the gate in the morning.
(ix) Did he purchase a new car?
(x) Wait till I get ready.
(xi) Where did you live?
(xii) Was walking.
(xiii) Weather is too hot for me to go outside.

F. (i) They have changed the date of the meeting. (Change into passive voice) [2016]
(ii) That he failed in the examination was unfortunate. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with ‘It’ ) [2016]
(iii)(a) The man is the captain of the team.
(b) The man is wearing a blue cap. (Combine the sentences into relative clause using ‘who’) [2016]
(a) The car is badly damaged.
(b) It cannot be repaired. (Combine into simple sentence using too – to) [2016]
(iv) He goes to school at ten. (Frame a question using ‘when’) [2016]
(v) He can’t drive a car.
(vi) He can’t ride a motor-cycle. (Combine the sentences using ‘neither—nor’) [2016]
(vii) Unless you work hard you will not pass. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with) [2016]
Answer:
(i) The date of meeting has been changed by them.
(ii) It was unfortunate that he failed in the examination.
(iii) The man who is wearing a blue cap is the captain of the team.
(iv) The car is too much damaged that it cannot be repaired.
(v) When does he go to school?
(vi) He can neither drive a car not ride a motor-cycle.
(vii) If you do not work hard, you will not pass.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 9 Trial Balance

Trial Balance Important Questions

Trial Balance Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
What kind of accuracy is tested by Trial balance –
(a) Theoritical
(b) Practical
(c) Arithmetical
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Arithmetical

Question 2.
How many methods are there for preparing Trial Balance –
(a) One
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Four

Question 3.
Which of the following is prepared on the basis of Trial Balance –
(a) Journal
(b) Ledger
(c) Final Accounts
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Final Accounts

Question 4.
Of the two sides of Trial balance does not tally, which Account is opened –
(a) Suspense Account
(b) Personal Account
(c) Real Account
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Suspense Account

Question 5.
The error which can be disclosed by Trial balance –
(a) Error of ommission
(b) Error of principal
(c) Compensatory error
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(d) None of these.

Question 2.
Fill in the Blanks:

1. Trial balance is merely a …………… not an Account.
2. …………….. are prepared on the basis of Trial balance.
3. Trial balance is a test of …………….. Accuracy.
4. Generally …………… does not form a part of Trial balance.
5. ……………. stock is not included in Trial balance.

Answer:

1. Statement
2. Final Accounts
3. Arithmetical
4. Closing stock
5. Closing stock.

Question 3.
Answer in one word/sentence:

1. “A Trial balance is a statement of debit and Credit Balances Extracted from the ledger with a view to test the arithmetical accuracy of the books.” Who said this?
2. Mention any account which can show Debit or Credit Balance.
3. Debtor’s Accounts always show which balance?
4. What Balance is shown by Drawing Account?
5. How many methods are there for preparing trial balance?
6. Is trial balance Ultimately proof of accuracy of accounts?
7. What is the nature of suspense A/c ?

Answer:

1. J.R. Batliboi
2. Rent
3. Debit
4. Debit
5. Four methods
6. No
7. Fluctuating.

Question 4.
State True or False:

1. Closing stock appears outside the trial balance.
2. A trial balance is not a conclusive proof of accounting accuracy.
3. Trial balance is a test of only Arithmetical accuary.
4. Trial balance helps to check the principles of Double Entry System.
5. Trial balance is a part of ledger.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False.

Question 5.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (e)
4. (f)
5. (b)
6. (a).

Trial Balance Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define trial balance. Discuss its objects.
Answer:
A trial balance may be defined as “A trial “balance is not an account. It is a statement or a test of debit and credit balances of all ledger accounts as on a given date, prepared with the object of proving the arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts”.

The main objects of preparing a trial balance are:

1. The balance of any ledger account can be easily found from the trial balance without going through the pages of the ledger book.
2. To check the arithmetical accuracy of the books.
3.  It is a base for the preparation of final accounts.

Question 2.
Mention the merits and demerits of balance method of preparing trial balance.
Answer:
Following are the merits and demerits of balance method:

1. Helpful in preparing final accounts – With the help of balances from trial balance in this method, final accounts are prepared.
2. Small size – Some accounts show no balance and hence they are not recorded in trial balance. Hence the size reduces.
3. Less chance of error – Due to small size, the totaling becomes easy and the chances of errors are minimised.

Question 3.
Explain the preparation of trial balance under balancing method.
Answer:
Under this method, each account is totaled and balanced. Then this balance is transferred to the trial balance. If a particular account shows a debit balance, it is transferred to the debit balance column of trial balance and vice versa. At the end, both the columns are totaled in the trial balance. There should not be any difference. If there is some difference, there is some mistake and it must be corrected.

Question 4.
What is suspense account?
Answer:
Even after checking of journal and ledger completely, the errors are not located, then the difference amount is transferred to a temporary account, i.e., suspense account in order to tally the Trial Balance. In future, when errors are detected, suspense account is closed.

Trial Balance Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is trial balance a conclusive proof of accuracy of accounts? Explain.
Or
Explain the errors which are not disclosed by a trial balance.
Answer:
Generally, it is treated that, when the debit total and credit total agrees, the ledger accounts are prepared correctly. But then also it is not possible to agree with the accuracy of accounts because there are some errors which are not disclosed by a trial balance and the trial balance may agree. They are as follows:

1. Errors of omission:
If an entry is omitted to record in journal, it will not reflected in ledger accounts and trial balance, such type of an error, will not be disclosed by a trial balance. This type of an error is called ‘Errors of omission’ e.g., Sold goods to Mr. Kshitij for 5,000 is not entered in Journal.

2. Errors of principle:
When the transactions are entered against the principles of double entry system, it is said to be Errors of Principle’. For e.g. Machinery purchased for Rs. 5,000 is entered in purchase account. As per the rule of D.E.S. when an asset buys that particular asset is debited. This type of error will not be disclosed by the trial balance.

3. Compensating errors:
These are those errors where one error is compensated with another error, e.g., In wages A/c, it is entered Rs. 100 less and in salary account it entered Rs. 100 more. In this condition, both are errors. But one error is adjusted with another error. This type of error will not affect the agreement of trial balance and it will not be disclosed there.

4. Wrong posting in ledger accounts:
When journal entries are posted wrongly in ledger account, it will affect the agreement of trial balance, e.g., Instead of salary paid Rs. 1,000 entered in wages account with the same amount. This type of error will not disclose by the trial balance.

MP Board Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 8 Bank Reconciliation Statement

Bank Reconciliation Statement Important Questions

Bank Reconciliation Statement Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is Bank Reconciliation Statement prepared?
Answer:
When it is found that there are some differences between the cash-book balance and passbook balance, these differences should be rectified. For this purpose, a statement is prepared on a particular date, which is known as Bank Reconciliation Statement.

Question 2.
What are the different methods of preparing B.R. statement ?
Answer:
The following are some of the methods of preparing B.R. statement:

1. On the basis of debit balance as per cash – book
2. On the basis of credit balance as per cash – book
3. On the basis of debit balance as per passbook
4. On the basis of credit balance as per passbook.

Question 3.
In a B.R. statement if the debit balance of a cash – book is given, which items to be added?
Answer:
The following items are added to the debit balance of a cash – book, when a B.R. statement is going to prepare:

1. Cheques issued, but not presented for payment.
2. Interest allowed by the bank, only entered in passbook.
3. Dividends etc. collected and credited only in the passbook.
4. A customer directly deposited in the customers account and only entered in pass¬book.
5. Cheques issued and dishonoured but not entered in cash – book.
6. Any wrong entry in credit side of passbook.

Question 4.
Write five reasons why the cash – book balance and the passbook balance differ.
Answer:
Due to the following reasons, the cash-book balance and passbook balance may vary

1. Cheques issued but not presented for payment
2. Cheques deposited in the bank but not credited in the passbook
3. Cheques deposited entered in the cash – book, but forget to sent the bank
4. Interest on deposit allowed by the bank entered in the passbook but not in cash – book
5. Bank charges charged by the bank only entered in the passbook and not in the cash-book.

Question 5.
Explain the advantages of Bank Reconciliation statement.
Or
Explain the benefits of preparation of Bank Reconciliation statement.
Or
Write the utility or importance of Bank Reconciliation statement.
Answer:
The following are the advantages of preparing B.R. statement:

1. Discovery of errors – With the help of its preparation, the errors which might committed either in the cash – book or in the passbook can be discovered.
2. Helps to enter the transactions in the cash – book – The bank provides various agency services to the customers. But sometimes the bank fails to inform him then and there. For this purpose, the statement will become useful.
3. Wrong entry in passbook – By preparing the B.R. statement, the wrong entry made in the passbook can be found out.
4. To find out the correct balance – By preparing the B.R. statement, the correct balance at bank can be ascertained.
5. For audit purpose – For audit purpose, it is necessary to prepare B.R. statement.

Question 6.
Explain the four features of bank reconciliation statement.
Answer:
The different characteristics of B.R. statement are as follows:

1. When there is difference between cash – book balance and passbook balance, B. R. statement is prepared
2. It is prepared on a fixed date
3. It is prepared by the bank’s customer and not the bank
4. It can be make even on a sheet of paper
5. The main aim of this statement is to the reveal the errors and compare it.

Question 7.
What are uncollected cheques? Explain.
Answer:
As soon as the cheques are received by a trader, he sends them to bank for collection. If the amount is not deposited in trader’s account in the bank till a bank reconcilation statement is prepared, such cheques are called uncollected cheques.

Question 8.
How a B.R. statement is prepared on the basis of balance as per cash – book?
Answer:
In the following ways, B. R. statement is prepared on the basis of cash – book balances. They are added to it:

1. Cheques issued but not presented for payment.
2. Interest on deposit etc. entered only in passbook.
3. Wrong entry in the credit side of passbook.
4. Dividend collected by bank only entered in passbook.
5. The customer directly deposited the amount in the customers A/c.

The following items are deducted from the cash-book balance :

1. Cheques, bills, drafts, etc. deposited for collection but not collected till date.
2. Bank charges, commission, expenses, etc. charged by the bank only entered in passbook.
3. Interest on overdraft and charges only in passbook.
4. Bills discounted with the bank but dishonoured.
5. Cheques debited in cash – book but forget to send them to the bank.

Question 9.
How a B.R. statement is prepared by taking passbook balance?
Answer:
The debit balance of passbook means that the businessman (customer) has to give money to the bank or the customer has taken an overdraft from the bank and credit balance of passbook shows the deposit balance of the customers.When a B.R. statement is prepared the following points should be kept in mind. When the passbook shows a credit balance, the following items are added:

1. Cheques deposited in the bank, but not collected there.
2. Expenses paid by bank, commission charged, interest on overdraft, etc. entered only in the passbook and not in the cash-book.
3. A discounted bill, dishonoured which was not entered in the cash-book.

The following items are deducted:

1. Cheques issued but not presented for payment.
2. Interest on deposit only entered in cash – book.
3. Dividend collected by the bank not entered in cash – book.
4. Direct deposit made by a customer not entered in cash – book.
5. When the passbook shows a debit balance, added items will be deducted and deducted items be added.

Bank Reconciliation Statement Long Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
What is B.R. statement? Explain fully why and how it is prepared?
Answer:
When it is found that there are some difference between the cash – book balance and passbook balance, it should be rectified by means of statement on a particular date. This statement is known as bank reconciliation statement. There are various reasons behind this difference of balances. But it must be necessary to find out and reconcile it. With this aim, the bank reconciliation statement is prepared.

Objects:

1. To find out the real bank balance
2. To know the amount of interest allowed by the bank on deposit
3. To know the amount of interest charged on overdraft By the bank
4. To find out whether there is any error in passbook or in cash – book.

The need of bank reconciliation statement is as follows:

1. By comparing the passbook balance with cash – book balance, it can be easily known about any undue delay in the clearance of cheque.
2. If any errors were committed, it can be found out by comparing the balances in the B. R. statement.
3. By preparing B. R. statement, the trader can find out how many cheques were presented for payment out of his issue and how many of them were not presented for payment.
4. B. R. statement shows the total amount of interest allowed by the bank on customer’s deposit.
5. It show’s how many cheques were collected by the bank directly from trader’s customers.

It is prepared as follows:

1. It is prepared on the basis of cash-book or passbook balance.
2. If it is prepared on the basis of RB. balance, C.B. balance is ascertained and vice versa.

MP Board Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Economics Important Questions Unit 5 Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy

MP Board Class 11th Economics Important Questions

Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct option:

Question (a)
It is found in rural areas of India:
(a) Educated unemployment
(b) Disguised unemployment
(c) Seasonal unemployment
(d) Frictional unemployment.
Answer:
(b) Disguised unemployment

Question (b)
What is important in organic farming:
(a) Crop rotation
(b) Animal manure
(c) Mechanical agriculture and Natural fertilizer control
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (c)
Fair in villages are held:
(a) Weekly
(b) Fortnightly
(c) Daily
(d) On special occasions.
Answer:
(a) Weekly

Question (d)
In 1951 number of universities in country:
(a) 25
(b) 27
(c) 36
(d) 53.
Answer:
(b) 27

Question (e)
When was state of Madhya Pradesh established:
(a) 1948
(b) 1956
(c) 1961
(d) 1856.
Answer:
(b) 1956

Question (f)
When price index increases it means:
(a) Value of currency increases
(b) Value of currency decreases
(c) No effect of value of currency
(d) None of the these.
Answer:
(b) Value of currency decreases

Question (g)
Element of commercial energy:
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Gas and electricity
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question (h)
Energy from hot spring:
(a) Small hydro power
(b) Biomass
(c) Geothermal energy
(d) Hydro – electricity
Answer:
(c) Geothermal energy

Question (i)
In india supply of electricity started first:
(a) In Delhi
(b) In Chennai
(c) In Darjeeling
(d) In Bhopal.
Answer:
(c) In Darjeeling

Question (j)
National literacy mission is related to:
(a) Primary education
(b) High education
(c) Rural
(d) Adult education.
Answer:
(d) Adult education.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Economic development is ……………………..
2. Per capita income = ……………………….. /Total population.
3. Universal indicator of Quality of life is ………………………….
4. Economic development leads to …………………….. pollution.
5. In approx ……………………….. % cities of India amount of sulphur – dioxide and S.P.M. is maximum.
6. …………………… is a challenge for Indian economy.
7. For poverty eradication in Aug 1979 ………………………… plan was started.
8. Nehru employment plan was started in …………………………
9. …………………………… % of Indian population lives in villages.
10. Main problems of farmers is …………………….. and ………………………..
11. Duration of ………………………….. loan is 15 months to 5 years.
12. ………………………. is physical capital.
13. In order to improve quality of school education ……………………….. is the best organisation.
14. In India for every 100 people there are ………………………………
15. Repo Rate causes increase in consumption expenditure and …………………………… expenditure.

Answer:

1. Continuous
2. National income
3. Three
4. Environment
5. 20
6. Unemployment
7. Trisem
8. 28 April 1989
9. 74 – 3%
10. Agriculture finance
11. Temporary
12. Dynamic
13. NCERT
14. 40
15. Investment.

Question 3.
Match the columns:

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (f)
4. (g)
5. (a)
6. (i)
7. (l)
8. (n)
9. (c)
10. (e)
11. (k)
12. (h)
13. (j)
14. (o)
15. (m).

Question 4.
State true or false:

1. Poverty line is same for rural and urban areas.
2. Trisem plan is working at present.
3. Bio farming and organic farming are different.
4. Proportion of man in working population is higher to woman.
5. Rate of participation of women in rural areas as compared to urban area is higher.
6. By the end of 11 plan no. of unemployed people will be 480 lakh.
7. Inflation results in favourable settlement.
8. Economic development is a short term process.
9. Indian medical has six recognition system.
10. With the passing time use of electricity is decreasing in agriculture.
11. Life expectancy of women is less as compared to man.
12. Forest destruction is a result of soil erosion.
13. Environment includes biological and non – biological elements.
14. Midday meal programme started from 15 August 1995.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. True
10. False
11. False
12. True
13. True
14. True.

Question 5.
Answer in one word:

1. Reason for poverty in India.
2. Person who is willing to work and have qualification too but could not get job.
3. Farming were chemical fertilizer and insecticides are not used.
4. This type of marketing started in 1912 in India.
5. Reason for rural unemployment.
6. When was NABARD was established.

Answer:

1. Increase in population
2. Unemployed
3. Organic farming
4. Agriculture
5. Mechanization of agriculture
6. 12 July.

Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy Very Short Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Define Poverty?
Answer:
Poverty refers to a state in which an individual is unable to fulfill even the basic necessities of life.

Question 2.
What are the two sources of Human capital of a nation?
Answer:

1. Investment in Education
2. Investment in health.

Question 3.
Name two indicators of educational achievement of a nation?
Answer:

1. Primary Education
2. Youth literacy rate
3. Adult literacy rate.

Question 4.
What is worker?
Answer:
All those persons who are engaged in various economic activities and hence . contribute to gross domestic products, are workers.

Question 5.
Define worker population ratio?
Answer:
Worker population ratio is defined as the percentage of total population which is actively contributing to GDP of the nation.

Question 6.
Are the following workers: a beggar, a thief, a smuggler, a gambler? Why?
Answer:
These are not workers because they are not involved in any economic activity and hence not contributing to GDP of the nation.

Question 7.
What are the various non – commercial sources of energy?
Answer:
The various sources of non – commercial energy are:

1. Agricultural wastes
2. Firewood
3. Dried dung.

Question 8.
What are the basic sources of generating power?
Answer:
The basic sources of generating power are:

1. Water
2. Coal
3. Oil.

Question 9.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
It is the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Question 10.
What happens when the rate of resource extraction exceeds that of their regeneration?
Answer:
Environmental crisis occur when the rate of resource extraction exceeds that of their regeneration.

Question 11.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
Poverty line may be defined as a cut off point on the line of distribution which divides the population as poor and non – poor. People with income below poverty line are poor and people with income above poverty line are non – poor.

Question 12.
What is the factor considered while defining poverty line in India?
Answer:
Consumption of calories by people.

Question 13.
What is the measure of poverty line in India?
Answer:
Those people who do not get 2000 calories in cities and 2400 calories in villages are called poor.

Question 14.
Who thought about poverty line before independence in India?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji.

Question 15.
Which organization collects data on poverty in India?
Answer:
Planning commission.

Question 16.
When was food for work programme started?
Answer:
In 1970.

Question 17.
Give two examples of self – employment programmes?
Answer:

1. Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
2. Sampooma Grameen Rozgar Yojana.

Question 18.
What is agricultural diversification?
Answer:
Diversification towards new areas such as livestock, fisheries and other non- agricultural activities is necessary not only to reduce the risk from agriculture sector but also to provide productive sustainable livelihood options to our rural people.

Question 19.
What is Human capital?
Answer:
It represents enhanced labour productivity, which is an acquired ability and an outcome of deliberate investment decisions with an expectation that it will increase future income sources.

Question 20.
What is human capital formation?
Answer:
Human capital formation implies the additions to the stock of abilities and skills among the population of the country.

Question 21.
When are people considered as the asset of a nation?
Answer:
When people are educated, healthy and having working ability.

Question 22.
When are people considered as liability of a nation?
Answer:
When people are unhealthy and illiterate.

Question 23.
Define Training?
Answer:
Training is that process which increases the ability, skills and capability of employees.

Question 24.
Out of the total educational expenses of India in which education major part is invested?
Answer:
Primary education.

Question 25.
What is the difference between human capital and human development?
Answer:
Human capital is a means while human development is ends.

Question 26.
What is education?
Answer:
Education means attaining knowledge in schools and colleges.

Question 27.
What is the difference between education and literacy?
Answer:
Literacy is a narrow concept while education is a wider concept.

Question 28.
What is life expectancy?
Answer:
Life expectancy at a specified age is the average the people at that specified age at a given point of time.

Question 29.
What is maternal mortality rate?
Answer:
The annual ratio of death of mothers during delivery period and birth is called maternal mortality rate.

Question 30.
What is mortality rate?
Answer:
Mortality rate is the annual number of deaths per 1000 people.

Question 31.
What is Infant mortality rate?
Answer:
The ratio of children died before one year and birth of children in same year is called infant mortality rate.

Question 32.
What is the traditional source of agricultural credit?
Answer:
Indigenous bankers.

Question 33.
When was NABARD formed?
Answer:
In 1982.

Question 34.
What is NABARD?
Answer:
NABARD is an apex body to co – ordinate the activities of all institutions involved in the rural financing system.

Question 35.
What is Golden Revolution?
Answer:
The period between 1991 – 2003 is known as period of golden revolution because during this period the planned investment in horticulture became highly productive and the sector emerged as sustainable livelihood option.

Question 36.
Why is diversification needed?
Answer:
To reduce the risk in agriculture.

Question 37.
What is operation flood?
Answer:
It is a system whereby all formers can pool their milk produced according to different grading and the same is processed and marketed to urban centers through co – operatives.

Question 38.
What is organic farming?
Answer:
The whole system of fanning that restores, maintains and enhances the ecological balance is called organic farming.

Question 39.
What is co – operative marketing?
Answer:
Under this system, farmers get together and form marketing societies to sell the produce collectively and take benefit of collective bargaining to secure a better price of their product.

Question 40.
What is agricultural credit?
Answer:
Agricultural credit means that credit which is required for agricultural work, e.g., for purchasing seeds, manure, machinery, etc.

Question 41.
What are regular workers?
Answer:
Regular workers are hired on permanent basis.

Question 42.
What are casual workers?
Answer:
Causal workers are not hired on permanent basis.

Question 43.
What is labour force?
Answer:
Labour force refers to the number of persons who are working and those who are not working but are able and willing to work at the existing wage rate.

Question 44.
What is formal sector?
Answer:
It is an organized sector which includes all the public sector enterprises and private enterprises which employ 10 or more than 10 workers.

Question 45.
What is informalisation of employment?
Answer:
Informalisation of employment means those private industries where labour laws are not implemented.

Question 46.
What is unemployment?
Answer:
Unemployment means open involuntary unemployment. It is a situation under which those who are willing not to get work.

Question 47.
Which type of unemployment is found in agricultural sector?
Answer:
Disguised unemployment.

Question 48.
What is open unemployment?
Answer:
It refers to the unemployment in which people are able and willing to work but fail to get work.

Question 49.
What is seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
When workers does not get employment whole year or in all seasons means they have work for 5 to 6 month and remains unemployed for the remaining is called seasonal unemployment.

Question 50.
What is disguised unemployment?
Answer:
Disguised unemployment may be defined as a situation where more people work than what is required.

Question 51.
When was National Rural employment guarantee act passed?
Answer:
In 2005.

Question 52.
What is Infrastructure?
Answer:
Infrastructure means a network of physical facilities and public services which supports an economic system to work effectively and efficiently.

Question 53.
What is economic infrastructure?
Answer:
It includes those aspects of economic system which provides a support to the process of economic development.

Question 54.
What is social infrastructure?
Answer:
It includes those aspects of economic system which provides a support to the process of social development.

Question 55.
How has Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh developed in agriculture and farming?
Answer:
Due to better irrigation facilities.

Question 56.
Why is Gujarat and Maharashtra far ahead than other states in terms of Industries?
Answer:
Because they have better means of transportation and are situated near ports which helps in easily receiving of raw – materials.

Question 57.
Why does Bangalore attracts many multinational companies?
Answer:
Because here world class means of communication is available.

Question 58.
What is commercial source of energy?
Answer:
The energy which is largely used for commercial purposes in industries, agriculture and service sector are called commercial sources of energy.

Question 59.
What are non – commercial sources of energy?
Answer:
It is commonly used by rural households for domestic consumption.

Question 60.
What is conventional source of energy ?
Answer:
Conventional sources of energy include both commercial and non – commercial sources of energy e.g., natural gas, coal, petroleum, etc.

Question 61.
What is non – conventional sources of energy?
Answer:
These are basically renewable sources of energy. They have environment friendly characteristics and involves less cost of production, e.g., solar energy, wind energy, etc.

Question 62.
How are non – conventional source of energy better than conventional sources of energy?
Answer:
Non – conventional sources of energy do not pollute the environment.

Question 63.
What is Bio – energy ?
Answer:
Bio – energy is an energy generated by agricultural wastes, dried dung and other biological materials.

Question 64.
What is Bio – mass?
Answer:
Bio – mass is the production of fuel which is produced by converting agricultural wastes in pillets and briquette.

Question 65.
Why is more preference given to air and water sources in energy policy of India?
Answer:
Because they are not fossil fuels and it does not effect the environment negatively.

Question 66.
What is health?
Answer:
Health means a state of complete physical, mental and social soundness.

Question 67.
What is the meaning of AYUSH?
Answer:
AYUSH means:
A – Ayurveda
Y – Yoga
U – Unani
S – Siddha
H – Homeopathy.

Question 68.
What is morbidity?
Answer:
Morbidity is a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is term used to describe a focus on death.

Question 69.
What is environment?
Answer:
Environment is defined as the total planetary inheritance and the totality of all resources.

Question 70.
What are renewable resources?
Answer:
The resources which may be regenerated through natural process such as forest, animals, water, etc.

Question 71.
What are non – renewable resources?
Answer:
The resources which are available to as a fixed stock, which cannot be regenerated such as coal, gas and petroleum.

Question 72.
What is environmental crisis?
Answer:
Due to pollution in environment it creates an imbalance in the environment which is called as environmental crisis.

Question 73.
When was pollution control board formed?
Answer:
In 1974.

Question 74.
What is Pollution?
Answer:
It refers to those chemicals, substances which contaminate the environment.

Question 75.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, as a result the increase in greenhouse gases since industrial revolution.

Question 76.
What is ozone depletion?
Answer:
It referes to the phenomenon of reduction in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere.

Question 77.
What is the objective of Chipko movement?
Answer:
To save forests in Himalaya festival.

Question 78.
What is the major cause of air pollution?
Answer:
Smoke from vehicles.

Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘Food for Work’ programme?
Answer:
‘Food for work programme’ is one of the programmes to generate wage employment for the poor unskilled people living in rural areas. Under this programme, wages is paid partly in kind in the form of foodgrains and partly in cash. The food component of wages ensures that poor workers get some minimum amount of food for their consumption requirement.

Question 2.
How can creation of income earning assets address the problem of poverty?
Answer:
Creation of earning assets will lead to increase in domestic product and per capita income. Increase in domestic product would spread to all sections of society and will trickle down to the poor sections of society also. Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana aims at encouraging self – employment among the poor by providing income earning assets through a mix of loans and subsidies.

Question 3.
What programme has the government adopted to help the elderly people and poor and destitute women?
Answer:
The government has many of social security programme to help some specific groups. One such programme is National Social Assistance Programme. Under this programme elderly people who do not have anyone to take care of them are given pension to question themselves. Poor woman who are destitute and windows are also covered under this scheme.

Question 4.
Is there any relationship between unemployment and poverty? Explain?
Answer:
There exists a deep relationship between unemployment and poverty. Unemployment or under employment and the casual and intermittent nature of work in both rural and urban areas drives unemployment people who do not have resources to make their ends meet into indebtedness and poverty.

Due to unemployment, income of the people is reduced to a large extent and they are unable to get access to education, health facilities, proper sanitation, etc. This causes poor quality of living and hence poor human capital and skills.

Question 5.
What is the difference between relative and absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is defined as inability to secure minimum human needs con¬cerning food, clothing, housing, education and health. On the other hand, relative poverty is a concept that enable us to understand the relative position of different regiments of the population in the social ladder.

Question 6.
Why do we observe regional difference in education attainment in India?
Answer:
The regional differences in educational attainment in India is due to:

1. Low expenditure by the government in education sector.
2. Inequality of Income.

Question 7.
Bring out the differences between Human capital and Human development?
Answer:
Following are the differences between human capital and human development:

1. Human capital considers education and health as a means to increase labour productivity. On the other hand, human development considers education and health integral to human well – being.

2. Human capital treats human beings as a means to an end; the end being the increase in productivity. Human development treats human beings as ends in themselves. In the context of human development basic education and basic health are the rights of every individual irrespective of their contribution to labour productivity.

Question 8.
How is human development a broader term as compound to human capital?
Answer:
Human capital considers education and health as a means to increase labour productivity. Human development is based on the idea that education and health are integral to human well – being because only when people have the ability to read and write and the ability to lead a long and healthy life, they will be able to make other choices they value.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Human capital and Physical capital?
Answer:
Difference between human capital and physical capital:

1. Human capital and physical capital are both types of capital resources that are essential to the smooth running of any business. Human capital refers to the skills, abilities, experience and value that is brought on to a firm by its employees.

Physical capital refers to all non – human assets created by human and used in the production process such as machinery, buildings, vehicles, etc. An important point to note is that physical and human capital must go hand in hand for a business to run its business operations successfully.

2. The right human capital can enhance the value of physical capital and without the right physical capital human capital cannot contribute to its full extent.

Question 10.
What is the role of human capital in economic development?
Answer:
Role of human capital formation in economic development:
The human capital formation plays crucial role in the economic development. Firstly, formation of human capital would tend to change the traditional society to modem society, which has higher scope for economic development.

Secondly, human capital increases the productivity of the physical capital (For example, they can handle the tools and machines in better way). Enhanced productivity would accelerate the growth.

Thirdly, higher standard of the life is possible only via development of human capital. Fourthly, human capital formation facilitates the use and growth of innovation. Innovation is the principle determinant of growth. Fifthly, human capital formation increases the rate of participation.

Higher the rate of participation, greater is the degree of economic equality in the society. Finally, investment in human capital yields larger returns and the returns on this type of investment far outweigh its input costs. For example, training of the workers increases their productivity which ultimately leads to overall increase in production.

Question 11.
Education is considered to be an important input for the development of a nation? How?
Answer:
Education is the process of teaching, training, learning, impacting knowledge and develop skills. It facilitates the use of natural and human resources of all regions of the country. Following points are describing why education is an important input for the development of a nation:

1. Knowledge and Skills:
A better educated person has greater skills and knowledge which enhance productivity and therefore provide a greater opportunity to work and earn higher income.

2. Rationality:
Education develops logics in people and helps them in making rational choices which lead to efficient utilization of resources resulting in higher productivity.

3. Values and Ethics:
Education inculcates moral values and professional ethics in people making them law abiding citizens who help each other and hence contribute in the well – being of the nation.

4. Adoption of Modern technology:
Education develops the skills required for understanding and adoption modem technology. This helps in increasing output and growth of the nation.

5. Reduction in Income inequality:
Education enhances the income earning capacity of people from economically backward sections of the country and thus reduces the inequalities in the distribution of income.

Question 12.
Discuss the following as a source of human capital formation:

1. Health infrastructure
2. Expenditure on migration.

Answer:

1. Health infrastructure:
Investment in health facilities to build a physically as well as mentally strong human capital, is essential for increasing productivity. Preventive medicine (vaccination), curative medicine (medical intervention during illness), social medicine (spread of health literacy) and provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation are the various forms of expenditures done on building health infrastructure which is considered as an important factor for human capital formation as it directly increases the supply of healthy labour force.

2. Expenditure on Migration:
People migrate in search of jobs with higher salaries than what they may get in their native places. People froms rural areas migrate to urban areas in search of employment. Technically qualified persons, like engineers and doctors, migrate to other countries because of higher earnings in such countries. Migration in both these cases involves cost of transport, higher cost of living in the migrated places and psychological costs of adapting to a new socio – cultural set – up.

Question 13.
Establish the need for acquiring information relating to health and education expenditure for the effective utilization of human resources?
Answer:
The availability of courses and admissions related information helps the students to opt for the best course according to their interest areas and capabilities. This helps in efficient utilization of resources invested in education and results in productive human resources. The availability of information regarding health creates awareness about health in the people.

This increases the acceptability of various healthy habits and family welfare programmes which ensure the supply of a healthy workforce and a healthy society at large. Various health measures are not adopted due to lack of complete knowledge and information.

For example:
Few years back, people considered AIDS as a disease which could spread by shaking hands or sharing food and even people suffering from this disease were not aware of the medicines available but through awareness campaigns people are now informed about it and suffering of patients has reduced not only physically but also socially.

Question 14.
How does investment in human capital contribute to growth?
Answer:
Investment in human capital is believed to be positively related to economic growth. The contribution of human capital formation to economic growth can be explained as follows:

1. Increase in Labour productivity:
Investment in human capital through expenditure on education, health, etc. enhances the productivity of labour as they become physically fit and skilled in their jobs. It leads to efficient utilization of the material inputs and capital.

2. Innovations:
Research and development is necessary for innovations in an economy, which lead to advancement in technology and creation of new products. Human capital formation helps in preparing learned scientists and researchers in various subjects who bring out innovative products, technologies and processes and thus add to the economic growth.

3. Absorptive capacity:
Advanced technology can be adopted only if the skills and knowledge required for using that technology is present in the country. Investment in education and on the job training helps to create these skills and knowledge base and thus helps in absorption of new technologies which lead to higher production and thus economic growth.

Question 15.
‘There is a downward trend in inequality world – wide with a rise in the average education levels’? Comments?
Answer:
It is believed that education level reduces the inequality at the global level. Education imparts the knowledge and technical skills which enhance the productivity of people. An educated person possesses higher productivity and efficiency and hence a relatively higher income earning capacity.

Distribution of income has become less skewed and income disparity between the rich and the poor is reducing across the world with better earning opportunities available due to rise in education.

Governments of different countries have been investing heavily in the education sector as rise in average education levels not only reduce inequality but also other problems like poverty, unemployment and underutilization of resources.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of Education?
Answer:
Importance/Objectives of Education:

1. Imparting an adequate knowledge of the subject – matter.
2. Equipping the prospective teachers with necessary pedagogic skills.
3. Enabling the teacher to acquire understanding of child psychology.
4. Developing proper attitudes towards teaching.
5. Developing self – confidence in the teachers.
6. Enabling teachers to make proper use of instructional facilities.
7. Enabling teachers to understand the significance of individual differences of child and to take appropriate steps for their optimum development.
8. Development of the ability to give direct satisfaction of parents from the achievement of children.

Question 17.
Explain how investment in education stimulates economic growth?
Answer:
Investment in education stimulates economics growth in the following manner:

1. Investment in education stimulates economic growth as education is provided to all.
2. As per the government policies. They want to increase the literacy rate for both adults and youth.
3. It improves the difference in literacy rates between males and females.
4. Women are also taking higher educations.
5. This all lead to form a well educated nation and investment in education by all individuals give them in return a good standard of living a good labour productive force and high participation rate of both males and females. Which automatically stimulates the growth of economy.

Question 18.
Bring out the need for on – the – job – training for a person?
Answer:
Firms provide on – the – job training to their workers to enhance their skill which helps in human capital formation. The workers may be trained in the firm itself under the supervision of a skilled worker or the workers may be sent for off – campus training.

On – the – job training is an important factor of human capital formation as it results in enhanced labour productivity. On – the – job training allows trainees and employees to get acquainted with their co – workers.

Needs of On – the – job training:
Training allows the supervisors or managers to assess progress of a person over a short period of time enabling them to determine any flaws or problems and rectifying the problem on the spot. This leads to higher efficiency of not only the person under training but also the organization as a whole.

Question 19.
Trace the relationship between human capital and economic growth?
Answer:
Human capital is believed to be positively related to economic growth though it is difficult to establish a relation of cause and effect from the growth of human capital to economic growth. Human capital formation is related to economic growth in the following manner:

1. Increase in Labour Productivity:
Investment in human capital through expenditure on education, health, etc. Enhances the productivity of labour as they become physically fit and skilled in their jobs. It leads to efficient utilization of the material inputs and capital. With increase in productivity, output increases at an increasing rate and hence economic growth accelerates.

2. Innovations:
Research and development is necessary for innovations in an economy which lead to advancement in technology and creation of new products. Human capital formation helps in preparing learned scientists and researchers in various subjects who bring out innovative products, technologies and processes and thus add to the economic growth.

3. Absorptive capacity:
Advanced technology can be adopted only if the skills and knowledge required for using that technology is present in the country. Investment in education and on – the – job training helps to create these skills and knowledge base and thus helps in absorption of new technologies which lead to higher production and thus economic growth.

4. Participation rate:
Human capital formation makes a greater proportion of population capable of par acipating in the economic, social and political activities of a nation thus raising the participation of people in the process of economic growth.

Question 20.
Discuss the need for promoting women’s education in India?
Answer:
Women have always been neglected when it comes to education in India. The access to education has always been biased towards male population due to our social system which is patriarchal. The lack of education has caused exploitation of women and has resulted in a lower social status of women in India.

There is an imminent need for promoting female education in India because of the following reasons:

1. Women education is essential for providing them economic independence and empowering them to save them from exploitation and domestic violence.
2. Women education is essential in order to raise the social status of women so that the quality of life of women can be improved.
3. Education women help in promoting family welfare programmes and thus in population control.
4. Educated women are aware of the importance of health care and thus take proper care of their family members contributing in human capital formation.
5. Educating a woman means educating a family. An educated woman can inculcate moral values in her children and can facilitate their education.

Question 21.
In your view, is it essential for the government to regulate the fee structure in education and health care institutions? If so, why?
Answer:
Education and health are two basic requirements of human beings so that they may be able to live a life of dignity. It is the responsibility of government to ensure education and health facilities to even the poorest of the poor.

For this purpose either the government should itself provide these services through government schools, colleges and hospitals or encourage private sector participation in these sectors. Private sector is allowed to operate in these sectors.

But private sector works with profit as the primary motive and so if government does not regulate the fee structure in education and health care institutions, the fee may become too high to be in affordable limits of common people. This will defeat the purpose of these facilities altogether and hence government must intervene and regulate the fee structure of even the private institutes in education and health care sectors.

Question 22.
Discuss the importance of credit in rural development?
Answer:
Following points highlight the importance of credit in rural development:

1. Credit is required by the farmers to meet their personal needs because the gestation period between crop sowing and realisation of income after production is quite long.
2. Credit is required by the farmers to make investment on seeds, fertilizers, implements, etc. Since majority of the farmers are poor, they do not have sufficient personal resources to make investment.
3. Credit is required by the non – farm sectors also such as cottage and small – scale industries.
4. Credit is required by the rural people for self – employment.

Question 23.
Why is agricultural diversification essential for sustainable livelihoods?
Answer:
Agricultural diversification includes two aspects:

1. Diversification of crop production.
2. Shifting of workforce from agriculture to other allied activities and non – agriculture sector?

Agricultural diversification is essential because there is greater risk in depending exclusively on agriculture for livelihood. The diversification reduces the risk from agriculture sector and provides productive sustainable livelihood options to the people living in rural areas. It provides alternate employment opportunities in non – farm sectors which will reduce overcrowding of agriculture.

Question 24.
Briefly discuss the problems related to agricultural finance in India?
Answer:
Various factors that led to the related growth in economic development in China are as given below:

1. There is overall inadequacy of agricultural finance, particularly of the institutional credit. Agricultural finance is not available in sufficient quantity.
2. Loans are not available at the right time.
3. Loans are not available at reasonable rate of interest.
4. Despite the recent expansion of credit from commercial banks, its contribution to agricultural finance continues to be a small proportion of its total lending.
5. There has been neglect of small farmers who cannot offer any security for loans.
6. A serious problem is that of mounting overdues.

Question 25.
What is agricultural trading?
Answer:
Agricultural trading:
It means to exchange of agricultural commodities between farmer and traders. Agricultural trading includes gradation, standardization, collection and conservation. In India the undermentioned system is prevailed for the trading of agricultural commodities Trading in villages, Trading in mandies, Trading through co – operative societies, with government, the trading through retailers.

Question 26.
Mention some obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing?
Answer:
Some obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing are:

1. Faulty weighing and manipulation of accounts by traders results in exploitation of farmers when they sell their products to traders.
2. Farmers do not have proper storage facilities to keep back their produce for selling later at a better price. Hence, they are forced to sell even at lower price to save the products from decaying.
3. Fanners cannot avail agricultural credit, leading to their exploitation by the moneylenders.

Question 27.
Write the problems of agricultural diversification?
Answer:
The major problems of agricultural diversification are as follows:

1. Farmers particularly small farmers are not able to invest in Agro and non – agro based industries. If requires more capital and labours. They are not having enough time to learn new economic agricultural policy and are unable to take risk.
2. Technological changes are the key of agricultural diversification. Available technological is not suitable for many agricultural related situations.
3. Infrastructure established by govt, is centralized in developed areas. In backward areas infrastructure like roads, transport, irrigation, cold storage are required but they are not available.

Question 28.
Explain Golden Revolution?
Answer:
Golden Revolution:
The rapid growth in the production of diverse horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, tuber crops, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and plantation crops is known as Golden Revolution. It led to increase in production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, aromatic plants, spices, etc.

Golden Revolution made India a world leader in the production of mangoes, bananas, coconut and spices. Golden Revolution provided nutrition and sustainable livelihood options.

Question 29.
Explain the role of non – farm employment in promoting rural diversification?
Answer:
A major proportion of the increasing labour force needs to find alternate employment opportunities in other non – farm sectors. The dynamic sub – sectors in non – farm sector include agro – processing industries, food processing industries, leather industry, tourism, etc. There are other sectors which have the potential but lack infrastructure and other support. These include traditional home – based industries like pottery, crafts, handlooms etc.

Majority of rural women find employment in agriculture while men generally look for non – farm employment. Nowadays women have also begun to work in non – farm jobs e.g., in Tamil Nadu, many Farm Women’s Groups are creating savings in their group through a micro – credit system and promoting small – scale household activities like mushroom cultivation, soap manufacture.

Question 30.
Information technology plays a very significant role in achieving sustainable development and food security? Comment?
Answer:
Information Technology (IT) is playing a significant role in achieving sustainable development and food security in present time. Governments can predict areas of food insecurity and vulnerability using appropriate information and software tools so that action can be taken to prevent or reduce the chances of an emergency like monsoon failure and resultant drought or low crop yield.

Role of Information Technology (IT):
1. IT can help in disseminating information regarding advanced technology and its applications, prices, weather and soil conditions for growing different crops etc. Which facilitates farmers in taking effective decisions regarding their crops and other activities. It also enhances productivity in farm and non-farm sectors of rural economy.

2. IT can act as a means of releasing the creative potential and knowledge in the society and has the potential of employment generation in rural areas as kisan call centres and various websites providing valuable information regarding measures to sustainable development.

Question 31.
What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development?
Answer:
Organic farming is an eco – friendly technique of growing crops which promotes sustainable development. In other words, organic agriculture is a whole system of farming that restores maintains and enhances the ecological balance and enhances the food safety. Thus, encouraging the practices towards sustainable development.

Question 32.
Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working. Why?
Answer:
The difference in participation rates is very large in urban areas:
For every 100 urban females, only about 14 are engaged in some economic activities. In rural areas, for every 100 rural women about 26 participate in the employment market. It is common to find that where men are able to earn high incomes, families discourage female members from taking up jobs. Earnings of urban male workers are generally higher than rural males and so the urban families do not want females to work.

Question 33.
Why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas?
Answer:
Regular salaried employees are more in urban areas than in rural areas due to following reasons:

1. Education and Training:
Regular salaried employment requires certain educational qualifications and professional skills. Education and training facilities are not as good in rural areas as in urban areas. Therefore, chances of regular employment are higher for urban People.

2. Infrastructure:
Large companies including MNCs are concentrated in the urban areas due to the presence of economic infrastructure and availability of modem facilities like banks, transport and communication, etc.

3. Agriculture:
Rural population is primarily engaged in agricultural sector and are not willing to take the risk of leaving their farms for regular salaried employment. This is also a reason for regular salaried employment to be less prevalent in rural areas.

Question 34.
Why are less women found in regular salaried employment?
Answer:
Less women are found in regular salaried employment due to the following reasons:

1. Lack of Education facilities:
Female education is not given due importance in India and hence majority of the women in India do not have the educational qualification and professional skills required for regular salaried employment.

2. Discouragement from Family:
In India, families still do not want the female members to step out from the house for work especially if it is for long hours as in regular salaried employment.

3. Family responsibilities:
Household work and responsibility of children and other family members do not allow the women to devote time and energy in regular employment.

Question 35.
Is it necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector because labour is exploited in the informal sector. In the formal sector, labour laws, enable the workers to protect their rights in various ways. The workers in the formal sector form trade unions, bargains with employers for better wages and other social security measures. They earn more than those in the informal sector.

Workers and enterprises in the informal sector do not get regular income; they do not have any protection or regulation from the government. Workers are dismissed without any compensation.

Question 36.
Victor is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day, he is looking for work. Is he unemployed? Why? What kind of jobs could persons like Victor be doing?
Answer:
Victor is a casual worker and is under – employed, though not completely unemployed. He is not being able to find a job according to his capabilities and willingness and therefore even after two hours of work in a day he remains jobless for the rest of the day. He can do other part – time jobs like those of delivery man, waiter in a restaurant, etc. Till he finds a regular wage employment suiting his education and skills.

Question 37.
You are residing in a village. If you are asked to advice the village panchayat, what kinds of activities would you suggest for the improvement of your village which would also generate employment?
Answer:
Following activities can be undertaken for the improvement of the village which would also generate employment:

1. Poverty alleviation programmes providing employment generation opportunities such as construction of roads, schools, etc.
2. Provision of services in areas such as primary health and primary education, which can employ educated youth of the village after training them.
3. Provision for safe drinking water and sanitation facilities by employing village population in construction of these facilities.
4. Providing assistance for people to buy income and employment generating assets.
5. Development of community assets by generating wage employment through construction of houses, financial assistance for constructing houses, laying of rural roads, etc.
6. Development of wastelands/degraded lands to improve agricultural production and farm incomes.

Question 38.
Who is a casual wage labourer?
Answer:
Casual workers refer to those workers, who do not earn regular wages and do not have regular employment throughout the year. They work for few months or days and earn wages for the work done. Casual workers are not hired by employers on a regular basis.

Question 39.
How will you know whether a worker is working in the informal sector?
Answer:
Thus, informal sector includes millions of farmers, agricultural labourers, owners of small enterprises and people working in those enterprises as also the self – employed who do not have any hired workers. All non – farm casual wage labourers who work for more than one employer such as construction workers and headdload workers are also working in informal sector.

Those who are working in the informal sector do not enjoy social security benefits. They earn less than those in the formal sector. Workers and enterprises in the informal sector do not get regular income; they do not have any protection or regulation from the government. Workers in the informal sector are dismissed without any compensation. Workers of this sector are even found living in slums.

Question 40.
Explain the term ‘Infrastructure’?
Answer:
Infrastructure refers to the supporting services in the main areas of industrial and agricultural production, domestic and foreign trade and commerce. These services include roads, railways, ports, airports, dams, power stations, oil and gas pipelines, telecommunication, schools and colleges, hospitals, sanitary system and also the monetarily system including banks, insurance and other financial institutions.

Question 41.
Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country. Do you agree? Explain?
Answer:
Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country in the following ways:

1. Increasing Productivity:
Social infrastructure such as housing, health and education makes living conditions better for the population. Healthy and educated population is a source of human capital formation which results in greater productivity.

2. Boosting Production:
Infrastructure boosts production both by increasing the productivity of the factors of production and by providing supportive facilities. Agricultural production depends largely on the adequate expansion and development of irrigation facilities and power-supply needed for the same.

3. Inducing Investment:
Economic infrastructure facilitates production and increases income in the economy. Business environment in the economy becomes conducive and this induces more investment which leads to employment generation leading to higher income and better standard of living.

4. Quality of Life:
Infrastructure facilities such as transport, communication and power-supply make life easier for people and increase their access to other related facilities such as education and health. This makes people more productive.

Question 42.
What is the state of rural infrastructure in India?
Answer:
The state of rural infrastructure in India is very critical. India’s more than billion plus population resides in rural areas. There is a lack of access to safe, reliable power, water telecommunication, sanitation and transportation services. The government had announced several schemes but still there is not a very remarkable growth in it as per the data of census 2001 in rural India only 56% households have an electricity connection and 43% still use kerosene.

About 90% of the rural households use bio – fuels such as crop residues, dung and fuel wood to meet their energy requirement for cooking. Tap water availability is limited to only 24% rural households. About 76% of the population drinks water from open sources such as wells, tanks, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, etc. Access to improved sanitation in rural areas was only 20%.

Question 43.
Justify that energy crisis can be overcome with the use of renewable sources of energy?
Answer:
The energy crisis in India is the result of excessive use of non – renewable sources of energy for present consumption which has created a threat for sustainable development of the country. The conventional sources of energy, especially the commercial sources are generally exhaustible (except hydro – power).

There are three sources of energy which are commonly termed as non – conventional sources-solar energy, wind energy and tidal power. India has almost unlimited potential for producing all three types of energy being a tropical country. Some appropriate cost effective technologies are already available which can be use to produce energy from these sources.

Question 44.
What problems are being faced by the power sector in India?
Answer:
Some of the problems being faced by India’s power sector are:

1. At present, India is able to add only 20000 MW a year India’s installed capacity to generate electricity is not sufficient to feed an annual economic growth of 9% and even, this capacity remains under – utilised due to inefficient operation of plants.

2. State Electricity Boards (SEBs), which distribute electricity, incur losses which exceed 500 billion due to transmission and distribution losses, wrong pricing of electricity and other inefficiencies.

3. Electricity is stolen in different areas and tariffs are not paid which also adds to the losses of SEBs.

Question 45.
What is a ‘Global Burden of Disease’?
Answer:
Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is an indicator used by experts to know the number of people dying prematurely due to a particular disease as well as the number of years spent by them in a state of ‘Disability’ owing to the disease.

Question 46.
What is the difference between sustainable development and economic development?
Answer:

1. Sustainable development easy stress on environment protection and pollution control while in economic development does not give importance to environmental protection and pollution control.
2. Natural capital is properly used in sustainable development while natural resources are exploited in economic development.

Question 47.
What are the functions of the environment?
Answer:
Following are the functions of environment:

1. Offer resources for production: All the resources which are like as a free gift to us e.g., wind, water, sunlight, land are available because of environment.
2. Sustains life: All essential ingredients which we are receiving from environment are necessary for the sustenance of human life.
3. Assimilates waste: Environment absorbs the waste automatically which is produced by the production and consumption activities.
4. Quality of life: Water, mountains, deserts are enjoying by the human and adding quality to his life.

Question 48.
India has abundant natural resources substantiate the statement?
Answer:
India has abundant natural resources including rich quality soil, various rivers and tributaries, green forests, mineral deposits, vast stretch of the Indian Ocean, mountain ranges, etc.

1. Soil:
The black soil of the Deccan Plateau is ‘particularly suitable for cultivation of cotton, leading to concentration of textile industries in this region. The Indo – Gangetic plains spread from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal are highly fertile, intensively cultivated and densely populated regions in the world.

2. Forests:
India’s forests, though unevenly distributed, provide green cover for a majority of its population and natural cover for its wildlife.

3. Minerals:
Large deposits of iron – ore, coal and natural gas are found in the country. India alone accounts for nearly 20% of the world’s total iron-ore reserves. Bauxite, copper, chromate, diamonds, gold, lead, lignite, manganese, zinc, uranium, etc. are also available in different parts of the country.

Question 49.
Is environmental crisis a recent phenomenon? If so, why?
Answer:
Yes, environmental crisis is a recent phenomenon. The environment has been able to perform its functions without any interruption till the resource extraction was not above the rate of regeneration of the resource and the wastes generated were within the assimilating capacity of the environment.

But today, environment fails to perform its third and vital function of life sustenance resulting in an environmental crisis. The rising population of the developing countries and the affluent consumption and production standards of the developed world have placed a huge stress on the environment in terms of its first two functions.

Question 50.
Give two instances of:

1. Overuse of environmental resources.
2. Misuse of environmental resources.

Answer:

1. Overuse of environmental resources:

• Soil degradation due to improper crop rotation and crop shifting.
• Drying up of rivers due to overuse of water from them through dams and reservoirs.

2. Misuse of environmental resources:

• Excess use of electricity leads to depletion of resources like coal and water from which electricity is generated.
• Excess use of petrol and diesel in vehicles.

Question 51.
State any four pressing environmental concerns of India. Correction for environmental damages involves opportunity costs. Explain?
Answer:
Four pressing environmental concerns of India are:

1. Land degradation.
2. Biodiversity loss.
3. Air pollution with special reference to vehicular pollution in urban cities.
4. Management of fresh water and solid waste management.

Correction for environment damages involves opportunity costs as explained below:

• The industrial development in past has polluted and dried up rivers and other aquifers making water an economic good.

Question 52.
Mention the strategies for sustainable development?
Answer:
The strategies are:

1. Use of non – conventional sources of energy.
2. Encouraging use of cleaner fuel.
3. Setting mini hydel plants.
4. Using traditional practices.
5. Biocomposting.
6. Biopest control.

Question 53.
Explain the relevance of intergenerational equity in the definition of sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development in itself makes it obligatory for the development process to be such that the basic needs of not only the present generation but also of the future generations are taken care of. It becomes the moral duty of this generation to hand over the earth to the future generation in good form.

Sustainable development aims at maximizing the welfare of both present and future generations. It does not mean hindering the existing pace of economic growth, but refers to a judicious or optimum utilization of resources in such a manner that pace of economic growth sustains with inter generational equity.

Question 54.
Write a short note on National Rural Employment Guarantee Plan?
Answer:
This Act was passed in 2005 and the scheme i.e. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Scheme) or NREGA scheme was launched in 2nd February, 2006. The aim of the act is to provide guaranteed wage employment to every household whose adult volunteer is to do unskilled manual work for a minimum of 100 days in a year.

Question 55.
Distinguish between Human capital and Physical capital?
Answer:
Role of human capital formation in economic development:
The human capital formation plays crucial role in the economic development. Firstly, formation of human capital would tend to change the traditional society to modem society, which has higher scope for economic development.

Secondly, human capital increases the productivity of the physical capital (For example, they can handle the tools and machines in better way). Enhanced productivity would accelerate the growth.

Thirdly, higher standard of the life is possible only via development of human capital. Fourthly, human capital formation facilitates the use and growth of innovation. Innovation is the principle determinant of growth. Fifthly, human capital formation increases the rate of participation.

Higher the rate of participation, greater is the degree of economic equality in the society. Finally, investment in human capital yields larger returns and the returns on this type of investment far outweigh its input costs. For example, training of the workers increases their productivity which ultimately leads to overall increase in production.

Question 56.
What are the problems of education sector?
Answer:
Problem/Challenges of Education sector:

1. Lack of infrastructure.
2. Poor global ranking of institutes.
3. System of education.
4. Gap between education provided and industry required education.
5. Gender issues.
6. Costly higher education.

Question 57.
What are the causes of migration in India?
Answer:
The causes of migration in India are as follows:

1. Lack of education facilities in rural area.
2. Poor condition of agriculture and good opportunities of employment due to industrialization.
3. Lack of medical facilities in rural area.
4. Lack of security.
5. Lack of facilities in rural area.
6. Social cause.

Question 58.
What are the sources of rural credit?
Answer:
The sources for providing agricultural credit are divided into two parts:

(A) Institutional sources:

1. Co – operative Credit Societies
2. Bhoomi Vikas Bank,
3. Rural Bank (26 Sep., 1975)
4. Commercial Bank (July, 1969)
5. Government
6. State Bank of India
7. Reserve Bank of India (1 April, 1935), (h) National Agricultural and Rural Development Bank.

(B) Non – institutional sources:

1. Sahookar or Private money lenders.
2. Friends and relatives.
3. Trader and commission agent.

Question 59.
What are the problems of rural development?
Answer:
The rural areas are facing following problems today:

1. Inadequate employment opportunities
2. Low level of income.
3. Increasing pressure on agriculture.
4. Low standard of living.
5. Lack of means of transport and communication.
6. Lack of education facilities.
7. Lack of medical facilities.
8. Lack of civil amenities in urban areas like drinking water, electricity, gutters, library recreation, etc.
9. Lack of housing facilities.
10. Lack of fair price shops.
11. Lack of banking facilities.

Question 60.
Explain the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture and allied sectors, including agribusiness, domesticated animals, and ranger service and fishery sub segments as for as rate of GDP is 13 – 9 percent during 2013 – 2014 at 2004 – 2005 prices. Agricultural exports constitute a fifth of the total exports of the country. In perspective of the overwhelming position of the Agricultural sector, gathering and support of Agricultural Statistics expect incredible significance.

The 6% of agricultural production is converted in to processed food, which is focused to achieve 20% in coming future. The business is work escalated and contributes around 50% for industrial production. Multi – National Food Companies have assumed a part of making business sector draw and rivalry. Selection of inventive and experimental bundling strategies by food industry has empowered the assembling of sheltered and quality sustenance.

Conclusion:
India has the capacity to produce the food grains which can make vast difference in Indian economy. To achieve targeted mark by the government it needs to provide support in case of land, bank loans and other machineries to the small farmers along with the big farmers with this we can expect some improvement in Indian economy.

Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian economy. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 percent of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50 % of the countries workforce. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products. India has many areas to choose for business such as dairy, meat, poultry, fisheries and food grains etc.

India has emerged as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. According to the data provided by Department of Economics and Statics (DES) the production of food grains for the year 2013 – 2014 is 264 million tons which is increased when compared to (2012 – 2013) 257 million tons. This is a good symptom for the Indian economy from the agriculture sector.

The commitment of agribusiness in the national income in India is all the more, subsequently, it is said that agriculture in India is a backbone for Indian economy. The contribution of agriculture in the initial two decades towards the total national output is between 48% and 60% In the year 2001 – 2002, this contribution declined to just around 26%.

Question 61.
Briefly explain in role of Minimum Support Price (MSP) in the context of agricultural marketing in India?
Answer:
The Government of India has adopted the policy of minimum support price to safeguard fanners from undue fluctuations in market prices of agricultural commodities. Under this policy, the government well in advance of the sowing season declares the minimum prices at which the government will purchase various commodities.

It means that the farmers have an option to sell their output to the government if the market prices fall below these minimum support prices. However, if the market prices are higher, the fears are free to sell in the market.

Question 62.
By giving examples differentiate between self – employed workers and hired workers?
Answer:
Self – employed workers use self – employed resources to earn their living while hired workers are employed by others on salary. Example of self – employed workers are doctor running his own clinic, a cement shop owners /example of hired workers are a civil engineer in the construction company, a doctor working in a govt, hospital, etc.

Question 63.
Write the types of unemployment found in Indian economy?
Answer:
Types of Unemployment:

1. Open Unemployment:
Open unemployment is a situation wherein a large section of the labour force does not get a job that may yield them regular income. This type of unemployment can be seen and counted in terms of the number of unemployed persons. The labour force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of economy. Therefore all people do not get jobs.

2. Disguised Unemployment:
It is a situation in which more people are doing work than actually required. Even if some are withdrawn, production does not suffer. In other words it refers to a situation of employment with surplus manpower in which some workers have zero marginal productivity.

So, their removal will not affect the volume of total production. Overcrowding in agriculture due to rapid growth of population and lack of alternative job opportunities may be cited as the main reasons for disguised unemployment in India.

3. Seasonal Unemployment:
It is unemployment that occurs during certain seasons of the year. In some industries and occupations like agriculture, holiday resorts, ice factories, etc., production activities take place only in some seasons. So, they offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. People engaged in such type of activities may remain unemployed during the off – season.

4. Cyclical Unemployment:
It is caused by trade cycles at regular intervals. Generally capitalist economics are subject to trade cycles. The down swing in business activities results in unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is normally a shot – run phenomenon.

Question 64.
Explain disguised unemployment with example?
Answer:
Disguised Unemployment:
It is a situation in which more people are doing work than actually required. Even if some are withdrawn, production does not suffer. In other words it refers to a situation of employment with surplus manpower in which some workers have zero marginal productivity.

So, their removal will not affect the volume of total production. Overcrowding in agriculture due to rapid growth of population and lack of alternative job opportunities may be cited as the main reasons for disguised unemployment in India.

Question 65.
Distinguish between regular workers and casual workers?
Answer:
Regular workers are hired on permanent basis, e.g., a doctor employed in a govt, hospital while casual workers are not hired on permanent basis e.g., a daily wage earn working in a construction site. Regular workers are entitled to social security benefits (pension, etc.) from their employers. Causal workers are not entitled to social security benefits from their employers.

Question 66.
Write the factors of economic infrastructure?
Answer:
The factors of economic infrastructure are:

1. Energy:
Energy is that power without which no human economic activity can be performed. Industrial development is not possible without energy. For running machines in agriculture energy is required.

2. Transport:
Transportation is the life blood of an economy. For lending raw materials to production place and for sending finished product to consumers transportation is essential.

3. Communication:
It means to send message or information from one place to another place or from one person to another person. Communication increases productivity and encourages investment.

Question 67.
Distinguish between Conventional sources and Non – conventional sources?
Answer:
Differences between Conventional sources and Non – conventional sources of energy:

Question 68.
Distinguish between economic infrastructure and social infrastructure?
Answer:

1. Economic Infrastructure:
Economic infrastructure means those basic facilities and services which directly benefit the process of production and distribution of an economy. Irrigation, power, transport and communication are the examples of economic infrastructure.

2. Social Infrastructure:
Social infrastructure means those basic activities and services which, in addition to achieving certain social objectives, indirectly help various economic activities. For example, education does not directly affect economic activities like production and distribution but indirectly helps in the economic development of the country by producing scientists and engineers.

Question 69.
Write three factors of social Infrastructure?
Answer:
The three factors of social Infrastructure are:

1. Education: Education helps in improving working ability and productivity. It changes the outlook of people and they adopt modem technology.
2. Health: Good health is a means of development. If people of a nation are unhealthy then no one will complete the work with interest.
3. Housing: Ideal housing facility improves the ability and productivity of people.

Question 70.
Differentiate between Commercial sources and Non – commercial sources of energy?
Answer:
Differentiate between Commercial sources and Non – commercial sources of energy:

Question 71.
Write a short note on Global warming?
Answer:
Global warming is a gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere as a result of increase in greenhouse gases since industrial revolution. The causes of global warming are :

1. Destruction of forests.
2. Use of fossil fuels.

Some of the effects of global warming are:

1. Melting of polar ice resulting in rise of sea level and floods.
2. Extinction of species.
3. Frequent tropical storms, etc.

Question 72.
What is ozone depletion?
Answer:
One of the problems created by the air pollution is ozone depletion. The presence of pollutants like, fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in the depleted ozone in the atmosphere. This has created a hole in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. CFC chemicals are used in refrigerators and air conditioners as cooling agents.

The ozone layer protects life on earth by preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from entering the atmosphere. This layer has become too thin and has developed a hole exposing human life to the dangerous ultaviolet rays of sun. It is known that long exposure to ultraviolet rays of sun cause cancer and other genetic disorders in human beings.

Question 73.
Explain poverty line?
Answer:
Poverty line:
It is that line which expresses per capita average monthly expenditure by which people can satisfy their minimum needs. Relative poverty and absolute poverty are the two variants of poverty.

Poverty line is fixed in India:

1. In the estimation of consumption cut off.
2. In private consumption expenditure.
3. Frequencies are recorded against each class – interval. Each frequency counts the number of heads belonging to a particular consumption class.

Question 74.
What is meant by sustainable development? State its features?
Answer:
Sustainable development may be defined as a development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising with the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

1. Sustainable development does not limit development. There should be a sustained rise in per capita income.

2. No increase in pollution should be the objective of all economic activities. Sustainable development does not approve of those activities, which in order to maintain existing high standard of living, are detrimental to environment.

3. Sustainable development ensures no reduction in the quality of life of future generations. It means that there is no reduction in the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

4. Sustainable development does not prevent the use of natural resources. Sustainable development simply requires that natural resources should be efficiently used.

Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The three dimensional attack on poverty adopted by the government has not succeeded in poverty alleviation in India? Comment?
Answer:
Poverty alleviation has always been accepted as one of the major objectives of planned development process in India but even after vast spending on poverty alleviation programmes, the government has not succeeded in poverty alleviation in India.

Despite various strategies to alleviate poverty, problems like hunger, malnourishment, illiteracy and lack of basic amenities are prevalent in India. None of the poverty alleviation strategies resulted in any radical change in the ownership of assets, process of production and improvement of basic amenities to the needy.

Due to unequal distribution of assets, the benefits from poverty alleviation programmes have not actually reached the poor. The amount of resources allocated for the poverty alleviation programmes is not sufficient when we take the magnitude of poverty into consideration.

The implementation of the poverty alleviation programmes is the responsibility of government and bank officials who are ill motivated, inadequately trained, corruption prone and vulnerable to pressure from local elites. The resources are thus used inefficiently.

Government policies have also failed to address the various issues related to poverty due to non -participation of local level institutions in programme implementation. It is evident that high growth. Alone is not sufficient to reduce poverty without the active participation of the people.

Further, it is necessary to identify poverty stricken areas and provide infrastructure such as schools, roads, power, telecom, IT services, training institutions, etc. Institutional weaknesses abound and implementation failure are the biggest reasons that these programmes not succeeded.

Question 2.
Explain the problems of Human capital formation in India?
Answer:
Problems Facing Human Capital Formation in India:
There are several problems of formation of human capital in India. Firstly, rapid growth of population adversely affects the quality of human capital. It reduces per head availability of the natural resources. Secondly, migration of skilled persons to developed countries is a serious brain drain threat to the process of human capital formation in the country.

Thirdly, there is insufficient manpower planning by raising the standard of education at different stages. There is a need to maintain a balance between the demand and supply of technical labour force. Last but not the least, the insufficient supply of qualified and trained technologists is a pointer to a serious neglect of human capital formation in India. On – the – job training should be provided to working population to create a productive human capital formation.

1. Check the high rate of population growth.
2. Proper Manpower Planning:
   A proper manpower planning is a critical requirement to combat the problem of human resources wastage.
3. The planning needs to focus on both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of human capital.
4. Proper educational planning:
   An effective educational planning that promotes human capital formation must be developed.
5. It should provide for adequate health services and nutritive food to the existing population of the country.

Question 3.
What are the measures to remove poverty in India?
Answer:
The measures to remove poverty in India are:

1. Population Control:
The high growth rate of population has depressed the increase in per capital income in India. As a result of it, in spite of increase in total output, the consumption level of common man has not increased and the number of poor people has been increasing. Hence, to eradicate poverty population control is essential in India. For this family planning programme has to be effectively implemented.

2. Redistribution of Income:
Inequality in the distribution of income and wealth makes the poverty perpetuate and permanent and also reduces the efficiency of the people in general. All efforts for development become futile if the already well – off sections are allowed to comer the additional income largely. In this situation, instead of coming down, the level of poverty may go up.

It is, therefore, essential to redistribute income in such a way that the income and consumption level of the poor class may increase. For this, we have to redirect the flow of income, wealth and resources from the rich people to the poor people. In this regard following measures may be adopted:

1. Creation of employment opportunities for the poor and fair wages to the workers.
2. To make available goods to the people of the poor class at reasonable prices through public distribution system.
3. Implementation of land reform measures.
4. Imposing taxes at higher rates on the rich and giving concessions in taxes on the goods used by the poor people.
5. Improving the conditions of the landless labourers and small farmers.
6. Raising the standard of living of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, etc.

• Government has identified seven basic minimum services, which are to be provided to improve the living conditions of the poor.

3. High Rate of Growth:
Economic growth is the most important measure for poverty eradication. Economic growth creates more resources and has the potential of creating more space for the involvement of the poor. But the involvement of the poor depends on the sources of growth and the nature of the growth.

Therefore, it is important to source a large part of economic growth in agriculture, in rural non – agricultural activities and in production expansion of the informal sector which all have high employment elasticities. Besides this, an export strategy based on labour intensive exports may also be useful.

Here, we must note one more thing that a high growth rate is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for removal of poverty. It is possible that in spite of increase in production the consumption standard of the poor may not improve.

It may happen because of rapid rise in population or cornering the additional income by the well – off section of the society. Hence, along with the high rate of economic growth, we have also to adopt measures for population control and redistribution of income. In fact all these three measures are complementary to each – other.

4. Development of Agriculture and Cottage and Small – scale Industries:
A large chunk of poor people in India are in the agricultural sector. Therefore, we have to pay more attention on the development of agriculture. In this regard, measures should be adopted to improve the conditions of landless labourers and marginal farmers. Redistribution of land is also very important measure for the eradication of poverty in the rural sector.

• Development of cottage and small – scale industries can play a very crucial role in providing employment to the poor sections of the society.

5. Social Participation:
Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing to the growth by their active involvement in the growth process. Implementation of the programmes should be increasingly based on the approaches and methods which involve the poor themselves in the process of poverty eradication and economic growth.

This is, possible through the process of social mobilization, encouraging participatory approaches and institutions and empowerment of the poor. In this Panchayati Raj institutions, the voluntary organisations and community based self – help groups should be more closely involved.

Question 4.
What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issues in rural development?
Answer:
Rural development means a comprehensive plan of action for the overall development of the rural areas.
Following are the key issues in rural development:

1. Development of human resources by providing more educational and health facilities and services in rural areas.
2. Land reforms.
3. Development of the local productive resources.
4. Development of infrastructure i. e development of irrigation, transport, electricity, credit facilites, etc.
5. More employment opportunities in the rural areas.

Question 5.
Discuss the importance of credit in rural development?
Answer:
Following points highlight the importance of credit in rural development:

1. Credit is required by the farmers to meet their personal needs because the gestation period between crop sowing and realisation of income after production is quite long.
2. Credit is required by the farmers to make investment on seeds, fertilizers, implements etc. Since majority of the farmers are poor, they do not have sufficient personal resources to make investment.
3. Credit is required by the non – farm sectors also such as cottage and smallscale industries.
4. Credit is required by the rural people for self – employment.

Question 6.
Explain the steps taken by the government in developing rural markets?
Answer:
Four major steps initiated by government to develop rural markets are as follows:

1. Regulation of markets:
The first step taken by the government was regulation of markets to create orderly and transparent marketing conditions. This policy benefited farmers as well as consumers. Under this market committee consists of farmer, government agents and traders regu-lated and monitored the sale and purchase of the market.

2. Infrastructure facilities:
Government is trying to ensure the provision of physical infrastructure facilities like roads, railways, warehouses, godowns, cold storages and processing units in the rural areas. This enables the farmers to bring their product to urban areas where they can earn huge profits. The existing infrastructure facilities are quite inadequate to meet the growing demand.

3. Co – operative marketing:
Government has initiated ‘co – operative marketing in an effort for relishing fair prices for farmers’ products. The milk co – operatives of Gujarat and some other states have been successful in transforming the social economic landscape of these states.

4. Policy instruments:
Government has initiated policy instruments like:

1. Assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for agricultural products
2. Maintenance of buffer stocks of wheat and rice by food corporation of India and
3. distribution of foodgrains and sugar through PDS. These instruments are aimed at protecting the income of the farmers and providing foodgrains at a subsidized rate to the poor.

Question 7.
Explain four measures taken by the government to improve agricultural marketing?
Answer:
Following are the measures taken by the government to improve agricultural marketing:

1. Regulation of Market:
The government has regulated the agricultural markets to create orderly and transparent transactions.

2. Provision of Physical infrastructure:
The government has provided physical infrastructure facilities like roads, railways, warehouses, godowns, cold storages and processing units.

3. Co – operatine Societies:
The government has promoted co – operative marketing societies. The co – operative marketing has ensured fair prices to farmer for their products.

4. Pricing Policy:
The government has been following the policy of minimum support price for 24 agricultural products.

Question 8.
Bring out the importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification?
Answer:

(I) Importance of animal Husbandry:
In India, the mixed crop – livestock farming system with mainly cattle, goats and fowl is prevalent. Livestock production provides increased stability in income, food security transport, fuel and nutrition for the family.

1. Today, livestock sector alone provides alternate livelihood options to a significant number of women and over 70 million small and marginal farmers including landless laboures.

2. Milk production of the Indian dairy sector has increased by more than five times between 1960 – 2009 with the successful implementation of ‘Operation flood’. It is a system whereby all the farmers can pool their milk produced according to different grading (based on quality) and the same is processed and marketed to urban centres through co – operatives.

(II) Importance of Fisheries:
The water bodies consisting of sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, etc. are a source of living for the fishing community. Presently, fish production from inland sources contributes about 61% to the total fish production and the balance 39% comes from the marine sector (sea and oceans). Today, total fish production accounts for 0 – 7% of the total GDP.

This has become possible with progressive increase in budgetary allocations and introduction of new technologies in fisheries and aquaculture. Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the major producers of marine products. Fishing has become a source of women empowerment.

(III) Importance of Horticulture:
Diverse horticultural corps such as:
Fruits, vegetables, tuber crops, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and plantation crops are grown in India. These crops play a vital role in providing food and nutrition, along with sustainable employment opportunities. India has emerged as a world leader in producing a variety of fruits like mangoes, bananas, coconuts, cashew nuts and a number of spices and is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables.

Economic condition of farmers engaged in horticulture has improved. Flower harvesting, nursery maintenance, hybrid seed production and tissue culture, propagation of fruits and flowers and food processing are highly remunerative employment options for women in rural areas.

Question 9.
Identify the benefits and limitations of organic farming?
Answer:
Benefits of Organic Farming:

1. Organic farming substitutes costlier agricultural inputs such as:
HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. with locally produced organic inputs which are cheaper and thereby generate better returns on investment for farmers.

2. Organic farming generates income through exports as the global demand for organically grown crops is increasing.

3. Organically grown food has more nutritional value than food grown through chemical farming thus creating a positive effect on health.

4. Organic farming is appropriate for india as organic farming is more labour intensive than conventional farming.

5. Organic farming promotes soil that are teaming with life and rich in micronutrients which can be used for decades to grow crops virtually year round in many parts of the world.

Limitations of Organic farming:

1. Organic farming is labour intensive. Thus, it is beneficial for small farmers who has abundant labour in his/her family.
2. Organic farming is very expensive, the farmer has to carry out the transition, modify the soil structure.
3. Organic produce is not traded in many markets, marketing is difficult.
4. Organic food prices are not stable and keep fluctuating time to time.
5. Organic farming requires a lot of time as it requires greater interaction between a farmer and his crop for observation.

Question 10.
What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development?
Answer:
Organic farming is a system of farming which uses locally produced organic inputs rather than the chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Organic farming leads to sustainable development. Conventional agricultural farming relies heavily on chemical fertilisers and toxic pesticides which enter the food supply, penetrate the water sources, harm the livestock, deplete the soil and disturbs the natural ecosystems. Organic farming is eco – friendly and enhances the ecological balance. Thus, organic promotes sustainable development.

Question 11.
How do infrastructure facilities boost production?
Answer:
Infrastructure facilities boost the production in the following ways:

1. Output of infrastructure sector such as power, water, etc. are used as inputs for production.
2. Transport moves men and materials from place to place for production and investment.
3. Power meet the requirements of economic activities such as lighting of factories and offices, driving of machines, etc.
4. Infrastructure is a component of the capital stock of a society. Cement, steel, etc. stimulates production activities.
5. Larger the infra – structure facilities the bigger the opportunities for producers to produce more and invest more.

Question 12.
State the significance of energy?
Answer:
The singnficance of energy may be listed as under:

1. Energy is the base of the high living levels. There is a remarkable correlation between the per capita consumption of energy and the level of income.

2. Energy is an essential prerequiste for improving the physical quality of life as life as also for the socio – economic development of the rural people of the country. Energy makes life easy and comfortable. It is useful for the spread of illteracy and also for the provision of health facilities, paricularly in rural areas.

3. Energy plays an important role in the development of the country. Energy is an important input for industries and agriculture.

Question 13.
What do you mean by transmission and distribution losses? How can they reduced?
Answer:
Transmission and Distribution (T and D) losses refer to losses which occur at the time of transmission distribution of power to its consumers. Nation’s average loss is around 25% on this account.

Transmission and Distribution losses can be reduced by:

1. Having appropriate size of conductors.
2. Using proper load management.
3. Privatization of distribution work.
4. Introducing energy audits.
5. Checking theft of power.

Question 14.
Discuss the reforms which have been initiated recently to meet energy crisis in India?
Answer:
The following reforms have been initiated by the government to meet he the energy crises:

1. Privatization in Power generation:
Power generation sector has been opened up for private sector and the government monopoly in the generation and distribution of electricity has been eliminated to gain competitive efficiency.

2. Privatization in Power Transmission and Distribution:
The Indian Government has approved private companies like Tata power and Reliance Energy along with Power- grid Corporation of India for constructing transmission networks and look after distribution of power supply in certain states.

3. Regulatory mechanism:
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) along with State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) has been established in 19 states under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 to regulate tariff, promote efficiency and competition.

4. Rationalization of Tariff:
Tariff rates have been revised upwards to discourage wasteful consumption of power and bring down the losses of SEBs.

5. Encouraging FDI in Power sector:
In order to meet the growing demand for electricity, India’s commercial energy supply needs to grow at about 7%. In order to achieve this target, the Ministry of Power aimed at attracting US s 250 billion of investment into the power sector. As domestic investment in power sector is not sufficient. FDI is being encouraged to supplement it.

6. Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme:
(APDRP) APDRP was initiated in the year 2000 – 2001 with the objective of improving financial viability, reducing transmission and distribute losses and promoting transparency through computerization.

Question 15.
What are the main characteristics of health of the people of our country?
Answer:
The health status of a country can be assessed through indicators such as infant mortality and maternal mortality rates, life expectancy and nutrition levels, along with the incidence of communicable and non – communicable diseases. Some of the health indicators in india are given in the table below:

Sources:
World Health Report 2005 and Economic Survey 2007 – 2008.
The following characteristics of health of the people of our country emerge from the above table:

1. Life expectancy at birth is only 67 years which is low in comparison to global standards.
2. Infant mortality as well as child mortality rates are still high in India though they have shown a declining trend in the past few years.
3. Around 50% of births in India still take place without the help of skilled attendants.

Question 16.
How can we increase the effectiveness of health care programmes?
Answer:
We can increase the effectiveness of health care programmes by following measures:

1. The government should increase its share of expenditure on health. Health requires huge investment.
2. Private sector should be assigned a role but it should be effectively regulated by the government.
3. More medical facilities should be mode available in rural areas.
4. There should be proper upkeep and maintenance of the government health care centres.
5. Sanitation level should be improved.
6. People must be educated to create awareness on health and hygiene.
7. Indian systems of medicine should be used to support public health.

Question 17.
How has women’s health become a matter of great concern?
Answer:
Women’s health has become a matter of great concern in India due to the following:

1. There are increasing cases of female foeticide.
2. The incidence of mortality is still high in case of women in India.
3. About 3 lakh girls under the age of fifteen become mothers every year.
4. Frequently bearing a child has caused anemia which contributes to 19% material deaths.
5. Abortions are a major cause of mortality in India.

Question 18.
Describe the meaning of public health. Discuss the major public measures undertaken by the state in recent years to control diseases?
Answer:
Public health refers to the health status of all the people of the country. Some measures undertaken by state in recent years to control diseases are:

1. Success in the long – term battle against diseases depends on education and efficient health infrastructure. It is, therefore, critical to create awareness on health and hygiene systems.
2. The role of telecom and IT sectors should be extended.
3. The effectiveness of health care programmes also rests on primary health care.
4. In order to provide basic health care to all, accessibility and affordability need to be intergrated in our basic health infrastructure.

Question 19.
Give suggestions to improve Health level in India?
Answer:
The Suggestions to improving Health level in India are:

1. Develop and implement national standards for examination by which doctors, nurses and pharmacists are able to practice and get employment.

2. Rapidly develop and implement national accreditation of hospitals; those that do not comply would not get paid by insurance companies.

3. Obtain proposals from private insurance companies and the government on ways to provide medical insurance coverage to the population at large and execute the strategy.

4. Encourage business schools to develop executive training programmes in healthcare, which will effectively reduce the talent gap for leadership in this area.

5. Revise the curriculum in medical, nursing, pharmacy and other schools that train healthcare professionals, so that they too are trained in the new paradigm.

6. Develop partnerships between the public and private sectors that design newer ways to deliver healthcare. An example of this would include outpatient radiology and diagnostic testing centres.

7. The government should appoint a commission which makes recommendations for the healthcare system and monitors its performance.

Question 20.
Throw light on causes of environmental crisis?
Answer:
The causes of environment crisis are:

1. Pollution:
Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution.

While water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion of fossil fuels; soil pollution is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential nutrients.

2. Global Warming:
Climate changes like global wanning is the result of human practices like emission of Greenhouse gases. Global wafming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the earth’s surface causing melting of polar ice caps, rise in sea levels and also unnatural patterns of precipitation such as flash floods, excessive snow or desertification.

3. Overpopulation:
The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in less developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce resources.

Intensive agriculture practiced to produce food damages the environment through use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides. Overpopulation is one of the crucial current environmental problem.

4. Natural Resource Depletion:
Natural resource depletion is another crucial current environmental problem. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission of Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for global warming and climate change. Globally, people are taking efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy. The cost of installing the infrastructure and maintaining these sources has plummeted in the recent years.

5. Waste Disposal:
The over consumption of resources and creation of plastics are creating a global crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious for producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the oceans and less developed countries.

Nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health hazards associated with it. Plastic, fast food, packaging and cheap electronic wastes threaten the well – being of humans. Waste disposal is one of urgent current environmental problem.

Question 21.
Identify six factors contributing to land degradation in India?
Answer:
Land degradation means loss of fertility of land. Six of the factors responsible for land degradation are:

1. Loss of vegetation occurring due to deforestation
2. Unsustainable fuel wood and fodder extraction
3. Extraction of groundwater in excess of the recharge capacity,
4. Non – adoption of adequate soil conservation measures
5. Improper crop rotation,
6. Indiscriminate use of agro – chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides.

Question 22.
Explain how the opportunity costs of negative environmental impact are high?
Answer:
Opportunity cost is the cost in terms of foregone opportunities of doing things. There has been a reversal of supply – demand relationship for environmental quality. We are no faced with increased demand for environmental resources and services but their supply is limited due to overuse resulting from rise in population, affluent consumption patterns and industrialization. Many resources have become extinct and the wastes generated are beyond the absorptive capacity of the environment.

This negative environmental impact has high opportunity costs as explained below:

1. The industrial development is past has polluted and dried up rivers and other aquifers making water an economic good. Cleaning up of polluted rivers and replenishing water resources require huge investments.

2. The intensive and extensive extraction of both renewable and non – renewable re – sources are exhausted.

3. The health costs of degraded environmental quality are also present as decline in air and water quality have resulted in increases incidence of respiratory and water – borne diseases.

4. Global environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion also contribute to increased financial commitments for the government.

Thus, it is clear that the opportunity costs of negative environmental impacts are high.

Question 23.
Explain the steps involved in attaining sustainable development in India?
Answer:
Steps involved in attaining sustainable development in India are outlined below:

1. Population Control:
Limiting the human population to a level within the carrying capacity of the environment is the first step to be followed for attaining sustainable development as population is exerting tremendous pressure in terms of demand for resources which is more than the absorptive capacity of the environment leading to environmental crisis.

2. Efficient utilization Of Resources:
Technological progress and industrialization should be input efficient and wastage of resources should be minimized by proper utilization. This will help to produce more with lesser amount of resources and thus, depletion of resources will be slower.

3. Control of Over extraction:
Rate of extraction of renewable resources should not be exceed the rate of regeneration so that they are extracted on a sustainable basis.

4. Control of Depletion:
Rate of depletion of non-renewable resource should not exceed the rate of creation of renewable substitutes so that environmental crisis does not emerge and resources, are available for the future generations.

5. Pollution control:
Pollution in all forms has a negative environmental impact which has high opportunity cost. Hence, control of pollution is a must to maintain the quality of natural resources such as air and water for sustainable development.

6. Use of Non – conventional energy:
India is hugely dependent on thermal and hydropower plants to meet its power needs which have adverse environmental impacts. Wind power and solar rays are cleaner and greener energy sources which should be explored on a large scale by developing technological devices along with non – conventional sources like, nuclear energy.

Question 24.
Explain the supply – demand reversal of environmental resources?
Answer:
Before the advent of industrial revolution, the rate of resource extraction was less than the rate of regeneration of these resources. But with expanding population and its growing needs, the demand for resources for both production and consumption went beyond the rate of regeneration of the resources.

This has resulted in reversal of supply – demand relationship for environmental resources as now there in very high demand for environmental resources and services, but their supply is limited dure to oversue and misure.

Question 25.
Highlight any two serious adverse environmental consequences of development in India. India’s environmental problems pose a dichotomy: they are poverty induced and at the same time due to affluence in living standard: Is this true?
Answer:
Two serious adverse environmental consequences of development in India are as follows:

(I) Land Degradation:
Land in India has suffered degradation stemming mainly from unstable use and inappropriate management practices during the development process.

The factors responsible for land degradation are:

1. Loss of vegetation occurring due to deforestation.
2. Unsustainable fuel, wood and fodder extraction.
3. Extraction of groundwater in excess of the recharge capacity.
4. Non – adoption of adequate soil conservation measures.
5. Improper crop rotation.
6. Indiscriminate use of agro – chemical such as fertilizers and pesticides.

(II) Air and water pollution:
In India, air pollution is widespread in urban areas where vehicles are the major contributors and in a few other areas which have a high concentration of industries and thermal power plants. Water bodies are contaminated when pollutants are discharged from industries directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water contamination affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water.

On one hand, population explosion and widespread poverty has lead to deforestation in India as the poor people in the rural areas are compelled to fell trees for earning their livelihood and for use as fuel, on the other hand, the growing demand for natural resources due to affluence in living standards in the urban areas is also equally responsible for the present environment degradation.

Question 26.
What are the causes of poverty?
Answer:
Following are the causes of poverty:

1. Slow growth in agriculture sector:
During the planning period, agriculture was not adequately strengthened due to inadequacy of irrigation, shortage of fertilizers, lack of infrastructural facilities such as transport power, etc. It could not generate enough employment opportunities.

2. Population explosion:
Rapid decline in death rate and slow decrease in birth rate caused rapid growth in population.

3. Inappropriate educational system:
Educational system is not employment oriented. Educational system is not vocational. Present educational system produces clerks and not the entrepreneurs who possess initiative, imagination and risk taking ability.

4. Inequalities of income and asset ownership:
Inequalities of income and asset ownership have contributed to the poverty. Rich persons have taken advantage of new opportunities. Most of the gains of development have accrued only to rich classes. Poor sections of the society could not take benefit of new opportunities and remained poor.

Question 27.
List some of the poverty alleviation programmes in rural areas and explain them?
Answer:
Following are some of the poverty alleviation programmes in rural areas:

1. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana:
Swamajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana is centrally sponsored scheme but executed by the district administration with the involvement of Panchayati Raj representatives. It aims at promoting micro – enterprises and helping the rural poor into self – help groups so that poor families may generate additional income on sustained basis.

Assistance is provided in the form of subsidy and bankcredit. More than five crore families have been given assistance. Total assistance amounted to around Rs. 40,000 crore. Average assistance comes out to be Rs. 7,500 – 8,000 per family.

2. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):
It seeks to provide wage employment and food security to rural poof. The earlier schemes viz, Employment Assurance Scheme and Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana have been fully integrated within this scheme from April, 2002.

3. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY):
PMGY focuses on village level development in health, primary education, drinking water, housing and rural roads. The objective of this scheme is to uplift the living standards of the rural poor. It comprises following schemes :

1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.
2. Pradhan Mantri Gram Awas Yojana.
3. Pradhan Mantri Rural Drinking Water Projects.
4. National Employment Guarantee Scheme (NEGS):
   It seeks to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed employment to rural unskilled workers.
5. Antyodaya Anna Yoj ana (AAY): It was launched in December, 2000. This scheme provides highly subsidised foodgrains to the people living below the poverty line.

Question 28.
What factors contribute to human capital formation?
Answer:
There are various factors which contribute to human capital formation as discussed below:

1. Education:
An educated individual has more knowledge and skills than an uneducated person. Hence, education imparts the necessary attitude and aptitude, for adopting new technologies and efficient management practices which help in raising productivity, Education is an important factor in human capital formation which leads to higher efficiency and productivity in human beings and thus, higher income and standard of living which again facilitates further investment in education and health.

2. Health:
A sound mind in a sound body like education, investment in health is also considered as an important factor for human capital formation as it directly increases the supply of healthy labour force. A healthy person is an asset for the nation as he is more productive than a sick person who is unable to work efficiently due to bad health.

Therefore, investment in health facilities to build a physically as well as mentally strong human capital, is essential for increasing productivity.

3. On the Job Training:
Firms provide on – the – job training to their workers to enhance their skills which helps in human capital formation. The workers may be trained in the firm itself under the supervision of a skilled worker or the workers may be sent for off – campus training.

Expenditure regarding on the job training is an important factor of human capital formation as the return of such expenditure in the form of enhanced labour productivity is more than the cost involved.

4. Migration:
It contributes to human capital formation as it facilitates utilization of inactive skills of the people. People from rural areas migrate to urban areas in search of employment. Technically qualified persons, like engineers and doctors, migrate to other countries because of higher earnings in such countries.

Migration in both these cases involves cost of transport, higher cost of living in the migrated places and psychological costs of adapting to a new socio – cultural set – up.

5. Information:
Information relating to the labour market and other markets is also a factor which contributes to human capital formation. Information regarding the level of salaries in various types of jobs, whether the educational institutions provide the required skills and at what is the associated cost is necessary to make decisions regarding investments in human capital as well as for efficient utilization of the acquired human capital stock. Information is necessary to make decisions regarding investments in human capital.

Question 29.
Explain benefits of Organic farming?
Answer:
Benefits of Organic Farming:

1. Organic farming substitutes costlier agricultural inputs such as:
HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. with locally produced organic inputs which are cheaper and thereby generate better returns on investment for farmers.

2. Organic farming generates income through exports as the global demand for organically grown crops is increasing.

3. Organically grown food has more nutritional value than food grown through chemical farming thus creating a positive effect on health.

4. Organic farming is appropriate for india as organic farming is more labour intensive than conventional farming.

5. Organic farming promotes soil that are teaming with life and rich in micronutrients which can be used for decades to grow crops virtually year round in many parts of the world.

Limitations of Organic farming:

1. Organic farming is labour intensive. Thus, it is beneficial for small farmers who has abundant labour in his/her family.
2. Organic farming is very expensive, the farmer has to carry out the transition, modify the soil structure.
3. Organic produce is not traded in many markets, marketing is difficult.
4. Organic food prices are not stable and keep fluctuating time to time.
5. Organic farming requires a lot of time as it requires greater interaction between a farmer and his crop for observation.

Question 30.
Explain the role of co – operatives?
Answer:
Role of Co – operatives:
Cooperative is a voluntarily formed trading association which aims to provide mutual benefits to their members. Therefore, co – operatives voluntarily form association, where farmers sell their commodities mutually and earn the money.

Objectives of Co – operative:

Following are the objectives of the co – operatives:

1. To ensure timely and rapid flow of credit to the farmers.
2. To gradually eliminate the money lenders from the profile of credit agencies.
3. To spread credit facilities across all regions of the country.
4. To provide adequate credit support to areas covered by special programme of development.

Role of Trading Co – operatives:

1. The trading co – operatives play an important role in elimination of middlemen.
2. To get rid from the evils prevailed in the market.
3. Facilitate classification.
4. Provided standard scale measurement.
5. Storage facility.
6. Financial assistance, etc.

Question 31.
Explain the problems of agricultural trading?
Answer:
It means to exchange of agricultural commodities between farmer and traders. Agricultural trading includes gradation, standardization, collection and conservation. In India the undermentioned system is prevailed for the trading of agricultural commodities: Trading in villages, Trading in mandies, Trading through co – operative societies, with government, the trading through retailers.

Problems of Agricultural Trading:

1. Large number of mediators
2. Malpractices in mandies
3. Increasing market expenditure
4. Lack of grading and standardization,
5. Lack of storing facility
6. Lack of transportation facility
7. No proper communication of price list.

Question 32.
What are the causes of unemployment in India?
Answer:
The following are the main causes of unemployment:

1. Caste System:
In India caste system is prevalent. The work is prohibited for specific castes in some areas. In many cases, the work is not given to the deserving candidates but given to the person belonging to a particular community. So, this gives rise to unemployment.

2. Slow Economic Growth:
Indian economy is underdeveloped and role of economic growth is very slow. This slow growth fails to provide enough unemployment opportunities to the increasing population.

3. Increase in Population:
Constant increase in population has been a big problem in India. It is one of the main causes of unemployment. The rate of unemployment is
11 – 1% in 10th Plan.

4. Agriculture is a Seasonal occupation:
Agriculture is underdeveloped in India. It provides seasonal employment. Large part of population is dependent on agriculture. But agriculture being seasonal provides work for a few months. So, this gives rise to unemployment.

5. Joint Family System:
In big families having big business, many such persons will be available who do not do any work and depend on the joint income of the family. Many of them seem to be working but they do not add anything to production. So, they encourage disguised unemployment.

Question 33.
Unemployment is a major economic and social problem? Explain?
Answer:
Unemployment is a major economic and social problem due to the following reasons:

1. Loss of Human Resources:
The problem of unemployment causes loss of human resources, labourers waste their maximum time in search of employment.

2. Increase in Poverty:
Unemployment deprives a man of all sources of income. As a result he grows poor. Therefore, unemployment generates poverty.

3. Social Problems:
Unemployment breeds many social problems comprising of dishonesty, gambling, bribery, theft, etc. As a result of unemployment social security is jeopardized.

4. Political Instability:
Unemployment gives birth to political instability in country. Unemployed persons can easily be enticed by antisocial elements. They lose all faith in democratic values and peaceful means. They consider that government is worthless which fails to provide them work.

5. Exploitation of Labour:
In the state of unemployment, labourers are exploited to the maximum possible extent. Those labourers who get work have to work under adverse condition of low wages. All this tells upon the efficiency of labourers greatly influence the pattern of employment opportunities in the country. Being poor, a person does not make any gainful use of existing resources.

6. More Emphasis on Capital Intensive Techniques:
In India, capital is scarce and labour is available in surplus quantity. Under these circumstances, the country should adopt labour intensive techniques of production. But it has been observed that not in industrial sector, also in agriculture sector; there is substantial increase of capital than labour.

In the case of Western countries, where capital is in abundant supply, use of automatic machines and other sophisticated equipments are justified while in our country’ abundant labour, results in large number of unemployment.

7. Defective Education System:
The education system in our country too has failed to respond to the existing intergeneration gap. It simply imparts general and literary education devoid of any practical content. India’s education policy merely produces clerks and lower cadre executives for the government and private concerns. The open door policy at the secondary and university level has increased manifold unemployment among the educated that are fit only for white collar jobs.

Question 34.
Explain measures for removing unemployment.
Answer:
Following are the suggestions to solve unemployment problems:

1. Change in industrial technique:
Production technique should suit the needs and means of the country. It is essential that labour intensive technology should be encouraged in place of capital intensive technology.

2. Policy regarding seasonal unemployment:
Seasonal unemployment is found in agriculture sector and agro – based industries. To remove it:

1. Agriculture should have multiple cropping,
2. Plantations, horticulture, dairying and animal husbandry should be encouraged,
3. Cottage industries should be encouraged.

3. Change in education system:
Educational pattern should be completely changed. Students who have liking for higher studies should be admitted in colleges and universities. Emphasis should be given on vocational education. Qualified engineers should start their own small units.

4. Expansion of employment exchanges:
More employment exchanges should be opened. Information regarding employment opportunities should be given to people.

5. More assistance to self – employed people:
Most people in India are self – em – ployed. They are engaged in agriculture, trade, cottage and small-scale industries, etc. These persons should be helped financially, providing raw materials and technical training.

6. Full and more productive employment:
The main objective of country’s employment policy should be to increase employment opportunities and productivity of labour. Government should adopt a policy that provides employment to all people.

Question 35.
Explain the health facilities available in rural areas of India?
Answer:
1. There is a lack of doctors to help those who need it. India has lack of doctors, there being only one doctor for every 2000 people within the country. This means that many people who require professional help are often unable to As a result, a lot of illnesses go unchecked and untreated and overtime worsen.

In a lot of cases, especially in villages and other remote areas, the lack of doctors results in citizens consulting unqualified practitioners who are unable to provide the help and aid their sick patient needs. At times, their advice can worsen the affected person’s condition and overall can be detrimental towards their health.

2. Another cause of poor health includes poor sanitation. Lack of toilets and bath rooms in over 122 million households in the country lead to improper disposal of stools, which are often left in the open. This open air defecation leads to the spread of disease through parasitic and bacterial infections. These diseases are also quite harmful and will continue to spread without the addressing of poor sanitation. Need of good hygiene is quite urgent, as not only is it simple to implement, but can stop the spread and cause of numerous diseases.

3. Lack of safe drinking water in India also accounts for their poor levels of health. Sources of water in India are often unsafe to drink, especially in areas of slums, with only 26% of the slum population having access to clean water. The problem is worsened by falling levels of ground water, insufficient maintenance of environment around water sources, excessive fluoride and arsenic in drinking water and groundwater pollution.

Having dangerous drinking water is a very large problem as every single living thing is dependent on it for survival. Fixing this issue, all over India would result in a very steep raise of health in India, as it would mean no one would be affected by unsafe drinking water.

4. Another key contributor of poor health in India includes increased drug resistance of many diseases. Diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia continue to greatly affect the Indian population due to the diseases increased resistance to drugs. These diseases are both highly dangerous and very common in India and the fact that their resistance to medicine is increasing means they will only cause more devastation in the country.

Question 36.
Give measures to protect environment?
Answer:
Suggestions for Environmental protection:
We all want to protect our planet, but we’re mostly too busy or too lazy to put up big change that would improve our lifestyle and save the environment. These are 7 simple habits to implement in your everyday life which will make a difference. There is nothing new here but if you follow atleast some of these tips, you can be proud of yourself participating in the protection of the environment.

1. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs:
It is true that these bulbs are more expensive, but they last much longer and they can save energy and in the long term your electricity bill would be reduced.

2. Donate:
You have tons of clothes or things you want to get rid of. If they are still usable, give them to someone who needs them. You may also choose to give them to associations. These associations may sell them and collect a little money. Not only will you protect the environment, but you will also contribute to a good cause.

3. Turn off your devices:
When you do not use a house device, turn it off. For example, if you don’t watch TV, turn it off. Turn off the light when you leave a room (even if you intend to return.) It’s an easy habit to take up which will help you save a lot of money.

4. Walk or cycle:
Driving is one of the biggest causes of pollution. If you want to use your car, ask yourself the following question: do I really need my car? Walk or use your bike if the journey is a short one.

5. Detergent:
Follow the recommended dose of detergent to wash your clothes or dishes.

6. Leaky faucets:
Watch leaky faucets, which can cause a significant increase in the water bill. An average of 120 litres of water can be wasted due to a dripping faucet.

Question 37.
Describe the strategies for sustainable development?
Answer:
Strategies for Sustainable Development:
The conceptual meaning of sustainable development is not to create an obstacle in development process but this concept belongs to how we utilize our resources so that an inter – relationship can be established among present and future generation. To attained sustainable development, many probable strategies can be useful.

1. Input Efficient Technology can be reducing the exploitation of resources. So, this technology may good for sustainable development. Via Using of Environmental friendly Sources of Energy, such as LPG and CNG which are eco – friendly fuel, we can reduce the greenhouse gases from the earth.

Delhi Transport Corporation’s initiative to CNG Buses in Delhi is the one of the best effort to reduce C02 and other harmful gases. Government should pay attention on Integrated Rural Development Programmes.

2. Through this the burden and interdependency on cities for employment can be decreased to focus on.

3. Renewable sources of energy like solar and wind for energy needs. It will be beneficial for the country like India, where is enough sun light, to convert Sunlight into solar Energy and Solar Energy in Electricity.

4. It will create an atmosphere for green development. For attaining the sustainable development it is necessary for the government and society to control on the Tragedy of Commons.

Question 38.
Explain the major issues related with environment?
Answer:

1. The intensive and extensive extraction of both renewable and non – renewable resources has exhausted some of these vital resources and huge amount of funds need to be spent on technology and research to explore new resources.

2. The health costs of degraded environmental quality are also present as decline in air and water quality have resulted in increased incidence of respiratory and water – borne diseases.

3. Global environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion also contribute to increases financial commitments for the government.

MP Board Class 11th Economics Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 15 Adjustments

Adjustments Important Questions

Adjustments Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Outstanding Expenses are related to –
(a) Current year
(b) Next year
(c) Last year
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Current year

Question 2.
Prepaid expenses are shown in –
(a) Liability side
(b) Asset side
(c) Assets or Liability side
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Asset side

Question 3.
Charity of goods is –
(a) Expenses
(b) Loss
(c) Profit
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Loss

Question 4.
If a person fails to pay his debt, such amount is considered as –
(a) Bad debts
(b) Bad debts recovered
(c) Provision for Bad debt
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Bad debts

Question 5.
The object of non – trading concerns –
(a) Social service
(b) Profit earning
(c) Both of these
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Social service

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Goods given in charity is credited in …………… Account.
2. Such Expenses which are paid in current year but are related to next year are called ……………. expenses.
3. Accrued income is ……………. Account.
4. There is ……………. fall in the value of Asset due to depreciation.
5. Interest on capital is always shown in …………….. side of profit & loss A/c.
6. Unearned income is shown on the ……………….. side of balance sheet.

Answer:

1. Purchase
2. Prepaid expenses
3. Personal account
4. Constant/ gradual
5. Debit
6. Liability.

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a).

Question 4.
Answer in one word/sentence:

1. Such Expenses for which services have been received but amount is yet to be paid are called.
2. Recording of relevant transactions and eliminating non – related transactions is called.
3. Such income which is earned but not yet received is called.
4. Unearned income is recorded in which side of the balance sheet?

Answer:

1. Outstanding Expenses
2. Adjustment
3. Accrued or Earned Income
4. Liability side.

Question 5.
State True or False:

1. Depreciation is charged only in case of profits.
2. Unearned Income is recorded in Asset side.
3. Interest on Capital is income for the business.
4. Drawing of goods is deducted from purchases.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True.

Adjustments Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by adjustments? What are its object?
Answer:
Sometimes certain transactions may be partially or fully omitted by mistake or wrongly entered. Besides this, there are some incomes or expenses which are related to the next year or of the last year, which are received or paid during the current year, if they are including in the current years. Final accounts, it will not show a correct net profit or net loss. So, they must be adjusted. It is called adjustments.

1. To record the related expenses and Income, of the year – It is essential to record all expenses and incomes of the related year while preparing the Final Accounts. Otherwise, it will not produce a true picture of net profit or net loss and financial position of the business.

2. To separate unrelated expenses and incomes of the business – Sometimes there are chances of unpaid amount or incomes received in advance. These items must be excluded. For this purpose, adjustments are necessary.

3. To make provision for future loss – Possibility of loss in future is always exist in the business. In order to overcome these loss like bad debt etc. a provision is required to be maintained in the business.

4. To provide depreciation – Various assets are continuously used in the business. Due to its constant use, their value decreases which is termed as depreciation. Thus, it is essential to make record of it as a business expense.

5. To rectify errors – To make rectification of errors made while recording, posting or balancing of accounts, adjustment entries are needed.

6. To make complete record – To make record of one individual items of the trading year related with interest on capital, interest on drawings, interest on loan etc. in the final accounts, adjustments are necessary.

Question 2.
Write adjustment entries of depreciation.
Answer:
1. Depreciation    A/c      Dr.
To Assets             A/c
(Being depreciation charged on asset)

2. Profit & Loss    A/c      Dr.
To Depreciation   A/c
(Being depreciation transferred)
To P&L      A/c

Question 3.
Differentiate between outstanding expenses and prepaid expenses.
Answer:
The following are some of the differences between outstanding expenses and prepaid expenses:

Question 4.
Differentiate between accrued income and unaccrued income.
Answer:
The ahead are some of the differences between accrued and unaccrued income:

Question 5.
How the debtors can be classified? Explain.
Answer:
Debtors are those persons who debted to the business or liable to pay the amount to the business. On the basis of recoverability of amount, debtors can be classified into three ways. They are:

1. Good debtors – Good debtors are those debtors who are expected to make their payment in time, i.e., Full amount is expected to recover from them.
2. Doubtful debtors – Doubtful debtors are those debtors from whom doubt is arising regarding their payment, i.e., Their payment is in doubtful condition.
3. Irrecoverable or bad debt – From these debtors no amount is expected to receive. It arises when debtor dies, becomes lunatic, mad or the court declares insolvent. It is a business loss.

Question 6.
Why a provision for discount on debtors and creditors are maintained in the business?
Answer:
Discount provision on sundry debtors:
When the sundry debtors make their payment before the prescribed time, they are allowed some concession. This concession is called cash discount. It is a loss to the business. In certain condition, the trader keeps a reserve to allow discount on debtors for future, in anticipation. This reserve or provision is known as discount provision on sundry debtors. It is calculated after the deduction of further bad debt and new reserve from debtors at a percentage. This amount is shown in the debit side of profit and loss account and is also deducted from debtors in the balance sheet.

Discount provision on sundry creditors:
When the trader makes the payment before the stipulated time, he is allowed some discount. It is an income of the business. In certain condition, the trader keeps a reserve in anticipation that some discount may receive in future. This reserve on provision is called, ‘Discount provision on sundry creditors’. It is shown in the credit side of P&L A/c and is deducted from the sundry creditors in the balance sheet.

Question 7.
Show adjustment entry for adjustment of interest on capital and interest on drawings.
Answer:
Interest on Capital
Interest on Capital    A/c   Dr. –
To Capital     A/c   –
(Being interest on capital adjusted)

Interest on Drawings
Drawing      A/c   Dr. –
To Interest on Drawings      A/c
(Being adjustment of intertest on drawing)

Question 8.
Explain Accrued income and unaccrued income.
Answer:
Accrued income:
Accrued income is such type of an income which is due but not received. It is an outstanding amount to receive. Here, the journal entry is:

Accrued Income A/c     Dr.
To Income A/c (Being income accrued)

Unaccrued Income:
Unearned income is such type of an income, where an income received in advance, but the service is not offered or the income received is applicable to the coming period. Here, the journal entry is:
Income     A/c                  Dr.
To Unearned Income     A/c  –
(Being income unearned)

Question 9.
Explain how the following adjustments are done in final accounts.

1. Outstanding wages
2. Outstanding salary
3. Accrued rent
4. Unearned commission.

Answer:

1. Outstanding wages – In trading accounts the amount of outstanding wages is added to the respective item and such outstanding amount is shown in the liability side of balance sheet.
2. Outstanding salary – The amount of outstanding salary is added to the respective item in profit and loss account and such outstanding amount is shown in the liability side of balance sheet.
3. Accrued rent – The amount of accrued rent is added to the respective item in profit and loss account and the accrued amount is shown in the asset side of balance sheet.
4. Unearned commission – The amount of unearned commission is deducted from the respective item in profit and loss account and is shown in the liability side of balance sheet.

Question 10.
How is manager’s commission calculated on net profit? Where and how is the adjustment done?

Mannager’s commission on net profit:
Shown in the debit side of profit and loss account and shown separately in the liability side of the balance sheet after the calculation.

MP Board Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Informal Letters

Personal Letters

Example 1.
You are Sanjay Singh living at Sundarpuram, Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.). Write a letter to your father asking him to send Rs. 1,000 by Money Order for purchasing new books and informing him about your school. (2008) Your letter should look somewhat like this :

Nehru Hostel,
Mauganj, Rewa (M. P.)
10 August, 20

Respected father,
High regards. I am well and O. K. here and hope the same for you and other members of the family.

I have settled here well. The hostel is very good and very well facilitated. My room-mates are very nice and cooperative. They have become my clo’se friends. I like the school and its atmosphere, my studies are going very well here.

Father, 1 need Rs. 1000/- for purchasing new books, so kindly send me the money as early as possible so that 1 can proceed with my studies. Give my Pranam to mother and love to all.

Your obedient son
Sanjay Singh

Example 2.
Suppose you are Abhishek Sharma, residing at Juna Shar, Indore. Write a letter to your younger brother, who is going to appear for an examination. Give some tips for his success. [2009]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
19, Juna Shar,
Indore (M, P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Bholu,
I hope you are doing well there. In the next month your examination is going to start. I would like to give you some tips for success in the examination.

1. First of all you must have confidence that you will surely get success. The engine doesn’t run if the water is simply warm. It will run at 100°C. So you must be bent to get success.
2. Revise your whole course thoroughly. Prepare your own notes. These are helpful to you in remembering the important points, facts and figures.
3. Your writing speed must be fairly good. A man who possesses knowledge but can’t express it, is surely to lag behind.
4. Don’t worry much. “Do your best and leave the rest” is the golden principle.

I hope you will keep in mind these tips and do well in the examination. Wishing you best of luck.

Your loving brother
Abhishek Sharma

Example 3.
You are Sanju from 60, National Colony, Rampur, MPEB Road, Jabalpur. Write a letter to your cousin, Sanchita Kulkarni of Indore informing her of your new address. Also make inquiries about your cousin Dhiru’s preparations for his exams.

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
60, National Colony Rampur, MPEB Road
Jabalpur-482 008
25 November, 20

Dear Sanchita,
how are you now ? It was very disappointing to find you sick on my visit to Indore this time. Hope, you’re fully recovered from that nasty problem by how.

We moved to a new house last Sunday. Note down our new address carefully. Don’t tell me later, you lazy girl, that you couldn’t write to us because you didn’t have our new address O. K.

How is Dhiru doing ? He must be busy with his books and notes. Well, he has to be. His exams are drawing near. He is a hard working chap, isn’t he ? But still, he has to remain extremely careful this time.

Give my Pranam to respected Uncle and Auntie and love to Dhiru. Don’t forget to write back soon, especially about your health. Right and do take care of yourself.

Lots of love !

Ever yours
Sanju Dada

Example 4.
You are Anil, residing at A/20, M. L. B. Road, Satna, Write a letter to your friend Amit, who lives in Indore, inviting him to attend your brother’s sister’s marriage. [2008, 09, 14, 15]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
A/20, M. L. B. Road,
Satna (M. P.)
10 November, 20
My dear Amit,

Namaste.
I hope this letter finds you hale and hearty.

Special is that my elder brother’s marriage has been fixed on 23rd Nov. 20…. The Barat will go to Sidhi on 22nd Nov.

I invite you to attend my brother’s marriage. We have not met for a long ‘ time so take this opportunity for our meeting. Come here a week before so that we may enjoy each other’s company. The invitation card will be sent soon.
Please do come. Rest is OK.

Yours sincerely
Anil

Example 5.
You are Anurag Joshi from E-7/69 Sipri Bazar, Jhansi. Your former teacher, Dr. Samiullah Khan, Department of Physics, Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad, has thanked you for helping his son Rashid in getting hostel accommodation. Write back to him that Rashid is staying with you comfortably and would move to his hostel in a week’s time.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
E-7/69 Sipri Bazar Jhansi (U.P.)
3D November, 20

Esteemed Sir,
I would first beg your forgiveness ‘”or not writing to you for such a long time. In fact, some personal problems in the new job situation kept me too occupied, and 1 just could not write. But, I hope, Rashid has already written to you.

You don’t have to worry about Rashid now. He will get a room in the Institute’s Hostel in a week’s time. Till then he is comfortable staying with us. And, please Sir, do not embarrass me by giving thanks, as you did in your last letter. You have given me all the knowledge, wisdom (whatever little 1 might have) and skill. But for your kind help and guidance, I would not have been able to achieve anything.

Kindly give my regards to Dr. Mishra and Dr. Chishty in the department. I hope, they remember me.

With humble regards.

Yours gratefully
Anurag Joshi.

Example 6.
You are Maria Zen, residing at 26, M.G. Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Write a letter to your friend, Rashmi, congratulating her on her brilliant success in the High School Certificate Examination. Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, M.G. Road,
Gwalior(M.P.)
24 May, 20

Dear Rashmi,
Heartly Congratulations.

You have got a brilliant success in the High School Examination declared today. I saw the result on our computer on Internet. Really you have done very well especially in Physics and Mathematics getting 90% marks. I am proud of you.

Visit us as soon as possible. Give my regards to your Mummy and Papa. Rest is OK.

Your loving friend
Maria Zen

Example 7.
Write a letter to your friend Chaitanya Chahdrakar telling him what you intend to do after your examination.
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
121 -C, Wright Town Jabalpur (M.P.)
21 June, 20

Dear Chaitanya,
I received your letter yesterday. You have asked me my plan after examination.

Now my examinations are over. 1 intend to refresh myself for a week by sight-seeing. And then I will begin my study for XII class so that I may have a good start. It is also said that well begun is half done. I have already arranged books and guides of Class XII.

If you like you may come here. We may study together. Waiting for your reply.

Yours sincerely
Ravi

Example 8.
Suppose you are Amit Sharma, residingat26, Mahakaleshwar Road, Ujjain. Write a letter to your friend Mohit Verma inviting him to attend your birthday party at Hotel Sea-Rock. [2011]

Your letter should look somewhat like this :
26, Mahakaleshwar Road Ujjain (M.P.)
17 March, 20

Dear Mohit,
I hope this letter finds you in best of your health and spirit. I hope your study might be going on well.

You will be glad to know that my birthday party has been arranged at Hotel Sea-Rock on 20th March. I, with great pleasure, invite you to attend the same. The party is scheduled to start from 8 pm onwards.

Please try to be there before time so that we can have some chit-chat. Papa and Mummy have sent their blessings to you.

Sincerely yours
Amit Sharma.

Example 9.
Write a letter of thanks to your uncle Sanjeev Tiwari, who sent a gift for you on your birthday. [2010, 16]
Your letter should look somewhat like this :
98, Juna Sadan
Bamagar (Ujjain), M.P.
17 August, 20….

Dear Uncle,
I hope you are hale and hearty there. Really I missed you very much bn my birthday party on 15th Aug. Your circumstances were unavoidable, I know.

However, many many thanks for the gift you sent me. The book ‘Art of Living’ you sent is very interesting and will be of immense use to me. Rest is OK. Please convey my love and regards to all your family members.

Yours sincerely
Dharmendra Joshi

Example 10.
You are Sumit Kumar living at Mathpura, Raipur. Write a letter to Mukesh at Gwalior inviting him to spend summer vacations with you.
Or
Write a letter to your friend requesting him to come and spend some days during summer vacation with you. [2008, 15]
21-3 A, Mathpura,
Raipur.
15th May, 20

Dear Mukesh,
I am quite well here and hope the same for you.

Now we are free from examinations. Our summer vacations have already begun. So we should refresh ourselves in these vacations. I invite you to spend the vacations with me in Raipur.

There are several places worth seeing in and near Raipur. We have some historical buildings here. There are some beautiful lakes near Raipur. Now we will have enough time to stand and stare at the natural beauty with ease. Bring your camera so that we may preserve the beautiful scenes in photographs.

Please let me know when you are coming.

Looking forward to your early response.

Yours affectionately,
Sumit.

Example 11.
You are Irfan staying in a hostel in another city. Write a letter to your father describing your study, food quality and classmates. [2014, 16]
Irfan Khan,
Nehru Hostel,
R. No. 30, Near Pankaj Road,
Hoshangabad
20 Sep. 20

Respected Father,
Pranam. I hope you all are doing well there. 1 am fine, healthy and happy.

My study is going on very well. I am trying to get high success. Our school is very good. Teachers teach us with great care and love.

My classmates are very friendly and co-operative to me. The food we are getting is of very good quality. However, nothing can match home-cooked food. You need not worry a bit. With your and God’s blessings, I make my future brilliant.

Rest is OK.

Your loving son.
Irfan.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Letter Writing Formal Letters

New BluePrint के अनुसार आपके पाठ्यक्रम में Formal Letters (04 अंक) व Informal Letters (05 अंक) रखे गए हैं।

इस प्रकार के letters में Applications, Letters to Editors, Job Applications, Business Letters इत्यादि आते हैं।
ये Letters औपचारिक होते हैं जिनमें सिर्फ कार्य सम्बन्धी बातें आती हैं। इनमें Complimentary शब्द या अनौपचारिक बातें नहीं होती। हम यहाँ कुछ उदाहरण दे रहे हैं।

Applications

Example 1.
Write an application to your class teacher, requesting him to grant you one week leave on account of your sickness.
To,
The Class Teacher,
Multipurpose School,
Tikamgarh
Subject—Application for Leave

Sir,
I beg to state that I am suffering from fever, cold and sore throat. The doctor has advised me to take complete bed rest for a week. Kindly grant
me one week leave from 3rd September to 9th September, 20

Thanking you,
Yours obediently
Shashi Agarwal
Class XI C
Dated 4.9.20……

Example 2.
Write an application to the Principal of your school for granting you scholarship.
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Morena.
Subject—Application for poverty-cum-merit scholarship

Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI ‘A’ of your school. My father is a poor clerk. He cannot pay for my tuition fee and books. I also want to state that I have been standing first in my class for last three years.

I request you to kindly grant me the poverty-cum-merit scholarship.

Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
Mahesh Sharma
Class XI A
Dated 15th July, 20

Example 3.
You are Kapil Saxena, a student of Excellence Higher Secondary School, Gwalior (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal requesting him to issue a Character Certificate. [2009]
To,
The Principal,
Excellence Higher Secondary School,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for Character Certificate

Sir,
Most respectfully I beg to state that my father has been transferred to Raipur. So I will study at Raipur. Kindly issue me the Character Certificate so that f may take admission-in JLaipur.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,
Kapil Saxena
Class XI D
Dated 21.9.20….

Example 4.
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to grant you some books from the ‘Book Bank’ of school. [2011, 15]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Higher Secondary School,
Khandwa
Subject—Granting books from the ‘Book Bank’

Respected Sir,
I beg to say that I am a student of Class XI A of your school. My father is a tailor therefore I am unable to buy the following books :

• A book of Physics : Shivalal Agarwal Prakashan.
• Jantu Vigyan : by R. S. Oza.
• Biology : A Study by M. L. Mahajan

So I request you to kindly grant me above 3 books from the Book Bank. I shall be very thankful to you for this kindness.

Thanking you.
Yours obediently
Manish Solanki
Class XI A
13 September, 20

Example 5.
You are Sudhakar Dwivedi, a student of Government Excellence H. S. S., Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your principal requesting him to issue a character certificate for the post of clerk. [2008, 09]
To,
The Principal,
Govt. School of Excellence,
H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject— Issuing of a character certificate.

Sir,
I beg to state that I have got a job of a clerk in a private company. The employers want a character certificate from the school. So, please kindly issue me a certificate of character.

Thanking you.

Yours obediently
Sudhakar Dwivedi
Student Class XI C
19 May, 20….

Example 6.
You are Ramesh, a student of Class XI-B in Government Excellence H.S. School, Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.). Write an application to your Principal, requesting him to change your subjects. You want to opt Arts Group instead of Science Group. (2008, 09, 12, 16)
To,
The Principal,
Govt. Excellence H. S. School,
Mauganj (Rewa)
Subject—Regarding change of subject.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI B of your school. I have taken Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics as my subjects at the time of admission. Now, I find it difficult to understand these subjects. I wish to study Arts subjects. My parents also suggest the same to me.
So, I request you to allow me the change of subject to History, Political Science and Economics and transfer me to XI C.

Thanks

Yours obediently
Ramesh
7 July, 20

Example 7.
You are Kumari Rekha Dubey, a student of Class XI in Government Girl’s H.S.S., Data. Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, M.P., Bhopal, requesting him to issue a duplicate copy of your Marksheet of High School Examination. [2008, 09, 13, 15]
To
The Secretary,
Board of Secondary Education,
Bhopal.
Subject—Application for duplicate mark sheet.

Sir,
With due regard I have to state that I have lost my High School Marksheet. I need the duplicate mark sheet.

The details are as follows :
Year—20
Roll No. 387462
Result—Passed in First Division

As per rules I am enclosing IPOs worth fifty rupees. Kindly send the duplicate mark sheet to the following address :
Kumari Rekha
D/o Shri Harish Dubey
39 B TilakNagar,
Indore.

Thanking you in anticipation,

Yours faithfully
Km. Rekha
Dated : 15th July, 20….

Example 8.
You are Mukesh Rathore, a student of Class XI in Govt. H.S.S., Dhar.
Write an application to your Principal to give you permission to go on a tour with your class teacher and the students of Class XI. (2010)

To,
The Principal,
Govt. H. S. School,
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Regarding permission to go on a tour.

Respected Sir,
I beg to state that I am a student of class XI C of your school. I, with my 10 student friends of my class want to go on a tour to Rajasthan along with our class teacher Mr. R.S. Sharma. We shall visit Chittor, Ajmer, Udaipur, Nathdwara and several other places. So, I request you to kindly permit us to go on this tour. We promise that we will remain disciplined and cautious. We won’t do anything against the honour of our institution.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
Mukesh Rathore
21 November, 20

Example 9.
Write a letter to the Post Master complaining against the postman of your area. You are Priya Gupta. [2012]
H. No. 12, Green city Jabalpur (M.P.)
10 Jan. 20

To,
The Post Master,
Head Post Office,
Jabalpur (M.P.)

Sir,
1 would like to bring to your kind notice that the postman Rakesh Sarin has displeased almost all the people of our locality. His work and behaviour both are unsatisfactory. He is very irregular and careless. Sometimes he delivers my letters to other persons and theirs to me. Many important # letters are therefore lost. Everyone in the locality is displeased with his ’ behaviour. I have requested him many times about the problem faced due to his misconduct, but it is of no use. hope you will enquire the matter and try to send some other person in this place.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Priya Gupta

Example 10.
YouarePrateekSinghal residing at L1G Colony, Jabalpur. Write a letter to the Manager, Agarwal Cycle Company, Jabalpur complaining about a cycle you bought last week. [2009]
LIG, Colony,
Jabalpur.
March 5,20

To,
The Manager,
Agarwal Cycle Co.,
Jabalpur.

Dear Sir,
I purchased one cycle no. X-216879 Hercules MTB from you on March 1, 20 I regret to inform you that some of its parts are defective. The handle has lost the polish and the saddle has given way. therefore, request you to take this defective cycle back and deliver me a new cycle.

With thanks,

Yours faithfully
Prateek Singhal

Example 11.
Write an application to the Collector of your district for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers. [2013]
To,
The Collector,
Gwalior.
Subject—Application for imposing restriction on the use of loudspeakers.

Sir,
I beg to state that our Board Examinations are at hand. Our study is disturbed by too much noise made by loudspeakers. From early morning till late in night loudspeakers blare out bhajans, harsh music and advertisements. We ae not able to concentrate on studies due to loud noise. I request you to kindly impose restriction on the use of loudspeakers at least till our examinations are over.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours sincerely,
A. inki Rani
Garg H.N. F-294,
Kabir Nagar,
Gwalior
19th November, 20

Example 12.
You are Honey Soni, a student of Class XI in Govt. H. S. School Dhar. Write an application to your Principal to arrange the extra classes of English for the weak students of your class. (2009)
To,
The Principal
Govt. H. S. School. No. 2
Dhar(M.P.)
Subject—Arrangement of extra classes for weaker students in English.

Sir,
I beg to state that I am student of class XI C of your school. Sir, some ‘ of the students of my class are very weak in English. They are unable to understand English and cope with the teaching. These students are poor and can’t afford to go to coaching classes. Hence, I request you to kindly arrange extra classes in English for these weak students.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours obediently
Honey Soni
20 Sep. 2009

Example 13.
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper about frequent breakdown of water and electricity supply in your locality.
30, Arera Colony,
Bhopal.
23rd June, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
There has been frequent breakdown of electricity and water supply in Saket Nagar Colony for over a month. For hours together we go without electricity and water in this locality. We are never sure when we shall have water or electricity. They may fail at any time.

The residents of the colony have been complaining to the authorities concerned for all these days but in vain.

I take the privilege of urging the authorities through your esteemed daily to be kind enough to ensure regular water and electricity supply in the area.

Yours sincerely,
P.S. Mukherjee

Example 14.
Write a letter to the Editor of the Dajnik Bhaskar, Bhopal drawing his attention towards the necessity of a tubewell in your area. 15, Baisagarh, Bhopal.
20th May, 20

To,
The Editor,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Bhopal.

Sir,
I would like to draw the kind attention of the authorities of Public Health Engineering Department towards the necessity of a tube-well in our area. The pressure of water in the taps of our area is very low.

There is no other source of water. Hence we are in an urgent need of a tube-well in our locality. 1 hope immediate attention will be paid and necessary action will be taken.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Bahadur

Example 15.
You have a new neighbour who plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children, fights with everyone. Write a letter of complain to the Secretary of your locality asking him to take necessary action. [2016]
780, UshaNagar,
Indore
Oct. 17,20

To,
The Secretary,
Usha Nagar
Co-operative Housing Society,
Indore (M.P.)

Sir,
I am to state that Mr. Makhanlal my new neighbour is creating great nuisance to us and other neighbours. He plays loud music till late in the night, shouts at the children and fights with everyone. We have tried to make him understand that this is not the a way to live in a civilized society and he should behave properly with everyone, gut he pays no to attention to our words.

Hence, I would like to request you to warn him and take proper action.

Yours faithfully,
Mohan Mehta

Example 16.
You are Raj Kesarwani living at 16, Ravindra Nagar, Ujjain. Write a letter to Lucky Sweet House, Civil Lines, Ujjain requesting them to cancel your order for 40 kg of sweets. Explain the reasons for cancelling the order.
16, Ravindra Nagar,
Ujjain.
Oct. 27,20….
To,
M/s Lucky Sweet House,
Civil Lines,
Ujjain.

Dear Sirs,
We placed an order with you for 40 kg of sweets. I am sorry to inform you that I am cancelling the order. The main reason for cancelling this order is that the marriage of my brother has been postponed. I will, therefore, place a fresh order when the date for marriage is fixed. I regret the inconvenience caused to you.

Yours faithfully,
Raj Kesarwani

Example 17.
Writes letter to the Editor of‘The Daily Express’ newspaper drawing the attention of the authorities towards the repair of the road. [2014]
Samir Suvan Pratap Singh
H. No. 43, Ward No. 13
KOTMA (Dist.-Anooppur)
Dt. Aug 16, 20

To,
The Editor ‘Daily Express
Anooppur (M.P.)
Subject—Worst conditions of the roads of our town.

Sir,
I wish to draw attention of the P.W.D. authorities through your News Paper about the worst conditions of our town.

The condition of the roads here have became very poor. There are several pitches of different sizes on the roads. People go through these roads with great difficulty. The rains and poor lights of the streets have made the condition very bad. Old and sick people often fall on the roads. Vehicles cannot be drawn safely. It is long enough when the roads were repaired. I request the authorities of the P.W.D. and others to take care of the roads as early as possible and rebuild the roads otherwise any serious accident may happen.

Thanks
Yours faithfully,
Samir.

Example 18.
You are Rahul Rai. Write an application to the Manager, Maharaja Industries, Pvt. Ltd. Dewas for the post of a typist. (2008, 14) Rahul Rai,
59, Shamlat Road,
Dewas (M.P.)
Dt. 27 Aug 20

To,
The Manager,
Maharaja Industries Pvt. Ltd.
Dewas (M.P.)
Subject—Application for the post of a typist.

Sir,
Your ad in the ‘Nai Dunia’ daily Indore on 26th August asks candidates to apply for the post of a typist.

I offer my services for this post. I have passed my H.S.S.C. examination, in the first division with commerce subjects. I have also passed typing examination securing 80% of marks. My typing speed is good. 1 am expert in accountancy also. I enclose my resume for your perusal. 1 would be delighted if you give a chance to serve you.

Yours faithfully,
Rahul Rai

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 4 Journal

Journal Important Questions

Journal Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The first book of original entry is –
(a) Journal
(b) Ledger
(c) Trial Balance
(d)None of these.
Answer:
(b) Ledger

Question 2.
‘Drawings’ falls under which account –
(a) Personal account
(b) Real account
(c) Nominal account
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Personal account

Question 3.
Income tax is treated as –
(a) Business Expense
(b) Direct Expense
(c) Personal Expense
(d) Indirect Expense.
Answer:
(d) Indirect Expense.

Question 4.
A cheque on which two parallel lines are drawn in the left top corner is called –
(a) Bearer cheque
(b) Traveller’s cheque
(c) Account payee cheque
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Account payee cheque

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The amount which cannot be recovered from debtors is called ……………..
2. The account in which amount can be deposited or withdrawn daily and which allows no interest on deposit is called ……………..
3. The discount allowed on cash transactions is called ……………..
4. Sales account always shows …………….. balance.

Answer:

1. Bad debts
2. Current account
3. Cash discount
4. Credit.

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c).

Question 4.
State True or False:

1. Weekly information is sought from the subsidiary books.
2. Drawings account is a personal account.
3. Purchase account is always debited.
4. Order for sending goods is not a business transaction.
5. Cash A/c is a real A/c.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

Question 5.
Answer in one word/sentence:

1. Under how many heads, the accounts have been categorised for the purpose of recording transactions in Journal?
2. When a single journal entry is passed for two transactions of same nature on same date, such an entry is called?
3. Give an example of intangible asset?
4. The discount which is offered to increase sale and attract customers is called?

Answer:

1. Three
2. Compound entry
3. Goodwill
4. Trade discount.

Journal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the rules of making Journal.
Answer:
For recording the transactions in the journal, the following points should be kept in mind:

1. Affects two accounts – Every transaction affects two accounts. Firstly, it should find out.
2. Effect on two accounts – Secondly, find out how the affected accounts are effected, i.e., which account is debited and credited.
3. Apply debit and credit – After finding the debit and credit aspect of accounts, apply the rules of debit and credit to it. The rules are as follows:

(i) Personal account:

• Debit: The receiver
• Credit: The giver.

(ii) Real account:

• Debit: What comes in
• Credit: What goes out.

(iii) Nominal account:

• Debit: All expenses and losses
• Credit: All incomes, gains and profits.

Question 2.
Give the classification of Account.
Or
Explain the types of Account.
Answer:
1. Personal Accounts:
Personal Accounts are those Accounts which are in the names of persons, firms or companies. Ex., Shubham Account, United Hospital Account, Oriental Insurance Co. Personal Account is again divided into three. It includes:

• Natural person Account
• Artificial person Account
• Representative personal Account.

2. Real Account:
Real Accounts are those accounts which relate to things or properties. Ex. Buildings, Furniture, Machinery etc. It is again divided into two. It includes:

• Tangible Real Accounts
• Intangible Real Account.

3. Nominal Account:
These are the accounts of expenses, incomes, profits or losses. Ex. Salary account, Interesi Account, Loss on Sale of goods, Profit on sale, etc:

• Rule : Debit – All Expenses or losses.
• Credit – All Incomes or gains.

Question 3.
Trade discount is not entered in the books of accounts. Explain.
Answer:
Trade discount is included in the invoice price of a commodity and that invoice price should also be included with cost price and profit of the commodity, i.e., without bearing the risk of loss, the trader can easily sell the goods. In this way the seller also sells the goods to the customers by showing invoice price without any loss and does his service. So, either the seller or the buyer doesn’t enter trade discount in his books of accounts.

Question 4.
Describe ledger of goods account.
Answer:
Classification of goods A/c are as follows:

1. Purchase A/c – Whatever goods are being purchased weather it is in cash or credit all the goods are entered in purchase A/c.
2. Sales – Whatever goods are being sold cash or credit entered in sales A/c.
3. Purchase return – Whatever goods are returned by trader to its supplier is entered in purchase return A/c.
4. Sales returns – Whatever sold goods are returned by customer to trader is entered in sales return A/c.
5. Stock – Whatever goods remains unsold during the current year is called stock and entered it in stock A/c.

Journal Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the need of preparing journal.
Or
Explain the importance of Journal, (any four)
Or
Explain some objectives of Journal.
Answer:
Due to the following reasons journal is made:

1. For complete knowledge – It is essential to record the transactions in the journal for complete knowledge. Journal facilitates this need.
2. Helps ledger accounts – Journal helps to prepare ledger accounts, i. e., The preparation of ledger accounts depends on journal.
3. A short description – At the end of each journal entry a short description about the transaction, called narration is written. It gives a complete idea of transaction.
4. Knowledge of daily transactions – In journal transactions are recorded daily. If it is needed to know, the transactions of a particular date, it can be obtained from the journal.
5. Proof of evidence – If any dispute arises, journal helps to produce it as an evidence in the court.

MP Board Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions

 

MP Board Class 11th General English Grammar Determiners

Modern English Grammar में functions के आधार पर कुछ शब्दों को determiners के नाम से एक अलग class के अन्तर्गत रखा गया है। ये पहले adjectives के अन्तर्गत रखे जाते थे।

Adjectives जिस noun के साथ आते हैं उसका कोई गुण या कोई विशेषता बतलाते हैं।

Determiners जिस noun के साथ आते हैं उसके किसी भी गुण या विशेषता को नहीं बतलाते।
इसके अलावा भी दोनों के functions और use में निम्नलिखित अन्तर हैं –
(1) Adjectives का उपयोग दोनों प्रकार से – attributively (i.e., before a noun)
तथा predicatively (i.e., after a linking verb) किया जा सकता है।
the tall boy – The boy is tall.

किन्तु determiners का उपयोग – pronominal function को छोड़कर जिसके लिए कुछ के forms भी अलग होते हैं केवल attributively किया जा सकता है।

(2) Communication की आवश्यकता के अनुसार एक से ज्यादा adjectives एक साथ उपयोग किये जा सकते हैं –
a very attractive large black belt. , किन्तु कुछ को छोड़कर, जिनका उल्लेख आगे करेंगे, दो determiners एक साथ नहीं आते।

(3) Adjectives को adverb of degree के द्वारा modify किया जा सकता है।
very tall boy too heavy table

fairly large house किन्तु determiners को इस प्रकार modify नहीं किया जा सकता। Determiners का अध्ययन करने के लिए हमें दो, बातों पर ध्यान केन्द्रित करना होगा –
(i) उनके द्वारा किस अर्थ की अभिव्यक्ति होती है, तथा
(ii) उनके बाद किस प्रकार की संज्ञाओं का उपयोग किया जा सकता है।

Modern English Grammar में noun का जो नया classification किया गया है वह determiners के उपयोग के लिए अत्यधिक उपयोगी सिद्ध हुआ है। अत: इस classification पर एक बार फिर ध्यान देना आवश्यक है –

Proper nouns के साथ (कुछ अपवादों को छोड़कर) articles तथा अन्य determiners का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता।

Common nouns के साथ determiners का उपयोग किया जाता है और किस प्रकार के noun के साथ कौन – कौन से determiners का उपयोग किया जा सकता है इसकी जानकारी English language के सही उपयोग के लिए अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। हर classification के अनुसार common nouns की तीन categories बनती हैं –

(a) Countable singular nouns,
(b) Countable plural nouns, तथा
(c) Uncountable nouns.

कुछ determiners ऐसे हैं जो केवल (a) के साथ आ सकते हैं, कुछ ऐसे हैं जो केवल (b) के साथ आ सकते हैं और कुछ ऐसे हैं जो केवल (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं। इसके अलावा कुछ determiners ऐसे हैं जो (a) और (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं, कुछ ऐसे हैं जो (b) और (c) के साथ आ सकते हैं तथा कुछ ऐसे हैं जो (a), (b) और (c) तीनों के साथ आ सकते हैं। अब हम इनके उपयोग का अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Enough (इनफ) = Sufficient (पर्याप्त, काफी)

जब कोई वस्तु आवश्यकता या उससे थोड़ी ज्यादा संख्या या मात्रा में हो, तो countable व uncountable दोनों के साथ इसका प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. We give him enough money.
हम उसे पर्याप्त धन देते हैं।

2. They have enough mangoes.
उनके पास पर्याप्त आम है

3. Do you not have enough milk?
क्या तुम्हारे पास पर्याप्त दूध नहीं हैं?

4. Enough has been said by you on this matter.
तुम्हारे द्वारा इस मामले पर काफी कहा जा चुका है।

5. The field has yielded enough corn.
खेत ने पर्याप्त धान उत्पन्न किया है।

6. Father has not provided me enough money.
पिताजी ने मुझे पर्याप्त धन नहीं प्रदान किया है।

Enough flowers have been plucked, now leave this work.
पर्याप्त फूल तोड़े जा चुके हैं, अब यह काम छोड़ दो।

8. The government has sanctioned enough funds to dig wells in rural areas.
सरकार ने ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में कुएँ खोदने के लिए पर्याप्त रकम स्वीकृत कर दी है।

9. I have listened enough.
मैंने काफी कुछ सुन लिया है।

10. You have taken enough food.
“तुमने पर्याप्त भोजन कर लिया है।

2. Some = consisting of an undefined
amount or number of (कुछ)

1. Some का उपयोग ‘uncertain, indefinite or unknown numbers or quantity’ – के लिए किया जाता है।
2. Some का उपयोग affirmative sentences व ऐसे questions में किया जाता है जिनके positive answers की अपेक्षा होती है।
3. Some का उपयोग if या whether से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों में भी किया जाता है जब उनकी emphasis positive हो If you want some help, let me know.
4. Some का उपयोग invitation और request के लिए भी किया जाता है
Won’t you taste some of my ice – cream?
Would you like some more sugar in your coffee?

As –
1. He has given me some money to start my business.
उसने मुझे अपना व्यापार प्रारम्भ करने के लिए कुछ धन दिया है।

2. Mother has bought some mangoes.
माँ ने कुछ आम खरीदे हैं।

3. I have some books on this subject.
इस विषय पर मेरे पास कुछ पुस्तकें हैं।

4. The officer has received some complaints from people against the clerk.
ऑफीसर को क्लर्क के विरुद्ध कुछ शिकायतें प्राप्त हुई हैं।

5. There are some mango trees in our garden.
‘हमारे बगीचे में आम के कुछ वृक्ष हैं।

6. Some roads in the town are in very bad condition.
नगर की कुछ सड़के बुरी अवस्था में हैं।

7. Owing to flood some trains have been suspended.
बाढ़ के कारण कुछ ट्रेनें निलम्बित कर दी गई हैं।

8. The merchant has sold some sugar.
व्यापारी कुछ शक्कर बेच चुका है।

9. There is some milk in the pot.
बर्तन में थोड़ा दूध है।

10. Will you give me some money?
क्या आप मुझे कुछ धन देंगे?

(यह वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक न माना जाकर Request के रूप में Assertive ही माना जाता है।) (See point 2)

3. Any = कोई

1. Any का उपयोग भी countable plural और uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Has he got any roses in his garden?
We can’t go to the fort. We haven’t got any time.

2. Any का उपयोग personal pronouns और determiner + nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
Have you seen any of them recently?
I haven’t read any of those books.
Is there any of that milk cake left?

Any का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जा सकता है –
A. Did you see any kangaroos in the zoo?
B. No, we didn’t see any.

A. Is there any more soup?
B. No, I am afraid there isn’t any left.

Note 1. Any का उपयोग negative sentences और ऐसे questions में किया जाता है जिनका उपयोग invitation या request के लिए नहीं किया जा रहा हो।
2. any का उपयोग hardly, never, without etc. के साथ भी किया जाता है We reached there without any difficulty.
3. Any का उपयोग singular nouns के साथ affirmative sentences में ‘one out of a number’ या ‘no matter which’ के अर्थ में होता है

Come and see me any day next week.
As –
1. Father has not taken any food.
पिताजी ने कुछ भी नहीं खाया है।

2. I am not going any where.
मैं कहीं नहीं जा रहा हूँ।

3. Mother has not purchased any apples.
माँ ने कोई सेब नहीं खरीदे हैं।

4. There is not any milk in the pot.
बर्तन में कुछ भी दूध नहीं है।

5. I have not touched anything.
मैंने किसी चीज को नहीं छुआ है।

6. Do you need any money?
क्या तुम्हें कुछ धन की आवश्यकता है?

7. Do his brothers play any game in the morning?
क्या उसके भाई सुबह कोई खेल खेलते हैं?

8. Why haven’t you done any work?
तुमने कोई भी काम क्यों नहीं किया है?

9. Will they not sing any song?
क्या वे कोई गीत नहीं गायेंगे?

10. Does she sweep any room?
क्या वह कोई कमरा झाड़ती है?

4. No = कुछ
(No = not any)
(Not any = No)

As –
1. I have not read any book.
= I have read no book.

2. She did not bring any copy.
= She brought no copy.

3. His brothers do not do anything.
= His brothers do nothing.

4. Your sister has not taken any rice.
= Your sister has taken no rice.

5. Do you not play any game?
= Do you play no game?

6. The teacher gave no work to me.
= The teacher did not give any work to me.

7. Mother washes no clothes.
= Mother does not wash any clothes.

8. Is there no water in the well?
= Is there not any water in the well?

9. The juggler has no tricks to play now.
= The juggler has not any tricks to play now.

10. “The guests have no manners.
= The guests have not any manners.

Note 1. No do उपयोग countable singular, countable plural और uncountable nouns के साथ किया जथा है –
No student is to leave the room without permission.
No words can express our grief.
We have no time to waste on such things.

2. No का उपयोग pronoun के समान नहीं किया जा सकता। इसके लिए none का उपयोग किया जाता है –
I have invited three friends but none of them has come yet.
None of the guests wants to stay.
He wanted some string but there was none in the house.

3. None के बाद singular verb का उपयोग ही किया जाता है।
4. No या noun का उपयोग ‘not any, not one, not a’ के अर्थ में किया जाता है।

5. Many = कई

Many का उपयोग ‘a large number of या ‘a lot of के अर्थ में plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग pronouns के समान तथा determiner + plural nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. I have many pens.
मेरे पास कई कलमें हैं।

2. Many do not know his name.
कई उसका नाम नहीं जानते हैं

3. Many people are lazy.
कई लोग सुस्त होते हैं।

4. I do not bring many books.
मैं कई किताबें नहीं लाता हूँ?

5. Does she sell many hens?
क्या वह कई मुर्गियाँ बेचती है?

6. Many people will disagree with his ideas.
कई लोग उसके सुझावों से सहमत नहीं होंगे।

7. I hadn’t met many of them before
मैं इनमें से कईयों से पहले नहीं मिला।

8. Kalidas has written many plays.
कालीदास ने कई नाटक लिखे।

9. There aren’t many good books on the subject.
इस विषय पर कई अच्छी किताबें नहीं हैं।

10. There are too many mistakes in your essay.
तुम्हारे निबन्ध में कई त्रुटियाँ हैं।

6. A lot of = बहुत सारा, या सारे

(a) कोई Countable Noun – many से भी ज्यादा हो।
(b) कोई Uncountable Noun – enough से ज्यादा हो, तो a lot of का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

As –
1. There are a lot of books on this subject in the library.
वाचनालय में इस विषय पर बहुत सारी पुस्तकें हैं।

2. There is a lot of milk in the glass.
गिलास में बहुत सारा दूध है।

3. The girl does a lot of work.
यह लड़की बहुत सारा काम करती है।

4. A lot of birds died this winter.
इस शीत ऋतु में बहुत सारे पक्षी मर गये।

5. A lot of wheat has been grown this year.
इस वर्ष बहुत सारा गेहूँ उगाया गया है।

7. Much = ज्यादा (Negative Sentences)

Much का प्रयोग uncountable nouns के साथ अधिकतर
(i) Negative Sentences में
(ii) questions में तथा
(iii) subject noun के पूर्व या उसके स्थान पर किया जाता है।

As—
1. There is not much milk in the glass.
गिलास में ज्यादा दूध नहीं है।

2. This merchant doesn’t sell much rice.
यह व्यापारी ज्यादा चावल नहीं बेचता है।

3. You are not to worry much.
तुम्हें ज्यादा चिन्ता करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

4. We haven’t got much time.
हमारे पास ज्यादा समय नहीं है।

5. I could not eat much of it.
मै वो ज्यादा नहीं खा सका था।

6. Does he spend much of his money on books?
क्या वह अपना ज्यादा धन पुस्तकों पर व्यय करता है?

7. Did you have much difficulty in finding the place?
क्या तुम्हें वह स्थान ढूँढ़ने में बहुत कठिनाई हुई?

8. How much money would they need?
उन्हें कितने धन की आवश्यकता होगी?

9. Let them take as much as they like.
उन्हें जितने चाहिए उतना लेने दें।

10. This is too much, I won’t be able to eat all of it.
यह बहुत अधिक है, मैं यह सब नहीं खा सकता।

Note – More तथा most दोनों many व much की क्रमश : comparative व superlative degree हैं।

8. Each = प्रत्येक

Each का उपयोग –
1. Singular nouns a के साथ),
2. Plural personal pronouns और determiner + plural pronoun के साथ,
3. Pronouns के समान,
4. दो या दो से अधिक वस्तुओं के समूह के लिए एक – एक कर अलग ध्यान देकर …… किया जाता है।

As –
1. Each boy was given a certificate of preparation.
प्रत्येक लड़के को तैयारी का प्रमाण – पत्र दिया गया।

2. Each of them was given a certificate.
उनमें से प्रत्येक को एक प्रमाण – पत्र दिया गया।

3. Each of the satellites has its own orbit.
प्रत्येक उपग्रह का अपना – अपना घूर्णन – कक्ष होता है।

4. There were 30 boys and each (or each one) donated Rs. 5.
तीस छात्रों में से प्रत्येक ने 5 रुपये का योगदान दिया।

5. The teacher gave remarks to each boy.
शिक्षक ने प्रत्येक छात्र को (अलग – अलग ढंग से) रिमार्क दिया।

9. Every = प्रत्येक

Every का उपयोग –
Each व Every के प्रयोग में मुख्य अन्तर यह है कि Each में प्रत्येक को अलग – अलग treat किया जाता है जबकि Every का उपयोग All के अर्थ में एक समान किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग

1. Singular nouns के साथ,
2. Plural personal pronouns और determiner + plural nouns के साथone जोड़कर,
3. Pronouns के समान one जोड़कर,4. frequency बताने वाले noun phrases में plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है।

As –
1. Every book is on the shelf.
प्रत्येक (अर्थात् सभी) पुस्तक अलमारी में हैं।

2. Everyone of them was present.
उनमें से प्रत्येक उपस्थित था।

3. Everyone of the players is physically fit.
खिलाड़ियों में से प्रत्येक फिट था।

4. Every member was present and there were seats for everyone.
प्रत्येक सदस्य उपस्थित था व प्रत्येक के लिए सीट्स थीं।

5. I visit my doctor every three months.
मैं अपने डॉक्टर के पास हर तीन माह में जाता हूँ।

10. All = सब

All का उपयोग,
1. Countable plural व uncountable nouns के साथ।
2. Nouns के पूर्व determiners के उपयोग के साथ
3. Personal pronouns व determiners + nouns के साथ
4. Pronouns के समान ………………………. किया जा सकता है।

As –
1. All animals have to eat in order to live.
सभी पशुओं को जीने के लिए खाना होता है।

2. All timber must be chemically treated.
सब इमारती लकड़ी पर रासायनिक क्रिया करना आवश्यक है।

3. All that glitters is not gold.
वह सब जो चमकता है सोना नहीं होता।

4. All the food was consumed.
सारा खाना चुक गया।

5. All of them agreed with the proposal.
उनमें से सभी व्यक्ति प्रस्ताव से सहमत हुए।

6. All of his money was stolen.
उसका सारा धन चोरी हो गया।

7. All of the eggs were broken.
सभी अण्डे टूट हुए थे।

8. He has two brothers and two sisters. All are teachers.
उसके दो भाई व दो बहनें हैं। सभी शिक्षक हैं।

9. (a) He was here all day. (= The whole of the day).
वह यहाँ पूरे दिन रहा।

(b) He was here every day. (= didn’t miss a single day).
वह यहाँ प्रत्येक दिन रहा।

10. Have they consumed all of it?
क्या उन्होंने इस वस्तु का सम्पूर्ण उपयोग कर लिया?

Each, every व All में अन्तर

11. Both = दोनों (the two)

1. Ram and Shyam both are engineers.
राम व श्याम दोनों इंजीनियर हैं।

2. He learnt Sanskrit and English both.
उसने संस्कृत व अंग्रेजी दोनों सीखीं।

3. Both of them do not have books.
उन दोनों के पास किताबें नहीं हैं।

4. He can play table – tennis with both the hands.
वह दोनों हाथों से टेबल – टेनिस खेल सकता है।

5. You can take away the chair and the table both.
तुम कुर्सी व टेबिल दोनों ले जा सकते हो।

Other Examples
1. Both books were expensive.
2. Both of them were absent yesterday.
3. Both (of) her sons are doctors.
4. I have two sons. Both are engineers.

12. Few = कुछ (थोड़े)

इसका उपयोग Plural Nouns के साथ किया जाता है।
1. Few का ‘not enough, below expectation’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह negative meaning अभिव्यक्त करता है।
2. Few (without articles) का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) स्थितियों में ही किया जाता है। अनौपचारिक वार्तालाप में ‘Not many’ और ‘Only a few’ का उपयोग होता है।

Only a few people live to be 100.

As –
1. Few people live to be 100.
कुछ लोग ही 100 वर्ष तक जीते हैं।

2. Few of us will be alive in the year 2075.
सन् 2075 में हम में से बहुत थोड़े जीवित रहेंगे।

3. The benefits of this scheme are few.
इस योजना के लाभ बहुत कम ही हैं।

4. Few boys took part in games.
कुछ लड़कों ने ही खेलों में हिस्सा लिया।

5. The gardener dug few holes. माली ने कुछ गड्डे ही खोदे।

13. A few = थोड़े (कुछ)

A few का ‘a small number but not many’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह positive meaning अभिव्यक्ति करता है।

Note –
A few is affirmative but few is negative.
A few = some
few = not many

1. A few का उपयोग plural nouns के साथ किया जाता है।
I would like to ask you a few questions.

2. A few का उपयोग plural pronouns और determiner + plural nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
(A) Have you read any of Deepak Chopra’s books?

(B) Yes, I have read a few of them.
A few of my friends are vegetarians.

3. A few का उपयोग pronoun के समान भी किया जा सकता है
(A) How many chairs do you want?
(B) Oh, just a few, please.

14. The few = थोड़े (विशेष)

The few का उपयोग भी a few के समान ही होता है। यह भी positive meaning की अभिव्यक्ति करता है, सिर्फ definiteness का है –
A few boys were present on the field. The few boys that were present on the field belonged to class XII.
Fewer and fewest are also used with plural nouns. They are the comparative and superlative forms of few.

15. Little = थोड़ा (मात्रात्मक)

1. Little का उपयोग uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है
We had little rain this year.

2. Little at में अन्तर singular pronouns और determiner + uncountable nouns के साथ किया जा सकता है –
Every year the government sets apart a substantial amount for poverty alleviation but little of it reaches the real poor.
The claim that little of the aid has reached the victims.

3. Little का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जा सकता है
Little is known about his childhood.

Remember :
1. Little का ‘not enough, below expectation’ के अर्थ में उपयोग किया जाता है। यह negative meaning अभिव्यक्ति करता है।
2. Little (without article) का उपयोग औपचारिक (formal) स्थितियों में ही किया जाता है अनौपचारिक वार्तालाप में ‘Not much’ and ‘Only a little’ का उपयोग होता है। Only a little is known about his childhood. We did not have much rain this year.

16. A little = थोड़ा (मात्रात्मक)

1. A little का उपयोग uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Give these plants a little water every day.

2. A little or 3921 singular pronouns with determiner + uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है –
Take a little of it and taste.
Could I have a little of this powder?

3. A little का उपयोग pronouns के समान भी किया जाता है
Would you mind waiting a little?

Remember :
A Little का उपयोग ‘a small amount but not much’ के अर्थ में किया जाता है यह positive meaning अभिव्यक्त करता है। Note
A little is affirmative but little is negative. a little = some little = not much

17. The Little = थोड़ा (विशेष)

The little का उपयोग भी a little के समान ही होता है। यह भी positive meaning की अभिव्यक्ति करता है, फर्क सिर्फ definiteness का है—
He tried to survive on the little money that he had.
Less and least are also used with uncountable nouns. They are the comparative and superlative forms of little.

18. Whole = सम्पूर्ण

इसके पूर्व प्राय: ‘the’ का या किसी possessive का प्रयोग होता है।

As –
1. The whole world thinks so.
सारा संसार ऐसा सोचता है।

2. He paid his whole attention to his studies.
उसने अपना सारा ध्यान अपने अध्ययन पर लगा दिया।

3. The merchant sold the whole lot of his goods.
व्यापारी ने अपना सारा माल बेच दिया।

4. M/s S. P. and Sons are the wholesaler of books.
मैसर्स एस. पी. एण्ड सन्स पुस्तकों के थोक व्यापारी हैं।

5. Please take the whole loaf of bread.
ब्रेड का पूरा हिस्सा ले लीजिए।

19. Either = या तो,

1. Either के द्वारा अभिव्यक्त अर्थ है ‘one or the other’ – चुनाव दो व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं के बीच।
2. Either का उपयोग both के अर्थ भी विशेषकर side और end जैसे शब्दों के साथ किया जा सकता है –
There were chairs on either side of the table. There were chairs on both sides of the table.

As –
1. Come on Monday or Tuesday Either day suits me well.
2. We have two flats to rent, you can take either of them.
3. Has either of his parents visited him?
4. You have got two books on the subject.
Please give me either for a day.

20. Neither = कोई नहीं

1. Neither के द्वारा अभिव्यक्त अर्थ है ‘Not one and not the other’—दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं।
2. जब Neither का उपयोग object के समान कार्य कर रहे nouns phrase में होता है तब अक्सर उसके स्थान पर negative finite तथा either का उपयोग किया जाता
(i) He gave me neither book. = He did not give me either book.
(ii) Which of the two do you like?
= I like neither or I do not like either.

As –
1. Neither answer is correct.
2. Neither of us could understand French.
3. Neither of the teams is in good form.
4. (A) Which one do you want?
(B) Neither is any good.

Exercise : 1
Fill in the correct determiners :
1. ………………………. pages of this book are torn.
2. He hasn’t got ………………………. money now.
3. ………………………. milk left in the pot has spilt.
4. She worked the ………………………. night.
5. Have you seen ………………………. cow on your way?
6. I want ………………………. flowers.
7. You have ………………………. right to say so.
8. There are ………………………. flowers in this garden.
9. There aren’t ………………………. good books on the subject.
10. ………………………. cow has horns.
11. The principal talked to ………………………. boy.
12. His ………………………. life was spoilt.
13. ………………………. people think that the pattern of education should be changed. But ………………………. dares to do anything.
Answers
1. A few,
2. any,
3. Some,
4. whole,
5. any,
6. some,
7. no,
8. no,
9. any,
10. A,
11. ‘the,
12. whole,
13. Most, none.

Exercise : 2
Rewrite filling in some or any :
1. There is hardly ………………………. sugar left.
2. Would you like ………………………. more sugar in your milk? [2011]
3. Have you got ………………………. change on you?
4. Please have ………………………. more biscuits.
5. I rarely get ………………………. visitors these days.
6. She bought ………………………. books for her brother.
7. It will not make ………………………. difference to me.
8. Will it make ………………………. difference to you?
9. I think we will need ………………………. more paper.
10. Won’t you have ………………………. more tea?
Answers
1. any,
2. some,
3. any,
4. some,
5. any,
6. some,
7. any,
8. any,
9. some,
10. some.

Exercise : 3
Rewrite filling in the most appropriate determiner from the ones given within brackets against each :
1. ………………………. knowledge is a dangerous thing. (A little, The little, Little) (2009)
2. I bought six eggs last evening and ………………………. one of them was bad. (each, every)
3. Boys were seated on ………………………. chair. (every, each, all) (2008)
4. He has three sons but ………………………. of them lives with him. (none, neither)
5. Abhishek hates ………………………. rich. (a, an, the) (2009)
6. ………………………. was there to rescue the child. (All, Some, Nobody)
7. You are not to worry ………………………. (some, many, much) (2008)
8. Did you read ………………………. book today? (many, much, any) (2012)
9. Kalidas has written ………………………. plays. (much, many, some) (2008)
10. ………………………. care would save you from many accidents. (A few, The few, A little)
11. Would you like ………………………. coffee? (some, any, many) (2008)
12. He had ………………………. supporters. (few, a few, the few) (2008)
13. She did not make ………………………. mistake in her essay. (some, any, many) (200915)
14. ………………………. room of this hotel has a cooler. (Each, Every, Many, all) (2011)
15. I don’t like ………………………. of them. (either, neither) (2013)
16. Tell me ………………………. you know. (all, both,whole) (2013)
17. We can’t buy ………………………. thing with little money. (much, many) (2014)
Answers
1. A little,
2. each,
3. every,
4. none,
5. the,
6. Nobody,
7. much,
8. any,
9. many,
10. A little,
11. some,
12. a few,
13. any,
14. Every,
15. either,
16. all.
17. many.

Exercise : 4
Complete the following dialogues using suitable determiners.
1. Customer – I want some rice.
Shopkeeper – ……………………….?
2. Customer require 10 kg.
Shopkeeper : Sorry, I don’t have ……………………….
3. Customer – Then you may give a little less.
Shopkeeper – There ……………………….
4. Customer – O. K. Then give me ……………………….
Shopkeeper – I will give you the little quantity I have got.
5. Customer – Please give me some vegetable oil.
Shopkeeper— ……………………….?
6. Customer – I need only 5 litres.
Shopkeeper—You may have ……………………….
7. Customer – I think 5 litres will be enough for ……………………….
Shopkeeper – By the way, ………………………. are there in your family.
8. Customer – Three.
Shopkeeper ………………………. Sir?
9. Customer—I think I will have ………………………. potato chips.
Shopkeeper ………………………. fresh arrivals here.
10. Customer – ………………………. money should I pay?
Shopkeeper – Two hundred rupees only.
Answers
1. How many kg. do you want,
2. that much in stock,
3. is hardly 6 kg. left,
4. as much as you can,
5. How much do you need,
6. as much as you like,
7. The whole month, how many members,
8. Not many, anything else,
9. a few packets of, There are some.
10. How much.

Exercise : 5
Rearrange the order of the words of the following sentences to make them meaningful :
1. you/have/how much/experience/got?
2. I/a little/brought/apple juice/market/from/the
3. completely/being/deaf/can’t/anything/he/hear,
4. nothing/is/open/so/its/a public holiday.
5. the few/rupees/ I had/I have/spent/already.
6. ink/in the bottle/much/how/there/is?
7. Raju/write/can/with/hand/either.
8. other/section/in the/any friend/don’t/have/you?
9. a/apple/an/day/the/keeps/away/doctor.
10. in/this/book/are there/pages/how/many?
Answers
1. How much experience have you got?
2. I brought a little apple juice from the market.
3. Being completely deaf, he can’t hear anything.
4. It’s a public holiday so nothing is open.
5. I have already spent the few rupees I had.
6. How much ink is there in the bottle?
7. Raju can write with either hand.
8. Don’t you have any friend in the other section?
9. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
10. How many pages are there in this book?

Other Determiners

a, an व the Articles तथा this, that, these, those Demonstrative Determiners, my, our, your, his, her, its, their, one’s Possessive Determiners तथा one, two, three…..(Definite Numerical Determiners) भी इसी श्रेणी में आते हैं। पहले हम articles का अध्ययन करेंगे –

‘A’ तथा ‘An’ का प्रयोग

इनका प्रयोग Countable singular nouns (general use not known, unfamiliar or not referred) के साथ होता है। (a तथा an का अर्थ कोई सा एक जो अपरिचित है, अज्ञात है, असन्दर्भित है।)

As –
a ball, an egg, a dot, an elephant etc.

महत्त्वपूर्ण – किसी Uncountable Noun या Countable plural noun के पूर्व a या an का उपयोग नहीं होता। ऐसी स्थिति में हम कहेंगे कि वहाँ (zero) article है। हाँ, इनके पूर्व किसी अन्य determiner (जैसे – some, many etc.) का उपयोग हो सकता है। (zero को हम 0 नहीं लिख रहे हैं, क्योंकि उससे 0 (ओ) का भ्रम होता है।

As – हम नहीं कहेंगे a milk, a wisdom, a boys, an elephants etc.

Note – Fill up the blanks exercises में हम वहाँ (zero) article fill up करेंगे। सामान्य लेखन या बोलचाल में zero article उपयोग में नहीं लाया जाता।

(a) A का उपयोग
(i) Consonants of 1979 The ant singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns के साथ ‘a’ का उपयोग करेंगे।

As—
a girl, a map, a building etc.

(ii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns के साथ जो शुरू तो होते हैं vowel से किन्तु उनका उच्चारण consonant जैसा है।
As—
a university, a union, a one – rupee note, a European, a uniform, a unit etc.

(iii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown, etc. Noun के साथ जिसके पूर्व प्रयुक्त Adjective consonant उच्चारण का है।
As –
a black ox, a useful umbrella, etc.

Note – ये vowel letters से शुरू होने वाले शब्द consonant sound से शुरू होते –

Note – निम्न में a का विशेष उपयोग note कीजिए।
a noise, a pity, a shame, a nuisance, a bad cold etc.

(b) An का उपयोग
(i) an का उपयोग Forst singular, general, unknown, unreferred noun a yea होता है जो vowel उच्चारण के शुरू होते हैं।
As—
an ant, an elephant, an inkpot, an ox, an umbrella etc.

(ii) ta singular, general, unknown, unreferred nouns 1799 ys at consonants से होते हैं किन्तु उनका उच्चारण या तो स्वर होता है या consonant mute
As –
an M. A., an S. P., an M.L.A., an hour etc.

(iii) ऐसे singular, general, unknown unreferred Common Nouns के पूर्व जिनके पूर्व vowel उच्चारण वाला Adjective होता है।
As an intelligent boy, an honest man, an honourable member, an unknown man etc.

Note –
1. English alphabet के इन letters के नाम vowel sound से शुरू होते हैं बाकी के नाम consonant sound से शुरू होते हैं –
a,e,f, h, i,1, m, n, o, r, s और x

2. यह नियम abbreviations पर लागू होता है
a B. Sc., an M.Sc., an M. P., a U.N.O. body.

Exercise : 6
Fill in ‘a’, ‘an’, or x article :
1. ………………………. advertisement should not be long.
2. He doesn’t take ………………………. milk.
3. Gopal is working here as ………………………. accountant.
4. Only ………………………. M. Sc. can apply for this post. [2008]
5. ………………………. dogs are not allowed inside.
6. What ………………………. excellent dress you have worn !
7. Set ………………………. example before others.
8. He is ………………………. artist married to ………………………. European girl.
9. Do you have ………………………. driving licence?
10. Seema bought ………………………. umbrella. [2012]
11. Sanjay is ………………………. engineer. [2010]
Answers
1. An,
2. x,
3. an,
4. an,
5. x,
6. an,
7. an,
8. an, a,
9. a,
10. an,
11. an.

The’ का उपयोग

‘The’ का प्रयोग countable, uncountable, singular तथा plural सभी Nouns के साथ किया जाता है यदि वे particular (खास) Known (ज्ञात) व पूर्व – सन्दर्भित हों।
As –
जब हम कहते हैं

A cow is grazing.
तो अर्थ है कोई सी एक, वह किसकी है इत्यादि का हमें ज्ञान नहीं है।
किन्तु – The cow is grazing का अर्थ है वह गाय जिसके बारे में हमें ज्ञान है कि वह किसकी है या उसका पूर्व से क्या सम्बन्ध है।

‘The’ शब्द ‘that’ शब्द का एक weakened form (अपभ्रंश स्वरूप) है। अर्थ में भी यह ‘that’ शब्द से कमजोर है।
That = वह (pointing out) का कार्य करता है, ‘The’ शब्द point out करने के बजाय define (परिभाषित) करता है, particularize (खास बनाना) करता है या singles out (इसको अलग चयन, विशेष ध्यान etc. के लिए) करता है।

As—
(i) I know the man you are talking of.
(मैं उस आदमी को जानता हूँ जिसके बारे में तुम बात कर रहे हो—’कोई भी’ व्यक्ति नहीं, बल्कि एक खास आदमी।)

(ii) The boy who was run over by a bus is dead.
(कोई भी लड़का नहीं बल्कि वह जो दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हुआ।)

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में Noun के बाद वाला clause उसे खास बनाता है, किन्तु कई बार इस context की जरूरत नहीं पड़ती।

As—
Shut the door.
The Principal asked him his name.
The king pardoned him.

यदि हमारे सामने एक हॉल है तो the ceiling, the floor कहेंगे, क्योंकि वहाँ एक ही छत व एक ही फर्श है, किन्तु the wall का प्रयोग नहीं करेंगे, क्योंकि वहाँ एक से अधिक walls हैं पर हम the left wall और the right wall का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।

“The’ का उच्चारण

Noun phrase में definite article the के बाद आने वाला शब्द यदि consonant sound से शुरू होता है तो the का pronunciation होता है/द/और और यदि वह शब्द vowel sound से शुरू होता है तो the का pronunciation होता है/दि/

the man/द मेन/ the old man/दि ओल्ड मेन/
the apple/दि ऐपल/ the ripe apple/द राइप ऐपल/

Exercise : 7
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles
1. There was ………………………. accident near ………………………. central market this morning ………………………. car hit ………………………. scooter and ………………………. man on ………………………. scooter was killed.
2. ………………………. postman put ………………………. letter under ………………………. front door just ………………………. hour after you left.
3. ………………………. cup of tea may seem ………………………. ordinary thing to some of us in India. But drinking tea is ………………………. ritual which is taken very seriously in many Japanese homes.
4. ………………………. king fought bravely but he was defeated by his enemies ………………………. defeated warrior left ………………………. battlefield and hid himself in …..cave.
5. One day ………………………. man came in our area ………………………. man had ………………………. box on his head ………………………. box had ………………………. inkpots. He took ………………………. inkpot in his hand. (2008)
Answers:
1. an, the, A, a, the, the.
2. A, a, the, an.
3. A, an, a.
4. The, The, the, a.
5. a, The, a, The, x, an.

‘The’ के विशेष उपयोग

सामान्यत : Proper Nouns के पूर्व किसी Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता, किन्तु कुछ विशेष परिस्थितियों में होता है –

(1) नदियों, समूद्रों, पर्वतों, द्वीपसमूहों, झीलों (gulfs) के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Ganga, the Thames, the Nile, the Narmada etc.
The Himalayas, the Satpuras, the Mount Everest etc.
The Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Atlantic etc.
The Persian Gulf, the Andamans etc.

(2) पुरानी धार्मिक पुस्तकों, समाचार – पत्रों इत्यादि के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Mahabharat, the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran etc.
The Times of India, the Nai – Dunia, the M. P. Chronicle, the Free
Press Journal etc.

(3) ग्रहों, सितारों संसार इत्यादि नामों के पूर्व
As –
The earth moves round the sun.
The moon shines in the sky.
The world is full of sorrow.
One day man will reach the Mars etc.

(4) दिशाओं के नामों के पूर्व
As—
The east, the west, the north and the south.

(5) जातियों, कौमों के नामों के पूर्व
As –
The Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the English, the French etc.

Note – किन्तु भाषाओं के पूर्व नहीं –
As – English is a nice language.
Hindi is easier than all other languages.
She speaks French.

(6) कुछ देशों के नाम के पूर्व
As –
The United Kingdom, the U.S.A. etc.
किन्तु – India, China, France etc. के पूर्व नहीं।

(7) जब कोई singular noun किसी वर्ण या जाति को प्रकट करे
As –
The cow is a useful animal.

(8) जब किसी Adjective की positive degree के पूर्व उपयोग में आता है तो वह Collective noun का कार्य करता है

AS –
The rich = धनवान लोग – The poor = गरीब लोग
The high = ऊँचे लोक – The learned = बुद्धमन लोग

(9) Superlative degree के पूर्व यदि उपयोग Attributive हो
As –
(1) Sohan is the best boy in the class.
(2) This is the highest building of the town.

(10) F H J Adverb o Regolf och
As –
(1) The more we get, the more we desire.
(2) The fewer, the merrier.
(3) The more, the better etc.

(11) जब Superlative degree सरीखा उपयोग positive degree के समान किया जथा है –
As—
He is the leader today. (i.e., the greatest leader)
This is the way to solve this question. (i.e., the proper way)
This is the just thing to say. (i.e., right thing)

(12). कई बार Possessive pronouns के स्थान पर प्रयोग होता है
As –
He hit me on the head. (= my head)
Disappointment looked on the face. (his face)

(13). जब हम एक public place के बारे में बात करते हैं तो the का प्रयोग करते है –
As—
(1) He went to the school. (i.e., building)
(2) She goes to the cinema. (= cinema house)
(3) They go to the church. (building)

किन्तु He went to school. (= to study)
Mr. David goes to church. (= to pray etc.)

(14) पदों के नामों के पूर्व
As—
The Prime Minister, the Secretary etc.

Exercise : 8
Fill in the correct articles a, an, the or (zero) articles :
1. Today is ………………………. hottest day of the year.
2. She hates ………………………. rich.
3. ………………………. marriage will take place at ………………………. temple.
4. She is reading ………………………. book ………………………. book is ………………………. Gita.
5. You are taking ………………………. unnecessary thing.
6. I learn ………………………. English enthusiastically.
7. His behaviour with ………………………. French is rude.
8. Lord Krishna loved ………………………. Jamuna river.
9. We read this news in ………………………. Nav Bharat.
10. She cleans ………………………. church.
11. ………………………. Ganga is a sacred river. [2014]
12. My son goes to the school by ………………………. bus.
13. Your sister went to Indore in ………………………. bus.
14. ………………………. more you talk, ………………………. more you prove yourself a fool.
15. Give him ………………………. egg.
16. He took ………………………. boiled egg.
17. What ………………………. nuisance these loudspeakers are !
18. She has sent ………………………. message ………………………. message says that she does not like the proposal.
19. He wrote his name on ………………………. book.
20. Mr. David came to ………………………. India in 1883.
21. ………………………. Narmada is the life line of M. P. [2008]
2. Everyone respects ………………………. honest person [2011]
23. ………………………. boys like to visit cities.
24. Write ………………………. application to ………………………. Secretary of the Board for ………………………. duplicate marks sheet.
25. Come to ………………………. man of ………………………. business. Talk ………………………. business. Finish your business. Leave him to his business.
(Written on ………………………. shop’s Notice Board).
Answers
1. the,
2 the,
3. The, the,
4. a, the, the,
5. an,
6. ⊗
7. the,
8. the,
9. the,
10. the,
11. The,
12. ⊗
13. a,
14. The, the,
15. an,
16. a,
17. a,
18. a, the,
19. the,
20. ⊗
21. The,
22. an,
23, ⊗
24. an, the, a,
25. a, ⊗, ⊗, a.

This, That, These, Those

ये Demonstrative determiners संकेत वाचक निर्धारक कहलाते है
This = यह (एकवचन हेतु) – These = ये (बहुवचन हेतु)
That = वह (एकवचन हेतु) – Those = वे (बहुवचन हेतु)

This व These निकट के व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए एवं That व Those दूर के व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।
As—
This car is very beautiful.
These cars have been sold.
Aditi lives in that house.
Those houses belong to Mr. Sengar.

Exercise : 9
Fill in This, These, That or Those in the blanks.

1. ………. gardener sitting near you is lazy.
2. ………………………. plants you are looking at are planted by my father.
3. ………………………. boy who is standing near the pole is my cousin.
4. ………………………. boys who are on the roof are flying kites.

My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its, Their,
one’s – Possessive Determiners

These determiners indicate relationship possession.
As –
My father is a businessman.
Our school has fifty rooms.
Your mother is calling you.
His bag contains jewellery.
Her books are on the table.
Their house is double – storied.
One must do his duty.

Exercise : 10
Fill in suitable determiners.
1. I love ………………………. uncle.
2. She has lost ………………………. purse.
3. They are doing ………………………. duty.
4. You must keep ………………………. mouth shut.
5. One should not scold ………………………. relatives.
6. He lost ………………………. self control.
7. We have given ………………………. motor cycle to him.

One, Two, Three ………………………. etc.
‘ Definite Numeral Determiners ,

These indicate a definite number of objects, persons.

As—
1. The beggar is blind of one eye.
2. He has two daughters.
3. Five boys are sitting on the bench.

Note – Ordinal numbers as first, second, third etc. refers to the position of something in a series.

As—
1. The boy sitting in the third row is my nephew.
2. The man in the first room is our warden.

Additional Exercises

Exercise :
1 (Solved) Complete the following sentences using suitable determiners.
1. There isn’t
2. Would you like ……………………….
3. She bought ……………………….
4. Will you show me ……………………….
5. India wants peace in ……………………….
6. Please give me ……………………….
7. This pen is mine but ……………………….
8. There are shady trees ……………………….
9. The merchant sold ……………………….
10. I would like to ask you ……………………….
Answers
1. any milk in the pot.
2. to take some coffee.
3. some loafs of bread.
4. some shirts.
5. every corner of the world.
6. some milk.
7. that is yours.
8. on either side of the road.
9. the whole lot of his goods.
10. a few questions.

Exercise : 2 (Unsolved)
1. He did not wake ……………………….
2. She asked me for ……………………….
3. Go and get ……………………….
4. I have ……………………….
5. I don’t think there is ……………………….
6. The solution of this problem will take ……………………….
7. He gave me ……………………….
8. In the exhibition I saw ……………………….
9. How ………………………. money ……………………….?
10. How ………………………. eggs ……………………….?

Exercise : 3
(Solved) Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences.
1. a few/a man/he/words/is/of.
2. anything/have/the villagers/not/done.
3. ink/in the bottle/much/how/there/is?
4. mangoes/enough/have/they.
5. the/give/any/me/work/teacher/did not.
6. before/met/hadn’t/of/them/many/I.
7. a lot lof milk/is/there/in the glass.
8. they/money/how much/did/need?
9. a/them/each/of/given/was/certificate.
10. the/both/table/you/the chair/take/can/and.
Answers
1. He is a man of a few words.
2. The villagers have not done anything.
3. How much ink is there in the bottle?
4. They have enough mangoes.
5. The teacher did not give me any work.
6. I hadn’t met many of them before.
7. There is a lot of milk in the glass.
8. How much money did they need?
9. Each of them was given a certificate.
10. You can take the table and the chair both.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions