Prasanna

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 12 घातांक और घात Ex 12.2

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न संख्याओं को मानक रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 0.0000000000085
2. 0.00000000000942
3. 6020000000000000
4. 0.00000000837
5. 31860000000

हल:
1. 0.0000000000085 = \(\frac{85}{ 10000000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 85 }{ 10^{ 13 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8.5×10 }{ 10^{ 13 } } \) = 8.5 x 10 x 10^-13
= 8.5 x 10^-12

2. 0.00000000000942 = \(\frac{942}{ 100000000000000 }\)
= \(\frac { 942 }{ 10^{ 14 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8.42×10 }{ 10^{ 14 } } \)
= 9.42 x 10² x 10^-14
= 9.42 x 10^-12

3. 6020000000000000 = 602 x 10¹³
= 6.02 x 100 x 10¹³
= 602 x 10² x 10¹³
= 6.02 x 10¹⁵

4. 0.00000000837 = \(\frac{837 }{ 100000000000 } = \frac { 837}{ 10^{ 11 } } \)
= \(\frac { 8:37×100 }{ 10^{ 11 } } \)
= 8.37 x 10² x 10^-11
= 8.37 x 10^-9

5. 31860000000 = 3186 x 10⁷
= 3.186 x 10³ x 10⁷
= 3.186 x 10¹⁰

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न संख्याओं को सामान्य रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 3.02 x 10^-6
2. 4.5 x 10⁴
3. 3 x 10^-8
4. 1.0001 x 10⁹
5. 5.8 x 10¹²
6. 3.61492 x 10⁶

हल:
1. 3.02 x 10^-6 = \(\frac{302}{100}\) x \(\frac { 1 }{ 10^{ 6 } } \)
= \(\frac { 302 }{ 10^{ 8 } } \)
= \(\frac{302}{100000000}\)

2. 4.5 x 10⁴ = \(\frac{45}{10}\) x 10⁴
= 45 x 10³
= 45000

3. 3 x 10^-8 = \(\frac{3}{100000000}\)
= 0.00000003

4. 1.0001 x 10⁹ = \(\frac{10001}{10000}\) x 10⁹
= 10001 x 10⁹ x 10^-4
= 10001 x 10⁵
= 1000100000

5. 5.8 x 10¹² = \(\frac{58}{10}\) x 10¹²
= 58 x 10¹² x 10^-1
= 58 x 10¹¹
= 5800000000000

6. 3.61492 x 10⁶ = \(\frac{361492}{100000}\)
= 361492 x 10⁶ x 10^-5
= 361492 x 10
= 3614920

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित कथनों में जो संख्या प्रकट हो रही है उन्हें मानक रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

1. 1 माइक्रॉन \(\frac{1}{100000}\) m के बराबर होता है।
2. एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 कूलॉम होता है।
3. जीवाणु की माप 0.0000005 m है।
4. पौधों की कोशिकाओं की माप 0.00001275 m
5. मोटे कागज की मोटाई 0.07 mm है।

हल:
1. 1 माइक्रॉन = \(\frac{1}{1000000}\)m
= 1 x 10^-6m

2. एक इलेक्ट्रॉन का आवेश = 0.000,000,000,000,000,00016
= \(\frac{16}{100000000000000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 16 }{ 10^{ 20 } } \) = \(\frac { 1.6×10 }{ 10^{ 20 } } \)
= 1.6 x 10 x 10^-20
= 1.6 x 10^-19 कूलॉम

3. एक जीवाणु की माप 0.0000005 m
= \(\frac{5}{10000000}\)
= 5 x 10^-7 m

4. पौधों की कोशिकाओं की माप 0.00001275 m
= \(\frac{1275}{100000000}\)
= \(\frac { 1.275×1000 }{ 10^{ 8 } } \)
= 1.275 x 10³ x 10^-8
= 1.275 x 10^-5 m

5. एक मोटे कागज की मोटाई 0.07 mm
= \(\frac{7}{100}\)
= 7 x 10^-2 mm

प्रश्न 4.
एक ढेर में पाँच किताबें हैं जिनमें प्रत्येक की मोटाई 20 mm तथा पाँच कागज की शीटें हैं जिनमें प्रत्येक की । मोटाई 0.016 mm है। इस ढेर की कुल मोटाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
यहाँ, 1 किताब की मोटाई = 20 mm
∴ 5 किताबों की मोटाई = 5 x 20 mm
= 100mm
∴ 1 कागज की शीट की मोटाई = 0.016 mm
∴ 5 कागज की शीटों की मोटाई = 5 x 0.016 mm
= 0.080 mm
∴ ढेर की कुल मोटाई = 5 किताबों की मोटाई + 5 कागज की शीटों की मोटाई
= 100 mm + 0.080 mm
= 10008 mm
\(\frac{1.0008×10000}{100}\)
= 1.0008 x 10⁴ x 10^-2
= 1.0008 x 10² mm

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit व्याकरण-खण्डः

1. शब्दरूपाणि

(क) संज्ञा शब्द रूप

अकारान्त (पुल्लिङ्ग) राम :

अनुकरण :
राम के समान ही बालक, गज, वानर, सूर्य, चन्द्र, नृप आदि सभी अकारान्त पदों के रूप चलेंगे।

इकारान्त (पुल्लिङ्ग) हरि :

अनुकरण :
हरि के समान ही मुनि, गिरि, रवि, कपि, कवि, निधि, मणि, ऋषि आदि शब्दों के रूप चलेंगे।

अकारान्त (स्त्रीलिङ्ग) रमा (लक्ष्मी) :

अनुकरण :
रमा के समान ही लता, माया, वाटिका, बालिका, पाठशाला, विद्या, वसुन्धरा आदि स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के रूप चलेंगे।

उकारान्तः (पुल्लिङ्ग) “भानु” शब्द :

अनुकरण :
गुरु, तरु, शिशु, साधु इत्यादयः।

इकारान्त स्त्रीलिङ्ग “मति” शब्द :

अनुकरण :
बुद्धि, गति, रात्रि इत्यादयः।

ईकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्गः “लेखनी” शब्दः

अनुकरण :
जननी, नदी, द्रोणी, गौरी इत्यादयः।

उकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “धेनु” शब्दः

अनुकरण :
रेणु, रज्जु इत्यादयः।

इकारात नपुंसकलिङ्ग “वारि” शब्दः

उकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “मधु” शब्दः

(ख) सर्वनाम शब्द रूप

दकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

दकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

दकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “एतद्” (यह) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी तक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं।

दकारान्तः पुल्लिङ्ग “यद्” (जो) शब्दः

दकारान्तः स्त्रीलिङ्ग “यद्” (जो) शब्द :

दकारान्तः नपुंसकलिङ्ग “यत्” (जो) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी तक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं।

पुल्लिङ्ग “सर्व’ (सब) शब्दः

स्त्रीलिङ्ग “सर्व” (सब) शब्दः

नपुंसकलिङ्ग “सर्व” (सब) शब्दः

तृतीया से सप्तमी विभक्ति एक पुल्लिङ्ग के समान रूप होते हैं। यद्-तद आदि सर्वनाम शब्दों में सम्बोधन नहीं होता है।

2. धातुरूपाणि

(क) परस्मैपदम्-

“पठ्’ (पढ़ना) धातुः लोट्लकारः (आज्ञार्थ)

“पठ्’ (पढ़ना) धातुः विधिलिङ्गलकारः
(चाहिए अर्थ)

“गम्” (जाना) धातुः लोट्लकारः (आज्ञार्थ):

“गम्” (जाना) धातुः विधिलिङ्गलकारः
(चाहिए अर्थ)

(ख) आत्मनेपदम्-

“लभ्” (पाना) धातुः लट्लकारः (वर्तमानकाले):

“सेव” (सेवा करना) धातुः लट्लकारः
(वर्तमानकाले)

“वन्द्” (वन्दना करना) धातुः लट्लकारः
(वर्तमानकाले)

इसी तरह भाष्, यत्, रम्, सह, शिक्ष, रुच् (रोच्) वृत् (वत्), वृध् (वर्ध), शुभ् (शोभ) इत्यादि धातुरूप होते हैं।

3. संस्कृतसंख्या (११ तः २० पर्यन्तम्)

एकादश – ११ (बहुवचनं)
द्वादश – १२ (बहुवचनं)
त्रयोदश – १३ (बहुवचनं)
चतुर्दश – १४ (बहुवचनं)
पञ्चदश – १५ (बहुवचन)
षोडश – १६ (बहुवचन)
सप्तदश – १७ (बहुवचनं)
अष्टादश – १८ (बहुवचन)
नवदश, एकोनविंशतिः – १९ (बहुवचन)
विंशतिः – २० (बहुवचन)

4. कारकपरिचयः

जिसका सम्बन्ध साक्षात् क्रिया के साथ होता है, उसे कारक कहते हैं। कारक छः होते हैं। सम्बन्ध को कारक नहीं माना गया है किन्तु विभक्तियाँ सात होती हैं।-

कतृकारकम् (प्रथमा विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः पठति।
श्यामः गच्छति।

कर्मकारकम् (द्वितीया विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः विद्यालयं गच्छति।
मोहनः पुस्तकं पठति।

करणकारकम् (तृतीया विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः बाणेन रावणं हन्ति।
सीता रामेण सह वनं गच्छति।

सम्प्रदानकारकम् (चतुर्थी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
राजा ब्राह्मणाय धनं ददाति।
गुरवे नमः।

अपादानकारकम् (पञ्चमी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
वृक्षात् पत्रं पतति।
हिमालयात् गङ्गा प्रभवति।

सम्बन्धः (षष्ठी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
रामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः अस्ति।
सीतायाः पतिः रामः अस्ति।

अधिकरणकारकम् (सप्तमी विभक्तिः)
यथा-
खगः वृक्षे निवसति।
मीन: नद्याम् अस्ति।

सम्बोधनम्-
यथा-
भो राम ! भवान् कुत्र गच्छति?
हे मोहन ! अत्र आगच्छ।

प्रस्तुत पद्य के आधार पर कारकों को स्मरण करना सरल है।-
कर्ता कर्म च करणं सम्प्रदानं तथैव च।
अपादानाधिकरणमित्याहुः कारकाणि षट्॥

5. सन्धिपरिचयः

(क) स्वरसन्धिः

स्वरसन्धि के भेद, प्रयोग और अभ्यास-
दीर्घसन्धिः
अ/आ + अ/आ = आ – हिम + आलयः = हिमालयः
इ/ई + इ/ई = ई – रवि + इन्द्रः = रवीन्द्रः
उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ – भानु + उदयः = भानूदयः
ऋ/ऋ + ऋ/ऋ = ऋ – पितृ + ऋणम्: = पितृणम्

गुणसन्धिः
अ/आ + इ/ई = ए – सुर + इन्द्रः = सुरेन्द्रः
अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ – महा + उत्सवः = महोत्सवः
अ/आ + ऋ/ऋ = अर् – देव + ऋषिः = देवर्षिः
अ/आ + लृ = अल् – तव + लृकारः = तवल्कारः

वृद्धिसन्धिः
अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ – सदा + एव = सदैव
अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ – अत्र + एव = अत्रैव
अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ – महा + ओषधिः= महौषधिः
अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ – महा + ओजस्वी= महौजस्वी

यण सन्धिः
यदि असमान स्वर आगे आता है, तो-

अयादि सन्धिः
यदि असमान स्वर आगे आता है, तो निम्न प्रकार से परिवर्तन होकर नया शब्द बन जाता है-
ए + असमानस्वरः = अय् – ने + अनम् = नयनम्
ऐ + असमानस्वरः = अय् – गै + अकः =गायक:
ओ + असमानस्वरः = अव् – पो + अनः = पवनः
औ + असमानस्वरः = आव् – पौ + अकः = पावकः

पूर्वरूप सन्धिः
ए + अ = ऽ (अवग्रह चिह्न) – वने + अपि = ‘वनेऽपि
ओ + अ = ऽ (अवग्रह चिह्न) – को + अपि = कोऽपि

(ख) व्यञ्जनसंधि-

श्चुत्व सन्धिः
त् + ज् – सत् + जनः = सज्जनः
त् + च् – सत् + चित् = सच्चित्
स् + श् – कस् + चित् = कश्चित्

अन्यानि उदाहरणानि :
क् + ग् – दिक् + गजः = दिग्गजः
च् + ज् – अच् + अन्तः = अजन्तः
त् + द् – जगत् + ईशः = जगदीशः
प् + ब् – सुप् + अन्तः = सुबन्तः
ध् + द् – बुध् + धिः = बुद्धिः
द् + .त् – सद् + कारः = सत्कारः

अनुस्वार सन्धि :
(1) ‘म्’ के बाद यदि कोई भी व्यंजन अक्षर होता है, तो ‘म्’ का अनुस्वार \(\left( \dot { – } \right) \) हो जाता है।
सत्यम् + वद् = सत्यं वद
पुस्तकम् + पठति = पुस्तकं पठति

(2) ‘म्’ के बाद स्वर अक्षर के आने पर ‘म्’ अनुस्वार नहीं होता-
पुस्तकम् + आनय = पुस्तकम् आनय/पुस्तकमानय
सत्यम् + अस्ति = सत्यम् अस्ति/सत्यमस्ति

6. समासपरिचयः

शब्दानाम् अर्थानुसारं योजनं समासः। (शब्दों के अर्थ के अनुसार योजन करना ही समान होता है।) यथा-
रामस्य भक्तः = रामभक्तः – रामस्य भक्तः
कार्यस्य आलयः = कार्यालयः – कार्यस्य आलयः।

1. तत्पुरुष समासः
(क) राष्ट्रभक्तः – राष्ट्रस्य भक्तः।
(ख) चौरभयम् – चौराद् भयम् ।
(ग) दीनदानम् – दीनाय दानम्।
(घ) राजपुरुषः – राज्ञः पुरुषः।

2. कर्मधारय समासः
(क) नीलकमलम् – नीलं कमलम्
(ख) कृष्णसर्पः – कृष्णः सर्पः
(ग) घनश्यामः – घन इव श्यामः

3. द्विगु समासः
प्रथमपदं सङ्ख्यावाचकं भवति।
(क) पञ्चवटी – पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः।
(ख) अष्टाध्यायी – अष्टानाम् अध्यायानां समाहारः।

4. द्वन्द्वः समासः
अत्र पदद्वयं प्रमुखं भवति।
(क) रामलक्ष्मणौ-रामः च लक्ष्मणः च/रामश्च लक्ष्मणश्च
(ख) कृष्णार्जुनौ-कृष्णः च अर्जुनः च/कृष्णश्च अर्जुनश्च

5. बहुब्रीहि समासः
अन्यपदस्य अर्थस्य प्रधानता भवति।
(क) पीताम्बरः – पीतम् अम्बरं यस्य सः। (विष्णुः)
(ख) चन्द्रशेखरः – चन्द्रः शेखरे यस्य सः। (शिव:)

6. अव्ययीभाव समासः
प्रथमशब्दः अव्ययम् भवति।
(क) उपकृष्णम् – कृष्णस्य समीपम्।
(ख) प्रतिगृहम् – गृहं गृहं प्रति।
(ग) यथाशक्ति – शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य।

7. अव्ययपरिचयः

अव्यय शब्द पर लिङ्ग, वचन और विभक्ति का प्रभाव नहीं होता, अतः इसके अर्थ में भी कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।

अव्यय प्रयोग (वाक्य रचना)-

1. पुरा एका राज्ञी राज्यम् अकरोत्।
   (प्राचीन काल में एक रानी राज्य करती थी।)
2. बालकाः तत्र क्षेत्रे क्रीड़न्ति।
   (बालक वहाँ मैदान में खेलते हैं।)
3. सत्वरम् इह आगच्छः।
   (यहाँ शीघ्र आओ।)
4. सः पुनः आगच्छति।
   (वह फिर आता है।)
5. पृष्ठात् अधः सः पतति।
   (छत से नीचे वह गिरता है।)
6. ग्रामम् परितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
   (गाँव के चारों ओर वृक्ष हैं।)
7. सा उच्चैः प्रालपत्।
   (उसने ऊँचे स्वर में विलाप किया।)
8.  सः यथा विचारयति तथा करोति।
   (वह जैसा सोचता है, वैसा करता है।)
9. सः पठति अतः विद्यालयम् गच्छति।
   (वह पढ़ता है, इसलिए विद्यालय जाता है।)
10. धिक् ! कापुरुषम्।
    (कायर पुरुष को धिक्कार है।)
11. सः सर्वत्र भ्रमति।
    (वह सब जगह घूमता है।)
12. कक्षात् बहिः गच्छ।
    (कक्षा से बाहर जाओ।)
13. सः मम पुरतः वसति एव।
    (वह मेरे सामने ही रहता है।)
14. यदा गरंजति तदा वर्षति।
    जब गरजता है तब वर्षा होती है।
15. मा लिख।
    (मत लिखो।)

8. प्रत्ययपरिचयः

क्त्वा प्रत्ययः-“कर” अथवा “करके” इसका अर्थ होता है।

ल्यपप्रत्ययः :
“कर” अथवा “करके” के अर्थ में ल्यप होता है। ल्यप् प्रत्यय में धातु से पूर्व उपसर्ग हुआ करता है।

क्त, क्तवतु प्रत्ययौ- (क्त्य, क्तवतु प्रत्ययों का प्रयोग भूतकाल में होता है।)

9. उपसर्गः

(उपसर्ग धातु शब्द से पहले प्रयुक्त होकर धातु अथवा शब्द के अर्थ को बदल देता है।)
यथा-

नये शब्द-प्र + गतिः= प्रगति, अनु + भवति = अनुभवति, अप + करोति = अपकरोति, उत् + खनति = उत्खनति, उत् + लिखितः = उल्लिखितः, प्र + हारः = प्रहारः, आ + हारः = आहारः इत्यादि।

10. अनुवाद के नियम

संस्कृत में अनुवाद करने के लिए मुख्य रूप से हमें विभक्ति (कारक) वचन, लिङ्ग, पुरुष, शब्द और धातु का ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है। उदाहरण के लिए-प्रथम पुरुष के एकवचन के कर्ता के साथ धातु का प्रथम पुरुष एकवचन का रूप प्रयोग होगा।
जैसे-वह जाता है-सः गच्छति।
प्रथम पुरुष :
वह दोनों जाते हैं-तौ गच्छतः।

के कर्ता :
वे सब जाते हैं-ते गच्छन्ति।

मध्यम पुरुष :
तुम जाते हो-त्वम् गच्छसि।

के कर्ता :
तुम दोनों जाते हो-युवाम् गच्छथः।
तुम सब जाते हो-यूयम् गच्छथ।

उत्तम पुरुष :
मैं जाता हूँ-अहम् गच्छामि।

के कर्ता :
हम दोनों जाते हैं-आवाम् गच्छावः।
हम सब जाते हैं-वयम् गच्छामः।

इस प्रकार शब्द और धातु के वचन व पुरुष समान होंगे। तीनों लिंग के शब्द रूप भिन्न होने पर भी धातु रूप एक ही प्रयोग किये जाते हैं। जैसे-
(1) लड़की पढ़ती है-बालिका पठति।
(2) लड़का पढ़ता है-बालकः पठति।
(3) पत्रः गिरता है-पत्रम् पतति।
संस्कृत के व्याकरण के नियमों को हम इस प्रकार जानेंगे।

पुरुष या कर्ता :
कर्ता (पुरुष) तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष, मध्यम पुरुष, उत्तम पुरुष।

प्रथम या अन्य पुरुष :
जिसके सम्बन्ध में कोई बात की जाये। जैसे-वे, सीता, लड़के, वह, दोनों, वे सब आदि।

मध्यम पुरुष :
जिससे बात की जाए। जैसे-तुम, तुम दोनों, तुम सब।

उत्तम पुरुष :
जो बात करता है। जैसे-मैं, हम दोनों, हम सब।

तीनों पुरुष तीन वचनों के साथ प्रयोग होते हैं। इनका प्रयोग धातु रूपों के साथ उसी क्रम से होता है। इनके रूप इस प्रकार से चलते हैं-

इसी प्रकार से धातु रूप भी चलते हैं। यथा पठ् धातु के रूप (वर्तमान काल) में क्रमशः तीनों पुरुष के साथ बनाने पर अनुवाद इस प्रकार बनेगा-

कारक, चिह्न और विभक्ति-

वर्ण परिचय :
वर्ण दो प्रकार के हैं-स्वर और व्यंजन।

स्वर :
इन्हें किसी अन्य वर्ण के सहयोग के बिना उच्चारित किया जा सकता है। ये 13 हैं-
अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं और अः।

व्यंजन :
व्यंजनों का उच्चारण करने के लिए स्वरों की सहायता की आवश्यकता होती है। व्यंजन 33 हैं-
क् ख् ग् घ् ङ च् छ् ज् झ् ञ ट ठ् ड् ढ् ण् त् थ् द् ध् न् प् फ् ब् भ् म् य् र् ल् व् श् ष् स् ह्।

इनका उच्चारण करने के लिए प्रत्येक व्यंजन में ‘अ’ स्वर मिलाना पड़ता है; यथा-कमल लिखने के लिए-
क् + अ = क; म् + अ = म; ल् + अ = ल = कमल।
इसी प्रकार प्रत्येक व्यंजन में स्वर अ को मिलाकर पढ़ते हैं।

वर्ण समूह और उच्चारण स्थान :
वर्णों के उच्चारण स्थान के आधार पर उनका समूह हाता है जो निम्नलिखित है-

वचन :
संस्कृत में तीन वचन होते हैं-एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन।

एकवचन :
इससे किसी एक व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु का बोध होता है। जैसे- राम, सीता, गीता आदि।

द्विवचन :
इससे दो वस्तुओं आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-दो बालक, दो पुस्तकें, दो फल आदि।

बहुवचन :
इससे दो से अधिक वस्तुओं, स्थान या व्यक्तियों का बोध होता है। जैसे-लड़के, किताबें, स्त्रियाँ, बालिकाएँ आदि।

संस्कृत में अनुवाद बनाते समय प्रत्येक शब्द तथा धातु के साथ इन तीनों वचनों में से वाक्यानुसार किसी का भी प्रयोग होता है।

विभक्तियों का प्रयोग  :
चिह्न के आधार पर वाक्य में उसी विभक्ति का प्रयोग होगा। यथा-

लिङ्ग :
संस्कृत में तीन लिङ्ग होते हैं-पुल्लिङ्ग, स्त्रीलिङ्ग और नपुंसकलिङ्ग।

पुल्लिङ्ग :
पुरुषवाचक शब्द पुल्लिङ्ग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-राम, मोहन, सोहन आदि।

स्त्रीलिङ्ग :
स्त्रीवाचक शब्द स्त्रीलिङ्ग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-सीता, गीता, लता, नदी, स्त्री आदि।

नपुंसकलिङ्ग :
जिन शब्दों से किन्हीं भौतिक वस्तुओं अथवा निर्जीव वस्तुओं आदि का बोध होता है। जैसे-फल, पुस्तक, कलम आदि।

(1) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

(2) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

1. यह घोड़ा मेरा है।
   एषः मम अश्वः।
2. चोर भ्रमित हो गया।
   चौरः भ्रमितम् अभवत्।
3. किसान चतुर था।
   कृषकः चतुरः आसीत्।
4. चोर ने घोड़ा चुराया था।
   चौरः अश्वम् अचोरयत्।
5. हमारा भारत महान है।
   अस्माकं भारतं महान् अस्ति।
6. हमारे देश का साहित्य बहुत समृद्ध है।
   अस्माकं देशस्य साहित्यम् अति समृद्धम् अस्ति।
7. चण्डरव नाम का एक सियार था।
   चण्डरवः नाम्नः एकः शृगालः आसीत्।
8. चण्डरव ने शोर सुना।
   चण्डरवः ध्वनिं श्रुतवान्।
9. महान व्यक्तियों का धन सम्मान है।
   महताम् जनानां धनं सम्मानम् अस्ति।
10. प्रवासकाल में विद्या माता के समान है।
    प्रवासकाले विद्या मातृसमा अस्ति।
11. मेरी माता कार्य के लिए बाहर जाती हैं।
    मम माता कार्याय बहिः गच्छति।

(3) संस्कृत में अनुवाद कीजिए-

1. मानव जीवन के चार प्रयोजन हैं।
   मानव जीवनस्य चतुः प्रयोजनानि सन्ति।
2. ‘निर्वाण’ मोक्ष का दूसरा नाम है।
   निर्वाणं मोक्षस्य अपरं नाम अस्ति।
3. वीर व्यक्ति प्रयत्न से पर्वत पार करते हैं।
   वीराः प्रयासेन पर्वतान् पारयन्ति।
4. प्रयत्न से वैभव प्राप्त करते हैं।
   प्रयत्नेन वैभवं प्राप्नुवन्ति।
5. मयूर भारत देश का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी है।
   मयूरः भारतदेशस्य राष्ट्रीय पक्षी अस्ति।
6. व्याघ्र पशुओं में तेजस्वी तथा पराक्रमी है।
   व्याघ्रः पशुषु तेजस्वी पराक्रमी च अस्ति।
7. हमारी राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी है।
   अस्माकं राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी अस्ति।
8. गाँव के लोगों का जीवन सरल होता है।
   ग्रामस्य जनानां जीवनं सरलम् भवति।
9. गाँव के हाट में विविध दुकानें होती हैं।
   ग्रामस्य हाटे विविधाः आपणाः सन्ति।
10.  यह वीर बालक दुष्यन्त और शकुन्तला का पुत्र है।
    अयं वीरः बालक : दुष्यंतस्य शकुंतलायाः च पुत्रः अस्ति।

MP Board Class 7th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 The Periods of Shungas Satvahanas and Kushanas

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Question (a)
Who established the Shung Dynasty?
Answer:
Pushyamhtra Shung established the Shung Dynasty in 137 B.C.

Question (b)
Who was the founder of Satavahanas?
Answer:
Simuk was the founder of Satavahanas.

Question (c)
Where did the third Boudha Sabha of Kanishka take place?
Answer:
During the time of Kanishka the third Boudha Sabha took place at ‘Kundanvan’ in Kashmir.

Question (d)
Where did the Naaga Dynasty arise?
Answer:
Naaga Dynasty arose in Vidisha, Pavaya (Padmavati Nagar), Kutwar (Kuntalpuri) and Mathura.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2.
Question (a)
How is the period from 200 B.C. to 300 A.D. in India treated?
Answer:
The most Mauryan period from 200 B.C. to A.D. 300 saw the rise of many states all over the Indian subcontinent. These states can be described under the following three heads:

1. States of Deccan:
On the decline of Mauryan empire many areas became independent, in the south of Vindhya mountain and the Narmada river. The best known, among them was the Satavahana family which was also known as Andhra. They ruled in the first century B.C. Satakarni was one of its great rulers. The another dynasty of this area was Shakas who ruled Surashtra and attacked Satavahana. Satayahana latter won over Shakas and regained western Deccan.

2. States of South India:
South of the Deccan plateau and south of the Satavahana kingdom, three kingdoms arose. These were the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras. Sangam literature gives ample knowledge about these three states. Tanjore, Madurai and Malabar coast were the important towns of these three states. The Malabar coast and the east coast of Tamilnadu was visited by Roman ships in search of trade during this period. Besides Vedic gods and the doctrine of Buddhism and Jainism, a new religion which arose in Western Asia, called Christianity also came to India.

3. States of North India:
In the far north a number of foreigners came. They were Indo – Greeks, the Parthians, the Shakas and the Kushana.

Question (b)
What were the Dynasties of North India?
Answer:
The Dynasities of North India were Shung, Kanva, Shaka, Naaga, Kushana and Huna.

Question (c)
What were the Dynasities of South India?
Answer:
The Dynasities of South India were Satvahanas, Cholas, Chers and Pandyas.

Question (d)
Where do we get the description of ‘Sangam Sahitya’?
Answer:
Three literary councils were held in Madurai town. In the second council, two thousand poems were compiled into 8 books. These books are called the ‘Sangam Sahitya’. Sangam Sahitya is written in Tamil.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 3.
Question (a)
Give details about the art during 300 B.C. to 200 A.D?
Answer:
1. Mathura School of Art:
The Mathura School of Art flourished in the early centuries of the Christian era. It was an indigenous art. Mathura produced beautiful images of the Buddha. Its products made of red sand stone are found even outside Mathura.

2. Gandhara School of Art:
The Gandhara School of Art flourished in the region of Kanishka. The style of Gandharva art was developed by the Indian artists in the province of Gandhara. It was the result of contacts between Indian artists and the Greeks and the Roman artists. In this style the images of the Buddha were made. This art was popular not only in Punjab and Kashmir but in modern Afghanistan also.

3. Similarity:
Both the schools of art were different in style but they were similar in the fact that both of them made image of the Buddha.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The famous king of Shaka was ……………..
2. The last ruler of Mauryan Dynasty was ……………….
3. At …………………… Kanishka held the third Boudha Mahasabha.
4. ……………….. was the founder of the Satvahana dynasty.

Answer:

1. Rudradaman
2. Brahdrath
3. Kundanvan
4. Simuk

Question 5.
Match the following:

Answer:

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Election

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Out of these, who can be granted adult Franchise –
(a) Minor male and female
(b) Only male
(c) Adult male and female
(d) Only Female.
Answer:
(c) Adult male and female

Question 2.
Who does not have right to vote –
(a) Insane or mentally handicapped
(b) Minor age group
(c) Declared bankrupt by court
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 3.
In India, the election procedure is said to start after which of the following –
(a) After filing of nomination paper by candidate
(b) After notification of election
(c) After beginning of campaigning
(d) With organizing public meetings.
Answer:
(b) After notification of election

Fill in the blank:

1. In our country all citizens who have attained the age of …………… years have the right to vote.
2. When few parties to gather form a government, that is …………… called as government.
3. …………….. commission has been formed for registration and recognition of political parties.
4. The granting of the right to vote an adult citizen of the country without any discriminate is called ………………….

Answer:

1. 18
2. Coalition
3. Election
4. Universal Adult Franchise.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by election? Write.
Answer:
Election is a process through which people of democratic countries elect their representatives for a fixed period of time.

Question 2.
What is franchise? Write.
Answer:
The granting of right to vote to an adult male or female of country without any discrimination, is called as franchise or universal adult franchise.

Question 3.
What are political parties? Write.
Answer:
Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology who are committed to their policies and programmers.

Question 4.
Who appoints the chief election commissioner?
Answer:
The president appoints the chief election commissioner.

Question 5.
In India, where is the office of the Election Commission situated?
Answer:
The office of Election commission is situated at Delhi.

Question 6.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
When there is no majority of single party then two or more parties unite to form the government. This type of government is called coalition government.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is known as National Political Parties? Write.
Answer:
National political parties are formed at national level. The party symbol of such parties remains identical in the whole country. Although a party is a national party but it does not mean that it will have equal popularity in every state. The influence of national parties varies from state to state.

To be recognized as a national political parties, any one of the following conditions should be fulfilled. Any political party which obtains at least 6% in the election of parliament or legislative or if any political parties obtains at least 2 per cent of total seats of the parliament and this place should be minimum in three states.

Question 2.
Write about the characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Characteristics of political parties are as following:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To opine clearly regarding policy matters.
• To obtain continuously public opinion in support of its policy.
• Registration in election commission.
• United by govern by one regulation.
• Main aim to win election for obtaining power.
• To create public opinion against anti-public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 3.
What is mid – term election?
Answer:
It the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly are dissolved before their tenure is over, then the elections which take place are mid – term election. Mid – term elections are held due to the failure of any party to form the majority government.

Question 4.
Write about the main functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

Question 5.
What is an electoral roll? Write its uses.
Answer:
Electoral roll is the list of citizens who are eligible to vote. This is prepared by the Election Commission before elections. Preparation of electrical roll is the most important stage of election. Without it elections can’t be held.

Question 6.
Write four functions of political parties.
Answer:
Political parties have many important functions is democracy. Four of them are given below:

• They work as a bridge between Government and public.
• They form public opinion in favor of national interest.
• They make efforts to control the arbitrariness of the ruling party.
• The main function of political parties is to get victory in elections and to form government.

Question 7.
Write four characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for. parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organized group of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work is form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

Four of them are:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To obtain continuously public opinion to support its policies
• To create public opinion against anti – public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 8.
Describe the role of the opposition party.
Answer:
The parties which are not in government are called parties of the opposition. Opposition parties have an important role to play in a democracy. They protect the rights of citizens in restricting the anti – people activities of government. Thus, existence of opposition is necessary to correct the wrong. One of the most important functions of the opposition is to criticize the government.

The opposition exposes the anti – people activities of the government. The opposition also provides the political alternative. In case the government some time fails to continue its rule owing to the different reasons, the opposition is given an opportunity to prove their majority and form the government. The opposition parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion.

In fact, opposition makes democracy real and effective. The opposition parties play an important role in the working of the democratic setup. Opposition may delay legislation by opposing it in the parliament or by creating the public opinion against it. It is however important to not that opposition parties do help in making laws.

Question 9.
Write the function of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the type of political parties on the basis of the number of political parties.
Answer:
In any country, on the basis of number of political parties the party system is divided into three categories.

1. Single Party System:
It in a country where there is only one political party then it is called single – party system. In the constitution of the countries having single – party system generally describes that political party for example, them is single party is recognized, existence of other ideologists are restricted.

2. Bi – party System:
In a country if only two main parties exist and the ruling power shifts between these two parties only, then this system is called Bi – party system. For example in America the main two parties are democratic and republican parties, and in Britain Labor and Conservative Parties. Thus the bi – party system is prevalent in United States of America and Britain.

3. Multiparty System:
When in a country several political parties exist then it is called multi – party system. We have multiparty system in our country. In election majority of one party is not necessary. When there is no majority of single party then coalition government is formed in the country or state. Two or more parties are united in a collation government.

The main demerit of multi – party system is changing of party. During election several types of problems arise. In this system it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the policies of different political parties. Number of individual parties increases in the multiple party system. Due to political ambitions, begins the formation of new parties and breaking of political parties.

Question 2.
What is the political party system? Explain its importance.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work in form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:

• Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.
• Today adult franchise is adopted by all countries of the world. Parties nominate their candidates from their parties and campaign for them.
• Today in the huge democratic ruling system, opposition parties are essential minorities or opposite parties have equal importance in democracy like parties with majority.

Question 3.
Explain the major demerits of the Indian Election procedure.
Answer:
The future of the democracy depends upon the unbiasedness of elections and independent voting i.e. without any inducement and pressure. The Election Commission makes efforts for an unbiased and independent election even then there are some problems. Following are the main defects of our electoral system

1. Lack of Complete Participation of Voting:
The aim of universal Adult Franchise is to make every citizen participate in the government indirectly. We have seen that a large number of voters do not exercise their right to vote in the parliamentary and state legislative elections. Therefore the elected candidate getting maximum votes does not represent the public. Therefore participation of all citizens in franchise is desirable.

2. Use of Money in Elections:
The increasing expenses in elections is a big problem. For every election ceiling on election expenses is fixed but a lot of money is spent by the candidates. Therefore sometimes due to lack of money honest and wise person are not able to contest the election. Tire use of money in elections is an immoral act on the part a person, which is a very serious problem from the point of view of reformation in election system.

3. Influence of Muscle Power in Elections:
Sometimes the candidates try to win the election by any type of means. For this they take help of criminals also. Often with the use of muscle power, booth capturing is restored to and voters are made to vote in one’s favor by threatening them or illegal voting is exercised.

4. Misuse of Government Machinery:
Before the time of election charming promises being done by the ruling party. During the elections, high officials are transferred and government, money ‘and vehicles and other means are misused. They also try to influence the election officers. All these influence the unbiasedness of elections.

5. Number of Independent Candidates:
Sometimes there are too many numbers of candidates in the elections. This creates problems to the election management. Thus too many independent candidates enter the election area and confuse the voters.

6. To Influence the Sentiments of the Voters:
At the time of election some candidates try to influence the sentiments of the voters on the basis of religion, caste, region and language. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste. The biggest defect of the Indian election system is to influence the election by provoking the sentiments of the public.

7. Hypothetical Franchise:
Sometimes some persons vote in place of other persons, to include ones name in more than one electoral roll, casting of vote without the inclusion of his name in the electoral roll etc. all are hypothetical franchise. This is also a big problem of our election system.

8. Other Defects:
The name of the citizen should compulsorily be included in the electoral roll to vote for a candidate in an election. We often see that several names of the voters are not included in the electoral roll while the names of persons who have left that constituency or have expired are not deleted from the electoral rolls. The political parties do not originate awareness among the people.

Too many numbers of voters on one voting booth is also a cause of problem. Sometimes one candidate contest from more than one constituency. If he wins in both the constituencies then he resigns from one constituency- In that condition bi – elections takes place. The government money as well as the money of the candidates is again used, it is surely extravagancy.

In our country the Election Commission is continuously trying for free and impartial election. The Election Commission makes efforts to remove the defects of elections. The identity card system of the voters are the gift of the Election Commission. Continuous efforts are being made to remove the defects of our election system.

Question 4.
Write about the Indian election procedure.
Answer:
Election is an important task. It is done through a specific procedure. You are the future citizen of India therefore its necessary for you to know about it. The election procedure is same weather it is general election, mid-term election or bi-election. The whole procedure of election can be complied in the following way:

1. Preparation of Electoral Rolls:
This is the first and the most important stage of election. Before each and every election electoral rolls are prepared by District Election Officer as per the directions of Election Commission. Any Indian citizen who is 18 years of age can get his name included in this. Voters Identity Cards are also prepared by the district election officer. In the absence of voters identity card the citizens have to bring other documents for their identity.

2. Notification of Election:
Every election procedure begins with notification of election. Notification of general, mid-term or bi-election to parliament is issued by the President, notification to State Legislative Assembly is issued by the Governor.

After the deliberation with the Election Commission the notification is published in the Government Gazette. After issuing the election notification the Election Commission announces the election programmer. Along with this the moral code is enforced for the political parties.

3. Nomination for Election:
Different political parties decide the names of their candidate for participation in the election. The candidates who want to fight election file their nomination papers and deposit them in front of the election officer. After the scrutiny of. the nomination papers the list of nominees is announced on a fixed date. Within a fixed period any candidate can withdraw his name. The final list of nominees is issued after the time for withdrawal of name expires.

4. Election Symbols:
The election symbol of each recognized party is already fixed. The election symbol of their part)’ is allotted to the concerning candidate. At the time of election, the election symbol of candidate is printed on ballot papers, against his name. In India, a large number of voters are illiterate, therefore the election symbols are helpful for the identification of the candidate.

5. Election Campaign:
Election campaign is an important aspect of the voting procedure. Each candidate presents his party’s programmer on election manifesto regarding the work which will be done by his party in the coming five years, before the people and try to get favor of the voters in different ways.

The political parties issue their election manifesto which consists of their programmer and policies. Public meetings and rallies are arranged. Newspapers, posters, banners, pamphlets are used for canvassing. Now time is given to political parties on radio and television also. Canvassing is stopped forty-eight hours before the polling.

6. Polling:
Each constituency is divided into many polling centers. The polling centers are fixed for each voter, where he casts his vote on the day of polling. An identity card bearing the photograph of the voter is issued to each voter for his identity. This is known as identity card of the voter. The voters’ who do not possess their identity card, can prove their identity through his ration card, driving licence or any document related to his identity.

On a poling booth a presiding officer and polling officers are appointed as per the requirement. On the day of polling voters come and line up in a queue. Before casting of vote the voter’s identity is verified then the voter who has come to cast his vote has to append his signature / thumb impression on the voters’ list. If electronic voting machine is used then the voter appends his signature or thumb impression on the counterfoil of the ballot. After the marking of indelible ink he can cast his vote.

Voting can be done in two ways:

• by Electronic Voting Machine
• Old Ballot System.

To keep the vote confidential two or more polling booths are made at every polling center, where electronic voting machine or ballot box is kept. In electronic voting machine, the vote is cast by pressing the button in front of the name of the candidate and its corresponding election symbol. In the ballot paper voting system, a ballot paper with the signature of election officer is given to the voters.

The voter goes to the polling room with that, ballot paper and puts tire seal on the symbol of the desired candidate. The ballot paper is folded and put in the ballot box. After the period of voting is over, the electronic voting machine is closed and sealed. After the ballot box are used, these are closed first, then through the special paper seal obtained along with the voting material, these boxes are sealed.

7. Counting:
All ballot boxes and electronic voting machines are collected on a fixed date. Counting takes place in front of district election officer. The candidate who attains maximum number of votes is declared elected. The elected candidate is the representative of his area. After the result of election are declared the elected candidate gets a certificate of winning the election through the district election officer.

Question 5.
Describe the importance and functions of political parties.
Answer:
Importance of Political Parties The party system makes democratic rule possible. In modern age the work of government is done with the help of political parties. They help government make policies. Also by their help it becomes easier to bring changes in the polices.’Due to party system, the government becomes welfare eaten and works in the interest of people.

They stop arbitrariness of government. The desires and expectations of public reach the government through them. They impart political education to people. Everybody gets an opportunity to become a part of government through these parties. Political parities protect the independence of citizens. They establish unity of nation.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:
1. Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 सीधा और प्रतिलोम समानुपात Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 13 पाठान्तर्गत प्रश्नोत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 209

भूमिका

प्रश्न 1.
मोहन स्वयं अपने और अपनी बहन के लिए चाय बनाता है। वह 300 mL पानी, 2 चम्मच चीनी, 1 चम्मच चाय पत्ती और 50 mL दूध का उपयोग करता है। यदि वह पाँच व्यक्तियों के लिए चाय बनाए, तो उसे प्रत्येक वस्तु की कितनी मात्रा की आवश्यकता होगी?
हल:
यहाँ, दो व्यक्तियों के लिए पानी = 300 mL, चीनी = 2 चम्मच, चायपत्ती = 1 चम्मच, दूध = 50 mL.
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिये पानी की मात्रा = 300 mL
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए पानी की मात्रा = 5 x \(\frac{300mL}{2}\)
= 750 mL
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए चीनी की मात्रा = 2 चम्मच
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चीनी की मात्रा = \(\frac{2×5}{2}\) चम्मच
= 5 चम्मच
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए चायपत्ती = 1 चम्मच
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चायपत्ती = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 5
= 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) चम्मच
∴ 2 व्यक्तियों के लिए दूध की मात्रा = 50 mL
∴ 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए दूध की मात्रा = \(\frac{50}{2}\) x 5 mL
= 125 mL
अतः मोहन को 5 व्यक्तियों के लिए चाय बनाने के लिए 750 mL पानी, 5 चम्मच चीनी, 29 चम्मच चायपत्ती और 125 mL दूध की आवश्यकता होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि दो विद्यार्थी किसी सभा के लिए कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में 20 मिनट का समय लगाते हैं तो इसी कार्य को करने में 5 विद्यार्थी कितना समय लेंगे?
हल:
∴ 2 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में लगा समय = 20 मिनट
∴ 5 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में लगा समय = 2072 मिनट
= 8 मिनट
अत: 5 विद्यार्थियों को कुर्सियाँ व्यवस्थित करने में 8 मिनट लगेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
ऐसी पाँच और स्थितियाँ लिखिए, जहाँ एक राशि में परिवर्तन होने से दूसरी राशि में परिवर्तन होता है।
उत्तर:
इस प्रकार की पाँच स्थितियाँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

1. यदि हम बैंक से अधिक धन उधार लेंगे तो हमें अधिक ब्याज देना होगा।
2. किसी गैस पर दबाब बढ़ाने से गैस का आयतन कम हो जाएगा।
3. किसी कार्य को करने के लिए मजदूरों की संख्या बढ़ाने पर पहले की अपेक्षा कम दिन लगेंगे।
4. अधिक दूरी तय करने के लिए किसी वाहन को अधिक पेट्रोल/डीजल की आवश्यकता होगी।
5. किसी मैस में विद्यार्थियों की संख्या बढ़ जाने पर पहले की अपेक्षा अधिक भोजन की आवश्यकता होगी।

पाठ्यपुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 210 सीधा समानुपात

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सारणी का अध्ययन कीजिए –
हल:

प्रश्न 2.
अब निम्नलिखित सारणी को पूरा कीजिए –
हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 211-212

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
एक घड़ी लीजिए और उसकी मिनट वाली (बड़ी) सुई को 12 पर स्थिर कीजिए।
मिनट की सुई द्वारा अपनी प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में घूमे गए कोणों एवं बीते हुए समय को निम्नलिखित सारणी के रूप में लिखिए –

आप T और A के बारे में क्या देखते हैं? क्या इनमें साथ-साथ वृद्धि होती है? क्या – प्रत्येक समय वही रहता है?
क्या मिनट की सुई द्वारा घूमा गया कोण व्यतीत हुए समय के अनुक्रमानुपाती (directly proportional) है? हाँ! उपर्युक्त सारणी से, आप यह भी देख सकते हैं कि –
T₁ : T₂ = A₁ : A₂, क्योंकि
T₁ : T₂ = 15 : 30 = 1 : 2
A₁ : A₂ = 90 : 180 = 1 : 2
जाँच कीजिए कि क्या T₂ : T₃ = A₂ : A₃ तथा T₃ : T₄ = A₃ : A₄ है।
आपस्वयं अपने समय अन्तराल लेकर, इस क्रियाकलाप को दोहरा सकते हैं।
हल:
घूमा गया कोण –
A₂ → 180°
A₃ → 270°
A₄ → 360°

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि T में वृद्धि होने पर A में वृद्धि होती है।
हाँ, इनमें साथ-साथ वृद्धि होती है।
हाँ, प्रत्येक समय \(\frac{T}{A}\) = \(\frac{1}{6}\) रहता है।
“हाँ, मिनट की सुई द्वारा घूमा गया कोण व्यतीत हुए समय के अनुक्रमानुपाती है।

यहाँ, सत्यापन होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
अपने मित्र से निम्नलिखित सारणी के भरने के लिए कहिए तथा उसकी आयु और उसकी माँ गत आयु का अनुपात ज्ञात करने के लिए भी कहिए –

आप क्या देखते हैं? क्या F और M में साथ-साथ वृद्धि (या कमी) होती है? क्या \(\frac{F}{M}\) प्रत्येक बार वही रहता है? नहीं। आप इस क्रियाकलाप को अपने अन्य मित्रों के साथ दोहरा सकते हैं तथा अपने प्रेक्षणों को लिख सकते हैं।
हल:
सारणी को भरने पर,

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि F और M में साथ-साथ वृद्धि (या कमी) होती है।
नहीं, \(\frac{F}{M}\) प्रत्येक बार वही नहीं है।
इस क्रियाकलाप को हम अपने अन्य मित्रों के साथ दोहरा सकते हैं। हम यही स्थिति पाएँगे।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 212

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सारणियों को देखिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि क्या x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं –
1.

2.

3.

हल:
1.

अतः x और ‘ के संगत मानों का अनुपात , ही रहता है। इसलिए, x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती हैं जिनका अनुपात \(\frac{1}{2}\) अचर है।

2.
यहाँ,

यहाँ x और y का अनुपात अचर नहीं हैं। इसलिए, x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती नहीं हैं।

3.

यहाँ, हम देखते हैं कि x और y के संगत अनुपात अचर नहीं हैं।
अतः x और y अनुक्रमानुपाती नहीं हैं। उत्तर

प्रश्न 2.
मूलधन = ₹ 1,000 ब्याज दर = 8% वार्षिक निम्नलिखित सारणी को भरिए तथा ज्ञात कीजिए कि किस प्रकार ब्याज (साधारण या चक्रवृद्धि) समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में बदलता या परिवर्तित होता है।

हल:
यहाँ, मूलधन = ₹ 1,000, ब्याज दर = 8% वार्षिक
साधारण ब्याज = \(\frac{pxrxt}{100}\)

= ₹ 1259.712 – ₹ 1000
= ₹ 259.712
अब, सारणी भरने पर

अतः साधारण ब्याज समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में बदलता है।
लेकिन चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज समय अवधि के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में नहीं बदलता है।

सोचिए, चर्चा कीजिए और लिखिए (क्रमांक 13.1)

प्रश्न 1.
यदि हम समय अवधि और ब्याज की दर स्थिर रखें, तो साधारण ब्याज मूलधन के साथ प्रत्यक्ष अनुपात में परिवर्तित होता है। क्या ऐसा ही सम्बन्ध चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज के लिए भी होगा? क्यों?
हल:
नहीं, ऐसा सम्बन्ध चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज के लिए नहीं होगा। क्योंकि चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज में मूलधन समय अवधि के साथ बदलता रहता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 215

इन्हें कीजिए (क्रमांक 13.2)

प्रश्न 1.
अपने राज्य का एक मानचित्र लीजिए। वहाँ पर प्रयुक्त पैमाने को लिख लीजिए। पैमाने (तनसमत) का प्रयोग करते हुए, मानचित्र पर किन्हीं दो नगरों की दूरी मापिए। इन दोनों नगरों के बीच की वास्तविक दूरी परिकलित कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि पैमाना 1 सेमी. = 200 किमी
माना कि दो नगरों के बीच की दूरी = 4 सेमी
तब, दो नगरों के बीच वास्तविक दूरी = 4 x 200 किमी
= 800 किमी

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.6

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 174-175

प्रश्न 1.
हल कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 2.
सरिता ने \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) मी रिबन खरीदा और ललिता ने \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) मी। दोनों ने कुल कितना रिबन खरीदा ?
हल :
सरिता द्वारा खरीदा रिबन = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) मी
ललिता द्वारा खरीदा रिबन = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 }\) मी
दोनों द्वारा खरीदा रिबन

अत: दोनों ने \(\frac { 23 }{ 20 }\) मी रिबन खरीदा। उत्तर

प्रश्न 3.
नैना को केक का \(1\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) भाग मिला और नजमा को \(1\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) भाग। दोनों को केक का कितना भाग मिला ?
हल :
नैना को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)
नजमा को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\)
दोनों को मिला केक का भाग

अत: दोनों को मिला केक का भाग = \(\frac { 17 }{ 6 }\)

प्रश्न 4.
रिक्त स्थान भरिए

हल :

प्रश्न 5.
योग-व्यवकलन तालिका को पूरा कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 6.
\(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मीटर तार के दो टुकड़े हो जाते हैं। इनमें से एक टुकड़ा \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मीटर है। दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई क्या है ?
हल :
∵तार के टुकड़े की कुल लम्बाई = \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मीटर
और एक टुकड़े की लम्बाई = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मीटर
∴दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई = \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) मी – \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) मी

अतः तार के दूसरे टुकड़े की लम्बाई = मीटर।

प्रश्न 7.
नन्दिनी का घर उसके स्कूल से \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी दूर है। वह कुछ दूरी पैदल चलती है और फिर \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी की दूरी बस द्वारा तय करके स्कूल पहुँचती है। वह कितनी दूरी पैदल चलती है ?
हल :
नन्दिनी के घर से स्कूल की दूरी = \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी
नन्दिनी द्वारा बस से तय की गई दूरी = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी
नन्दिनी द्वारा पैदल चली दूरी = \(\frac { 9 }{ 10 }\) किमी – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) किमी

अतः नन्दिनी द्वारा पैचल चली दूरी = \(\frac{4}{10}\left(=\frac{2}{5}\right)\)

प्रश्न 8.
आशा और सेमुअल के पास एक ही माप की पुस्तक रखने वाली दो अलमारियाँ हैं। आशा की.अलमारी पुस्तकों से \(\frac { 5 }{ 6 }\) भाग भरी है और सेमुअल की अलमारी पुस्तकों से \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) भाग भरी है। किसकी अलमारी अधिक भरी हुई है और कितनी अधिक ?
हल :
आशा की अलमारी का पुस्तकों से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 5 }{ 6 }\)

सेमुअल की अलमारी का पुस्तकों से भरा भाग = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)

अत: आशा की अलमारी अधिक भरी है।

अत: आशा की अलमारी \(\frac { 13 }{ 30 }\) भाग अधिक भरी है।

प्रश्न 9.
जयदेव स्कूल के मैदान का \(2\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) मिनट में चक्कर लगा लेता है। राहुल इसी कार्य को करने में \(\frac { 7 }{ 4 }\) मिनट का समय लेता है। इसमें कौन कम समय लेता है और कितना कम?
हल :
स्कूल के मैदान का चक्कर लगाने में
जयदेव द्वारा लिया गया समय = \(2\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) मिनट = \(\frac { 11 }{ 5 }\) मिनट

राहुल द्वारा लिया गया समय

अत: राहुल मैदान का चक्कर लगाने में कम समय लेता है।

राहुल, जयदेव से \(\frac { 9 }{ 20 }\) मिनट कम समय लेता है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Ex 9.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 212

प्रश्न 1.
पाँच गाँवों में पशुओं की कुल संख्या इस प्रकार हैं।

संकेत \(\otimes\) का प्रयोग करके जो 10 पशओं को निरूपित करता है, इन पशुओं का एक चित्रालेख बनाइए और निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) गाँव E के पशुओं को कितने संकेत निरूपित करते
(b) किस गाँव में पशुओं की संख्या अधिकतम है ?
(c) किस गाँव में अधिक पशु हैं : गाँव A में या गाँव C में ?
हल :
आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

उत्तर-
(a) गाँव E के पशुओं को 6 संकेत निरूपित करते
(b) गाँव B में पशुओं की संख्या अधिकतम है।
(c) गाँव C में गाँव A से अधिक पशु हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
विभिन्न वर्षों में एक स्कूल के विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या निम्न सारणी द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :

A. एक संकेत  का प्रयोग करके जो 100 विद्यार्थियों को निरूपित करता है, एक चित्रालेख बनाइए और निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) वर्ष 2002 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को कितने संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं ?
(b) वर्ष 1998 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को कितने संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं ?
B. कोई और संकेत लेकर जो 50 विद्यार्थियों को निरूपित करता हो, एक अन्य चित्रालेख बनाइए। कौन-सा चित्रालेख अधिक सूचनाप्रद है ?
हल :
A. दिये हुए आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

(a) वर्ष 2002 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को 6 संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं।
(b) वर्ष 1998 में कुल विद्यार्थियों की संख्या को 5 पूरे संकेत और एक अधूरा संकेत निरूपित कर रहे हैं।

B. आँकड़ों का चित्रालेख

स्पष्ट है कि दूसरा चित्रालेख अधिक सूचनाप्रद है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Ex 9.1

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 206-210

प्रश्न 1.
गणित के एक टेस्ट में 40 विद्यार्थियों द्वारा निम्नलिखित अंक प्राप्त किए गए। इन अंकों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करके, एक सारणी के रूप में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:

(a) ज्ञात कीजिए कि कितने विद्यार्थियों ने 7 या उससे अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए ?
(b) कितने विद्यार्थियों ने 4 से कम अंक प्राप्त किए ?
हल:

उत्तर-
(a) 7 या उससे अधिक अंक प्राप्त करने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12
(b) 4 से कम अंक प्राप्त करने वाले विद्यार्थियों की संख्या = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8

प्रश्न 2.
कक्षा VI के 30 विद्यार्थियों की मिठाइयों की पसन्द निम्नलिखित है:
लड्डू, बरफी, लड्डू, जलेबी, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला
जलेबी, लड्डू, बरफी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, जलेबी
जलेबी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला, जलेबी, लड्डू
रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, बरफी, रसगुल्ला, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू
जलेबी, रसगुल्ला, लड्डू, रसगुल्ला, जलेबी, लड्डू
(a) मिठाइयों के इन नामों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करते हुए एक सारणी में व्यवस्थित कीजिए।
(b) कौन-सी मिठाइयाँ विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अधिक पसन्द की गईं ?
हल :
(a) अभीष्ट सारणी :

(b) लड्डू विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अधिक पसन्द किए गए।

प्रश्न 3.
केथरिन ने एक पासा (dice) लिया और उसको 40 बार उछालने पर प्राप्त संख्या को लिख लिया। उसने इस कार्य को 40 बार किया और प्रत्येक बार प्राप्त संख्याओं को निम्न प्रकार लिखा :

एक सारणी बनाइए और आँकड़ों को मिलान चिह्नों का प्रयोग करके लिखिए। अब ज्ञात कीजिए :
(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या।
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या।
(c) समान बार बाने वाली संख्या।
हल :
अभीष्ट सारणी

उत्तर-
(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या = 4
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या = 5
(c) समान बार आने वाली संख्या = 1 और 6

प्रश्न 4.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख पाँच गाँवों में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या दर्शाता है : चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(i) किस गाँव में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या न्यूनतम है ?
(ii) किस गाँव में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या अधिकतम है ?
(iii) गाँव C में गाँव B से कितने ट्रैक्टर अधिक हैं ?
(iv) पाँचों गाँवों में कुल मिलाकर कितने ट्रैक्टर हैं ?
उत्तर-
(i) गाँव D में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या न्यूनतम है।
(ii) गाँव C में ट्रैक्टरों की संख्या अधिकतम है।
(iii) गाँव C में गाँव B से 8 – 5 = 3 ट्रैक्टर अधिक हैं।
(iv) पाँचों गाँवों में कुल ट्रैक्टर = 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 6 = 28

प्रश्न 5.
एक सह-शिक्षा माध्यमिक विद्यालय की प्रत्येक कक्षा में लड़कियों की संख्या पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) किस कक्षा में लड़कियों की संख्या न्यूनतम है ?
(b) क्या कक्षा VI में लड़कियों की संख्या कक्षा V की लड़कियों की संख्या से कम है ?
(c) कक्षा VII में कितनी लड़कियाँ हैं ?
उत्तर-
(a) कक्षा VIII में लड़कियों की संख्या न्यूनतम है।
(b) नहीं, कक्षा VI में लड़कियों की संख्या कक्षा V की लड़कियों की संख्या से कम नहीं है।
(c) कक्षा VII में 12 लड़कियाँ हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
किसी सप्ताह के विभिन्न दिनों में बिजली के बल्बों की बिक्री पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख में दर्शाई गई है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) शुक्रवार को कितने बल्ब बेचे गए ?
(b) किस दिन बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या अधिकतम थी?
(c) किन दिनों में बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या समान थी ?
(d) किस दिन बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या न्यूनतम थी ?
(e) यदि एक बड़े डिब्बे में 9 बल्ब आ सकते हैं, तो इस सप्ताह कितने डिब्बों की आवश्यकता पड़ी ?
उत्तर-
(a) शुक्रवार को 7 x 2 = 14 बल्ब बेचे गए।
(b) रविवार को बेचे गए बल्बों की संख्या अधिकतम थी।
(c) बुधवार और शनिवार को बेचे गये बल्बों की संख्या समान थी।
(d) बुधवार और शनिवार को बेचे गये बल्बों की संख्या न्यूनतम थी।
(e) चूँकि एक डिब्बे में 9 बल्ब आ सकते हैं।
∴86 बल्बों को रखने के लिए \(\frac { 86 }{ 9 }\) = \(9\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) डिब्बे
अतः, इस सप्ताह 9 से अधिक डिब्बों की आवश्यकता पड़ेगी।

प्रश्न 7.
एक विशेष मौसम में, एक गाँव में 6 फल विक्रेताओं द्वारा बेची गई फलों की टोकरियों की संख्या पाठ्य-पुस्तक में प्रकाशित चित्रालेख द्वारा प्रदर्शित है :
चित्रालेख को देखिए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) किस फल विक्रेता ने अधिकतम फलों की टोकरियाँ बेची ?
(b) अनवर ने फलों की कितनी टोकरियाँ बेचीं ?
(c) वे विक्रेता जिन्होंने 600 या उससे अधिक टोकरियाँ बेची, अगले मौसम में गोदाम खरीदने की योजना बना रहे हैं क्या आप इनके नाम बता सकते हैं ?
उत्तर-
(a) मार्टिन ने अधिकतम फलों की टोकरियाँ बेचीं।
(b) अनवर ने फलों की 7 – 100 = 700 टोकरियाँ बेचीं।
(c) इनके नाम हैं- अनवर, मार्टिन और रंजीत सिंह।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 16 Poverty: An Economic Challenge for India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The bases of the comparison of income level is –
(a) absolute poverty
(b) relative poverty
(c) complete poverty
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) relative poverty

Question 2.
The state having maximum population of poor in India –
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) Meghalaya

Question 3.
For how many days is employment provided under the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 –
(a) 25 days
(b) 50 days
(c) 75 days
(d) 100 days.
Answer:
(d) 100 days.

Fill in the blank:

1. An average income obtained by a person in a financial year is called ………………
2. ……………. Poverty means disparity of income.
3. The concept of ………………. as first given by the Indian economist Shri Dandekar.
4. The poorest district of Madhya Pradesh is ……………..
5. To measure the poverty in India generally two criteria are used first is absolute poverty and second …………….

Answer:

1. per capital income
2. Relative
3. poverty line
4. Jhabua
5. relative poverty.

True or False:

1. Rapid growth of population increases the poverty.
2. Punjab is the poorest state of India.
3. Employment Guarantee Act provides 5 kilograms of cereals and a minimum 20 percentage wages in cash.
4. People are considered as below poverty live in India who
5. are unable to obtain nutrition of 2100 calories per day in urban areas.
6. According to the report of planning commission in 2005 Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh is the poorest district in India.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main economic challenges before India?
Answer:
Poverty, rapidly increasing population, widespread unemployment, rapidly increasing prices, regional imbalance and increasing economic disparities are the main economic challenges before India.

Question 2.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 3.
Mention the name of three states of India having the largest population of poorer.
Answer:
Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim.

Question 4.
Write about the social causes responsible for poverty.
Answer:
The social causes responsible for poverty are ignorance, fatalism, conservation etc.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does growth of population increase poverty? Explain.
Answer:
The population in India is rapidly increasing. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to the existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of j population in India during the decade of 1991 – 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard  of living. It promotes poverty.

Question 2.
What changes have occurred in the condition of poverty during the last years in India? Mention.
Answer:
In India during the past years there has been a continuous decline in the population of people living below poverty line. In the year 1973 – 74 these were 54.9 per cent and in year 1993 – 94 36 per cent. It is estimated that in’the year 2006 – 07 the number of poor will reach 22 – 01 i.e. 19.3 per cent.

Question 3.
Explain the state-wise condition of poverty in India.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write about the main characteristics of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The chief goal of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this program me it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one – third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

Question 5.
What is the basis to measure poverty?
Answer:
There are two criteria which are used to measure poverty. First absolute poverty and second relative poverty.

Absolute Poverty:
Absolute poverty is inability to be offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health). All those people living below poverty line are included under it.

Relative Poverty:
It means disparity of inc e. It implies international income, economic inequalities and regional economic disparities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the reasons responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
The main reasons responsible for poverty in India are:

1. Defective Development Strategy:
In India strategy a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen because the benefits of development are limited to only some people.

As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer. Opportunities for further progress are available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due – to scarcity of wealth. The Government has made job opportunities available but its progress is very slow.

2. Unemployment:
Unemployment in India is widespread. According to an estimate there are about 5 crore unemployed people in India. The number of unemployed persons is increasing continuously, which is an important factor for poverty. In rural areas disguised unemployment also exists along with unemployment and seasonal unemployment. The increasing number of unemployed people decreases the productivity of individuals and the standard of income.

3. Low Per Capital Income:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 Dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-). Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

4. Rapid Growth of Population:
The population in India is increasing rapidly. As regards population India ranks second in the world. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to The existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of population in India during the decade of 1991 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard of living. It promotes poverty.

5. Use of Natural Resources:
Minerals, forest wealth and .human resources etc. in India are in abundance. But till now they have not been used in a proper way. The scanty use of natural resources is also a reason of poverty.

6. Inflation and Price Rise:
A huge amount of wealth is spent on the accomplishment of the development tasks. It generates inflationary pressure on the economy and the prices start increasing. As a result the problem of poverty becomes more severe.

7. Low Standard of Technical Knowledge:
There s scarcity of the facilities for the technical education and research etc. in India. About 36 per cent of the population of India is illiterate. The productivity declines as there is lack of technical education and facilities of training.

8. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity is low, therefore, proper returns from tire resources are not obtained and the people remain poor. Low productivity in the agriculture sector is the chief reason for rural poverty.

9. Uncertainty in Agriculture:
The Indian economy is based on agriculture, which depends on monsoon for irrigation. Monsoon is always uncertain due to which there have been fluctuations in the agricultural production. These natural calamities affect agricultural production adversely, which results in poverty.

10. Lack of Means of Transport and Communication:
In India 1 the rapid growth of agriculture, industries, and the tertiary sector is not possible means of transport and communications are not fully developed.

11. Social Reason:
People of India spend a big amount of their income on various programmers because of socioculture customs. On one hand it decreases the saving and on the other hand it increases indebtedness. Apart from this, ignorance, fatalism, conservation are also the causes of poverty in India.

Here the question under consideration is that though India is endowed with enough natural wealth even then it is a poor country, and Indians are leading their lives in poverty and s unemployment. There are means of prosperity in India but due to inadequate use of these means of prosperity, Indians are living in poverty.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the main programmers for the eradication of poverty in India?
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning regarding the eradication of the problem of poverty. In this direction the government endeavored to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty- alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. Following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swarnjayanti Gram:
Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) Was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self-help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmer also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Swarnjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched on 11^th December, 1997 for the eradication of poverty in urban areas. The scheme aims at providing financial aid to the poor in the urban areas for self-employment and for building assets for the creation of salaried employment.

3. Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna:
The scheme started on 2nd October, 1993. It aims to create self – employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth of 18 to 35 years age – group in rural areas and small towns.

4. Grameen Rojgar Srajun Karyakram:
This scheme was launched in April 1995 with the aim to establish projects and create self – employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

5. Annapoorna Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were illegible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not receiving it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food-grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 National Social Help Program was merged with it.

6. Janshri Yojna:
This scheme was launched in August 2000, to provide social security to the poor section of the society, under this scheme Rs. 20,000 in case of natural death, Rs. 50,000 in case of dearth or permanent disability in an accident and Rs. 25,000 in case of partial disability is provided to the concerned person.

7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the air the increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 – kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of the society.

8. Gram Sainradhi Yojna:
A declaration to launch this scheme was made in March 1999. The present existing Jawahar Rojgar Yojna will be changed in a way all the funds can be spent by the Gram Panchayats, so that the can use it in rural development programmers. Thus they will have power to prepare and implement annual plans related to this work.

9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December, 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 Kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

10. Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant with 15 days. If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one-third of minimum wages.

Question 3.
India is rich nation but its citizens are poor / Explain.
Answer:
Often it is said about India that India is a rich nation but its residents are poor. It is an ironical statement. India is a wealthy nation but the second part of the statement infers that Indians are poor. Lets understand the irony of this situation. India is a rich nation From ancient times India has been considered a geographically and culturally rich nation.

Here natural resources are in abundance for development. India’s geographical area is very vast, natural resources are good, climate is favorable, forest wealth is in adequate quantity, essential resources of energy are also available in adequate quantity and human power is also enough.

The chief reasons for calling India rich country are as below:

1. Geographical Position:
The geographical location of India is suitable from the point of view of development. In the north the Himalayas act as an alert watchman.

The peninsular location of the country and the presence of Indian Ocean links India with different international trade routes. India’s location for airways is also very suitable. Thus the geographical location of India is very appropriate for economic development and foreign trade.

2. Monsoon Climate:
The climatic conditions of India are monsoon – oriented, as a result of it different types of agricultural products are grown in the country. The different industries of our country obtain enough raw material from it. Owing to different type of climatic conditions we can grow different types of food and cash crops.

3. Abundance of Water Power:
We get water throughout the year from the perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas. These rivers play an important role in agricultural country like India. Today we use this water power for irrigation and to produce thousands of Kilowatt of electricity but we have not been able to make use of this resource to the fullest.

4. Forest Wealth:
Out of total area of India, the percentage of forest area is 19.39 We obtain fuel, oil, gums, timber wood, kattha, lac, leatherk, dying material etc. If the forest wealth of India is used efficiently then it may prove to be very useful in the development of country.

5. Availability of Means of Energy and Minerals in Abundance:
India is a rich country regarding minerals and means of power. Out of the total stock of iron in the world one-fourth stock is available in India. India also leads in production of manganese and mica. We have plenty of stock of coal, bauxite, gypsum, Thorium, Uranium materials which are used in production of atomic power.

6. Human Resources:
About 110 crore population of India is able, to – face any type of challenge. If this resource is used in a planned way then the development of the country can be enhanced. In spite of India being rich in the available resources Indians are poor.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Other Important Questions

Choose the Correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Which is the poorest district in India?
(a) Dang
(b) Banswada
(c) Jhabua
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(a) Dang

Question 2.
The numbers of people living below the poverty line in India is maximum in –
(a) Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim
(b) Bihar, Orissa and Assam
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim
(d) Bihar, Sikkim and Jhabua.
Answer:
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim

Question 3.
Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was started on –
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1994
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1995
(d) 2^nd Oct. 1992.
Answer:
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993

Question 4.
Janshri Yojna was launched to provide –
(a) Job opportunities
(b) food security
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society

Question 5.
The extent of poverty in various states of India is –
(a) uniform
(b) not uniform
(c) similar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) not uniform

Fill in the blank:

1. Among economic challenges the most serious is the problem of ……………
2. …………….. persons per year are added to Indian population.
3. Prime minister Rojgar Youjna was started from …………………..
4. The condition in which value of currency decreases and prices increase is called ……………..
5. …………… scheme was started from 1 April, 1999.

Answer:

1. poverty
2. 1.81 crore
3. 2 October, 1993
4. Inflation,
5. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna.

True or False:

1. Under Antyodaya Anna Yojna 5 kg grain is provided.
2. About 36% population of India is illiterate.
3. Economy in India is agriculture based.
4. Geographical condition of India is not appropriate from point of view of growth.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of economy does India have?
Answer:
India has a developing economy.

Question 2.
What is the position of Indian economy in the world?
Answer:
Indian economy is placed among the most powerful economy of the world.

Question 3.
Which is the most severe economic challenge?
Answer:
The most severe economic challenge is the problem of poverty,

Question 4.
What is the reason of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty.

Question 5.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 6.
What do you mean by absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is inability to offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health).

Question 7.
Which organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India?
Answer:
The National Sample Survey Organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India.

Question 8.
When was Annapurna Yojna launched?
Answer:
Annapurna Yojna was launched on 1^st April, 2000.

Question 9.
What is the other name for District Village Development Agency?
Answer:
Jila Gramya Vikas Adhikaran.

Question 10.
What is the main objective of the scheme Antyodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
The mam objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line.

Question 11.
Why is poverty expanding in India?
Answer:
Poverty is expanding in India because of low per capital income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when majority of people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to majority of people of a society then it is called as situation of poverty.

Question 2.
How is low per capital income responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-) Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

Question 3.
How is defective development strategy responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India we see a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen. The reason behind it is that the benefits of development are limited to only some people. As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer.

Opportunities for further progress and available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due to scarcity of wealth. Tire Government has made job opportunities available bin its progress is very slow.

Question 4.
Write about Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna?
Answer:
Swsarnjayanti Gram nvarojgar Yojna was started on 1st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer s. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

Question 5.
What is Antodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Poverty? How can poverty be identified?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when a majority of the people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to the majority of people of a society then it is called a situation of poverty.

It is very easy.to identify poverty but it is difficult to define it. When we see shattered dwellings and families living in slums all around us, beggars begging at railway stations and cross roads, laborers working in agricultural farms, then we can call such deprived people as poverty stricken. The people living ‘below, the poverty line are defined as poor.

Question 2.
Which are main programmers for eradication of poverty in India? Explain any four.
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning about the eradication of poverty. In this direction the government is endeavoring to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty – alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. The following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swamjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) – 1^st April, 1999
2.  Swamjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna – 11^th‘ December, 1997
3. Prime Minister Rojgar-Yojna – 2^nd October, 1993
4. Grameen Rojgar Srajan Karyakram – April 1995
5. Annapoorna Yojna – 1^st April, 2000
6. janshri Yojna – August 2000
7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna
8. Gram Samradhi Yojna – March 1999
9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna – 25^th December, 2001.
10. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005) – 2^nd February, 2006

1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY):
It was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within a period of three years by organizing them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims at generating additional income for the rural poor. This is being conducted through the District, village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Annapooma Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were eligible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not getting it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 the National Social Help Program was merged with it.

3. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the aim of increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of society.

4. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 आँकड़ों का प्रबंधन Intext Questions

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 202

इन्हें कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
अपने सहपाठियों के परिवारों के सदस्यों से सम्बन्धित सूचनाएँ एकत्रित कीजिए और उन्हें एक सारणी के रूप में निरूपित कीजिए कि
(a) कौन-सी संख्या न्यूनतम बार आती है ?
(b) कौन-सी संख्या अधिकतम बार आती है ?
(c) कौन-सी संख्याएँ बराबर बार आती हैं ?
हल :
माना कि 20 सहपाटियों के परिवारों के सदस्यों की संख्या निम्न प्रकार है :
6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 7, 5.4, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6 सारणी

(a) न्यूनतम बार आने वाली संख्या 7 है।
(b) अधिकतम बार आने वाली संख्या 5 है।
(c) कोई भी संख्या बराबर बार नहीं आयी है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 203

प्रश्न 1.
(i) किस पंक्ति में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है?
(ii) किस पंक्ति में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे कम है ?
(iii) क्या ऐसी पंक्ति है जिसमें एक भी पुस्तक नहीं है ?
उत्तर-
(i) पंक्ति 4 में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है।
(ii) पंक्ति 3 में पुस्तकों की संख्या सबसे कम है।
(iii) ऐसी कोई भी पंक्ति नहीं है जिसमें एक भी किताब न हो।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions