Bhagya

MP Board Class 12th General Hindi व्याकरण वाक्य अशुद्धि संशोधन

भावों की अभिव्यक्ति प्रायः दो प्रकार से होती है, एक-वाणी के द्वारा हम अपने विचारों को बोलकर प्रकट करते हैं तथा दूसरे-लेखनी द्वारा हम अपनी भावनाओं को लिपिबद्ध करते हैं। भावों को लिपिबद्ध करने के लिए आवश्यक है कि भाषा पर हमारा पूर्ण अधिकार हो अन्यथा अस्पष्ट, अशुद्ध भाषा के माध्यम से भावों का अर्थ स्पष्ट नहीं हो पाता।

भाषा को परिमार्जित, सशक्त और आकर्षक बनाने के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि हम प्रत्येक शब्द की आत्मा को समझें और उस पर अधिकार कर अपनी अभिव्यक्ति का सशक्त माध्यम बना लें। मनुष्य मन के भावों को व्यक्त करने के लिए वाक्यों में शब्दों का उपयुक्त और क्रमबद्ध प्रयोग अत्यधिक आवश्यक है। उचित और अनुरूप शब्दों का चयन तथा उनका व्यवस्थित नियोजन सही और सुन्दर वाक्य रचना के मुख्य उपकरण हैं।

संक्षेप में शुद्ध लेखन से आशय ऐसे लेखन से है जिसमें सार्थक और उपयुक्त शब्दावली का उपयोग हो। अलंकार, मुहावरों-लोकोक्तियों का विषय के अनुरूप उचित . प्रयोग हो। भाषा अस्वाभाविकता से दूषित न हो। वर्तनी व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुकूल हो और अभिव्यक्ति अपने आप में पूर्ण हो।

वाक्य अशुद्धि

1. क्रम दोष-वाक्य में प्रत्येक शब्द व्याकरण के नियम के अनुसार सही क्रम में होना चाहिए। कर्ता, क्रिया और कर्म को उपयुक्त स्थान पर रखना अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। मिश्र वाक्य में प्रधान वाक्य तथा उसके अन्य उपवाक्यों को ठीक क्रम में न रखने पर वाक्य अशुद्ध हो जाता है,
जैसे-

2. पुनरुक्ति दोष-एक ही वाक्य में एक शब्द का एक से अधिक बार प्रयोग अथवा पर्यायवाची शब्द का प्रयोग भी दोषपूर्ण हो जाता है। यह आडम्बर की रुचि दर्शाता है,
जैसे-

3. संज्ञा संबंधी दोष-अपने कथन को प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए हम संज्ञा को प्रयुक्त करते समय उसके सही अर्थ से अनभिज्ञ होकर उसका अशुद्ध प्रयोग करते जाते हैं। ऐसे प्रयोग के द्वारा हमारे कथन का सही अर्थ भी स्पष्ट नहीं होता तथा भाषा दोषपूर्ण हो जाती है, जैसे-

4. लिंग सम्बन्धी दोष-लिंग के प्रयोग में भी सामान्य रूप से अशुद्धि देखने को मिलती हैं, जैसे-

5. वचन सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-वचन के प्रयोग में असावधानी बरतने के कारण भी वाक्य में अशुद्धि आ जाती है; जैसे-

6. सर्वनाम सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-वाक्य रचना में सर्वनाम सम्बन्धी अनेक अशुद्धियाँ देखने को मिलती हैं। सर्वनाम का यथास्थान प्रयोग न करना, सर्वनाम का अधिक प्रयोग करना या गलत सर्वनामों का प्रयोग करना प्रायः देखा गया है; जैसे-

7. विशेषण सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-वाक्यों में विशेषण सम्बन्धी अनेक अशुद्धियाँ देखने में आती हैं। विशेषणों के अनावश्यक अनुपयुक्त तथा अनियमित प्रयोग से वाक्य भद्दा व प्रभावहीन हो जाता है; जैसे-

8. क्रिया सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-क्रियाओं सम्बन्धी अनेक अशुद्धियाँ देखने को मिलती हैं। जैसे क्रियापदों का अनावश्यक प्रयोग, आवश्यकता के समय प्रयोग न करना, अनुपयुक्त क्रियापद का प्रयोग, सहायक क्रिया में अशुद्धि तथा क्रियाओं में असंगति के कारण ये अशुद्धियाँ होती हैं।

9. क्रिया-विशेषण सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-क्रिया-विशेषण सम्बन्धी अनेक अशुद्धियाँ। उनके अशुद्ध, अनुपयुक्त और अनियमित प्रयोग से दिखाई देती हैं, जैसे

10. कारकीय परसों की अशुद्धियाँ-शुद्ध रचना के लिए कारकीय परसर्गों का समुचित प्रयोग करना आवश्यक है। सामान्य रूप से ‘ने’, ‘को’, ‘से’, ‘के ‘द्वारा’, ‘में’, ‘पर’, ‘का’, ‘की’, ‘के लिए’ आदि परसर्गों का गलत प्रयोग करने से वाक्य में अशुद्धि आती है। जैसे-

11. मुहावरे सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ-मुहावरे हमारी भाषा को सुन्दर, समृद्ध व प्रभावशाली बनाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग करते समय यह विशेष ध्यान रखना होता है कि इनका रूप विकृत और हास्यास्पद न हो। जैसे-

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 5 Using A Dictionary

See Workbook Page 193-194

Exercises

Consult a dictionary and answer the following:
Question 1.
Are the following pairs of words pronounced alike?
yes, put a (✓) mark against that pair and of no, put (✗) mark against that pair :

• principal — principle (✓)
• where — were (✗)
• oral — auraI (✗)
• sailing — selling (✗)
• horse — hoarse (✗)
• Stationary — stationery (✓)
• except — accept (✗)
• advise — advice (✗)
• Caste — cast (✓)
• rite — riot (✗)

Question 2.
IdentIfy the part of speech of ‘round’ in the following sentences:

• The final of voting is going on. Noun
• Her eyes with terror. Verb
• The earth moves the sun. Adverb
• The students stood waiting for the teacher. Preposition
• He has some beautiful and balls. Adjective

Question 3.
Two different pronunciations of the following words have
been given. Put a (✓) mark against the right pronunciation. Check your answer from the dictionary.

Question 4.
Look up the meaning of each of the following words. List at least two different meanings for each word.

Question 5.
Look up each of the following words. Decide whether both spellings are in use or one is more common than the other.

• color – color
• acknowledgment – acknowledgment
• harbour – harbor
• lambast – lambaste
• fledgeling – fledgling.
• programme – program
• center – center
• almanac – almanack
• moveable – movable
• focused – focussed

Ans.
Do yourself.

Question 6.
Find out plurals of the following nouns. If words have two plurals write both.

• scarf – scarfs
• memorandum – meronda
• formula – formulas/ formula
• motto – mottos
• duck – ducks
• fungus – fungi
• syllabus – syllabii
• dwarf – dwarfs
• medium – media
• lacuna – lacuae/lacunas
• buffalo – buffaloes
• pheasant – pheasants/pheasant

Question 7.
Find out the meanings of the following phrases/idioms.

• a curate’s egg — something that has some good parts and some bad ones.
• to crown it all — the worst of all in a series of unpleasant events.
• be in the doghouse — somebody’s arnnoyance for doing wrong.
• draw a blank — to get no response or result.
• an educated guess – a correct and calculated guess
• fast and furious — full of rapid action and sudden changes.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 12th General Hindi व्याकरण भाव पल्लवन

विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने का माध्यम भाषा है। भाषा और अभिव्यंजना पक्ष पर असाधारण अधिकार रखने वाले व्यक्ति अपने भावों और विचारों को परिष्कृत, सुगठित प्रौढ़ भाषा में संक्षेप में अभिव्यक्त करते हैं। उनके संक्षिप्त कथन में विस्तृत विचारों और गंभीर भावों की अभिव्यक्ति निहित रहती है। उनमें भावों और विचारों की गहराई सूत्र रूप में पिरोई होती है। ये विचार-सूत्र समाज में उक्ति अथवा सूक्ति के रूप में प्रचलित हो जाते हैं। इनमें गागर में सागर भरा होता है। सामान्य जनों को इस प्रकार के गुंथे हुए सूत्रवत एक या एक से अधिक वाक्यों के भाव और विचार स्पष्ट नहीं होते हैं। अब समझने के लिए विचार-सूत्रों के वाक्य अथवा वाक्यों का अर्थ-विस्तार या भाव-विस्तार किया जाता है।

किसी सुगठित एवं गुम्फित विचार अथवा भाव के विस्तार को पल्लवन कहते हैं।
किसी एक वाक्य या एक से अधिक वाक्यों का पल्लवन करते समय निम्न बातों को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए-

1. मूल वाक्य या अवतरण को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए।
2. वाक्य या अवतरण में कोई लोकोक्ति, मुहावरे, अलंकार, रस आदि हो सकते हैं, उन पर ध्यान दीजिए।
3. पल्लवन काव्य पंक्ति अथवा गद्य पंक्ति किसी का भी किया जा सकता है। उसके केंद्रीय भाव या विचार को समझने का प्रयास कीजिए।
4. भाव या विस्तार करते समय कथन की पुष्टि हेतु कुछ उदाहरण या तथ्य भी दिए जा सकते हैं।
5. वाक्य छोटे-छोटे हों और भाषा सरल, स्पष्ट और व्यावहारिक हो।
6. लेखक या कवि के मूल भाव का ही विस्तार करना उचित है। उसकी आलोचना नहीं करना चाहिए।
7. पल्लवन हर स्थिति में अन्य पुरुष में कीजिए।
8. अनावश्यक विस्तार से बचें।
9. विरामचिह्नों पर ध्यान दें।
10. पल्लवन हेतु शब्द-चयन सार्थक और प्रभावी है।
11. पुनरावृत्ति से बचना चाहिए।

उदाहरण
कर्ता से बढ़कर कर्म का स्मारक दूसरा नहीं।

पल्लवन-किसी कर्म का सबसे बड़ा स्मारक उस कर्म को करने वाला अर्थात कर्ता होता है। जब हम किसी कर्म की प्रशंसा करते हैं तो हमारी दृष्टि उस कार्य के कर्ता की ओर जाती है। कर्म को कर्ता से पृथक् करके नहीं देखा जा सकता। जब हमें उसी प्रकार के कार्य करने का सुअवसर प्राप्त होता है तो मार्ग-दर्शन के लिए उसके कर्ता की ओर ध्यान चला जाता है। वह कर्ता हमारा आदर्श बन जाता है। कर्मों द्वारा ही समाज में कर्ता की स्थिति सुदृढ़ और आकर्षक बनती है। भारतीय संस्कृति की पताका विदेशों में फैलाने की चर्चा होती है तो स्वतः ही हमारा ध्यान स्वामी विवेकानंद की ओर आकर्षित हो जाता है। अतः कर्म का स्मारक कर्ता के अतिरिक्त कोई दूसरा नहीं हो सकता है।

अन्य उदाहरण

1. महत्त्वाकांक्षा मनुष्य का असाध्य रोग है।
2. प्रेम में घनत्व अधिक है तो श्रद्धा में विस्तार।
3. आचरण सज्जनता की कसौटी है।
4. सद्भावना टूटे हृदय को जोड़ती है।
5. कर्ता से बढ़कर कर्म का स्मारक दूसरा नहीं।
6. मनुष्य जितना देता है, उतना ही पाता है। प्राण देने से प्राण मिलता है और मन देने से मन मिलता है।
7. आशा उस घास की भाँति है जो ग्रीष्म में ताप से जल जाती है।
8. सत्ता की भूख ज्ञान की वर्तिका को बुझा देती है।
9. लोभ सामान्योन्मुख होता है और प्रेम विशेषोन्मुख।
10. नियम जीवन-वाटिका की रक्षा-परिधि है।
11. बंधन सर्वत्र होते हैं किन्तु जो मनुष्य उन्हें शक्ति मानकर चलता है वही सबल होता है।
12. प्रसिद्धि मनुष्य की शांति की सबसे बड़ी शत्रु है जो उसके हृदय की कोमलता का हनन करती है।
13. विदेशी भाषा का विद्यार्थी होना बुरा नहीं, पर अपनी भाषा सर्वोपरि है।
14. उपकार शील का दर्पण है।
15. प्रेम में घनत्व अधिक है तो श्रद्धा में विस्तार।
16. दुःख की पिछली रजनी बीच, विकसता सुख का नवल प्रभात।
17. दुःख की छाया एक तरह की तपस्या ही है, उससे आत्मा शुद्ध होती है।
18. मंदिर एक उपासना स्थल है, जहाँ मनुष्य अपने आपको ढूँढ़ता है।
19. विश्वासपात्र मित्र जीवन की औषधि है।
20. मन के हारे हार है, मन के जीते जीत।

21. जिन खोजा तिन पाइयाँ गहरे पानी पैठ।
22. होनहार बिरवान के होत चीकने पात।
23. हिंसा बुरी चीज है, पर दासता उससे भी बुरी है।
24. तेते पाँव पसारिए जेती लांबी सौर।
25. लीक-लीक गाड़ी चले, लीकहिं चले कपूत।
लीक छाँड़ि तीनों चलें, शायर, सिंह, सपूत॥
26. जहाँ न पहुँचे रवि वहाँ पहुँचे कवि।
27. कायर भाग्य की और वीर पुरुषार्थ की बात करते हैं।
28. भाग्यवाद आवरण पाप का और शस्त्र शोषण का।
29. लघुता से प्रभुता मिले प्रभुता से प्रभु दूर।
30. जीवन का नियम स्पर्धा नहीं, सहयोग है।
31. आँखों में हो स्वर्ग लेकिन पाँव पृथ्वी पर टिके हों।
32. महत्त्वाकांक्षा का मोती निष्ठुरता की सीपी में पलता है।
33. भविष्य वर्तमान के द्वारा खरीदा जाता है।
34. जाकी रही भावना जैसी, प्रभु मूरत देखी तिन तैसी।
35. करत-करत अभ्यास के जड़मति होत सुजान।
36. निंदक नियरे राखिए, आँगन कुटी छवाय।
37. हम नदी के द्वीप हैं, धारा नहीं हैं।
हम बहते नहीं, क्योंकि बहना रेत होना है।
38. आनंद के झरने का उद्गम अपने भीतर है, बाहर नहीं।
39. आलस्य जीवित व्यक्ति का कफन है।
40. वाणी का भूषण ही भूषण है।
41. चंदन विष व्यापत नहीं लिपटे रहत भुजंग।
42. खोजी मनुष्य के लिए समुद्र सूख जाता है, पहाड़ झुक जाता है।
43. धर्म और जाति का भेद संकीर्ण विचारों के स्वार्थ की उपज है।
44. धर्म का भूषण वैराग्य है, वैभव नहीं।
45. राष्ट्रभाषा के अभाव से पराधीनता की याद ताजा बनी रहती है।
46. भाषा विचार की पोशाक है।
47. यह सत्य ही है, देवता उसी की सहायता करते हैं, जो परिश्रम करता है।

48. युद्ध असभ्य लोगों का व्यापार है।
49. जीवन अमरता का शैशवकाल है।

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 4 Report Writing

See Workbook Page- 152-153

Exercise

Write formal reports (100 to 150 words) on the themes given below:

1. You are the School Captain. You have been asked by the Principal to write a report on additional facilities required by the students.
Answer:

From: David John
To: The Principal
3 Sep. 2008

Additional facilities required by the students
As I have been asked to submit a report on the additional facilities required by the students. I surveyed and came to the following conclusions.

1. A better Sanitary condition is the first requirement.
2. A big hall for some indoor games is required.
3. Some audio visual aids are required for better education.
4. Transport facility needs to be impured.
5. Security on transport is needed.
6. Excussion tours need to be organised at least two times a year.
   The above points are the prime additional need at this hour.

David John
School captain

Question 2.
You are the Head of the Disaster Management Committee of M.P. Which was affected by flood. The Home Minister has sought a report from you on the extent of damage and loss of life, relief and rescue operations, grant and compensations given to the affected people and financial support needed Tor their rehabilitation from the government. Write a report including all the necessary details.
Answer:
From: Sushma Singh
To: The Home Minister Govt, of India
25 Aug. 2008

Damages caused by flood and relief measures
As I have been asked to submit a detailed report on the damages and loss of life, relief and resume operations grant and compensation given to affected people and financial support needed for their rehabilitation from the govt. I have prepared the following report.
Heavy damages have been caused. A great loss need to be compensated. Relief and other grants are very insufficient villages and local NGO’S are trying their best for rescued operation. People need govt, aid immediately.

Sushma Singh
Head, Disaster Management Committee

Report Writing: Newspaper Reports

See Workbook Page- 155-156

Exercises

Write reports (100 to 150 words) on the themes given below :

Question 1.
Yesterday a fire broke out in the busy Bada Bazaar Area. More than 1,000 shops were gutted. There has been a heavy loss of life and property. As a correspondent of a Local Daily, write a report.
Answer:

Fire Broke Out: Heavy Loss To Life

By Local Correspondent

New Delhi Aug 25. A fire broke up in the wee hours in the busy Bada Bazaar Area. More than 1000 shops were gutted. As it was the busy hours there was a panicky situation. People began running nervously to save themselves. Many fell down and were crushed down. Nearly 50 People were badly injured while 5 died in hospital. Fire brigade reached the spot but it was too late. However, the fire was controlled after the rigorous attempt of three hours. Most of the shops were completely ruined. Property estimated around  5 crore have been burnt and damaged. The businessmen are very upset. It will take a long time to compensate for the loss.

Question 2.
The misuse of water is a concern that affects everyone. Write a report for a Daily Newspaper urging people to stop the misuse and help in conserving water.
Answer:

Conserve Water : Save Life

By Local Correspondent

It has been a shocking fact that the people of this locality are not conscious enough to conserve water. Water is the prime need of our life. As it is a natural resource its availability is limited. People misuse it is washing their vehicles roads. They don’t care to turn off then taps when they are not in use. It is affecting us badly. Govt, supply can’t help us. We’ll have to take use steps. There is a need to be conscitous of our need and nature’s capacity to compensate it. We should find other ways to conserve water. Rain water harvesting, plantation are some of the useful ways to conserve water.

Question 3.
Recently your school organized a ‘book-week’. During this week many competitions were held such as-book reviews, discussions on books, meeting with authors etc. Write a report for your school magazine.
Answer:

Celebration Of Book Week

By Rohit Sharma

Last week our school organised a book week. It was a very purposeful occasion. Collection of rare books was put on dis- /play.’Some comptetions were also organised. Students were very much exited during the discussions if on books and meeting with famous authors who come to grace the occasion.
The Minister for Human Resources was the chief guest while the chairman UGC presided over the function on the closing day. It was grand occasion for the school.

4.2 Diary Entry

See Workbook Page-158

Exercise

Write diary entries on the themes given below :

Question 1.
You discover that Anita, whom you consider a good friend, has been indulging in backbiting against you. Record your feelings in your diary.
Answer:
August 15
Friday
Today I was shocked to know the fact that Anita, my best friend has turned to be my critic. She indulges in backbiting against me. I don’t know why she is doing so. I have always honoured her feelings. I am very close to her. I have always supported her in every situation still she is doing so. I really didn’t believe it when I came to know it. But I later got it confirmed. It has really hurt me and made me very upset. Once I think to ask her what the reason is. It is unbearable for me.

Question 2.
You have just joined a new school in a big city where your father has been transferred. It was difficult for you to leave your friends and shift to a strange place. Make a diary entry after your first day in the new school.
Answer:
August 25
Monday
It was my first day in the Greenfield Public School Bhopal. Recently my father has been transferred here and so I was to join this school. I was very much sad I couldn’t forget my friends at Jabalpur. I had spent four years with them. It is a long time. Some of the boys and teachers there were so special to me that I miss them. It will take time to adjust without them. They all were very helpful and unique for me. I have written letters to them today.

4.3 E-Mail Writing

See Workbook Page-160-161

Exercises

Compose e-mail messages on the following themes :

Question 1.
You are Deepa. Compose an e-mail to your friend Jaya whose address is jayal418@yahoo.com, asking her to mail you the pictures she had collected for the science project.
Answer:
To: jayal418@yahoo.com cc :
Subject: Pictures of Science Project.
Hi Jaya
Please send the pictures you have collected for the science project through mail without delay as I need it urgently.
Deepa

Question 2.
You are Managing Director of Agro-Products Ltd. Write an e-mail message wishing Happy Diwali on behalf of your firm, intended to be sent to three of your vice-presidents. (Hint : Write one e-mail address in the ‘To’ box and the other two in the ‘Cc’ box separated by a semicolon.)
Answer:
To: Agro@yahoo.com
Cc: Vice Presidents
Sub: Diwali greetings
This is to great you all the very very happy and prosperous Diwali.
Managing Director

4.4 Writing Advertisements

See Workbook Page-162

Exercise

Write short advertisements on the topics given below :

Question 1.
You are Anand Singh. You wish to sell your car, Tata Indica 2004 model in good condition. Write a classified advertisement.
Answer:

SALE -SALE -SALE A car TATA INDICA 2004 Model in a good condition is on sale. Interested persons may contact soon. Anand Singh Contact No. 9350655123

Question 2.
You are the proprietor of Payal Book Depot. Your firm is celebrating its Silver jubilee. You have decided to put up a week long exhibition-cum-sale at Community Hall Raipur. Compose an attractive display advertisement highlighting the variety of books and the special discounts offered.
Answer:

A Grand Occasion Don’t miss An exhibition-cum-sale has been organised at community Hall Raipur. It is first of its kind. A variety of books are available at an attractive discount. You can get even rare books. This is nine days wonder only. Come-Enjoy-Avail-Be Benefitted. for detail contact Proprietor Payal Book Depot Tel. No. 25659518

Question 3.
You are Shalini Khanna. You are going to launch a new toothpaste. Write a display advertisement.
Answer:

Shine—A Herbal Toothpaste. Product—A revolution in the field of Protects your gum. An all-round Protection. Affordable Price—Available in 50g, 100g and 175g. for Business enquiry contact Shalini Khanna 9439295436

Question 4.
DAV School, Narsinghpur needs teachers for Maths, English and Economics. Only experienced and qualified teachers are asked to apply within 15 days. Write a classified advertisement for the posts.
Answer:

Staff Required DAV School Narsinghpur requires qualified and experienced teaching staff for Math, English and Economics. Salary no bar for suitable candidates. Residential facility is available. Apply/Contact personally with in 15 days to : The Principal Time: 8 AM-2 PM Tel. No. : 2395632

 4.5 Paragraph Writing

See Workbook Page-165-166

Exercises

Question 1.
Write a paragraph on the ‘Evils of Gender Discrimination’ in about 100 words. You may use the following suggestions as well as your own ideas :

• male-dominated society-privileges to boys-biased behaviour-evil effects
• curse to society-put an end-measures etc.

Evils Of Gender Discrimination
Answer:
Gender discrimination is an age-old orthodox view of our social system. It has created a very awkward situation in our society. It is very unjust to treat women with so much disgust. They are the pillars of success for a society. They can build a society. If we ignore their contribution we ignore the development of society. This distributing attitude must be abolished otherwise we shall leg behind in the race of globalisation.

Question 2.
Write a paragraph on ‘My Favourite Festival’ in about 100 words. You may use the following suggestions as well as your own ideas :
– Diwali-firecrackers-happy children-sweets-decorate the houses-cleaning the houses-exchange presents-Laxmi Puja- festival of joy-victory of good over evil etc.
Answer:
Diwali is my favourite festival. It is celebrated after the great festival of Durga Puja. It is a festival of light. The goddess Laxmi is worshipped. Children burst firecrackers and eat sweets. Houses are cleaned and decorated. We exchange presents. It is a festival of the victory of good over evil. It is a festival of joy and happiness. It brings wealth and prosperity to all.

Question 3.
Write a paragraph in about 100 words describing ‘A Train Accident’. Mention the following points :
– date-time-venue-impact of the accident-relief measures- probable causes reactions of passengers and Railway Staff etc
Answer:
Last week on 10th of August, 2008 at about 6 AM a train collided with one coming from the opposite direction just a few yards away from the Indore station. The accident was so serious that 5 boggiss of the train deraited. About 100 passengers were seriously injured, 5 died on the spot. The local people come to their rescue and took the injured to hospital. As it was assumed that the accident was the fault of the railway staff on duty. The railway staff became the victim of people’s outrage. However, the situation was controlled with the help of RPF.

Question 4.
Write paragraphs in about 100 words on each of the following topics :
(i). Where there is a will, there is away.
Answer:
‘Where there is a will, there is a way’ is a very old and perfect proverb. It is said in the context that if one has a with one can do anything. Will paves the way for any destination. It leads to success. It gives one determination and confidence. Confidence can win over every impossible target. Hence will is the way that brings success to us. If one has no will one make effort and shall always be idle. He can never get success.

(ii). Wars are no solutions to peace
Answer:
Wars are the worst form of man-made disaster. It always brings- ruin and destruction to life and property. It leads to nowhere but to great devastation. If one thinks to achieve peace through war it is just an illusion. Peace can never be achieved through it because one war gives birth to another. It is an endless process. War leads to war not to peace. Peace is achieved only through peaceful ways.

iii. Importance of sports in education
iv. Save the trees
v. Influence of media on students
vi. Beggary-a nuisance
vii All that glitters is not gold
Answer:
Do yourself in your notebook.

4.6 Letter Writing: Informal Letters

See Workbook Page-170-172

Exercises

Write informal letters on the themes given below :

Question 1.
A friend of yours has been hospitalized because of a fracture while playing football. Write him a letter giving some cheerful news, a promise of an early visit and wishing him a speedy recovery.
Answer:
6/5, Shivaji Enclave Bhopal
My dear Rohit
I was shocked .to know about your accident. I wished to see you come to see myself but I have to appear at an inter exam so I couldn’t came. I wish all my best for your early recovery. You shouldn’t be nervous. One can’t know what the god has for us in this store. I shall come to meet you very soon. I pray to god for your well being.
Yours
Rakesh

Question 2.
Write a letter to your younger sister who has failed in the final examination advising her not to give up hope and to do her best next time.
Answer:
Laxmibai Park
Gwalior
Dear Kusum
I have come to know about your result. You don’t get disheartened. Failures are the pillars of success. It gives a new spirit to start a new; labour hard concentrate yourself upon study, you are sure to get a better result next time. Hope for the best. Chances are bright. It depends upon the man how one takes it or how one avails it. If you have any problem is study inform me. First take up those subjects which are weak.
Hoping for your better future
Yours
Avneet

Question 3.
You have had a quarrel with your best friend and are not on talking terms anymore. Write a letter to your father seeking his advice about how to make up and be friends again.
Answer:
Gandhi Colony
Jabalpur
My dear father
You now Chanden has been my best friend since I joined this school. He has always been so helped and co-operative and loving that I never thought of him other than my own brother. But due to some misunderstanding, we are not on the talking terms and our friendship is broken for some quired him much. I went to pitch it up. but don’t. I misunderstand how. Advise me on how I can do it. I am very upset. The other student ridicule us. please write soon,
yours
Anup

Question 4.
Suppose you have done something against your father’s wishes and desire to be forgiven. Write a letter to your father, asking him to forgive you.
Answer:
Do yourself in your notebook.

Letter Writing : Formal Letters

See Workbook Pase-174-175

Exercises

Question 1.
Write a letter to the Principal of your school requesting him/ her to open a career-counseling centre in the school to help and guide the students in the choice of subjects at + 2 level.
Answer:
To
The Principal
Vivekanand Shiksha Niketan
Jabalpur
25 Aug. 2008.
Sir
With due regards I wish to request you that we need a career councelling centre in our school. As the modern trend in education creates much confusion we feel its need urgently. We can get proper guidence for the choice of subject for our career. I hope you’ll arrange to start it soon.
Thanking you
Your sincerely
Ankur Chandra
Students’ Representative

Question 2.
Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him/her to issue you a certificate in connection with a; Blood Donation Camp, which you attended.
Answer:
To
The Principal
St Lawrence Convent
Jabalpur
20 Aug. 2008
Sub : Certificate for Blood Donation Camp.
Sir
With due regards, I wish to bring to your notice that I arranged a Blood Donation Camp last week. It was a grand success. It brought many lands to our school. I request you to please issue a certificate in this connection which I will be an added benefit in my career.
Yours faithfully
Rakesh Singh
Students Representative

(II) Job Application

See Workbook Page-177-178

Exercises

Write job applications in response to advertisements as described below. Also, write your resume :

Question 1.
You have seen an advertisement for a salesperson in a fast food restaurant.
Answer:
To
The Manager
Navelty Fast Food Restaurant Gwalior
Date : 28 Sep. 2008
Re : Post of Selesperson
Dear Sir
I have come to know through an advertisement that a post said above is lying vacant under your control. I hereby submit my bio-data for the post. I am confident of serving your job satisfactorily.

Bio-Data
Name : Avinash Chandra
Address : 3/149, Ashok Vihar, Bhopal
Contact No. : 235439/9433259616
E-mail : Chandra25@yahoo.com
Date of birth :25 Jan. 1985
Educational Qualification: PG Diploma in Sales Management
Experience: Three years job experience at Hotel Ashoka
Skills: Computer Basics
Language Known: Hindi, English, Marathi, Bengali, Frenchi

Question 2.
You are Pawan. You have done your M.Sc. in Mathematics from Vikram Vishwavidyalaya, Ujjain and have also done your B.Ed. You have seen an advertisement from Maharani Laxmi Bai Senior Secondary School, Rewa in The Hindustan Times asking for Post Graduate teachers.
Answer:
To
The Principal
Maharani Laxmi Bai Senior Secondary School, Rewa
Sub: Post of Postgraduate teachers
Date: August 30, 2008 Dear Sir
In response of your advertisement for the post said above I hereby submit my bio-data. I am confident to prove my ability to the maximum satisfaction of your requirement.

Bio-Data
Name : Sheetal Desai
Address : 14, Cresent Road, Rewa
Contact No. : 9319352526
Date of birth : 25 Dec. 1980
Educational qualification: M.Sc., B.Ed.
Experience : 5 years teaching experience as TGT in DAV Public School.
Skills : Dancing, Singing, Debate
Language known : English, Hindi.
Sheetal
Desal

(iii) Letters Of Complaint

See Workbook Page-181

Exercises

Write letters of complaint on the following themes :

Question 1.
You have ordered some books from Messrs Agni Prakashan. On receipt of the package, you find that the books are not the same as ordered by you.
Answer:
To
The Manager
M/s Agni Prakashan
Indore
Sub : Complaint for wrong order
Dear Sir
This is to bring to your notice that I had placed order for books vide letter No. 25/08 dated 13 Sep. 08. But to my surprise when I received the package I found the books were not the same. I had ordered. Hence I request you to replace their books and supply the exact that I had ordered otherwise refund my advance.
Thanking you.
Yours Sincerely
Prakash Singh

Question 2.
You are Arvind. Every time you stop at the red light crossing you find a number of beggars who swarm around the cars begging for alms. You have also noticed that recently the number of child beggars is increasing. Write a letter to the Editor highlighting the evils of beggary and suggesting some positive measures to check children from begging.
Answer:
To, The Editor
The Times Jabalpur
3 Sep. 2008
Sub: Problems of Beggar in the city
Sir,
This is through your esteemed newspaper that I wish to draw ‘ the attention of the concrened authorities to the grimmest problem of beggar at public places and red light signals. Every day we come across a number of beggars begging at these place. You know they present a very bad picture of our country. The tourists and people from other countries also come to visit our country.
They travel in cities but at red light Signals they see these beggars and get a very poor impression about our country. There beggars also do crimes like snatching, robbery etc. This practice should be controlled. Their rehabititation should be taken with priority. They should be promoted to awk in positive direction. I hope you would highlight this cause of forcefully.
Thanking you.
Yours Sincerely
Arvind Pandey

(iv) Letters Newspapers

See Workbook Page-184

Exercises

Question 1.
Write letters to newspaper editors on the following themes:
You are Varun Rohila. You are quite concerned about the bad condition of roads in your locality. Your letters to the authorities concerned have gone unheeded.
Answer:
To
The Editor
Bhopal Times
Bhopal
Sub: Poor Condition of Roads.
Sir,
Through your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw attention of the authorities to the poor condition of the roads of Bhopal. It causes many accidents. People had to risk their life while driving along these roads. For a number of time, we sent our complaints to the officials but of no use.
Hence raise our need with strong concern in under to save our life.
Yours Sincerely
Varun Rohila
President, Bhopal citizens forum.

Question 2.
You are Shailja Khakre. In your locality, it is common that certain people pilfer electricity from electric poles by putting wires on the main lines. As a result there are frequent break-downs in the supply of electricity.
Answer:
To
The Editor
The Hindustan Times Gwalior
Sub : Tampering with electric poles.
Sir,
I would like the attention of the concerned authorities to the pilfering electricity from electric poles by some people causing frequent breakdowns in the supply. It is very nuisance. Local police don’t bother for its. Please highlight this cause strongly.
Yours sincerely
Shailja Khakre
Secretary
RWA shineji colony
Gwalior

4.7 Essay Writing

See Workbook Page-186-189

Exercises

A. Write essays (about 300 words) on the following topics. You can use the words/phrases given below as hints:
Answer:
1. A scene of an Accident
an unpleasant event-happens unexpectedly-causes injury-late after-noon-going for tuition-crowded street-lots of traffic-a young boyriding a bicycle-suddenly takes a right turn-car in its own lane- screeching tyres-smell of burning rubber-could not stop in time-boy flung up high in the air-people shrieking-gather around-car sped away- no police in the vicinity-another car stops-a kind elderly man-takes the child to hospital-police arrives-license plate number noted by me- children should be instructed on rules of the road-rash driving punished-social awareness.

No one can say what will happen the next moment. Yesterday I was going to my tuition in the afternoon at about 3 p.m. Road was busy. Suddenly a young by on a bicycle look a right turn. A car was coming at fast speed. It hit the boy and speed away. There was no police in the vicinity. People gathered. The boy was ’ unconscions. He was bleeding. In the meantime another car came and stopped.

There was an elderly kind man in it. He took the child to the hospital. As I had seen the car that hit the boy from a close distance. I noted the number of the car. I reported the police that reached after an hour. The boy was very serious. As I saw it was not the fault of the car driver solely. The boy had turned suddenly at a great speed which caused the accident. I feel the boys should be taught properly how to walk or more along the road. There is a need of social awatenss.

2. Journey to Jupiter’s Moon
Year 2057-India’s first manned flight to Europa, one of Jupiter’s larger moons-scientific research-Europa’s surface consisting of ice sheets-warm ocean of water may be below-possibility of life forms-blast off at midnight-refuelling for the long journey at a permanent space station in our Moon’s orbit-pass by Mars-red planet-human colonies already established-asteroid belt-danger of colliding-Jupiter looms over-gas giant- red spot-landing on Europa-calm but extremely cold-sun, a small bright star-under water exploration-samples collected-excited to find some thing unexpected-safe return-congratulation-government and every Indian. Year 2057 will add a new chapter in the history of India when its first manned flight will land at Europa, one of the Jupiter’s large moons.

Scientific research have confirmed the existence of life including ice sheets warm ocean of water. There would be blast off midnight and refuelling would be done for a long – journey at a permanent space station in our Moon’s orbit. It would pass by Mars-red planet, human colonies which would have already established asteriod belt. But there may be a danger of collision. There would Jupiter looming large over gas giant- red spot landing on Europa. It is a calm but extremely cold- sun, a small bright star.

There would be exploration under water. Samples would be collected. Man would be excited to find something unexpected. He would return to earth safely and will be greated from all over world. The government would appreciate the team with several rewards. It would be a giant leap for mankind.

B. Write an essay about 300 words each on the following topics:
1. A friend in need is a friend indeed
2. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy
3. Choosing the right career
4. Computerization-its advantages and disadvantages
5. It I were a millionare
6. India of my dreams
7. Population explosion
8. Self help is the best help
9. The book I like most
10. Think before you shop
Answer
Do these topics in your notebook.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Special English Writing Short Composition

1. Srishti has been asked to write an information brochure for her classmates who plan an excursion to Fatehgarh in summer. She has made the following notes. Use these notes together with your own ideas and write the brochure in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.

What to see : Places, waterfalls, temples, gardens Palaces : Maharani’s Palace includes Wax Palace—540 AD —Whispering galleries, Sculptures—ancient ru1ers—limb missing in a few. Waterfalls : Varsha—500 feet, stream on the outskirts Gardens : Rose gardens—Orchards—Vineyards

Answer:
This summer, as usual, we have planned an excursion for the class a visit to FATEHGARH which is not only beautiful but also has a historical significance.

Fatehgarh lies in the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is art eight-hour journey by bus. On reaching Fatehgarh we will be lounged in a Government Guest House. From there we shall proceed to visit the most famous place in Fatehgarh, the Maharani’s Palace, which includes the Wax Palace. It was built in 540 A.D. and it is known for its whispering galleries and the beautiful sculptures of ancient rulers. These sculptures are ancient so it is not surprising that the limbs of a few rulers in some of these sculptures may be found missing. This palace is indeed one of the few examples of ancient Indian art and gives us a peep into the glorious, rich cultural art of ancient Indian history.

To cool you in the summers we shall visit the Varsha waterfalls which fall from a height of 500 ft. It is a splendor to watch the water as it lashes down on to the ground and presents the most delightful sight. We also plan a visit to a stream which lies on the outskirts of Fatehgarh. Besides this our excursion will include a visit to the beautiful rose gardens, fruit orchards and vineyards to view the flowers and the fruits in their full bloom. It promises to be an excursion which should not be missed and I can assure you that our visit to Fatehgarh will be most exciting and informative.

2. Sumit lives in a village. The entire village is worried about the degradation of Nila Lake in the village. He writes an article for publication in the local newspaper highlighting various factors responsible for the degradation of the lake. Use the information given below and write the article in not more than 100-125 words.

Construction of roads and bridges	Deforestation of catchment area	Illegal occupation	Pollution
1. Flooding	1. decrease in water level	1. Blockage of canals	1. Loss of water organisms
2. Disturbing the natural drainage	2. increase in the growth of weeds	2. flooding	2. fewer visiting birds
	3. reduction of fish	3. shortage of drinking water

Answer:
I am being compelled to write this article to voice the concern of our entire village, Rampur, regarding the degradation of Nila Lake. This lake has been a part and parcel of our lives for numerous years and so it is very natural that out entire village, as a whole, is concerned about its degradation.

To provide an easy access to our village the construction of numerous roads and bridges has been taken up in recent years. Unfortunately this has led to flooding almost every year during the rainy season and has also disturbed the natural drainage system. Due to deforestation of a large portion of the catchment area around the lake the water level of the lake has decreased and there has been an increase in the growth of weeds. There is also a considerable amount of reduction of fish in the lake. Illegal occupation of land around the lake has led to blockage of canals and shortage of drinking water. The lake water has become, very polluted and there is a loss of water organisms. The number of migratory birds visiting the area has decreased. So, it is indeed pathetic to see this slow but sure degeneration of Nila Lake which has been a major source of sustenance of our entire village.

We sincerely hope that after going through this article in your esteemed newspaper concerned environmentalists will surely come forward to save Nila Lake from total degradation and effective measures will be taken up to improvise upon the present situation.

3. David of class IX A is not coming to school because he is suffering from fever. He wants you to write an application to the Principal to excuse his absence from school for a week, Write this letfer on his behalf taking help from the following notes. Your letter should not exceed 100-125 words.

Notes Suffering – unable to even write – taking medicine/will take about a week – grant leave – will make up – friends’ help – home work – class work – thanks.

Answer:
The Principal
Sr. Sec. School
XYZ Block
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xx

Sir,
I am a student of your school. My name is David and I am studying in class IX-A. I am writing this letter to you to inform you that I have been unable to attend school from 17 Dec. 20xx as I have been suffering from typhoid fever. I have been taking strong medicines to relieve myself of the misery but it will still take me about one more week to get well. At present I am unable to even write, so my friend is writing this application on my behalf.

Please grant me one week’s leave. I will make up for the classes I will be missing with the help – of friends and keep my class-work and home-work up-to-date am sure you will understand my plight and grant me leave.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely
David,
IX-A

4. Nitin of 8, Napier Town, abalpur is not happy with the , sanitary conditions of his locality. He decides to write a letter to the Local Sanitary Inspector of the town to look into the sorry state of affairs. Using the following notes, write out a letter in about 100-125 words.

Notes No sweepers, heaps of garbage, drainages blocked, people careless, no use of dustbins, suggested supply of big polythene litter bags, regular visits of the authorities, meetings of the residents, water logging, breeding of mosquitoes.

Answer:
The Sanitary Inspector
Jabalpur Municipal Corporation
a Jabalpur
27 Nov. 20xx

Sir,
It is indeed appalling and unfortunate that the local civic bodies have remained indifferent towards the cleaning of our town. Our town presently is in a sorry state of affairs.

There are no sweepers to clear the heaps of garbage that lie unattended and start emitting foul smell. The garbage also attracts street dogs and pigs who scatter this garbage on the road. The drains of our-locality are perpetually blocked and this creates totally insanitary and unhygienic conditions. Installation of dust- bins in the locality has not really helped to improve the situation because even if people make use of these dust-bins to dispose of garbage, these dust-bins are rarely emptied. It is advisable to supply big polythene litter bags, instead of dust-bins, which make disposition of garbage easier. The water logging in the locality has proved an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes. The need of the hour is to have regular visits of officials from your department to inspect the locality and to have meetings with the residents of the locality in order to make our locality a better and hygienic place to live in.

I hope you will personally supervise this situation and we hove to hear from you soon.

Yours sincerely
Nitin

8; Napier Town
Jabalpur

5. You are required to write an article for your school magazine on ‘Importance of music in life/ Write it with the help of these notes in about 100-125 words.

Notes Fine Art – Vocal – Instrumental – All age groups – Natural gift – food for soul – Great musician – Western, – Oriental – Classical – Pop – Light – Concerts – Competitions – Suggestions – School to provide facilities.

Answer:
Music, be it vocal or instrumental, has indeed assumed a place of importance in our complicated and hectic lives. If acts as a stimulant that activates our body and mind. Music is also regarded as a fine art which attracts people of all age-groups to pursue it not only as a hobby but also as a profession. A person endowed with musical capabilities regards this attribute as a natural gift ivhich provides food for his soul. Some of the great musicians are held in very high esteem irrespective of the kind of music they propagate, whether Western, Oriental, Classical, Pop or Light. These musicians organise their concerts which attract people from all walks of life. These concerts can also be of great benefit to the children, who are interested in pursuing music as a hobby or career in their lives to receive musical training at the school level itself. By receiving training in music from a very young age the basics of music will be instilled in a child and he will be able to relate to music very easily at a later-stage in life. Therefore each school should have the facilities needed to give proper musical training to children. It is true that life these days is full of tension and worries at every age. If there is no stimulating diversion in the form of music for a person, his life will become dismal and monotonous.

6.ohn writes a page of his diary recording his first experience, of a public examination. Below are listed his experiences. Using these notes write out a page of his diary in about 100-125 words.

Notes Nervous feeling – praying to God – lots of noises around – students rushing towards examination hall – finding the correct seats – condition of the examination hall – receiving the question paper – instructions from the examiner – reading of the paper – beginning to write – revising – rewriting – finishing in time.

Answer:
5 March 20xx,
2 P.M.

On entering the examination hall to appear for my first public examination, the Science Olympiad, I had an extremely nervous feeling. The examination hall presented a rather dreary look. The only saving grace, in my opinion, was a beautiful and enchanting portrait of the Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus in her arms, hung inside the examination hall, to invoke a sense of confidence in the students and to remind us that we had the guidance and blessings of the Lord. I prayed to pod fervently uncaring about the noise around me. The other students were rushing towards the examination hall and were busy in finding the correct seats in a hall that looked huge and overwhelmingly frightening. Once everyone had been seated, the examiner gave us some instructions regarding What we were required to do and what we were strictly prohibited from doing.

Then I received the Question Paper and I sat thoughtfully reading and reflecting on it. After I had given a thorough reading to the Question Paper, I began to answer it keeping in mind the fact that I had three hours to complete the paper. I managed to complete the paper fifteen minutes before the .stipulated time and then began revising my paper. I spotted and corrected the few silly mistakes and errors that I had made and rewrote some lines. After being totally satisfied with all that I had written, I finished my paper, took God’s name for yet another time and finally submitted it to the examiner.

John

7. Gopal of 12, Raja Mandi, Agra wants to express his displeasure to the Newspaper Editor regarding the news that the bus stand near the railway station is being shifted to a new location. He feels that this would cause great hardship to the passengers. He made these notes for writing a letter to – the Editor, The Times of India, New Delhi. Using these notes ‘ write a letter in about 100-125 words.

Notes The existing-bus Stand – convenient – travelers by train – travelers by bus – poor people to spend extra – wastage of time, money and energy – an inconvenience to shopkeepers near the bus stand – closeness to the market also for visitors – suggested to add one more at a distance – if urgent.

Answer:
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xxy

Sir,
Through the medium of this letter I wish to express my displeasure at the news that the bus stand, which is near the railway station, is being shifted to a new location.

This- will indeed be a cause of great hardship to the passengers who are commuting daily by bus and train. The present location of the bus stand is very convenient for the people who have to travel by train from their homes to their place of work. These daily commuters find it extremely easy to board a bus from near the railway station where they disembark from the train. If the bus stand is shifted, the common man will be forced to waste his time, energy and money unnecessarily. Many shops have also come up in the vicinity of the bus stand. These shopkeepers will also lose their earnings if the bus stand is shifted because their regular clients are those people who commute daily by bus and the tourists who come to visit Agra in order to see one of the Wonders of the world; The Taj Mahal. Even the commuters have an easy access to the market from where they can purchase the goods for their daily needs easily.

I suggest a solution to this problem. If the urgency is felt, it is advisable to add one more bus stop at a distance instead of shifting the present bus stand to a new location and causing a great deal of inconvenience to all.

Yours sincerely
Gopal

12, Raja Ki Mandi
Agra

8. Special repairs are required in your rented house. You have to write a letter to your landlord asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write your letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Notes Roof leaking – Wall plaster came out – Window panes were broken – Floor has potholes – Switches lose – White washing – Paints on the doors and windows – Can share the cost – to be deducted from the rent – Urgent attention requested

Answer:
A-394, XYZ Colony ABC Block
June, 20xx

Dear Mr. Dev,
I had written to you earlier also to get some repair work done in your house, which you have rented to me.

Now since the rainy season is at the onset, I reiterate my request -to you to undertake this repair work immediately. The roof is leaking at various places and the wall plaster has also come off. Not only this, the floor has pot-holes which cause a lot of inconveniences. The window panes of three windows are broken making the house an easy prey to the warm winds and dust from outside. The switches too are loose and there is a danger of short circuits. The premises also need white-wash and paint on the doors and windows. The house is indeed in a pathetic and appalling state and requires urgent repairs. I am willing to share the cost of the repairs with you. With your permission, I can get the repairs done myself and the expenditure can be later deducted in the rent in monthly installments.

I request you to give priority attention to this matter and hope to hear from you at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
ABC

9. You had sent a Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36 Tagore Gardens, Kolkata as per the details given below, But it has not reached theirs to date. The details are : Money Order Registration’ No. 119 dated 2-l-20xx. Your address is 11, Teachers’ Colony, Naraingarh, (Punjab).
Write a letter of complaint to the Post Master in about 100125 Chords.
Answer:
The Post Master
Naraingarh (Punjab)
31anuary, 20xx

Sir,
I would like to give in a written complaint regarding a misplaced Money Order that I had sent from your Post Office to Kolkata.

The Money Order Registration No. is 119 dated 2ndanuary 20xx. I had sent this Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36, Tagore Gardens, Kolkata for a book that I needed urgently. On enquiring from them yesterday I found out that they had not dispatched the book because they have not yet received the required payment, whereas 1 have already sent Rs. 100 through a Money Order to them almost one month ago. Due to some negligence on the part of the Post Office Department, my Money. Order has not yet reached them. I need the book urgently to prepare for my exams scheduled to start in the middle of March. So, it is my earnest request to you to look personally into the matter and make sure that my Money Order is received in Kolkata as soon as possible.

I hope you will ensure that my complaint is attended to at the earliest.

Thanking you.

Sincerely yours
XYZ

11, Teachers’ Colony Naraingarh
(Punjab)

10. Gauri saw the following information about an exciting discovery. She is thrilled to read about it and decides to write a letter to her friend in the country-side, on the advancement in Science and Technology. Write a letter using the information from the newspaper article. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.

DOWNSIZING TRANSMITTERS A radio transmitter, as small as a cigarette package that could be used to replace gigantic mobile telephone masts that are thought by some to spoil the country-side, has been developed by Michael Roberts, an electronics expert at Leeds University, England.

Answer:
A -394 A Palam Colony
New Delhi
11th February, 20xx

Dearest Vandana,
I am writing this letter to you to discuss the immense change that our whole life has undergone with the advancement of Science and Technology as a result of which we are able to bring a drastic change in our lifestyle.

Various new scientific discoveries and inventions in every sphere of life have brought people of the world closer. I read an article about an exciting discovery lately of downsizing transmitters through which a radio transmitter as small as a cigarette package could be used to replace gigantic mobile telephone masts-This device has been developed by Michael Roberts, on electronics expert at Leeds University, England. But some environmentalists feel that the installation of these transmitters will act as a foil to the naturalness and serenity of the country-side. Since you too live in the country-side, do write to me with your opinion about this matter in your next letter. I am sure you are in a better position to realize the intensity of this drastic change made by the advancement of Science and Technology because even though you are living in the country-side you are connected amazingly well with the city through the excellent means of communication modern gadgets have indeed made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for growth of knowledge and added to the power of man to a great extent.

To conclude this letter I would just add that it now seems possible to conceive that man can actually triumph over and shape even his physical environment.

Yours lovingly
Gauri

11. Recently Geetha saw an advertisement in the newspaper that read “How to look young”. After reading it she feels strongly about the use of synthetic creams and dyes to make people look young, and writes a letter about it to the Editor of the newspaper “The Herald” on ‘How to keep fit and be young’.

Write this letter in about 100-125 words, using information from the newspaper advertisement together with your own ideas. ,
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
22nd March 20xx

Sir,
I had a chance of going through an advertisement in the newspaper about a certain cream that the advertisers claimed could make people look young. was indeed astonished that in this day and age of modernization there are people who are able to make a complete fool of others. I am writing this letter to you to express my opinion about the use of’ synthetic creams and dyes that claim to have the ability to make a person look young. I strongly condemn the use of these creams and dyes which, contain extremely harmful chemicals which can cause very severe adverse side-effects. Aging is a slow and gradual process and one must face it gracefully and should not be misled by false claims offered in the form of synthetic creams and dyes which do more harm than good.

The real way to remain fit and healthy is to do regular exercise, eat balanced and the right kind of nutritious food and live a tension-free and happy life. This is the actual key to a fit and healthy life. The use of artificial products to look young on the contrary makes one look like a fool. We should always remember that these products contain many harmful ingredients that could possibly cause some severe allergic reaction.

Yours sincerely
Geetha

12. You feel that facilities for tourists could be improved in India.
Write a letter to the Secretary, Department of Tourism in your State, highlighting the need for improving facilities for tourists to promote tourism in your region. Also, suggest what facilities you would like to be extended to the tourists in your region. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Secretary
Department of Tourism
Uttar Pradesh
Date: 17an. 2Oxx

Sir,
Recently, on reading an article about the tourist traffic to India and especially to our State which has one of the wonders of the world, I was quite perturbed to look at the figures. We are not getting enough tourists as we should get. To get more tourists. We will have to develop the infrastructure and make the facilities world-class. A pleasant stay and easy’access to tourist spots are two major factors that attract tourists to a city. So, the tourism department should endeavor to improve upon the facilities provided by its lodges and bungalows and make access to these tourist spots from these lodges convenient. Furthermore, the tourist spots should be kept clean and a specific amount of money should be sanctioned for their maintenance. Last, but not least, each ana every one of us should make a sincere effort to keep our city clean, as a beautiful and clean city beckons the tourists.

By making these simple, but significant things possible, I am sure, tourism in our city can be improved.

Yours faithfully.
XYZ

13. In an inter-school debate, you have to speak in favor of the motion ‘Modem Gadgets have made us slaves to machines’, write a speech in favor of this motion. Write the speech in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
Modern gadgets have made us slaves to machines without which we are certain that out lives will come to a standstill. They have made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for the growth of knowledge, and added to the. power of man to such an extent that it is possible to conceive that man could triumph over and shape his physical environment. Through the astonishing discoveries of these modern gadgets, man has been able to give a definite fOrjri to his imagination. It is indeed a fact that as a result of the invention modern gadgets the tone and temper of life has changed beyond recognition. Through wireless telegraphs and fax machines, messages can now be easily sent to any part of the world. Modem gadgets incorporate all the comforts and highest standards in engineering innovation and reliability that have greatly contributed to man’s welfare. New equipment for navigation, data-processing, computer-controlled radar system providing information on a variety of new products for use at construction sites are only some of the advantages of modern gadgets. They have also greatly contributed to our entertainment as radios, televisions, compact discs both audio and visual—are now no longer considered as luxury items but have assumed the status of being referred to as necessities. Indeed the advantages of these gadgets are so many that they appear to have revolutionised every phase of life:

14. Anita Johari of class X has just returned from a visit to Ooty which is in the grip of a severe water crisis. She finds that her hometown is also facing the same problem. She had picked up the following pamphlet from her hotel room and wants it to be publicised.

Water is life:

Washing hands and face	✓ DOS Half fill basin – 2 litres	✗ DONTS Wash under running tap for 3 minutes – 27 litres
Brushing teeth	Use a glass of water – reuse – 1/2 litre	Let tap run for 5 minutes – 45 litres
Showering	Turn off tap before soap­ing then rinse down – 20 litres	Let tap run while soaping – 90 litres
Bathing	Take a shower instead	Fill bath tub – 110 litres
Leaky tap	Get it repaired	Let it drip Slow drip – 400 litres a day Fast drip – 3000 litres a day

She decides to write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper highlighting ways apd means of saving water. Write this letter in your answer sheet using information from the pamphlet together with your own ideas in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
13, Baird Road
Pune (Maharashtra)
The Editor
National Herald
Pune
11une 20xx

Sir,
I have returned from a visit to Ooty recently, which was in the grip of a severe water crisis. On returning to Pune, I found that the water problem is equally pathetic here. So, I would like to suggest certain measures to save water. I had picked up a pamphlet from the hotel where we were staying at Ooty which highlighted ways to save water and 1 want it to be publicised through your esteemed newspaper. Washing our hands and face under a running tap for only two minutes wastes about 27 litres of water whereas a half filled basin can do this work with only 2 litres of water. While brushing our teeth if we let the tap run for five minutes we waste 45 .litres of water but if we use a glass of water, we consume only half a litre of water. If we turn off the tap while soaping our body before bathing we use only 20 litres of water, whereas if we let it run we waste about 90 litres. We should avoid using bath-tubs as a filled bath tub wastes 110 litres of water. A leaky tap must be repaired immediately because if the tap is allowed to leak slowly it wastes 400 litres of water a day and a fast drip wastes 3000 litres of water a day.

If each and every one of us understands it and decides to follow this simple but very important rule, we are sure to remedy our present water crisis to a great extent.

Yours sincerely
Anita john

15. Read the following extra from an article in a magazine and then using your own ideas as well, write an article for your school magazine on the Delights and Usefulness of Walking. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

‘Walking has its own delights. Sadly, in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. “If you have a car why’walk?” asked the professor, revving up his Fiat for the few metres from his house to the college building. Pavements and pedestrians get second class treatment.’
Answer:
The saying aptly goes, ‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’. So, it is imperative for each one of lis to keep good health if we want our mind to be alert. In today’s hectic and busy life it may at times seem difficult to devote time for activities that keep us fit. This is where walking proves to be the most useful and easy activity.

Walking not only keeps our body healthy by the circulation of blood but Also provides a delightful respite for us by the sheer delight it gives. But, it is indeed a pity that some people who are most interested in walking refrain from it because in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. Their false pride and wrong thinking make them travel by car for even the shortest of distance. They would prefer to miss out on the delights of walking and prefer not to care about the good it would do to their health so as not to endanger their false prestige. It is high time that the educated lot of Indians put aside these petty notions and live their life for themselves and live it according to what they feel is best for them. Walking does not indicate deprivation and poverty and it is only the thinking of certain narrow-minded people who have categorised the people walking or pedestrians as second class people.

Walking should be enjoyed as it gives pleasure and provides a wonderful opportunity for us to be in direct contact with nature, unlike at times irksome and suffocating journey in a closed vehicle.

16. Read the following summary of a study conducted titled The Impact of Television Advertising on Children. Then based on the information in the summary and your own ideas on the subject, write an article for the school magazine titled Children and T.V. Advertising. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

One Year Out Of Ten Is Spent
Watching Tv

• On an average, children in Delhi watch 17 hours of TV every week. Children spend more time in front of the small screen than on hobbies and other activities, including home work and meals.
• The average 8-year old spend about 68 hours ‘ every month, 30 days (of 24 hours each) every year, and one\ entire year out of 10 exclusively on watching television.
• Seventy five percent of children said they loved watching ads on TV.
• Children below eight like advertisements better than the programs and see them as pictures with storylines. Only older children understand the ad’s intention on sell.

Source : The Impact of Advertising on Children by Namita Unnikrishnan and Shailaja Bajpai.
Answer:
Children And Tv Advertising
Television has become a very popular mode of entertainment which is unfortunately also making children more and more addicted to watching it. The television programmes pose to dominate their daily routine and many a time children do not even hesitate to ignore their studies because of their passion to stay glued to the television sets.

Almost seventy-five percent of the children, who watch television most eagerly, are essentially interested in seeing the advertisements on the television. Children in the younger age group, below ten years of age, view the advertisements with more interest and enthusiasm than they watch any other programme on television. This is so because they see these advertisements as wonderful and short pictures with story lines. Their impatient nature is able to endure these short ad films with a lot of patience. These young children are totally taken in by the vibrant and glorious world shown in the various ad films.

It is only the older and mature children who understand that the ad films’ mere intention is, to lure the consumer into buying their products by elevating their goods to a high scale where they appear most appealing and attractive. So, it is our moral responsibility to make sure that the young children’s innocent and ignorant minds are not impressed by what the ad films have to offer, but they view them solely for their entertainment.

17. Maria of 7, Gandhi Road, Jaipur, is very interested in sports and concerned about the state of sports in the country. She decides to write a letter to the editor of The Herald, Jaipur, on Why can’t we win an Olympic Gold? She made some notes .for her letter. Using, the notes and your own ideas, write out the letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Ho sports ‘culture’ – not enough emphasis on sports in schools – facilities for training and coaches lacking – funds/sports scholarships very few – talented do not get sponsors jobs – public, selectors and trainers not interested enough – plenty of talent in the nation – only we are unable to spot and nurture it.
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
Jaipur 12 Sept. 20xx

Sir,
I write this letter to you as a concerned sports enthusiast to express my anguish at the poor state of sports in our country as a result of which we have been unable to win a gold medal in the Olympic Games held so far.

I fepl that there is ho sports culture in our country, in general, and so we are not) able to nurture and groom the plenty of talent that our nation has. When the sportspersons of our country have to play and compete with international players in the World Olympics, their training and coaching should Mso match to that available to their international counterparts. Whereas in our country, the facilities for training and coaching are lacking and to a certain extent expenditure to enhance these facilities is sometimes considered as not necessary. We may fail to realize the importance of coaching centers in our day to day life but our inability to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games so far should make us realize the importance of training centres. It is also very unfortunate that the funds and sports scholarships available to budding sportspersons are very few. Political intervention at the time of selection also at times prevents the selectors in selecting the better players to play at the international level. Last but not the least the public in general and the selectors and trainers in particular do not seem to be affected by the lack of this ‘sports culture’ in our country.

Through your esteemed newspaper I wish to appeal to the people in general and especially the sports enthusiasts to give the sports culture in our country the boost and enhancement that has been long due.

Yours sincerely
Maria

7, Gandhi Roadaipur

18. Vijay witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and was hurt quite badly. Many people were standing around but did not know what to do. Finally, someone who had a car quickly took him to hospital. However, Vijay felt that at least some of the students should have been able to render first-aid. He decided to write a letter to the .editor about the importance of knowing first-aid. Using your own ideas write out Vijay’s letter in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Editor
News Week
17th October, 20xx

Sir,
Last week, I witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and hurt himself badly. The people standing around were unable to do anything except look on helplessly. It was at this ‘moment that I realized the importance of knowing first-aid.

I feel that it is imperative for students especially and the people in general to at least have the basic knowledge of rendering first-aid in case of an emergency. The use of first-aid often helps us to sustain a life till proper medical aid is available. The knowledge of first-aid will prove helpful not only in case of an accident, but also to treat a burn victim, help a drowned casualty and at times just to stop one from bleeding. The importance of first-aid should be instilled into the minds of children at the school stage itself so that they do not panic in an accidental situation but cautiously and sensibly put their knowledge about rendering first-aid to the person who requires it into practice. Nothing is more precious to a person than his life and if timely use of first-aid can help someone till the time professional medical help is available, it can prove to be the life-saving remedy.

Sincerely yours
Vijay

19. Gaurav. read the following in a newspaper article:
At the heart of the literacy campaign is the volunteer, who as instructor, resource person or local organiser, gives freely of her or his time and puts in enormous effort to make the campaign succeed.

He decided to speak at the school assembly on the experience of students who volunteer to take literacy classes. Using your own ideas write out his speech in about 100-125 words.
Answer:
Illiteracy is one of the major problems that confront our country. This problem assumes alarming proportions because of the democratic rule
in our country. Democracy, which postulates enlightenment, is by and large a blessing, and illiteracy, which implies ignorance, is therefore a curse.

To eradicate illiteracy to some extent, various students volunteer to take literacy classes and feel proud to help their unfortunate countrymen who have been deprived of the privilege of being educated. These voluntary Workers, after receiving certain incentives and being provided with the requisite facilities ensure better results in the social arena. They have adopted new paths and motivated a large section of masses towards their literacy classes. This voluntary service on the part of students has proven to be an effective measure for reaching out to the uneducated masses and thereby further helped the illiterate persons to eradicate their constant exploitation and humiliation at the hands of society. The students have helped these people to become aware as to why they have been deprived and motivated them to move towards change.

By undertaking this creditable, but the herculean task, these students feel, a sense of pride in being able to make their contribution to take their country on the path of fast growth and progress.

20. You are required to speak on ‘Pollution’ in the school morning assembly. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points. You may use ideas contained in the quit ‘Environment’. Write your speech in not more than 100-125 words.

Points : Environment – air-water – noise Sources of pollution – traffic – garbage Ecological balance – felling of trees – the building of dams – congested localities Suggestions – Plantation – pooling – shifting of factories and mills.

Answer:
Environment
Environmental pollution is one of the major hazards that are threatening the ecological balance. The air that we inhale is polluted, the water we drink is contaminated and noise pollution has managed to take away the calmness and serenity from our otherwise hectic and tense lives. One of the main sources of pollution is the heavy and congested traffic which causes a concentration of smoke and harmful particles in the atmosphere which is a permanent or chronic cause of various respiratory disorders. The incessant felling of trees, building of dams and the upcoming unplanned congested localities have disturbed the ecological balance to an alarmingly high level. To remedy this situation the urgent need of the hour is to plant as many trees wherever possible and to shift the factories and mills to places cohere their effect on pollution of the environment is minimized. To control traffic, carpools must be made so that the emission- levels from vehicular traffic can be reduced to the desired levels.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Physics Solutions Chapter 10 तरंग-प्रकाशिकी

तरंग-प्रकाशिकी NCERT पाठ्यपुस्तक के अध्याय में पाठ्यनिहित प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
589 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्घ्य का एकवर्णीय प्रकाश वायु से जल की सतह पर आपतित होता है—(a) परावर्तित तथा (b) अपवर्तित प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य, आवृत्ति तथा चाल क्या होगी? जल का अपवर्तनांक 1.33 है।
हल :
दिया है, वायु में तरंगदैर्घ्य λ_a = 589 नैनोमीटर = 589 × 10^-9 मीटर,
_an_w = 1.33
वायु में प्रकाश की चाल c = 3 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड
∴ प्रकाश की आवृत्ति \(v=\frac{c}{\lambda_{a}}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{589 \times 10^{-9}}\)= 5.1 × 10¹⁴ हर्ट्स

(a) ∵ एक ही माध्यम में गति करते समय तरंग की तरंगदैर्घ्य, आवृत्ति तथा चाल में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता,
अतः परावर्तित प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य λ_a= 589 नैनोमीटर,
आवृत्ति v = 5.1 × 10¹⁴ हर्ट्स,
चाल c = 3 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड।

(b) यदि जल में अपवर्तित प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य λ_ω तथा चाल । है तो
\(a n_{w}=\frac{\lambda_{a}}{\lambda_{w}}=\frac{c}{v}\)
∴ जल में तरंगदैर्घ्य \(a n_{w}=\frac{\lambda_{a}}{\lambda_{w}}=\frac{c}{v}=443\) नैनोमीटर।
जल में प्रकाश की चाल \(v=\frac{c}{a^{n} w}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{1.33}\) = 2. 26 x 10⁸ मीटर सेकस
∵ तरंग के एक माध्यम से दूसरे माध्यम में जाने पर आवृत्ति में कोई बदलाव नहीं आता है। :.
∴ प्रकाश की आवृत्ति v = 5.1 × 10¹⁴ हर्ट्स।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित दशाओं में प्रत्येक तरंगाग्र की आकृति क्या है?
(a) किसी बिन्दु स्रोत से अपसरित प्रकाश।
(b) उत्तल लेन्स से निर्गमित प्रकाश, जिसके फोकस बिन्दु पर कोई बिन्दु स्रोत रखा है।
(c) किसी दूरस्थ तारे से आने वाले प्रकाश तरंगाग्र का पृथ्वी द्वारा अवरोधित (intercepted) भाग।
उत्तर :
(a) बिन्दु स्रोत से अपसरित प्रकाश के लिए तरंगाग्र गोलीय होगा।
(b) ∵ बिन्दु स्रोत लेन्स के फोकस पर स्थित है, अत: लेन्स से निर्गमित प्रकाश के लिए तरंगाग्र समतल होगा।
(c) ∵ बड़े गोले के पृष्ठ का छोटा भाग लगभग समतलीय होता है। यद्यपि तारे से उत्सर्जित तरंगाग्र गोलीय है परन्तु बहुत दूर आने पर पृथ्वी द्वारा अवरोधित इस तरंगाग्र का छोटा भाग समतलीय होगा।

प्रश्न 3.
(a) काँच का अपवर्तनांक 1.5 है। काँच में प्रकाश की चाल क्या होगी? (निर्वात में प्रकाश की चाल 3.0 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड है।)
(b) क्या काँच में प्रकाश की चाल, प्रकाश के रंग पर निर्भर करती है? यदि हाँ, तो लाल तथा बैंगनी में से कौन-सा रंग काँच के प्रिज्म में धीमा चलता है?
हल :
(a) निर्वात में प्रकाश की चाल c = 3 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड तथा _an_g = 1.5
∴ काँच में प्रकाश की चाल \(v=\frac{c}{a^{n} g}\) [∵ _an_g = \(\frac{c}{v}\)]
= \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{1.5}\) = 2.0 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड।

(b) हाँ, चूँकि किसी माध्यम का अपवर्तनांक, प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्ध्य पर निर्भर करता है तथा माध्यम में प्रकाश की चाल v = \(\frac{c}{n}\) = [ अर्थात् v = \(\frac{c}{v}\)] होती है। अत: काँच में प्रकाश की चाल स्पष्टतया तरंगदैर्घ्य अर्थात् रंग पर निर्भर करती है।
∵ n_v > n_p, अत: काँच के प्रिज्म में बैंगनी रंग का प्रकाश लाल रंग के प्रकाश की तुलना में धीमा चलता है। ·

प्रश्न 4.
यंग के द्विझिरी प्रयोग में झिर्रियों के बीच की दूरी 0.28 मिमी है तथा परदा 1.4 मीटर की दूरी पर रखा गया है। केन्द्रीय दीप्त फ्रिज एवं चतुर्थ दीप्त फ्रिन्ज के बीच की दूरी 1.2 सेमी मापी गई है। प्रयोग में उपयोग किए गए प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
दिया है, d = 0.28 मिमी = 2.8 × 10^-4 मीटर, D= 1.4 मीटर
चतुर्थ दीप्त फ्रिन्ज की केन्द्रीय फ्रिज से दूरी x₄ = 1.2 सेमी = 1.2 × 10^-2 मीटर

प्रश्न 5.
यंग के द्विझिरी प्रयोग में, λ तरंगदैर्घ्य का एकवर्णीय प्रकाश उपयोग करने पर, परदे के एक बिन्दु पर . जहाँ पथान्तर λ है, प्रकाश की तीव्रता K इकाई है। उस बिन्दु पर प्रकाश की तीव्रता कितनी होगी जहाँ पथान्तर \(\frac{\lambda}{3}\) है?
हल :
प्रथम बिन्दु पर पथान्तर Δx = λ, I₁ = K
दूसरे बिन्दु पर पथान्तर Δx = \(\frac{\lambda}{3}\) I₂ = ?

प्रश्न 6.
यंग के द्विझिरी प्रयोग में व्यतिकरण फ्रिन्जों को प्राप्त करने के लिए 650 नैनोमीटर तथा 520 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्यों के प्रकाश पुंज का उपयोग किया गया।
(a) 650 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्घ्य के लिए परदे पर तीसरे दीप्त फ्रिन्ज की केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए।
(b) केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से उस न्यूनतम दूरी को ज्ञात कीजिए जहाँ दोनों तरंगदैर्यों के कारण दीप्त फ्रिन्ज संपाती (coincide) होते हैं। (दिया है : D = 120 सेमी तथा d = 2 मिमी)
हल :
(a) यहाँ λ = 650 नैनोमीटर = 650 × 10^-9 नैनोमीटर
जबकि D = 1.20 मीटर, d = 2 × 10^-3 मीटर
∴ केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से तीसरी दीप्त फ्रिन्ज की दूरी
\(x_{3}=\frac{3 D \lambda}{d}=\frac{3 \times 1.20 \times 650 \times 10^{-9}}{2 \times 10^{-3}}\) = 1.17 × 10^-3 मीटर = 1.17 मिमी।

(b) माना λ₁ = 650 नैनोमीटर व λ₂ = 520 नैनोमीटर
माना प्रथम तरंगदैर्घ्य के कारण m₁वीं दीप्त फ्रिन्ज दूसरी तरंगदैर्घ्य के कारण m₂ वीं दीप्त फ्रिज के साथ सम्पाती है, तब
\(x=\frac{m_{1} D \lambda_{1}}{d}=\frac{m_{2} D \lambda_{2}}{d}\) ……………………(1)
⇒  m₁λ₁ = m₂λ₂ (∵ λ₁ >λ₂)
अतः m₁ < m₂
स्पष्ट है कि दूरी x न्यूनतम होगी यदि m₁ = m₂ +1 (दोनों में न्यूनतम 1 का अन्तर होना चाहिए)
∴  m₁λ₁ = (m₁ + 1)λ₂
या  m₁ × 650 = (m₁ + 1) × 520
या  m₁ × 5 = (m₁ + 1) × 4
⇒  m₁ = 4
समीकरण (1) से अभीष्ट न्यूनतम दरी \(x=\frac{4 D \lambda_{1}}{d}=\frac{4 \times 1.20 \times 650 \times 10^{-9}}{2 \times 10^{-3}}=1.56\) मिमी।

प्रश्न 7.
एक द्विझिरी प्रयोग में एक मीटर दूर रखे परदे पर एक फ्रिन्ज की कोणीय चौड़ाई 0.2° पायी गई है। उपयोग किए गए प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य 600 नैनोमीटर है। यदि पूरा प्रायोगिक उपकरण जल में डुबो दिया जाए तो फ्रिन्ज की कोणीय चौड़ाई क्या होगी? जल का अपवर्तनांक \(\frac{4}{3}\) लीजिए।
हल :
दिया है, D = 1.0 मीटर, वायु में λ_a = 600 नैनोमीटर = 600 x 10^-9 मीटर
वायु में फ्रिज की कोणीय चौड़ाई θ_a = 0.2° _an_w = \(\frac{4}{3}\),
जल में फ्रिन्ज की कोणीय चौड़ाई θ_w = ?
माना जल में प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य λ_w है, तब

प्रश्न 8.
वायु से काँच में संक्रमण (transition) के लिए बूस्टर कोण क्या है? (काँच का अपवर्तनांक = 1.5)।
हल :
दिया है : _an_g = 1.5, ब्रूस्टर कोण = ? यदि ब्रूस्टर कोण i_B है तो tan i_B = _an_g
⇒ tan i_B = 1.5
∴ ब्रूस्टर कोण i_B = tan ^-1(1.5) = 56.3°.

प्रश्न 9.
5000 Å तरंगदैर्घ्य का प्रकाश एक समतल परावर्तक सतह पर आपतित होता है। परावर्तित प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य एवं आवृत्ति क्या है? आपतन कोण के किस मान के लिए परावर्तित किरण आपतित किरण के लम्बवत् होगी?
हल :
∵ प्रकाश के परावर्तन में प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य, आवृत्ति तथा चाल में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता,
अतः परावर्तित प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य λ = 5000 Å = 5000 × 10^-10 मीटर।
परावर्तित प्रकाश की चाल c = 3 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड
प्रकाश की आवृत्ति \(v=\frac{c}{\lambda}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{5000 \times 10^{-10}}\) = 6 × 10¹⁴ हर्टस।
यदि परावर्तित किरण आपतित किरण के लम्बवत् है तो
i + r = 90°
परन्तु परावर्तन के नियम से, r = i
अत: i + i= 90°
⇒ अभीष्ट आपतन कोण i = 45°

प्रश्न 10.
उस दूरी का आकलन कीजिए जिसके लिए किसी 4 मिमी के आकार के द्वारक तथा 400 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्घ्य के प्रकाश के लिए किरण प्रकाशिकी सन्निकट रूप से लागू होती है।
हल :
दिया है, λ = 400 नैनोमीटर = 400 × 10^-9 मीटर, d = 4 × 10^-3 मीटर ।
माना एकल झिरी विवर्तन प्रतिरूप में प्रथम निम्निष्ठ केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से θ₁ कोण पर प्राप्त होता है, तब
sin θ₁ = \(\frac{\lambda}{d}\)
यदि θ₁ छोटा है तो sin θ₁ = θ₁
∴ θ₁ = \(\frac{\lambda}{d}\)
यदि पर्दे की रेखाछिद्र से दूरी D है तो केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ की रेखीय चौड़ाई
x = Dθ₁ = \(\frac{D \lambda}{d}\)
माना किरण प्रकाशिकी अधिकतम Z^*_F दूरी तक लागू होती है, तब
D = Z_F पर x = d
∴ \(d=\frac{Z_{F}^{2} \times \lambda}{d}\)
⇒ \(Z_{F}=\frac{d^{2}}{\lambda}=\frac{\left(4 \times 10^{-3}\right)^{2}}{400 \times 10^{-9}}\) = 40 मीटर।

प्रश्न 11.
एक तारे में हाइड्रोजन से उत्सर्जित 6563 Å की H_∝←alpha लाइन में 15Å का अविरक्त-विस्थापन (red-shift) होता है। पृथ्वी से दूर जा रहे तारे की चाल का आकलन कीजिए।
हल :
दिया है, λ = 6563Å, अविरक्त विस्थापन Δλ = 15 Å,
तारे की चाल υ = ?, प्रकाश की चाल c = 3 × 10⁸ मीटर/सेकण्ड
सूत्र Δλ = \(v=\frac{c \Delta \lambda}{\lambda}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8} \times 15}{6563}\) = 6.86 × 10⁵ मीटर/सेकण्ड।

प्रश्न 12.
किसी माध्यम (जैसे जल) में प्रकाश की चाल निर्वात में प्रकाश की चाल से अधिक है। न्यूटन के कणिका सिद्धान्त द्वारा इस आशय की भविष्यवाणी कैसे की गई? क्या जल में प्रकाश की चाल प्रयोग द्वारा ज्ञात करके इस भविष्यवाणी की पुष्टि हुई? यदि नहीं, तो प्रकाश के चित्रण का कौन-सा विकल्प प्रयोगानुकूल है?
* एकल झिरी से परदे की वह दूरी, जिस पर केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ की केन्द्र से एक ओर की चौड़ाई झिरी की चौड़ाई के बराबर हो जाती है, फ्रेनल दूरी कहलाती है जिसे Z_F से प्रदर्शित करते हैं।
उत्तर :
न्यूटन के कणिका सिद्धान्त के अनुसार जब प्रकाश किसी विरल माध्यम से सघन माध्यम में प्रवेश करता है तो प्रकाश कणिकाओं पर, माध्यमों की सीमा पृष्ठ के अभिलम्बवत् दिशा ये एक आकर्षण बल (विरल से सघन माध्यम की ओर) कार्य करने लगता है। इस बल के कारण कणिकाओं का, सीमा पृष्ठ के अभिलम्बवत् घटक बढ़ने लगता है, जबकि सीमा पृष्ठ के समान्तर घटक अपरिवर्तित रहता है। इससे प्रकाश किरण अभिलम्ब की ओर झुकती हुई सघन माध्यम में अपवर्तित हो जाती है।
∵ सीमा पृष्ठ का समान्तर घटक अपरिवर्तित रहता है। अतः
v₁ sin i = v₂ sin r
⇒ \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}=\frac{v_{2}}{v_{1}}\)  = ₁n₂
∵ दूसरा माध्यम सघन है, अत: ₁n₂ > 1
∴ v₁ > v₂

परन्तु प्रयोग द्वारा न्यूटन की इस भविष्यवाणी की पुष्टि नहीं हो पाई अपितु इसके विपरीत प्रयोग द्वारा यह ज्ञात हुआ कि सघन माध्यम में प्रकाश की चाल विरल माध्यम की तुलना में कम होती है। इससे न्यूटन के कणिका सिद्धान्त को अमान्य करार दिया गया और हाइगेन्स के तरंगिका सिद्धान्त को मान्यता मिल गई।
इससे ज्ञात होता है कि हाइगेन्स का तरंगिका सिद्धान्त प्रयोग संगत है। –

प्रश्न 13.
आप मूल पाठ में जान चुके हैं कि हाइगेन्स का सिद्धान्त परावर्तन और अपवर्तन के नियमों के लिए किस प्रकार मार्गदर्शक है? इसी सिद्धान्त का उपयोग करके प्रत्यक्ष रीति से निगमन (deduce) कीजिए कि समतल दर्पण के सामने रखी किसी वस्तु का प्रतिबिम्ब आभासी बनता है, जिसकी दर्पण से दूरी, बिम्ब से दर्पण की दूरी के बराबर होती है।
उत्तर :
एक बिन्दु बिम्ब तथा एक समतल दर्पण लीजिए। बिन्दु बिम्ब को केन्द्र मानते हुए तथा दर्पण को स्पर्श करते हुए एक वृत्त खींचिए। यह बिम्ब से चलकर दर्पण तक पहुँचने वाले गोलीय तरंगाग्र का समतलीय भाग है। अब t समय पश्चात् दर्पण की उपस्थिति में तथा अनुपस्थिति में इस तरंगाग्र की स्थितियाँ आरेखित कीजिए। इस प्रकार दर्पण के दोनों ओर सर्वत्रसम चाप प्राप्त होंगे। इनमें से एक परावर्तित तरंगाग्र है (पहचानिए)। सरल ज्यामिति के उपयोग से देखा जा सकता है कि परावर्तित तरंगाग्र का केन्द्र (बिम्ब का प्रतिबिम्ब) दर्पण से बिम्ब के बराबर दूरी पर है।

प्रश्न 14.
तरंग संचरण की चाल को प्रभावित कर सकने वाले कुछ सम्भावित कारकों की सूची है –
(i) स्त्रोत की प्रकृति,
(ii) संचरण की दिशा
(iii) स्रोत और/या प्रेक्षक की गति,
(iv) तरंगदैर्घ्य तथा
(v) तरंग की तीव्रता। बताइए कि –
(a) निर्वात में प्रकाश की चाल
(b) किसी माध्यम (माना काँच या जल ) में प्रकाश की चाल इनमें से किन कारकों पर निर्भर करती है?
उत्तर :
(a) निर्वात में प्रकाश की चाल एक सार्वत्रिक नियतांक है जो उपर्युक्त में से किसी भी कारक पर निर्भर नहीं करती। यहाँ तक कि स्रोत व प्रेक्षक के बीच आपेक्षिक गति पर भी नहीं।
(b) किसी माध्यम में प्रकाश की चाल
(i) स्रोत की प्रकृति, (ii) संचरण की दिशा, (iii) स्रोत तथा माध्यम के बीच आपेक्षिक गति तथा (v) तरंग की तीव्रता पर निर्भर नहीं करती।
परन्तु यह (iii) माध्यम तथा प्रेक्षक के बीच आपेक्षिक गति तथा (iv) प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य पर निर्भर करती है।

प्रश्न 15.
ध्वनि तरंगों में आवृत्ति विस्थापन के लिए डॉप्लर का सूत्र निम्नलिखित दो स्थितियों में थोड़ा-सा भिन्न है-(i) स्रोत विरामावस्था में तथा प्रेक्षक गति में हो तथा (ii) स्रोत गति में परन्तु प्रेक्षक विरामावस्था में हो। जबकि प्रकाश के लिए डॉप्लर के सूत्र निश्चित रूप से निर्वात में, इन दोनों स्थितियों में एकसमान हैं। ऐसा क्यों है? स्पष्ट कीजिए। क्या आप समझते हैं कि ये सूत्र किसी माध्यम में प्रकाश गमन के लिए भी दोनों स्थितियों में पूर्णतः एकसमान होंगे?
उत्तर :
निर्वात में गतिमान प्रकाश के लिए डॉप्लर प्रभाव में प्रेक्षक द्वारा ग्रहण किए गए प्रकाश की आभासी आवृत्ति दोनों ही दशाओं में समान होती है। भले ही दर्शक, स्थिर स्रोत की ओर गति कर रहा हो अथवा स्रोत समान चाल से दर्शक की ओर गतिमान हो। इस प्रकार प्रकाश में डॉप्लर प्रभाव सममित है।

दूसरी ओर ध्वनि तरंगों को चलने के लिए माध्यम की आवश्यकता होती है, इसलिए भले ही चाहे उक्त दोनों स्थितियों में प्रेक्षक तथा स्रोत के बीच समान आपेक्षिक गति होने के कारण ये स्थितियाँ समान प्रतीत होती हैं परन्तु वे समान नहीं हैं। ऐसा इस कारण से है कि दोनों दशाओं में प्रेक्षक का माध्यम के सापेक्ष वेग भिन्न-भिन्न है, अत: उक्त दोनों दशाओं में सुनी गई ध्वनि की आभासी आवृत्तियाँ समान नहीं हो सकती।

यदि किसी माध्यम में प्रकाश की गति की बात की जाए तो पुनः दोनों स्थितियाँ अलग-अलग हो जाएँगी चूंकि दोनों स्थितियों में प्रेक्षक का माध्यम के सापेक्ष वेग भिन्न-भिन्न होगा। अत: इस दशा में प्रेक्षक द्वारा ग्रहण किए गए प्रकाश की आवृत्ति के भिन्न डॉप्लर सूत्रों की अपेक्षा की जानी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 16.
द्विझिरी प्रयोग में, 600 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्घ्य का प्रकाश करने पर, एक दूरस्थ पर्दे पर बने फ्रिन्ज की कोणीय चौड़ाई 0.1° है। दोनों झिर्रियों के बीच कितनी दूरी है?
हल :
दिया है, λ = 600 नैनोमीटर = 600 × 10^-9 मीटर
फ्रिन्ज की कोणीय चौड़ाई θ = 0.1° = \(\frac{0.1 \times \pi}{180}\) रेडियन
झिर्रियों के बीच की दूरी d = ?
फ्रिज की कोणीय चौड़ाई θ = \( \frac{\lambda}{d}\)
∴ झिर्रियों के बीच की दूरी, \(d=\frac{\lambda}{\theta}=\frac{600 \times 10^{-9}}{0.1 \times \pi} \times\) 180 मीटर
\(\frac{600 \times 180}{0.1 \times 3.14} \times 10^{-9}\) मीटर = 0.34 मिमी।

प्रश्न 17.
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :
(a) एकल झिरौं विवर्तन प्रयोग में, झिरी की चौड़ाई मूल चौड़ाई से दोगुनी कर दी गई है। यह केन्द्रीय विवर्तन बैण्ड के साइज तथा तीव्रता को कैसे प्रभावित करेगी?
(b) द्विझिरी प्रयोग में, प्रत्येक झिरों का विवर्तन, व्यतिकरण पैटर्न से किस प्रकार सम्बन्धित है?
(c) सुदूर स्रोत से आने वाले प्रकाश के मार्ग में जब एक लघु वृत्ताकार वस्तु रखी जाती है तो वस्तु की छाया के मध्य एक प्रदीप्त बिन्दु दिखाई देता है। स्पष्ट कीजिए, क्यों?
(d) दो विद्यार्थी एक 10 मीटर ऊँची कक्ष विभाजक दीवार द्वारा 7 मीटर के अन्तर पर हैं। यद्यपि ध्वनि और प्रकाश दोनों प्रकार की तरंगें वस्तु के किनारों पर मुड़ सकती हैं तो फिर भी वे विद्यार्थी एक-दूसरे को देख नहीं पाते यद्यपि वे आपस में आसानी से वार्तालाप किस प्रकार कर पाते हैं?
(e) किरण प्रकाशिकी, प्रकाश के सीधी रेखा में गति करने की संकल्पना पर आधारित है। यद्यपि विवर्तन प्रभाव (जब प्रकाश का संचरण एक द्वारक/झिरी या वस्तु के चारों ओर प्रेक्षित किया जाए) इस संकल्पना को नकारता है तथापि किरण प्रकाशिकी की संकल्पना प्रकाशकीय यन्त्रों में प्रतिबिम्बों की स्थिति तथा उनके दूसरे अनेक गुणों को समझने के लिए सामान्यतः उपयोग में लायी जाती है। इसका क्या औचित्य है?
उत्तर :
(a)

झिरी की चौड़ाई अत: झिरी की चौड़ाई दोगुनी करने पर, केन्द्रीय विवर्तन बैण्ड की चौड़ाई आधी रह जाएगी, जबकि तीव्रता चार गुनी (∵ तीव्रता ∝ झिरों का क्षेत्रफल) हो जाएगी।
(b) द्विझिरी प्रयोग में व्यतिकरण पैटर्न की फ्रिज एकल झिरी विवर्तन पैटर्न की फ्रिन्जों के साथ अध्यारोपित होती हैं।
(c) वृत्तीय अवरोध के किनारों से विवर्तित तरंगें जब वस्तु की छाया के मध्य-बिन्दु पर मिलती हैं तो वहाँ पथान्तर शून्य होने के कारण परस्पर संपोषी व्यतिकरण करती हैं, अतः वहाँ चमकदार बिन्दु दिखाई पड़ता है।
(d) ∵ दीवार की ऊँचाई 10 मीटर, ध्वनि तरंगों की तरंगदैर्घ्य की कोटि की है, अतः यह ध्वनि तरंगों में पर्याप्त विवर्तन उत्पन्न करती है और एक विद्यार्थी की ध्वनि दीवार से विवर्तित होकर दूसरे विद्यार्थी तक पहुँच जाती है।
वहीं प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य, दीवार की ऊँचाई की तुलना में अत्यन्त सूक्ष्म है, अत: दीवार प्रकाश तरंगों में पर्याप्त विवर्तन उत्पन्न नहीं कर पाती। इसी कारण विद्यार्थी एक-दूसरे को नहीं देख पाते।
(e) सामान्यत: प्रकाशिक यन्त्रों में प्रयुक्त लेन्सों के द्वारकों का साइज प्रकाश की तरंगदैर्घ्य की तुलना में काफी बड़ा होता है; अत: इन यन्त्रों द्वारा बने प्रतिबिम्बों में विवर्तन का प्रभाव नगण्य ही रहता है। यही कारण है कि प्रतिबिम्बों की स्थिति तथा अन्य गुणों को समझने के लिए प्राय: किरण प्रकाशिकी का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 18.
दो पहाड़ियों की चोटी पर दो मीनारें एक-दूसरे से 40 किमी की दूरी पर हैं। इनको जोड़ने वाली रेखा मध्य में आने वाली किसी पहाड़ी के 50 मीटर ऊपर से होकर गुजरती है। उन रेडियो तरंगों की अधिकतम तरंगदैर्घ्य ज्ञात कीजिए, जो मीनारों के मध्य बिना पर्याप्त विवर्तन प्रभाव के भेजी जा सकें?
हल :
एक मीनार से पहाड़ी की दूरी = \(\frac{40}{2}\) किमी = 20 × 10³ मीटर
स्पष्ट है कि एक मीनार से दूसरी मीनार की ओर भेजे गए सिग्नल विवर्तन प्रभाव से मुक्त होंगे, यदि पहाड़ी तक पहुँचने तक नीचे की ओर 50 मीटर की रेखीय दूरी तक न फैल पाएँ।

अर्थात् Z_F = 20 किमी = 20 × 10³ मीटर,
a = 50 मीटर
सूत्र Z_F = \(\frac{a^{2}}{\lambda}\) से, λ = \(\frac{a^{2}}{Z_{F}}\)
अधिकतम तरंगदैर्घ्य λ = \(\frac{50 \times 50}{20 \times 10^{3}}\) मीटर = 12.5 सेमी।

प्रश्न 19.
500 नैनोमीटर तरंगदैर्घ्य का एक समान्तर प्रकाशपुंज एक पतली झिरी पर गिरता है तथा 1 मीटर दूर परदे पर परिणामी विवर्तन पैटर्न देखा जाता है। यह देखा गया कि पहला निम्निष्ठ परदे पर केन्द्र से 2.5 मिमी दूरी पर है। झिरों की चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल :
दिया है, λ = 500 नैनोमीटर = 500 × 10^-9मीटर, D= 1 मीटर
प्रथम निम्निष्ठ की केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से दूरी x = 2.5 × 10^-3 मीटर
∵ प्रथम निम्निष्ठ की केन्द्रीय उच्चिष्ठ से दूरी x = \(\frac{D \lambda}{a}\)
∴ झिरी की चौड़ाई \(a=\frac{D \lambda}{x}=\frac{1 \times 500 \times 10^{-9}}{2.5 \times 10^{-3}}\) मीटर = 0.2 मिमी।

प्रश्न 20.
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए- .
(a) जब कम ऊँचाई पर उड़ने वाला वायुयान ऊपर से गुजरता है तो हम कभी-कभी टेलीविजन के पर्दे पर चित्र को हिलते हुए पाते हैं। एक सम्भावित स्पष्टीकरण सुझाइए।
(b) जैसा कि आप मूल पाठ में जान चुके हैं कि विवर्तन तथा व्यतिकरण पैटर्न में तीव्रता का वितरण समझने का आधारभूत सिद्धान्त तरंगों का रेखीय प्रत्यारोपण है। इस सिद्धान्त की तर्कसंगति क्या है?
उत्तर :
(a) ऐसा टेलीविजन के एन्टीना तक सीधे पहुँचने वाले तथा हवाई जहाज से टकराकर एन्टीना तक पहुँचने वाले संकेतों के बीच होने वाले व्यतिकरण के कारण होता है।
(b) तरंग गति को नियन्त्रित करने वाले अवकल समीकरण का चरित्र रेखीय होता है। यदि 11 तथा 12 ऐसे किसी समीकरण के दो अलग-अलग हल हैं तो 1 + ye भी इस समीकरण का एक हल होगा (रेखीय अवकल समीकरण का गुण)। यही गुण तरंगों के रेखीय प्रत्यारोपण को तर्कसंगत ठहराता है।

प्रश्न 21.
एकल झिरी विवर्तन पैटर्न की व्युत्पत्ति में कथित है कि \(\frac{nλ}{a}\) कोणों पर तीव्रता शून्य है। इस निरसन (cancellation) को, झिरी को उपयुक्त भागों में बाँटकर सत्यापित कीजिए।
उत्तर :
मानो की d चौड़ाई की एक झिरी n छोटी झिरियों में विभाजित है।
इसलिए, प्रत्येक झिरी की चौड़ाई, d’ = d/n
विवर्तन के कोण की आंकलन d = d / d ‘λ / d = λ / d’ द्वारा किया जा सकता है,
अब, इनमें से प्रत्येक असीम रूप से छोटी झिरी दिशा θ में शून्य तीव्रता भेजती है। इसलिए, इन झिरियों का संयोजन शून्य तीव्रता देगा।

तरंग-प्रकाशिकी NCERT भौतिक विज्ञान प्रश्न प्रदर्शिका (Physics Exemplar Problems) पुस्तक से चयनित महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रश्नों के हल

तरंग-प्रकाशिकी बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
चित्र-10.2 में दर्शाए एक प्रकाश किरण पुंज पर विचार करें जो वायु से काँच की सिल्ली पर बूस्टर कोण पर आपतित होती है। निर्गत किरण के मार्ग में बिन्दु P पर एक पोलेरॉइड रखा गया है और इसे इसके तल के लम्बवत् तथा इसके केन्द्र से गुजरने वाली अक्ष के परितः घुमाया जाता है।

(a) एक विशिष्ट अभिविन्यास के लिए पोलेरॉइड से देखने पर अँधेरा दिखाई देगा
(b) पोलेरॉइड से देखे जाने वाले प्रकाश की तीव्रता घूर्णन पर निर्भर नहीं होती ।
(c) पोलेरॉइड से देखे जाने वाली प्रकाश की तीव्रता पोलेरॉइड के दो अभिविन्यासों के लिए न्यूनतम होगी लेकिन शून्य नहीं होगी
(d) पोलेरॉइड से देखने पर प्रकाश की तीव्रता पोलेरॉइड के चार अभिविन्यासों के लिए न्यूनतम होगी।
उत्तर :
(c) पोलेरॉइड से देखे जाने वाली प्रकाश की तीव्रता पोलेरॉइड के दो अभिविन्यासों के लिए न्यूनतम होगी लेकिन शून्य नहीं होगी

प्रश्न 2.
10⁴ Å चौड़ाई की एक झिरी पर आपतित होने वाले सूर्य के प्रकाश पर विचार करें। छिद्र से देखने
(a) केन्द्र पर श्वेत वर्ण की एक पतली तीक्ष्ण झिरीं दिखाई देगी
(b) केन्द्र पर दीप्त श्वेत झिरी जैसा होगा जो कोरों पर शून्य तीव्रता में विसरित हो जाएगी
(c) केन्द्र पर दीप्त श्वेत झिरी जैसा होगा जो विभिन्न वर्गों के क्षेत्रों में विसरित हो जाएगी
(d) केवल श्वेत वर्ण की विसरित झिरी दिखाई देगी।
उत्तर :
(a) केन्द्र पर श्वेत वर्ण की एक पतली तीक्ष्ण झिरीं दिखाई देगी

प्रश्न 3.
यंग के द्विझिरीं प्रयोग में स्रोत श्वेत प्रकाश का है। एक छिद्र को लाल फिल्टर से ढक दिया गया है। इस अवस्था में –
(a) लाल तथा नीले रंग के एकान्तर व्यतिकरण पैटर्न होंगे
(b) लाल तथा नीले रंग के पृथक्-पृथक् सुस्पष्ट व्यतिकरण पैटर्न होंगे
(c) कोई भी व्यतिकरण फ्रिन्जे नहीं होंगी
(d) लाल रंग से बना व्यतिकरण पैटर्न नीले रंग से बने पैटर्न से मिश्रित होगा।
उत्तर :
(c) कोई भी व्यतिकरण फ्रिन्जे नहीं होंगी

प्रश्न 4.
चित्र-10.3 में S₁,S₂ झिर्रियों के साथ एक मानक द्विझिरी व्यवस्था को दर्शाया गया है। P₁ तथा P₂, P के दोनों ओर दो
+पहला परदा निम्निष्ठ बिन्दु हैं। परदे पर P₂ एक छिद्र है और P₂ के पीछे एक दूसरी द्विझिरी व्यवस्था S₃ तथा S₄ झिर्रियों के साथ है और उनके पीछे एक दूसरा परदा है।

(a) दूसरे परदे पर कोई व्यतिकरण पैटर्न नहीं होगा किन्तु वह प्रकाशित होगा
(b) दूसरा परदा पूर्ण रूप से अदीप्त होगा
(c) दूसरे परदे पर एक एकल दीप्त बिन्दु होगा
(d) दूसरे परदे पर एक नियमित द्विझिरी पैटर्न होगा।
उत्तर :
(d) दूसरे परदे पर एक नियमित द्विझिरी पैटर्न होगा।

तरंग-प्रकाशिकी अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
क्या हाइगेन्स का सिद्धान्त अनुदैर्घ्य ध्वनि तरंगों के लिए वैध है?
उत्तर :
हाँ, हाइगेन्स का सिद्धान्त अनुदैर्घ्य ध्वनि तरंगों के लिए भी वैध है।

प्रश्न 2.
किसी अभिसारी लेन्स के फोकस बिन्दु पर स्थित एक बिन्दु पर विचार कीजिए। कम फोकस दूरी का एक दूसरा अभिसारी लेन्स इसके दूसरी ओर रखा है। अन्तिम प्रतिबिम्ब से निकलने वाले तरंगाग्र की प्रकृति क्या है? ।
उत्तर :
अन्तिम प्रतिबिम्ब से निकलने वाले तरंगाग्र गोलीय होंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
सूर्य के प्रकाश के लिए पृथ्वी पर तरंगाग्र की आकृति कैसी होती है?
उत्तर :
सूर्य के प्रकाश के लिए पृथ्वी पर तरंगाग्र की आकृति गोलीय होती है, परन्तु इनकी त्रिज्या पृथ्वी की त्रिज्या की तुलना में बहुत अधिक होने के कारण यह लगभग समतलीय प्रतीत होती है।

प्रश्न 4.
दैनिक अनुभव में प्रकाश तरंगों की अपेक्षा ध्वनि तरंगों का विवर्तन क्यों अधिक प्रत्यक्ष होता है?
उत्तर :
प्रकाश तरंगों की तरंगदैर्घ्य 10^-7 मीटर कोटि की तथा ध्वनि तरंगों की तरंगदैर्घ्य लगभग 15 मीटर से 15 मिमी कोटि की होती है। विवर्तन के लिए अवरोध या झिरों की चौड़ाई तरंग की तरंगदैर्घ्य की कोटि की होनी चाहिए। हमारे चारों ओर स्थित वस्तुओं से ध्वनि तरंगों का विवर्तन हो जाने के कारण दैनिक अनुभव में हमें इन तरंगों का विवर्तन ही अधिक प्रत्यक्ष होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
एक पोलेरॉइड (I) को किसी एकवर्णी स्रोत के सामने रखा गया है। दूसरा पोलेरॉइडर (II) इस पोलेरॉइड (I) के सामने रखा गया है तथा इसे घुमाया जाता है जब तक कि इससे कोई प्रकाश नहीं गुजरता। अब एक तीसरा पोलेरॉइड (III), (I) तथा (II) के बीच रखा जाता है। क्या इस स्थिति में पोलेरॉइड (II) से प्रकाश बाहर निकलेगा? व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर :
पोलेरॉइड (I) तथा पोलेरॉइड (II) परस्पर. क्रॉसित हैं। उनके बीच पोलेरॉइड (III) रखने पर इसकी अक्ष पोलेरॉइड I या II की अक्ष के समान्तर होने पर बाहर प्रकाश नहीं निकलेगा। शेष सभी स्थितियों के लिए पोलेरॉइड (II) के बाहर प्रकाश निकलेगा।

तरंग-प्रकाशिकी आंकिक प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
किसी सूक्ष्मदर्शी द्वारा उसी अभिदृश्यक के लिए दो बिन्दुओं में भेद करने के लिए, उनके बीच न्यूनतम पृथक्क्नों के अनुपात को ज्ञात कीजिए जबकि पदार्थ को प्रदीप्त करने के लिए 5000 Å के प्रकाश का तथा 100 वोल्ट से त्वरित इलेक्ट्रॉनों का उपयोग किया गया हो?
हल :
दो बिन्दुओं में भेद के लिए न्यूनतम पृथक्कन

MP Board Class 12th Physics Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Special English Essay Writing

1. Introduction
Essay is an attempt which gives expression to one’s thought on a given subject. It is a written composition in well-arranged paragraphs. It deals with one particular subject. Students at school level are, not required to write elaborate essays in which great learning and loftiness of language is required. It is enough if they can write English in a clear, simple and correct style.

2. Style
Remember the following rules to acquire good style :

1. Simplicity. It means the expression of thoughts in simple language and simple words. High sounding words and complex sentences have no place in their expression.
2. Clarity Ideas are to be expressed in such a clear language that it can easily convey the meaning to the reader.
3. Originality. The language must consist of original English words and structure of sentences. Foreign words, Latinised style, colloquial phrases and slang in expressions must be avoided.
4. Accuracy. Words and phrases should be exact. Wrong words and inaccurate expression give wrong or different meanings. Generally, they mislead the readers.
5. Brevity. Brevity means to use the least number of words in expressing the ideas. Conciseness makes the language idiomatic and forceful.
6. Unity. The sentence of a paragraph should have only one main idea. Unnecessary details must be left out. It saves the time of the reader as well as yours.
7. Order. Clauses and sentences should have proper connection with one another. Loose phrases of sentences destroy the beauty of the style arid add to its ugliness.

3. Hints for Essay Writing

Following hints should be kept in mind while writing an essay :

• Use short sentences and write short paragraphs. They should vary in length.
• Be vivid in your description of anything. For this purpose comparisons and contrasts may be used. They dd not destroy the beauty of your description.
• Say everything that is necessary on the subject. Always keep your aim clear before you. Never write vague things. Vagueness corrupts our habit of writing to the point.
• Be clear and concise in your remarks.
• Write a neat and legible hand, ft is the key to success.

4. How to Write an Essay

When you are asked to write an essay on some particular subject, begin as follows :

1. Understand the Subject fully. Have a clear idea of what you are going to write. Do not set to work before you understand the particular aspect of the subject.
2. Collection of the Material. By putting intelligent questions to yourself upon the subject, collect material for your essay in hand. Note down the ideas as they strike you. After writing them to arrange them in order.
3. Planning. Having collected ideas, begin preparing the outline. Group together the allied ideas and reject the unnecessary ones. Arrange them under a few main headings and’draw up a scheme.
4. Having written the outline, begin writing the essay. Divide your essay in a few paragraphs. Each paragraph should deal with one healing.

5. Structure of an Essay
An essay can be divided into three parts :

1. The Introduction.
2. The Body.
3. The Conclusion.

The Introduction. The introduction of the essay should be brief. A short quotation or a proverb serves a good purpose. The first sentence should be striking and interesting. It should be a keynote.

The Main Body : The beginning should lead naturally to the main body. We should deal with the necessary and relevant facts. The body is the longest and the most important part of the essay. It should be split up into suitable paragraphs of different lengths. The end of one paragraph should prepare the reader for the next paragraph.

Conclusion : The end of the essay must be as strking and interesting as the introduction. The least sentence should strike the attention of the reader, ft should leave a lasting impression on his mind. The end should be natural and not abrupt.

6. Errors to be Guarded Against

Avoid the following errors while writing an essay :

• Definitions/except in the case of any elaborate essay.
• Introductory remarks by way of showing one’s humility and thus exacting the sympathy of the examiner,
• Quotations, except from very familiar authors,
• Use of too many metaphors and similes.
• Repetition of words and ideas.
• Colloquial phrases of slang expression,
• Foolish abbreviations.
• High sounding words.

Now let us see the examples of essays.

1. A Visit to a Historical Place

I had a great desire to see the Taj Mahal, the most peaceful and matchless tomb at Agra. So I made use of the kind invitation sent to me by my dear friend in the summer vacation, ! had heard much about the beauty of the Taj Mahal anti had heard of how Mughal Emperor, Shahjahan had, at great cost built the world-famous tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaj Mahal, as a token of his great love for her. It is said that it took twenty years to build it, and that twenty thousand men were employed to complete it.

I, with my friend, reached the Taj in the evening just before sunset. We went into the beautiful garden to enjoy its straight walks, tall dark cypress trees, smooth green lawns; beds of glowing flowers and its flashing fountains. There rose up before us the wonder of the world, I found it all of white marble; I enjoyed the sight of a splendid white dome rising up in the middle with four tall white marble minarets around it, one at each corner of the raised platform on which the peat tomb stood.

At a little distance, the Taj Mahal looked small and delicate like a fairy palace; but as I got nearer I saw how large and stately it really was. When we went up the marble steps the dome seemed to soar high up into the blue sky and the clouds which were red and gold with sun-set light. It stands on the bank of blue river Yamuna. The water of the river was all gold In the sunset glow and made the building look more beautiful than ever.

We went inside. We saw the marble tomb within, They were decorated with precious stones, and the beautiful screens of carved marble. There we thought of the beloved queen whose body lay below, and the great love of the King who had spent his wealth in putting up lovely memorial to her. The real tomb of the queen lies in a small room which one can reach by descending some steps.

This hall is charming for its most beautiful patterns of marble work. The pavement is made with the squares of white and black marble. Everything in this hall, i.e. walls, screens and tombs, are all covered with inscriptions from the Quran. There are also flower designs in laid with beautiful precious stones of different colours.

When it was full moon, I persuaded my friend to take me again to see the Taj. We enjoyed the wonderful moon. It looked like a building of pearl, or a palace made of silver. It looked to be made of white cloud. The shining white marble, the black shadows, the soft moonlight, the silence and the sweet-scented garden all made it a sight never to be forgotten.

The Taj has been described variously by the poets. It has been described as “Poem in Marble” or a “Dream in Marble”. The late world-famous and Nobel Prize Winner poet, Tagore wrote many poertis on the Taj Mahal, which are very excellent. No photographic description or portrait can describe its full beauty.

It is no wonder if visitors come from far and ne^r to have a look at the Taj Mahal in thousand every year. It is indeed one of the seven wonders of the world.

2. Terrorism
Or
The Menace of Terrorism
Or
My Views on Terrorism

Terrorism is the most talked-about news item in today’s life.

Every morning we come across sensational news and reports of acts of terrorism committed by terrorism in the world. Sometimes it is a murder of an eminent politician, sometimes it is the kidnapping » of an envoy by terrorists in order to blackmail a government to concede to their just or unjust demands. The highjacking of airplanes is a common phenomenon nowadays. Bomb explosions taking place \ in crowded areas is yet another criminal act of the terrorists.

These are many other forms of these anti-social or anti-national, inhuman activities. Fish plates are removed from the railway tracks, the wells or water tanks are poisoned by the terrorists.

These anti-social or anti-national activities are performed by the terrorists in order to call the attention of the National /Government or the world community on a certain problem and to get their just or unjust demands fulfilled.

Terrorism is an international problem which has clouded our lives and made them insecure. We do not know at what moment we may be the victims of a bomb explosion or a railway accident or the highjacking of aeroplane. No one has forgotten the Bombay bomb-blasts, the Godhra incident, Akshardham attack, WTC attack and very recently Russian Massacre.

We may classify terrorism into two categories : positive and negative. Positive terrorism is one in which the aims are good. For example, a number of Indian patriots took to terrorism against the British government to force it to grant freedom to India. The terrorism of South Africa and North Ireland etc. may be included in this category. This type of terrorism is understandable since its aims are good for mankind. But w^ would not recommend such means for even right ends. In order to secure the achievement of noble ends, right means must be employed, as Mahatma Gandhi did.

Negative terrorism is one in .which an. unsatisfied section of a community holds the entire community to ransom in order to get its unacceptable demands fulfilled.

Terrorism has no boundaries nor any caste, creed or culture. It can occur anytime anywhere in, the world sometimes without any intention. Terrorists have no human heart. They spare none not even the innocent little children.

No doubt terrorists are the person who has been created by our society. It is the misguided zeal of a few genius who are spreading it in the world. We must handle them with care otherwise the whole world will be doomed. There is a need to spread a public conscience. The whole world should fight against it unitedly.

3. Dowry—A Social Evil

Since the dawn of civilization dowry system has been prevalent in our society in one or the other form. It is one of the biggest evils of our society. It is an insult to the sacred institution of marriage. Parents pay huge sums of money so that their daughter may live a happy married life. The groom’s parents try to get the maximum from bridegroom’s parents. Unreasonable demands have been made by the groom’s parents and sometimes, the marriage ceremony is abruptly stopped in the absence of sufficient dowry. Fabulous amount of cash, refrigerators, cars, coloured television sets, scooters,and even houses are demanded in dowry. The parents of the girls, have to incur heavy debts in order to meet the demands of the greedy in-laws of their daughter. No wonder then the birth of a daughter is not liked by any Indian parents.

Giving a dowry ii a vary old custom. Even in the past, the parents of the girl have been giving dowry in the form of gifts. Its supporters give a number of arguments to justify it. According to them, it is a fine method of setting up an establishment for their newly-weds. Another argument given in support of dowry is that when the girl’s parents are quite choosy about the educational qualification, social status of their would-be son-in-law, why should they not share the expenses incurred in achieving the social status, because ultimately, it is their daughter who is going to be the beneficiary, Additionally, a daughter-in-law who brings adequate dowry with her commands a better respect from her in-laws. On the other hand, a bride without sufficient dowry feels insecure and uneasy, All these are absurd arguments and cannot, in any way, justify this social evil, There is point no setting up one establishment by upsetting the establishment of the bride’s parents.

Modem girls are educated and in many cases are not dependent upon their husbands for their upkeep. In their case, it is foolish to insist on dowry as the regular earnings are no less than dowry, A girl can gain confidence only from her merits and not from the dowry, It is duty of all enlightened citizens of our country to fight out this evil. We must rid our society of this curse. Anti-dowry Act has been enforced but if the people do not co-operate, the evil of dowry cannot be eliminated, As a matter of fact, all dowry seekers and givers shpuld be boycotted socially. Educated boys and girls should bow not to marry the sons or daughters of those who demand dowry,

4. Corruption In India
Or
Corruption—A Cancer of Society

Corruption is a deep-rooted menace, that has eaten into the vitals of our society. There is hardly any sphere of social, economic, political and religious activity that is free from the corruption of some kind. Corruption has become so common that most of people have come to accept it as part of their life.

Bribery and corruption has increased greatly after 1947. The growth of democracy and industry, the system of licenses and permits for setting up enterprises, securing quotas of law materials, imports and exports and expansion of trade and commerce is responsible for the increase in corruption. Stringent laws against corruption have proved to be effective in curbing this evil.

Corruption flourishes as long as there are people who are prepared to give bribe and others who are prepared to accept it, directly or indirectly. Each one of us has a weakness for easy money. People are prepared to do anything or stoop to any extent of taking graft in order to maintain their so-called standards of living^ People who indulge in corruption maintain a double standard. On the one hand they accept a bribe and on the other they urge people to be honest and pure. Such hypocrisy compounds the offense. It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption generally breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days when people who joined politics were fired by the spirit of serving the nation. Those who suffered for the sake of getting their country freed from the foreigners, knew only how to make sacrifice. They had never expected any compensation for their sacrifices. Those were the times when only the selfless people joined politics. But unfortunately, the present-day politics has become a business like any other business. The modem politicians are no longer motivated by any lofty ideals. In order to win elections, they spend huge sums of money with the hope that after they are elected, they would recover much more than what they had spent. When the people in power indulge in unscrupulous practices, a common man also indulges freely.

Government after government have made promises to root out corruption from our public life but this evil has persisted of , course, there are honest officials but they are in minority. Let us as a nation contemplate seriously as to what will happen when our public life is loaded with corruption. A certain amount of introspection by those who are in power can only initiate the process of minimising the evil of corruption in our country. If the public in general is indifferent, corruption would continue to grow us like cancer.

5. My Favourite Game
Or
Your Favourite Game

Game is a part of my life. Right from my childhood I have been a good player. I take part in all the outdoor games. Everyone has his or her own choices. Some like hockey, other like football, while many other consider cricket to be their best game. The game which I like most is football. I have my own reasons for liking this game.

Now you can ask me why I prefer football to any other game. Well, it can be easily explained. The main object of all games is to give us some exercise. This is one reason why football is my favourite game. It helps our body to grow. It brings a sense of discipline and a habit of endurance in us. A good football player is sure to succeed in any walk of life. He can make a great soldier to defend his country. He can be a clever statesman to run the government. He can continue to be a good sportsman if he is dedicated to his game. He can be anything because his endurance, sense of discipline has taught him to be himself and be independent of his mind.

But is there no other game which gives hard exercise? Surely none other except perhaps hockey. But hockey carries many risks for the life of a player. It also makes the player quarrelsome. He uses ‘stick as his weapon. On the other hand, in football, no such , risk is involved. One can go on playing without hitting anyone seriously.

Another reason of my choice is that it is very economical. It does not require elaborate and costly equipment. A ball and a well- leveled ground is all that is required to start our game. And then . it is easy to pick up its rules. We do not require any special coach for if is learned so easily by boys that they begin to play it a very young long before they are to play hockey or cricket. lt would not be an exaggeration to say that football is a game which one learns ^ at a very early stage of one’s life.

Like hockey or cricket, football is played by two teams of eleven boys. A team consists of five forwards, three half backs, two full-backs and one goal keeper. The player kicks the ball with his feet. But he may touch it wifh any other part except, of course his hands. The goal keeper, however, can use his hands as well. As a player may be tempted to push an opponent or go for a head of the ball near the opposite goal. So pushing and off side are regarded as a foul play. The penalty for a foul is a risk by a player of the opposite team. The fewer fouls you make, the more chance you have to win the game easily.

The game of football gives us good exercise. We have to keep vigilant and alert. It encourages team spirit. It gives a very good exercise to all the limbs of our body. It keeps us fit for all the times. No wonder then I have a special preference for my favorite game football.

6. A Cricket Match

Cricket is one of the most popular games of the present century. Of late it has become quite popular in our country. Go where you may when the cricket match is on, people are glued to their transistors or television, sets. It appears as if the entire machinery of the Government has come to a standstill and people are concentrating as to the performance of our national heroes, the cricketers.

Cricket has introduced in India a long time ago. Previously this game was played only by a few aristocrats. The Rajas and Maharajas only could afford this costly game.

In the last spring holidays, a friendly cricket match was played between the filmstars team and the cricketer’s team. It was played on the Indira Gandhi Stadium. A large number of spectators gathered there to witness the match. I am also very fond of this game. I also went to see the match.

The match started at 10 A.M. Messrs Derby and Dick acted as umpires. The cricketers plus team won the toss and began to bat. Their captain sent in Rohan and Chetan, two good opening batsmen to face the bowling Govinda and Rakesh.

They had a good start. Rohan could not face the strong and, sharp bowling of Govinda. He was bowled before the score was ten. In the next fifteen minutes Chetan was also caught in the slips.

The batsman who followed them played a steady game. Soon one of them opened his account with a boundary. He punished loose balls. He squares cut the off-balls beautifully to the boundary. He did not take liberty with the straight balls. But he delighted the spectators by hitting hard the loose ones. The bowlers tried their best to, dismiss the players. They kept good length and line of the ball. The batsmen remained at the crease till they had scored 60 runs. Rohan had caught one of them at the corner. The second wicket also fell quickly. After this our bowlers had an easy time. Our opponents could not stand against our hard hitting balls. There was a regular going in and coming out of the players. There were no less than five ducks. The rot did not stop till the whole team was out for a paltry 100 runs.

The second innings started with a new zeal after the interval. Our opening pair hit up 29th when one of them was caught in the slips. Rohan filled up vacancy and scored five boundaries. He was raising the score steadily when his companion went forward to hit a slow ball. He lost his balance. And he was stumped by the wicket-keeper.

Our next player was a good hitter. He sent the ball over the boundary thrice and scored a dozen runs quickly. The score went up to 70. Runs came in boundaries and occasional singles were also cleverly stolen between the players. Zafar and Ajay hit out powerfully between them and the score increased rapidly. It was a fine performance indeed. They were well set when one of the deliveries bumped dangerously high and Zafar, in trying to hit, gave an easy catch to the wicket-keeper. Ajay was also caught in the slips. The rest were easily dispersed off. And when the game came to an end, Film Plus team won by ten runs and three wickets. It was hard-fought victory for four players and the team should in praise of the team. We returned home clapping our hands and jumping merrily.

7. Science And Civilisation

Science has been the wonderful phenomenon for mankind. It has considerably altered the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. Revolutionary changes have been brought about which could not have taken place in the absence of science. It is science that produced and developed human civilisation. The process of science and development of human civilisation have run parallel. Science has been a potent factor to shape the history of man’s civilisation on earth. Our forefathers lived a primitive life, and we are now living in an atomic age. This long leap from the jungle to the atomic civilisation could be possible only through science.

The concept of civilization is different from that\of culture. Civilisation includes the physical development while culture signifies the inner growth. All the industrial, agriculture and technological developments, are the essential parts of a developing civilisation.

We are now living in a world of dazzling glitter. Machines have reduced much of the human labour and suffering. They are serving humanity like faithful servants. Ours is a push-button civilisation, which depends upon tools, implements and machines. There are specific features that make a civilisation full. The entire structure of civilisation stands on some solid factors. The first condition for a true civilisation is that it must include the fulfilment of the primary human necessities just as food, clothing and housing. It is a matter of proud privilege that the present generation is enjoying better living conditions. We have better clothes to wear, better and nourishing food to eat and a better house to live in than our ancestors. In this respect, we can assume an easy superiority over them. There is no denying the fact that it is science v which has made our living conditions better. We must be grateful to science for its many benefits.

The other factor which makes a civilisation meaningful and s useful is leisure. If a civilisation cannot provide leisure to the people, it is not a civilisation of human beings but of brutes. If a person is busy filling his belly from morning to evening, he -does nothing different from what an animal does. The poor fellow struggles for his survival throughout his whole life and this is what the people of hunting and pastoral age did.

Science has bestowed numerous gifts on mankind. Means of transport and communications, medical facilities, electricity, agriculture machinery, recreational facilities etc. are such gifts of science to man. The blessings of science have made human life smooth and easy. Unfortunately the gifts of science have not been shared by all human beings equally. No civilisation is complete unless the gifts of science are enjoyed by all. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened. This has hampered the uniform development of our civilisation.

Science has invited lethal weapons which can destroy mankind in a twinkling of an eye. The atomic weapons have multiplied. Science can take away from us in a moment what it has given to us during the last several ages.

The terror of war is always hanging upon our heads like the / Sword of Democles. The survival of humanity is facing a horrible peril. The future of our civilisation is uncertain if the^tomic weapons spark the Third World War. If science has made civilisation strong on one hand, it has made it weak on the other. If the gifts of science are not properly used, time is not far when we shall see the end of human civilisation.

8. Democracy in India

India is said to be the largest democracy in the world in terms of numbers. Democracy is the form of government in which people’s will is supreme. Since in the present day big countries, it is not possible for the entire population of a country to gather at one place and deliberate and control the whole affairs. Government is therefore, carried by the elected representatives of the people. Of all the political forms of governments democracy is considered to be all best. Democracy is therefore, the most cultured and civilised political institution.

Democracy is the temple in which there is only idol to be worshipped and that is the idol of the people. Democracy provides, to its people, freedom of thought, speech and action. Elections are held after a certain specified number of years. General Elections have been held in India for several times. It shows that the foundations of democracy here are stable. In comparison, in most of the neighbouring countries, like Pakistan, Bangladesh, sudden overthrow of Governments have been witnessed. Army rule has been imposed in those countries and people enjoy less freedom as we do in India.

It is not mere holding of elections that is important, but people in India have developed matureudgements. When they found that a particular political party failed to represent their feelings, people of India have voted that party out. In 1977, the Congress (I) was defeated at the polls. Within two and half years, when the Indian people felt that theanata Government was unable to deliver the good, they brought back Congress again. In the recent past, also many surprising political changes have been witnessed in the State elections. In Haryana and Punjab, the Congress was defeated at the elections. This is despite the fact that majority of the electorate is still not very highly educated. But by and large, people in India have developed matureudgement which is imperative for the success of democracy. The Indian electorate has once again voted the Congress out of power in the recent general elections. Very recently a new trend of governance has emerged in the sense that no political party could gain majority which resulted in the formation of coalition government continuously for two consecutive terms, – first by the NDA and second by of UPA.

It is a matter of serious concern that many drawbacks have crept into our democratic structure. Majority of the political leaders in our country have become corrupt and self-seeking. At times, one finds that democracy in our country is no longer the government of the people, for the people and by the people. It is only a handful self-seeking leaders who are ruling the country without any regard to the public welfare which should be the important aspect of any democracy. Once elected, the ruling party forgets the voters and starts filling up their own coffers. This is certainly not healthy for the continuance of democracy. When we compare Indian democracy with that in England, we wonder at our public morality. The I politicians here feel reluctant to leave their seats of power once voted by the people. For the success of democracy in our country, what we require is clean public life of the politicians. The recent scandals about the Fairfax and Bofors have given a shock to the democratic setup in India. If the people of our country are vigilant, only then there lies some hope for the future of democracy in India.

9. Problem of Unemployment In India
Or
The Burning Problem Of India

Unemployment has emerged as a major national issue during the last many decades it has been increasing day by day. It is the burning question of the day. We find long queues before the Employment Exchanges. This problem of unemployment has been baffling our planners ever since we attained freedom. The population of India has already crossed the danger mark of 1000 million. Such an abnormal growth of population has belied all calculations and plans.

There are several factors or reasons that are responsible for the large-scale unemployment in the country. First, the population ! is increasing very rapidly. Employment opportunities have not increased with the rise in population. The rise in population must ! be controlled in order to end unemployment.

Education has reached the remotest villages of India. Educated persons run to the cities in search of jobs. We find many graduates and matriculates running after white-collar jobs. They do not like to work in factories and mills or in the fields. This has given rise to unemployment.

With the advent of automatic machines, employment opportunities in offices have declined. Moreover, educated persons do not like to work in the villages. To end this tendency factories should be set up in the villages. The young men would then stop coming to cities.

India is predominantly an agriculture country. There is no dearth of raw materials in India. We must make India an industrial country if we wish to control the mounting pressure of unemployment.

Most of the women too have taken up employment in offices and factories. This has decreased employment opportunities for the menfolk. The Government must plan in such a way that men are also gainfully employed.

Our system of education is not employment oriented. There is no vocational training in our schools or colleges. Most of the people do not like to work with their own hands. Small scale or rural industries have been badly neglected. Cottage industries can absorb most of our unemployed youth. Had we taken to rural V industrialisation, cottage and small scale industries instead of establishing big multi-crore industrial projects, the problem of unemployment would have been solved to a large extent.

Our Government is fully alive to the serious results of unemployment problem. New Education Policy lays stress on vocationalisation and the de-linking of degrees from jobs. Small scale industries are being set and educated youth are being given all possible encouragement to set up their own enterprises.

10. Educational Value of Television
Or
Television and Education

Television is a wonder to our life gifted by science. It has become a craze in the present day world. I has both advantages as well as demerits. Educational importance of television cannot be underestimated. In all .the developed and developing countries of the world, television is increasingly being made an important aid to education. Its audio-visual quality makes education programmes more effective and interesting. Schools are making full use of its potential for imparting education. In our country, television is as yet confined only to the cities but slowly it is gaining popularity among the affluent villagers. In most of the schools in Delhi, television is being freely used as a useful means of education.

Everyone would acknowledge that television is the most effective means of imparting scientific education. The best teachers can teach the largest number of students in the most effective way at a particular given time. In subjects like science and geography, there are many things which can be shown on television rather than taking the students to these actual places. For example,‘the student can have the actual glimpse of snow-fall, on the mountains through the use of television. This demonstration of the real things is sure to have a lasting impression on the minds of the students, rather v than merely telling them about those things. Scientific experiments can be shpwn to the students with the help of the television, I Students can be shown the celebration of important national events like the celebration of Independence Day and Republic Day.

The students can listen to the important speeches of the national leaders on television. The actual scene along with the particular gestures of the leader will be remembered more vividly by the students.

Physical education is becoming an important aspect of modem education. Certain games can be taught with the help of television. Expert physical instructors can demonstrate the various body movements in various physical exercises. The popular T.V. programme presented by famous cricketers Sunil Gavaskar has become very popular among the budding cricket players. The Delhi Doordarshan makes it a point to show the direct telecast of all
important national and international sports events. Test Matches on T.V. virtually hold the entire nation’s work for the duration of the match.

Television can be very useful in imparting technical education to the students. Hence one can’t deny the fact that Television serves a major role in the field of education effectively.

12. Importance of Games and Sports

The real education is one which can make a student intellectually sharp, physically strong and morally sound. It develops and strengthens the three aspects of our personality-mind, body and soul. In this sense games and sports are the basic need of life. Unless the development of the mind and body goes hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would prove to be a poor, lop-sides affair. Therefore, games and sports, must form an integral part of the education of our youth.

So far physical education has been neglected in our educational system. Games and sports have been woefully neglected in our schools and colleges. Our education has been concerned only with earning degrees and diplomas. No wonder then our youngmen have started hating physical labour. Our graduates who come our of out universities with gold medals are physical wrecks. It darkens their future completely.

Hence there is a need to change our attitude towards games and sports. Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working. They consider them only as amusement like the cinema or ^adio, such things, they think are harmful for the studies of a strident who must at all times continue to stuff his brain with facts and figures. In fact, however> sports and games are of great value, especially to students who work with their brains Tnost of the day.

Sports and games make oilr bodies strong and keep us healthy. Little brairr work can be done by an ailing person. A sound mind resides only in a sound body. Physical exercise is essential for health. Every nerve, every sinew and everyoint of the body gets strengthened through games. But a good health is not the only thing we get through them. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, for instance, our eyes see the ball coming,udge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain has then to decide what to do, and to send its order to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully.

Sport and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at college, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, discipline and love of one’s country. But what is learnt in books cannot have the same deep effect on a person’s character as what is learned by experience. Game inculcate in the ! players the habits of teamwork, discipline is being guided by a captain obedience to the rules of the game as interpreted by the referee or umpire and spirit of sportsmanship in taking the defeats along with victories with a smile. If we want a disciplined nation, we must give due encouragement to games and sports in our schools and colleges.

Recreational value of sports and games cannot also be denied. After a tiring day in the class room, in the laboratory or at your desk, there is nothing more refreshing than an hour in the field. A hot game of hockey, or a fast match of football and an exciting cricket takes off our fatigue. One feels fresh once again for any amount of work.

Games and sports thus must be compulsory for all students. Colleges and schools should have proper equipment and facilities- % for the students. The’ teams may win or lose, games play their wonderful role of making students active and agile in their life.

13. Computer that changed Our Life

Science has gifted us so many wonderful things that have affected our style of living and made life easy going Computer is one of- them that has played an important role in improving the conditions of advanced nations. We can effectively realise our dreams 1 through proper use of computers.

India declared its computer policy in November 1984. It has Opened, a new beginning of computer revolution in the history of India. The first computer in India was built in 1966 by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. After a while Bhabha Atomic Research Centre added to computers in a series. Computers are now manufactured on a commercial basis. This has given a further momentum to the computer revolution in India. The establishment of the Electronics Corporation of India was a momentous event. r The use of electronics will not accentuate the problem of v unemployment. On the other hand, it will provide employment to a lot of people. Electronics can be safely and carefully made use of in agriculture, weather-forecasting and soil testing.

The ruling party made use of computer in the last Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. Computer played a great and important role in the analysis of election results.

The Government has established National Information Centre in New Delhi under Electronics Commission which is fitted with the most advanced and accurate computers.

The use of computer has proved to be very beneficial in banks. There are plans to fit computers at the main branches of all the nationalised banks.
The computer is being increasingly used in transport system. The international alirline have already got it.

Its use in Post and Telegraph, military corporate houses will revolutionise the working of these departments. The computer has been found of immense use in the statistical department for the purpose of data analysis.

Indeed advantages of the use of computers are many. They make calculations much faster and more accurately than in all industrial countries of Europe and USA, on a large scale: If data are correctly fed into a computer than it can check and correctly examine answer book at much faster rate. That is why computers are in use of practically all the educational institutions of the developed countries of the world, and developing countries like India are making increasing use of them.

14. Wonders of Science

Science is a tremendous concept. It has worked, wonders for us. It has gifted a number of wonderful objects. There are reasons to consider science to be blessing. Science has helped men to conquer the forces of nature. It has added new comforts to the life of men. It has made men superior to all other creatures.

It has made the rulers powerful because of gun powder. The life during the dark ages was unsafe. In those days looting and murders were common after sun set.

Faster modes of travelling and improved means of communication have established order and security. Today we can take lunch in India and supper in London. It has conquered distance. Similarly telephone, telegraph and wireless have helped us to save time .and send ‘messages at any moment. Through its devices it helps us and save time from kitchen to fields. Now man has a greater amount of lesiure.

Science has brought success in every field of our life. Man has almost conquered diseases. He has checked polio and plague. Surgery can now show miracles. By applying science to industries men have been able to raise the living standard of common people. Most of the people were naked. They were very poor. They had no food to fill their bellies. Like cats and rats died due to starvation, cold and over work. Science has now made large scale production. Almost every one is provided with common necessities of life.

As a matter of fact, a scientific invention cannot be blamed for the tragedy of man. After all an atom bomb does not prepare itself or explode on it own account. A discovery of science is lifeless, obviously, it can never control man. Seeing in this light, Science can * never turn out to be a master it is always a slave.

Men should always think of both the positive and negative aspects of discoveries of science. When man loses the moral values in life then he thinks of destroying innocent people. He also becomes one of its victims. No body should be slave to science” and an enemy to human civilization. Science should always be used for peaceful purposes. Science must be tackled wisely because any sort of mishandling can bring a doom to our life. Its devasting aspect is almost beyond control.

15. The Problem of India’s Increasing Population

Indian life has turned to be critical there are so many problems that have made us panicky. Increase in population is one of them. Famines, floods, earthquakes and riots often occur. The government is doing its best to solve these problems. But the population problem is the most dangerous. The population explosion has ‘taken a rapid stride in India. According to the Census of 1971, the population of India was 54.8 crores. It became 68.4 crores in 1981 and 84.4 crores in 1991. It has crossed 100 million according to the 2000 census report. This presents a horrible situation. The explosion of population has complicated the problems of poverty, illness, unemployment and marty others.

The population in India is growing rapidly. The advancement and expansion of medical science has resulted in the lower death rate. Along with it, the illiterates of our country give no thought to the national problems created by this rapid growth of population. The children are thought to be God gifted.

The population explosion in India has brought about many severe consequences. The health of the mother runs down and that results in the rearing or weakening, which make a weak, dull, illiterate and poor nation. Therefore, for the welfare of the family and the nation as a whole, it is very necessary to check the growth of population. Every citizen of India should try to limit his family. For this ‘Family Planning’ or ‘Family Welfare’ is needed.

Growth of population may be prevented by observing celibacy and self-control. But in the present day atmosphere, it is rather impossible. So the negative check have been chalked out by the government. Loops, Nirodh and contraceptive tablets have been invented. The government is making a vigorous propaganda for it.

People are being encouraged to go under vasectomy or tubectomy operations Family Welfare Centres have been set up in all parts of the country where ‘Nirodh’ and contraceptives are sold on nomial charges Or distributed freely. Operations are also managed there.

We should realise that the children are product of choice, not of chance or god gift. ‘We two and ours two’ slogan should be maintained by every citiien. We should be watchful for the future progress and prosperity oftfljihe nation and observe ‘Family Welfare’ programme. People should be educated to be wise to control this situation. There is a need for public conscience which alone can solve this problem otherwise a time will come when there will be no place even to stand on Indian land and nothing to eat for anyone in India.

16. India Ushering into the Twenty-First Century

Our young and dynamic late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had promised to take India right into the 21st century. The tremendous progress that our country has made after getting independence gives us an optimistic picture of our country. If we compare the progress of these four decades with the country that sjndia was at the close of the 19th century, we would wonder at thfe difference. The present century has witnessed far reaching advances in politics, economics, trade, industry, education and science. We were a primitive nation of snake charmers and grass cutters at the close of the last century. Now we are a free nation and have our place in the comity of nations. Our economic growth rate is at par with that of many advanced countries of the world. Our scientists have acquired great name in the world of science and in no way inferior to the top-ranking scientists that the world has today. We have come to assume the role of a ‘big brother’ in the South East Asian Region and have earned a big name in the non-aligned countries of the world. Ours is the biggest democracy in the world. These are no mean achievements.

The Indian Government has launched ambitious plants and if these are sincerely implemented one can jolly well hope that in the twenty-first century things are going to improve still further. Indian economy has already shown significant growth rate of 5 percent per annum in a sustained fashion.

No doubt we have not been able to check the ever increasing numbers of our population but there are indications that educated couples are increasingly taking to the advantages of small family. If we are able to educate more and more people we can certainly hope to curb the, increasing trend of our population in the years to come. Once we are able to tame the monster of population problems, we shall be able to make our economic programmes more meaningful.

India is no more a large undernourished country of 1000 million. It is now a country which is more than self-sufficient in food- production due to vast irrigation project, a local fertiliser industry ‘ and green revolution. We have to take appropriate measures to meet the challenge posed by the frequent drought in some parts of our country. Such unforeseen calamities often push the wheel of progress backward. Our scientists are competent enough to find out a satisfactory solution to the continued dry spell occurring quite frequently. If only we are able to provide our laborious farmers with adequate means of irrigation, they can do wonders in the realm of agriculture. We can eliminate our dependence upon foreign countries in the matter of foodgrains.

Indian can boast of one of the best armed forces in the world. Equipped with the latest weapons, our soldiers are second to none in the world and they can defend the frontiers of our country ably. Ourawans have already shown their valour in the wars fought more than twice in free India. High technology is being used both in the civilian iand military sectors. We are self-sufficient in nuclear energy. Today India builds its own power reactors, heavy water and reprocessing plants and plans to add 22 reactors within the next 15 years to the 6 already in operation. The day is not far off when it will become second to none in Asia.

India is an industrial giant among developing countries. With an ever-growing internal market of 1000 million people, her industrial product have reached markets across the seven seas. It has also developed a technology appropriate for the needs of the third world. The performance of India’s private industrial sector has been exemplary and is still growing. If the industrial growth continues at this rate we will witness in the coming century as India which will be at par with many advanced nations of the west.

Indian villages are no longer the same as these were forty years ago. Government of India has been giving ‘top priority to rural development. All the Five Year Plans have been geared to improve the lot of the villagers. The schemes like Integrated Rural Development Programme are basically aimed at making our backward villages modern. Schools and hospitals are being opened in the villages to improve the lot of the villages and spread literacy among them. The. New Education Policy recently launched by the Government envisages opening of Navodaya Vidyalas at district centres. These schools would impart the most modern education to the village children who have hithertofore been ignored from such sophisticated schools.

India no doubt has shown the way of progress. Now it has attracted the attention of the-whole world as a largest world market. Even the USA has been trying to develop its good relation with India. It is our great achievement.

17. Value of Discipline

Discipline is a way which follow the order. No nation can be great unless its people are disciplined. Discipline in life leads to success. No country, school, college or home without discipline can function properly. Thus, it is necessary in all walks of life.

Discipline starts from home. Respect the authority is the base of discipline. Children must obey their parents and elders. Parents to love them and guide them properly.

Discipline is very necessary for the continuance of a well regulate and orderly life. It is needed and orderly life. It is needed in every shape of life. Its Importance in our country today is Very great. The freedom of the nation can be safe only when we Iedrn the lesson of discipline. Discipline is required for the progress and betterment of individual in his life. It is the guide and the guardian of a man’s life. All the great men risen to heights of success and glory by ordering discipline in their lives. Loose discipline in farmily, in the classroojn, in the army and field will lead to the path of ruin.

An indisciplined army is unmanageable. It will suffer defeat in the battle-field. Whereas a disciplined army fights unitedly and comes out victorious. The discipline of Indian army is well-known all over the world.

In a classroom no teacher can teach his or her students. It is for the class to maintain discipline. One learns discipline first at home and then in school. To obey set rules is discipline. In a family, the head can’t run it smoothly if the members don’t maintain discipline. In an assembly all the members must observe discipline if they want to do any goodob successfully and in time.

Discipline should be the way of life without which we will face complete chaos. We will make no progress at . all. It provides an order and perfection to our life. If there is no discipline in any field of life, there will be no progress. Even in family if we lack discipline it is sure to be doomed. Hence we need to discipline our life.

Infact discipline is very essential in all walks of life. In its absence there will be utter diorder, confusion and chaos. No nation can progress in its absence. It is the key to success. Hence, it must be followed by all.

18. Indian Politics Todajr
Or
Politics of Coalition

At present Indian politics is under the process development. Although right from the time of freedom movenlent the processes on but during the last twenty years these have been a lot of changes. Due to selfish motto of political parties, the aim of getting power to rule things have gone the worst.

Indian politics has lost the real component of fair practice in politics. The means should be right and pure to achieve the object but in our country now the attraction of power is so much that no body cares for the means. For example, for winning the election they adopt all those malpractices which are immoral in our society. After election horse-trading goes on to capture power. Minister, officials and leaders of political parties adopt immoral ways and means to earn money.

After 1985 many cases of corruption were defected in public life in which leader, Government officials, servants, contractors, brokers and antisocial elements were involved. the fashion and tradition of commission increased the corruption in all Walk of life. During the last ten years there were a lot of scandals in which so many ministers, secretaries, directors, government officers and servants are found involved. The cases of share scandal, hawala, urea and chara are the worst which have opened the new chapter of corruption in public life. Though these scandals are mere examples, there are a lot such scandals which are still to be brought into light. Indeed there is a lot of corruption in our public life. Bribery has become a courtesy. No work is done without it. Almost all the measures adopted to control it have failed head long, because most of our leaders, political workers, government officers, public servants, contractors, brokers, businessmen, traders, industrialists are directly or indirectly involved in the cases of corruption. Some of them have been caught while the others are still beyond reach.

At present even the representatives of people such as some of the MLAs, MP’s and ministers, government officers and servants are following the path of corruption and they are making hay while the sun shines. The whole system has become so spoiled and corrupt that it needs well planned serious efforts.

As now-a-days no party is getting absolute majority at the centre so the politics of coalition is going on. It is giving us weak government moreover the country has to fall to mid term polls due to coalition politics. This new trend now seems to be the way of Indian politics. In coalition form of govt, no single party gets majority. Many of the parties form the govt. It becomes very critical for one to run the govt, and control the parties of different ideas.

For example two successive govt, had ruled India—one the NDA and now the UPA. This trend is not at all good to nation.

19. Communal Harmony

Amity between the communities in the country, and absence of any friction and tension among them is known as communal harmony. , In countries like India, it is very important, being a pre-condition to internal peace, which is essential for progress and development of the country. As we know, India has got multiplicity of religions and very nature of the culture is composite. But religion has never been a source of conflict between the comm.unities in Indian society. Mutual tolerance and high regard for other religions is an age-old tradition of the country. Still the vested interest has always been active to create disharmony between them. There were, however, not a single instance some years back where obstruction in religious performance has been a cause of communal riots. This phenomenon in the Indian context is politically motivated and has always been engineered by vested interests. It were there at thb time of the foreign rule as well as ih post-independence era.

Communal harmony as such is highly sensitive an issue and, cannot be soft-pedaled any more in view of our traditional values, composite cultural heritage and secular character of our state. But the main problem is how to maintain communal harmony at administrative and social levels. There is lack of political consciousness among the common people due to illiteracy. Secondly, antisocial and professional criminals have been playing a key role in communal riots and flare-ups as agents of vested interests and their hirelings. Finally, there is need of an effective mechanism to deal with it. Present mechanism is not so smooth. It lacks coordination and people’s involvement. The intelligence agencies report in advance to the District and State authorities about the communal tension and the element actively associated with growing tension and potentials of disturbances etc. But generally no action is taken and authorities wait for the riots. It is only thereafter that police move in for action and curfew is clamped to control the situation. During curfew arrests are made for violations.

For the last ten years Ramanambhoomi-Babri Masjid issue is a major root of communal disharmony. Muslims and Hindus are face to face with each other on this issue. In the earlier the communal riots on this issue have taken many lives in Gujarat. Three bogies of a train in which Ramsevaks were returning from Ayodhya were burnt by a mob of 2000 Muslim fundamentalists at Godhra railway station. In which 58 persons were burnt alive. Suddenly in reaction of it, Hindus started burning the properties and men and women in different areas of Gujarat.

To begin with, therefore, the first thing is to have a fresh look at it and amend our approach accordingly. Foremost in the process thus is resolute toil on the part of government to protect the foundation pillar of the Indian state. We must tackle the situation wisely.

With fresh approach to the problem fresh measures are also to be taken to deal with it effectively. The measures would include suitable amendments in the existing applicable law, pertaining to apprehension of breach of peace and criminal conspiracy against the state and people of India. A new mechanism involving individuals and social organisations on different levels to watch vigil over the situation replacing existing local peace committees will have to be evolved to help the administrative machinery in taking preventive and follow-up action in cases of attempts and conspiracy of breach of communal harmony. This will lead our country to the path of glory.

20. The Role Of Opposition Parties in a Democracy

In a parliamentary system of government the party or the group of parties commanding majority forms the government and remains in power as long as it enjoys the confidence of popularly elected’ house. Regarding seating arrangement, the house is divided into two wings. On the right-hand side of the speaker the ruling party or the parites are allotted seats and in parliamentary terminology these are called as treasury benches. While on the left hand side of the speaker, the opposition party members or parties are allotted seats. Parties and group on either side have their own elected leaders. The Prime Minister is also the leader of the House while the leader of the largest opposition party enjoys the status of the leader of opposition in the House. There is a prescribed procedure for this and they are accorded recognition of their status by the Speaker as per rule and regulations and establishment norms in respect thereof .”The government is free to determine the policies and programmes and make decision, so long as it retains power that is again subject to the approval of the House in a prescribed manner.

The opposition parties play very significant role in a democracy as representatives of the people who have returned them to the House to safeguard their interests. With this view, they criticise government in case the later ignore them or conceal facts and they resort to protestation in the House and at the public level. It counts very much for awareness among the people over the specific issues of national importance and raises levels of political consciousness among them.

Most impressive and dominant role of the opposition in a democracy is that of a ‘watch dog’ of the system. In such countries where there is a two-party system in vogue, the opposition party forms a ‘shadow cabinet’ to exercise vigil over the performance of the government. This is truer in case of United Kingdom. Two-party system is also in vogue in United States of America. Since there is no parliamentary system of government, the opposition party in the House of Representatives of the US Congress (the lower House of the Parliament) forms as many committees as the ruling party does and present their views over the policies and performance of the US administration in National and International. Affairs before the official committeesoint committees are also formed on important subjects or issues.

In countries where there is multiparty system in vogue including, India, the opposition parties try to cooperate among Mhemselves over particular issues. Arbitrary and despotic behavior of the government is checked by the opposition parties demanding information and debate in the House.” It is the opposition in the Parliament that has a very important hole of check and balance to play in the larger public interest and correct democratic practices.

Members of the opposition parties are also included in the advisory committees attached to the respective ministries. All the measures of the government connected with the respective ministries are discussed and finalized by them. Opposition plays a significant role in it through its recommendations.

Therefore, in shaping of the legislative measures, opposition has a say, or at least influences it. Still, if their recommendations are ignored, they have another chance when the bill is introduced in the House and debated.

Opposition in Parliament enjoys a good status and the members of the House have a privilege of raising such issues that are more relevant to the cause of public; more particularly when the government overlooks them or conceals the facts related to them. It is very clear, therefore, that the role of opposition parties is more vital to the healthy growth of democracy and in the larger public interest.

In extreme cases of confrontation, if the government is all powerful to crush the opposition, the later is potent enough to make a stir against the former and force them to exit by means of mass movement and agitation. Only then they can save democracy. Plato has rightly said, “The punishment of wise man who refuses to take part in the affairs of the government, is to live under the government is to live under the government of unwise men.”

Though the real role of the opposition parties is to appreciate the govt, in its progressive works and to oppose and control its negative role. But now the concept seems to have changed completely. Only to oppose the govt, has become their prominent role. It mars the progress of the nation.

21. Pollution: Need For Environmental Consciousness

The unsustainable life styles and consumption patterns of the industrialized countries have led to the worst environmental degradation. As far back as in 1992, Earth Summit at Rio deaniero highlighted the facts adding that poverty is the main setback in controlling and reforming of environmental pollution for the poor and developing countries. It called for a global partnership for environmental protection. Agenda 21 adopted at Reo deniers addressed the pressing problems of the day with over 2500 recommendations for action in social and economic areas, such as combating poverty, changing patterns of production and consumption, conserving and managing natural resources, protecting the atmosphere, oceans and biodiversity, preventing deforestation and protecting sustainable agriculture.

The major problems of the environment are recognised as global climatic change, ozone depletion, water and air pollutions, deforestation and resource, degradation. 23 billion tones of carbon dioxide is released in the air by burning fossil fuels causing Greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse gases are mainly contributed by the industrialized nations. By the middle of 21st century, earth’s temperature at present level of heat emission would go up by one to three degrees Celsius and the sea level would rise between 30 to 100 centimeters.

India has witnessed alarming environmental degradation in the last two decades. It is the sixth-largest and the second-fastest producer of Greenhouse gases. The key environmental pollutions related to industries in India are water pollution, soil erosion, ground water contamination and deforestation. Indian rivers are also suffering from high level of pollution due to enormous municipal wastes, industrial effluents and agricultural run-offs. According to expert findings, 70 percent of India’s surface water is severely polluted. As per government statement in 1992, 3/4 of the total waste water generation is due to municipal waste which is one half of the total pollution load.

Consequent to it, fresh water resources are depleting very fast and water-borne diseases are on the increase that account for 2/3rd of the total illness in India. Air pollution in India is the highest by vehicular sources to the extent of 64 percent, by thermal power 16 percent, by industry 13 percent and by climatic sector 7 percent. The average level of suspended particular matter, in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi is very high and these are included in the list of 10 metropolitans of the world in respect thereof. These cities have reached critical level while Kanpur, Nagpur and Ahmedabad are hitting the same. Chennai is found moderate.

In respect of land pollution, it is disposal of solid and toxic municipal and industrial wastes. The per capita solid waste generation average in India is to the order of 360 to 400 gms per day. This waste counts for affliction of respiratory diseases.

In case of pollution control of environmental reform it is very important to note that a partnership of highly industrialized nations with the poverty stricken and developing countries is,a must for sustainable development. It implies the help of the farmer to the latter which includes transfer of latest non-pollution technology.

This has been the main stress in the Rio-Declaration. Inune 1997, Earth plus five summit was held in New York to review the programme adopted in ‘Agenda 21’. The conference concluded that the targets were not achieved—annual emission of carbon dioxide, blamed for global warming, continued to rise, fresh water scarcity remained, and depletion of forest cover was not being checked. In another conference, held in Japanese resort, Kyoto, in December 1997, to check global warming, participants agreed to meet binding targets between 2008 and 2012.

The steps to control pollution in India include environmental clearance for major industrial activities based to impact assessment before site selection. Introduction of unleaded petrol, low-sulphur diesel and higher emission norms throughout the country in a phased manner is the second significant step. Beside this, efforts are to be intensified further to control pollution in 22 industries in various towns and cities that are critically polluted. The industries are to comply with such emission and effluent standards as may be notified in a time-bound manner.

22. Forest and Human Life

Man is an important part of the biosphere. He has an intricate relationship with forests and trees. The biosphere and ecosystem are self-sustaining. Nature maintains a balance in land, water, air and all the living organisms in the world. Any imbalance in the tine biosphere is called environmental pollution.

The grand industrial development, the green revolution, the transport expansion, the rapid growth of cities and accidental management of natural resources have badly affected environmental balance. The pollution of air and water will soon reach a point when no place on the earth will remain safe. Due to large scale industrial and human settlements on grand scale many rivers have become gloomy and dark. The large scale industrial waters, and oil poured in the sea have started killing marine life.

Undoubtedly the modem technological development has been the main cause of polluting our air, ocean and rivers etc. It is a matter of great importance that our rivers are becoming dark. Fishes are rotting on the sea shores. Trees are withering and cities are filled with foul air. Toxic chemicals are finding their way into our food. When the normal composition of air is changed, air becomes polluted.

The main causes of air pollutions are

1. combustion,
2. manufacturing processes,
3. agriculture activities,
4. use of solvent and
5. nuclear energy programs.

Combustion can be described in three types—
(i) Fuel-burning, transportation and refuse burning. All these three kinds of combustion release several types of gases. These gases pollute air. They also cause pollution. Chemical plants, metallurgical plants and plants for waste recovery come under this category. The polluted things released from these processes make the air unfit for human consumption. Agriculture activities are another source of air pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers and manures and burning of field waste pollute the atmospherical air.

Several types of solvents are used in spray-painting, polishing of furniture, dyeing, printing and dry cleaning. The solvents produce hydrocarbons which pollute air.

Various measures may be adopted to control pollution To trap smoke particles chambers should be made. Lofty smoke stakes should be built. Gases should be discharged through exhaust pipes higher in the air. Chemical industries should not be allowed to be set up on the banks of rivers. Waste materials should be subjected to anti-pollution treatment.

In view of the great danger to mankind, many countries in the world have passed laws to prevent pollution. But it has been seen that anti-pollution laws are not being obeyed everywhere.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 5 Writing

5.1 Messages

See WorkbookPages 127-130

Exercises

Write messages on the themes given below:

Question 1.
Shweta is leaving for office when suddenly she realizes that some guests would becoming for dinner. She requires 1 kg of potatoes and some fresh fruits from the market but as she would be late, she leaves a message for her husband who would be returning in the afternoon asking him to buy the same.
Answer:
25th September, 20xx
10 a.m.
Dear Sumit
Some guests are coming to dinner. I may be late. So, please purchase one kilogram of Potatoes and some fresh fruits from the market.

Shweta

Question 2.
‘HelIo, may I speak to Amit, more, please. I am Junaid All.’ Mr. Ah, Pm afraid Amit is not at home. Could I take a message, please? I am his sister, Kirti.
See Workbook Page 7
Answer:
20th September. 20xx
3 p.m.
Amit
Mr. Junaid All had called you to inform that there would be no tuition classes today arid for tomorrow he is going away for two days.

Kirti

Question 3.
You are personal assistant to Mr. S.S. Saxena, the Principal of K.G.N School, Khandwa. Using the following notes from his note-pad, draft a message on his behalf for Mr. Shriniwasan, the Vice-Principal of the school.
See Workbook Page 131
Answer
12th September, 20xx
8 a.m.
Dear Vice-Principal,
The principal wants to meet the entire Science Faculty urgently In the staff room at 2 pm to discuss the event for science exhibition and do the planning for the same.

P. A to Principal

Question 4.
You are Vinita. The students of your class are being taken on an excursion to ‘Sanchi’. our friend Arti was absent on the day when a few instructions were given. Write a message to your friend using the following information.
See Workbook Page 132
Answer:
12th September, 20xx
10 a.m.
Dear Arti
All the students of our class are going on an excursion to Sanchi. Reach the railway station at 9 am. Carry your lunch, water bottle. You need not bring more than 100. We are expected to be back by 6 pm.

Vinita.

Question 5.
You are Arushi. You and your friend Mahuri love to read books. You see the following advertisement in a newspaper and you wanted to visit this Book Fair with ‘our friend. Write a message for your friend inviting her to join you. Also, fix date, time, and place to meet.
See workbook Page 132
Answer:
10th September, 20xx Mahuri
We are going to visit the National Book Fair, Bhopal today at 12 noon. Please meet us at the main gate. We have booked your ticket too.

Arushi.

Question 6.
You are Sahil Kapoor. You have come across the following advertisement for a television Course in Physics, Chemistry and Maths on a banner. You think it will benefit you and your friend, Parag Jam. Write a message using the information given in the advertisement, to suggest to your friend that she joins the course with you.
See book Page 133
Answer:
12th September, 20xx
2 p.m.
Parag
Learner’s Institute offers a Revision Course for the students of 9th to 12th classes. It will run for 30 days, starting from 10th May at 245, Gulmohar Villa, B Sector, Patel Nagar. I think that we should not miss this opportunity. I am going to contact the office tomorrow at 10 am. Come and join me.

Sahil.

5.2 Notices

See Workbook Pages 134-136

Exercises

Write notices on the themes given below:

Question 1.
You are Sunil Agarwal studies in Class XII in Govt. Excellence H.S.S., Barnagar
(Ujjain). You have lost your blazer at the playground bn the Annual Sports Day. Write a notice to be put up on the School Notice Board. (M.P, Board 2010)
Govt. Excellence Higher Secondary School Barnagar, Ujjain
Answer:

Notice Attention all students and staff This is to bring to your notice that I have lost my blazer somewhere in the playground on the Annual Sports Day. It is of navy blue color. Anyone who finds it please submit it to the common room office or inform me. I shall be thankful to him/her. Sunil Aggrawal Class XII A

Question 2.
You are Abraham John, the Secretary of your school’s Science Club. A science exhibition is being organized in your school. Write a notice for the school notice-board inviting projects and models from the students. Also, encourage them to volunteer their services in managing the event. The exhibition is to be held on 25th September, 20xx.
Answer:

Scindia Sr. Secondary School, Bhopal Notice Science Club Science Exhibition 25th September, 20xx. Our school is going to organise a Science Exhibition for three days, starting from 2nd October. All the students are hereby invited to submit their projects and models for it. Three best projects and models shall be rewarded. Many eminent personalities shall grace the occasion. The last date for submission is 25th September. For any queries, you may contact the Secretary in the office of the common room, between 2-3 pm. Abraham John Secretary, Science Club.

Question 3.
You are Alok Yadav, President of a Cultural Organization called Progressive Theatre, Bhopal. Write a notice for publication in a newspaper inviting interested students between 15 and 17 years for an audition to be held at Ravindra Bhawan, Bhopal on the 15th of June.
Answer:

Progressive Theatre Bhopal Notice The Children of the town between 15 and 17 years of age are invited to come for an audition to be held at Ravindra Bhawan on 25th Oct., 20xx from 10 am to 6 pm. The selected students shall be given a chance to represent the town in the Inter-State Competition to be held in December. The interested candidates are requested to contact the office during office hours. Alok Yadav President Progressive Theatre.

Question 4.
A boy is missing. The police are trying to trace him out. They enquire of his father about his details. Read the conversation between the Policeman and his father. Draft a notice to be broadcast over the T.V. Put the notice in a box.
See Workbook Page 138
Answer:

Missing Notice A boy, Ronit Arora, aged about 14, a student of class X A is missing. He is about 5 ft, 2 inches and very thin. He is wearing a school uniform. He was last seen at the school gate. If someone traces him out please inform the nearest police station or his father on the Phone No. 9460195287. The informer shall be suitably rewarded. Amit Rana A Social Activist.

Question 5.
Ajay Chouhan of class XII B has lost his watch somewhere in the school premises. Besides being valuable, the watch has an emotional valuator. He puts up a notice on the school noticeboard, promising a good reward to one who finds it. Write the notice and put it in a box.
Answer:

ABC School, Jabalpur Notice I have lost my watch somewhere in the school premises during recess hours on 25th September. It is a valuable one and l am very emotional about it. If anyone finds it, please submit to the Principal office or meet me. The boy will be given a treat. Ajay Chouhan Class XII B

Question 6.
You are Taruna Vyas, incharge of the cultural committee, Paramount Public School,
Sagar. Your Principal gave you a letter about an Inter-School Cultural Competition in which your school has to take part. Taking relevant details from the letter, write a notice asking students to appear for selection.
See Workbook Page 139
Answer:

Paramount Public School, Sagar Notice Inter School Cultural Competition 2nd October, 20xx. This is to be notified to all the students that our school is organising an Inter-School Cultural Competition on 2nd October, 20xx. The event includes music, dance, and skit. Those who want to participate may contact the undersigned in the office between 2-4 pm. Taruna Vyas Cultural Committee

Question 7.
Explain the notices below. Where would you happen to find each of these notices?

Answer:
On the road – In hospital, clinic, School.

5.3 Articles

See Workbook Pages 141-144

Question 1.
Write an article for your school newsletter on the positive as well as negative aspects of using cell phones. (M.P. Board 2010)
Answer:
Using Cell Phones A Dilemma—by John Abraham
Cell phones have become the basic need of today’s society. Everyone is seen busy with it every time. In a very short duration of not more than a few decades, it has occupied the center stage. It is a boom in communication technology. It has made easy access to the whole, world at fingertips. Now with the advancement of technology, it has become a mini-computer, a complete media house, and a device for social networking. It has made our life connected to everyone all the time but we can’t deny that it has also damaged us. We use it while driving and invite accidents and slow down traffic. We use it in the office and hamper our prime duties. Sticking to cell phones also damages our nervous system to lose concentration. Sometimes, we are vexed. It has both negative and positive aspects. We need to be wise while using it. Great care is needed.

Question 2.
You are Frakash Ojha of class XII. You observe that there is a steep decline in reading habits amongst children. The major cause for this is the T.V. You decide to write an article in a newspaper on ‘Ways to Promote Reading’.
Answer:
Ways To Promote Reading—by PrakashOjha, class XII
Since a few decades it has been a major concern that there has been a rapid decline in the reading habits amongst children. As reading is a bliss and gives the real ecstasy it should be maintained. However due to the thrilling and exciting TV Programmes children are diverted. They pay more attention to TV than on reading. Moreover, books are becoming costly. It also causes this decline. Hence, there is a need to promote reading habit by providing books at low price. Children should be attracted to the library by arranging various entertainment cum education programmes there.

Question 3.
You are Ajay Sinha. You happened to see the following news in a local newspaper and were prompted to write an article describing the rising trends in drowning deaths and lack of concern on the part of authorities near picnic spots.
See Workbook Page 145
Answer:
Drowning Death: Lack Of Concern Of Authorities—by Ajay Sinha
During the last few months a number of drowning cases have been reported. These incidents occur due to the canal located at the Khargaun village. As the canal has developed some ditches and uneven floor, it should be mended but the authorities are blind to this fact. They fail to provide security to the children who go there for swimming. All cries of the people fail to convince them. If this situation continues more deaths shall be caused.

Question 4.
You happened to overhear the following conversation:
See Workbook Page 146
On hearing this dialogue, you decide to write an article in the local daily on the need to provide security at tourist spots. Also, suggest the ways and means to fight terrorism.
Answer:
Security To Tourists—by ABC
Our country has been victimized by terrorism since a few decades, though the whole world is shattered with this problem, India has suffered a lot. We fear to go even out of our house during festivals. Nobody knows what is to happen in the next moment. Even the top security agencies of the government fail to save people. The terrorists are so bold that they send messages through e-mails about their attacks. Even then the government fails to provide protection. Now it is the prime time that the civilians should take their own way to protect themselves. Arms should be generalised.

Question 5.
You are Sonia Nigam, while watching a news channel covering a rally of ‘Green Peace Activists’, you saw the following intriguing posters that prompted you to write an article for a newspaper on ‘It’s Worth, Saving the Earth’.
See Workbook Page 147
Answer:
Saving The Earth—by Sonia Nigam
We live on earth. It is our mother. We get all our resources from it. However, it is our own fault that we are destroying it. Population is growing so rapidly that we are consuming earth’s resources rapidly to compensate our need. The speed of consuming earth and its resources is greater than its capacity to compensate. Hence it is being exhausted and a day will come when it will fail to fulfill our need. Then you can imagine what would happen to our life. Naturally everything will be finished one day. So, we need to be wise to save our earth so that we can love more.

Question 6.
You are Mokit Joshi. Traffic jams and road accidents are a common feature in your city as people don’t follow the traffic rules and don’t drive in proper lanes. As a concerned citizen, you decided to write an article on ‘Art of Safe Driving’. You can take help from the following tips.
See Workbook Page 148
Answer:
Safe Driving: Safe Life—by Mohit Joshi
Reckless and speed driving has been a growing craze among people specially the young generation. It causes accidents and traffic jams. Safe driving saves you a lot. You save time as there is no traffic jam. It also saves petrol consumption. There are no chances of risk, heated arguments, and traffic hazards. You can reach your destination safely and in time too. So, we should follow the norms of safe driving.

Question 7.
You are Preeti Tandon, a resident of a posh colony. Adjacent to the colony is a slum. You are taken aback by the unhygienic conditions prevailing there, specially when you come to know that the garbage of your colony is being dumped in that area. Using the photograph given below as an aid, write an article for a national newspaper highlighting the problems.
See Workbook Page 149
Answer:
Unhygienic Condition Of The Colony—by Preeti Tandon
I live in the locality of Ankur Vihar. There is a slum locality adjacent to it. The hygienic condition of this area has been so affected that living appears to be a curse. The corporation has worsened the situation by making the place a dumping area. It is causing nuisance as it has become a place for pigs and dogs. It is breeding mosquitoes. There is a threat of spreading diseases and deadly hazards. Hence, I wish to attract the attention of the authorities to these hazards.

5.4 Speech Writing

See Workbook Pages 150-153

Exercises

Question 1.
As one hailing from rural background, prepare a speech for your morning assembly describing the difference between urban and rural India. You can use the following visual for clues.
See Workbook Page 153
Answer:
A View Of Rural India
Respected Principal, teachers, and my fellow students! It is my privilege to speak on the topic ‘Difference between Urban and Rural India. India is a land of agriculture and most of the v people related to it live in rural areas but it is their ill-luck that they don’t get proper facilities to live a proper life. The government doesn’t pay attention to them. You can just imagine how rural people live. The teledensity of rural areas is only 1.67 percent in comparison to urban which is 25-30 percent. High monthly rentals and poor infrastructure are also to blame. Punjab shines with 87-99 percent of its rural homes wired while it is 17.82 percent for Orissa. Assam gets power for 16 percent of the time. 2,17,000 villages do not get safe drinking water. 71 percent villages in Madhya Pradesh are not connected with township. All these facts I put to show the differences between the rural and urban areas. This disparity compels the rural people to migrate which causes badly to our economy.

Thank you.

Question 2.
You are Sohan/Sonia. You have seen the following news in the newspaper. Using this and your own ideas, write a speech describing both the benefits and drawbacks of using these high-tech devices.
See Workbook Page 154
Answer:
The technologies are growing fast. Science has invented a lot which provide all comforts to us. However it has also invented things like video games, Internet, cell phones, and lots of other things which are causing hazards. No doubt internet is useful but it depends upon its use. These itenus can corrupt one by sensitizing the young generation. The growth of crime is a great danger. The children know a lot through them. Crime and violence grow in them. There is ameed to educate children to use them properly.

Thank You.

Question 3.
You are required to speak on ‘Pollution’ in an inter-school competition. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points.
You are required to speak on “Need for Environmental Consciousness” in an inter-school speech competition. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points: (M.P, Board 2012)
(i) Pollution.
(ii) Sources of pollution.
(iii) Ecological balance.
(iv) Suggestions.
See Workbook Page 155
Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers, and fellow students! Pollution has become a great threat to our life. We have polluted land, water, air, noise. The major sources for it are garbage, smoke, and chemicals. Growing industries create many problems. We are also damaging ecological balance by felling trees, building dams, and congesting localities. We are damaging our own habitats. We need to be conscious in order to enjoying good health. We need plantation, parking, and shifting of factories and mills.

Thank You.

Question 4.
You are Ira/Arun. Write a speech to be delivered at the morning assembly of your school about the increase in road accidents in your city. Use the following data and your own ideas. Also, give suggestions to curb them.

Year- No. of road accidents

• 2003 – 110
• 2004 – 155
• 2005 – 204
• 2006 – 265
• 2007 – 316

Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers and fellow students! Today I, Ira will like t:o speak about an increase in road accidents in our city. Accidents have become a day-to-day news of life. Everyday’ we get through them in the newspaper, on TV, or even on roads. In 2007, the reported cases were 316 in comparison to 110 in 2003. The data shows growth in road accidents year after year. There are various causes for it growing number of vehicle, specially small vehicles, reckless driving habits, and improper traffic signal are some of them. If such a thing continues, the situation will be even worse. We need to be alert.

Thank You.

Question 5.
You are Prabhakar Goel. Your class team has conducted a survey to find out how teenagers spend their free time. Following results were observed. Below is; a pie-chart. Using the data given in it together with your own ideas, write a speech on the topic- “How teenagers spend their free time?”
See Workbook Pages 156
Answer:
Respected Principal, teachers and fellow students. I Prabhakar Goel with my class team have got an opportunity to conduct a survey and express my views on ‘How teenagers spend their free time.” So far as the data show 40 percent of them spend it on watching TV while 20 percent on talking to friends and 20 percent on playing indoor and outdoor games. It is a major concern to think that only 10 percent spend their free time on reading course books while 5 percent on reading GK books and 5 percent on doing some creative activities. It is really shocking that the inclination to reading is becoming lesser. TV viewing causes violence in society. It is spoiling our new generation. We need to be alert and take care of our children.

Thank You.

5.5 Letter Writing

See Workbook Pages 157-160

Exercises

Question 1.
You are Rakesh Pandey residing at 69/B Sai Nath Colony, Barwani. Write a letter of complaint to the Supervisor, M.P. Electricity Board, Barwani regarding the frequent break down in electricity supply in your area. (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
69/B, Sai Nath Colony Barwani (M.P.)
25th March, 20xx
The Supervisor
M.P. Electricity Board
Subject: Frequent Power-cut.
Dear Sir,
I wish to draw your attention to a very serious problem that we are facing for the last six months. There is an acute shortage of electricity in our area. Frequent power cut has become a regular feature. We can do nothing in day or at night. It is the examination period. Students are Very much distressed. We don’t get power for even two hours in a day. You can imagine the life of people living in this area. We have made several complaints but all of no effect. I request you to take special care to our problem.

Thanking you

Yours sincerely
Rakesh Pandey.

Question 2.
You are Jayant Garg living at 12/F, Silver Hills Colony, Dhar. You are class XII student in St Mary’s Convent School. There was an Annual Sports meet in your school and you had participated in it. Write a letter to your friend Manish Shah describing the Annual Sports held in your school. (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
12/F, Silver Hills Colony Dhar
20th March, 20xx
My Dear Manish
I am very excited to share some of the unforgettable moments of my life. I participated in the Annual Sports Meet of my school last week. Every year our school celebrates this occasion with great pomp and show. This time the Sports Minister of State was the Chief. Guest. I participated in many categories and luckily, I won the first prize in four of them. It was really a great moment for me. I missed you on the occasion. I am sending some clips of photographs to you.

Yours
Jayant

Question 3.
You are Naveen Pratap Singh, a resident of 27, Rishi Nagar, Ujjain. You came across the following histogram in a magazine. The histogram shows that deaths due to violence have increased considerably during recent years. Write a letter to the editor of the magazine ‘World Today’, suggesting how educated youth can play a major role in establishing peace in society.
See Workbook Page 160
Answer:
The Editor World Today
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462001 25th September, 20xx
Subject: Deaths due to violence Dear Sir
Through your esteemed magazine, I wish to draw the, concern of the people to the growing violence in society. As the available data shows most deaths caused by violence in 19xx were only 2 in 1000 which doubled to 4 in 20xx and in 20xx it grew to 8. It means the number is doubling very fast. I think the violence among youth is a major cause. We need to be alert. A social awareness camp should be organised every month in schools. Parents need to becoming too. Otherwise, the situation would be more grim.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Naveen Pratap Singh

Question 4.
You are Ritesh, a student of class XII, residing in sector A, Tilak Colony, Bhopal. You read the following clipping in a daily newspaper. You are worried as you commute to school by bus. Write a letter to chairman, State Transport Corporation (STC) to reconsider the decision in the interest of the passengers and students.
See Workbook Page 161
Answer:
The Chairman
State Road Transport Corporation Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462001
Date
Subject: Hike in Bus Fare.
Dear Sir,
I would like to draw your attention that the decision of 40 per cent hike in bus fare has shattered us. A lot of passengers are being adversely affected due to it. Most of the daily commuters on this route are from middle class and students. Hence, they will have to face great problems. So, I request you to reconsider this decision, otherwise, there may be mass agitation. I will be grateful to you if you ponder over our problem and quick decision in our favour.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Ritesh

Question 5.
You are Vartika residing at 275, Railway Colony, Itarsi. You are distressed to see wild-life becoming extinct due to hunting and poaching and its adverse effect on human life, taking ideas from the given poster, write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper, expressing your concern over the issue offering some suggestions.
See Workbook Page 162
Answer:
The Editor
The Times
Raipur
Dear Sir,
Subject: Saving of Wildlife From Extinction.
I wish to highlight the issue of the extinction of rare species through your esteemed newspaper. Due to the madness of people, we are losing the species which are rare. Animals are dumb. They can’t tell their sufferings. They are an integral part of our ecosystem. If we kill them, we kill ourselves too. We kill them for fun, for.commercial use but we are also damaging nature. We must know they are good creatures and have the right to live as we do. There is a need to spread this concern to protect our life too by putting a ban on hunting and poaching. I will be very grateful to you if you will help in drawing the attention of people through your newspaper by giving data (statistics), posters of life after the extinction of wildlife and conducting various education drives.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Vartika

Question 6.
You are Anand Sharma. You live in a rented house which requires special repairs after monsoon. Write a letter to your landlord Mr. Dubey asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write your letter. (M.P. Board 2012)
See Workbook Page 163
Answer:
275, Anand Apartment Jabalpur
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that the house I live in has become completely damaged. It needs reparing after this rain. The roof is leaking, plasters are felling, wiring is damaged, and the switches are loose. It has become very insecure to live now. Please be serious for its repair.

Thanking You

Yours truly,
Anand Sharma

Question 7.
You are Maria of 7, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Ratlam. Write a letter to your friend Asma, enclosing this newspaper cutting. Ask her whether she thinks such “so-called researchers” should be given importance in the print media.
See Workbook Page 164
Answer:
7, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Ratlam
Dear Asma,
Today, I saw a news article about a research paper. The researcher has given a new dimension by showing how dancing calms down hyperactive kids. It is really good news. As you know, kids are becoming hyperactive due to TV and videos. We are very anxious about them. Parents fail to control them. They can’t pay attention to them. They have no time to spare for children. It is a major cause for the kid’s derailment. The new dancing theory can help the kids a lot. It will improve their concentration. It will also encourage their inclination to our culture. Such researchers should be promoted. They should be given opportunity to explore their theory. It will create a new generation. I hope you would agree to my view. Give regards to uncle and aunty and love to Jawed.

Your friend,
Maria.

Question 8.
You are Rajat Sharma, a student of class XII, as you are appearing for the board examination, you are worried on the declaration of power cut from 7 am to 9 pm every day in your area. Write a letter to the Collector to intervene and order the MPSEB authorities to postpone the schedule of power cuts until examinations are over.
Answer:
The Collector Indore
Date
Subject: Power cut in our locality.
Sir,
I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of MPSEB regarding daily power cut between 7 am to 9 am. Please note that there are a number of students appearing for the Board exams. As it is the peak hour of the study the power cut schedule would cause a great problem for us. Please interfere in this matter and divert the schedule for few months till the exams are over or shift the time. I will be highly obliged if you look into this matter as soon as possible and take the decision for the same for the betterment of the student.

Thanking You

Yours sincerely
Rajat Sharma.

MP Board Class 12th English Solutions

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 2 Knowing about Words

2.1 Word Formation

See Workbook Pages 22-26

Exercises

I. Form two new words with a prefix and a suffix from the following, taking them as root words:

II. Notice in the above exercise whether conversion (change of part of speech) is taking place in the
new words. For example
im — (prefix) + pure (adj.) = impure (adj.)
pure (adj.) + Ify (suffix) = purify (verb)
Use all the newly formed words in the above exercise in sentences of your own. For example,
impure (adj.)— Don’t drink impure water.
purify (verb)—We can purify water with potassium permanganate.
Answer:
Do yourself.

III. Frame new; sentences with the underlined words in the given sentences, using them as different parts of speech.

Question 1.
Why don’t ‘you visit Pachmarhi?
Answer:
My visit to Kashmir is a memorable experience.

Question 2.
Nobody can doubt his integrity.
Answer:
Don’t have any doubt about my integrity.

Question 3.
The children were quarreling in the street.
Answer:
Quarreling of children caused a great uproar in society

Question 4.
The apple tasted sour.
Answer:
The taste of this fruit is not good.

Question 5.
My friend wanted a favour.
Answer:
Robert is now a wanted criminal.

IV. Examine and detail the processes involved in the formation of the following words:

Answer:
Do yourself.

V. Using proper nouns in a generic sense (as common nouns) as well as adjectives makes the language effective and impressive. For example:

Bohemian: (a native of Bohemia in erstwhile Czechoslovakia typified by nomadic and informal qualities) My friend is a Bohemian in outlook.

Shylock: (the ruthless usurer in William Shakespeare’s play, “The Merchant of Venice” Modem multinational banks are Shylocks for the common man. Given below is a list of some proper nouns used either as common nouns or adjectives.

Look up a dictionary for their generic sense and use them in sentences of your own.

1. Philistine
2. Daniel
3. Amazon
4. El Dorado
5. Hamlet
6. Samaritan
7. Santa Claus
8. Uncle Sam
9. Puck
10. Don Juan
11. Achilles’ heel
12. Machiavellian
13. Lilliputian
14. Sphinx riddle
15. Aladdin’s lamp
16. Satan

Answer:
Do yourself.

2.2 British And American English

See Workbook Pages 31 – 36

Exercises

I. Give the American variants for the following words used in British English:

1. toilet
2. queue
3. holiday
4. pavement
5. motorway
6. taxi
7. shop
8. underground
9. trousers
10. eraser.
Answer:

1. lavatory
2. line
3. vacation
4. sidewalk
5. highway
6. cab
7. trade centre
8. subway
9. pants
10. rubber.

II. Give the English spelling of the following American words:

1. honor
2. valor
3. humor
4. traveler
5. counselor
6. characterize
7. agonize
8. analyze
9. optimize
10. caliber.
Answer:

1. honour
2. valour
3. humour
4. traveller
5. counsellor
6. characterise
7. agonise
8. analyse
9. optimise
10. calibre

III. Give the American English variants of the following British English sentences:

Question 1.
Have you seen him?
Answer:
Did you see him?

Question 2.
Rina has done a good job.
Answer:
Riña did a good job.

Question 3.
Hasn’t he just finished?
Answer:
Didn’t he just finish?

Question 4.
We have already eaten.
Answer:
We already ate.

Question 5.
Have you got a mobile phone?
Answer:
Did you get a mobile phone?

Question 6.
No, we haven’t got one.
Answer:
No, we didn’t get one.

Question 7.
I have got a new car.
Answer:
I got a new car.

Question 8.
He has bought a new tie.
Answer:
He bought a new tie.

Question 9.
I got just home.
Answer:
I get just house.

Question 10.
I already ate.
Answer:
I already eat.

2.3 What’S The Right Word?

See Workbook Pages 38 – 39

Exercises

I. Select words from brackets fo fill in the blanks:

1. She is a woman with habits. (lovely/lovable)
2 people are not very to praise or blame. (sensitive/sensible)
3. All efforts of the doctor to find the went in (vain/vein)
4. Revising this will my burden. (lessen/lesson)
5. We should not our vote in favour of a candidate who believes in the system. (cast/caste)
6. The wound in the took a long time to (heel/heal)
7. It was difficult for her to remain even for a few minutes. (quiet/quite)
8. A is a man of (principle/principal)
9. The boy creates problems. (knotty/naughty)
10. Please till I have noted down the …… of the first child. (weight/wait)
Answer:

1. lovely, lovable
2. sensible, sensitive
3. vein, vain
4. lesson, lessen
5. cast, caste
6. heel, heal
7. quite, quiet
8. principal, principle
9. naughty, knotty
10. wait, weight.

II. Fill in the blanks with the suitable Words:

I. I felt insulted when she did not my invitation. (accept/except)
2. The eagle can spot it’s from a great height. (pray/prey)
3. When he reached the hospital he found the baby (all rightfaLright)
4. His conduct did not show that he belonged to a family. (respectable! respectful)
5. Giving dowry is a bad (habit/custom)
6. Indore is an important city of Madhya Pradesh. (industrious/industrial)
7. Sincerity and hard work can make any respectable.(vacation / vocation)
8. 1 the success of your plan. (doubt/suspect)
9. Mother Teresa won many International (awards/rewards)
10. The story has no (moral/morale)
Answer:

1. accept
2. prey
3. all right
4. respectable
5. custom
6. industrial
7. vocation
8. doubt
9. awards
10. moral

MP Board Class 12th English Solutions

MP Board Class 12th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 4 Reading

4.1 Passages

See the following passages carefully and answer the questions given below each passage:

Passage 1

See Workbook Pages 98-99

Question 1.
What objects are called unidentified flying objects?
Answer:
The unexplained aerial phenomena are generally called unidentified flying objects.

Question 2.
Which was the first documented sighting of UFO? How was the phenomenon described by the people?
Answer:
The first documented sighting of the UFO was the one that occurred in 1561 in, Nuremberg, Germany. The people’s description about the phenomena ranged from, glowing wheels to closed balls of light to cigar, disk or crescent-shaped objects.

Question 3.
When was the UFO named as ‘Flying Saucer’? Who first saw it? How did he; describe it?
Answer:
UFO was named as ‘Flying Saucer’ in 1947. Kenneth Arnold, a businessman first saw it. He described that he saw nine objects flying over the mountain information at a speed of more than 1600 miles (2,500 km) per hour. He further said that the objects were moving like a saucer skipping across the water.

Question 4.
Why were the reports on the UFO sightings classified as secret?
Answer:
Because UFOs were considered a potential security risk the reports on these sightings were originally classified as secret.

Question 5.
How did the scientists explain 90 percent of the UFO sightings?
Answer:
The scientists explained that 90 percent of the UFO sightings were celestial objects like stars, bright planets, atmospheric events, or meteors.

Question 6.
What kind of weather conditions prevailed at the time of most of the sightings?
Answer:
Some unusual weather conditions prevailed at the time of most of the sightings.

Question 7.
Why are UFO sightings unreliable?
Answer:
As there is no authentic eyewitness the sightings are unreliable.

Question 8.
What do most of the UFO reports say about the sightings?
Answer:
Most of the UFO reports say that a bright light often appears to move through a clamped telescope or a sighting bar shows it to be fixed.

Question 9.
When can we consider the sightings reliable?
Answer:
We can consider the sightings reliable if there are two or more independent eyewitnesses present.

Question 10.
Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings:
1. not recognized or known
2. awed shape -that is wide in the middle and pointed at the ends
3. a newspaper printed on large sheets of paper
4. to put things into particular groups according to their features.
5. a large piece of rock from space that passes into the Earth’s atmosphere and appears as a bright light in the sky
6. the experience of seeing or hearing something that is not really there
Answer:

1. unidentified
2. disk
3. broadsheet
4. classify
5. meteor
6. hallucination.

Passage 2

See Workbook Page 100

Question 1.
What inherent qualities are found in all of us?
Answer:
Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva are the three inherent qualities found in all of us.

Question 2.
What is represented by Tamas and Rajas?
Answer:
Tamas is inertia or resistance or transformation while Rajas is aggressiveness, relentlessness or result-oriented action.

Question 3.
What does Sattva denote?
Answer:
Sattva denotes the characteristic of purity inside us.

Question 4.
We get peace of mind from being (choose one)
(a) Rajas
(b) Tamas
(c) Sattvic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) Sattvic.

Question 5.
What do Tamas and Rajas result in?
Answer:
Tamas results in total confusion, problems, and worries while Rajas results in lack of peace.

Question 6.
What are the advantages of following Sattvic life?
Answer:
Sattvic life empowers us to cope with problems in a very systematic way.

Question 7.
How can our minds be preserved?
Answer:
Our minds can be preserved by using the energy of Sattva.

Question 8.
How does Sattva teach us to react to people’s accusations?
Answer:
Sattva teaches us to never allow our inner peace get destroyed to whatever people may say.

Question 9.
The force of divine vibration changes people and situations- Sattva comes out of us in the form of (choose one)
(a) meditation
(b) vibrations
(c) energy
(d) peace.
Answer:
(d) peace.

Question 10.
Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings:
(a) holy writings of a religion (scriptures)
(b) change – (transformation)
(c) peace – (tranquility)
(d) not decreasing in amount or intensity – (depleting)
(e) to manage -(cope with)
(f) the action of deep thinking – (meditation)
(g) a substance used for preserving- (preservation)
(f) a continuous rapid shaking movement or sensation (vibration)

Question 12.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Ans.
Attain Perfection.

Passage 3

See Workbook Page 102

Question 1.
In the passage there occurs the sentence-“One evening she had a visitor”. Who does ‘she’ refer to?
Answer:
‘She’ refers to the narrator’s mother.

Question 2.
Why did Indira’s mother return the dress brought by the visitor?
Answer:
Because it was foreign-made and they preferred wearing hand spun and handwoven material only.

Question 3.
Who said, “I think you have all gone mad?” In what background was it said?
Answer:
The visitor said it. It was said in the background of their choice of wearing khadi clothes and boycotting foreign material.

Question 4.
What were the Indian freedom fighters doing with the foreign articles during the Freedom Movement?
Answer:
They were burning them.

Question 5.
To what extent did Indira, as a child, love her foreign doll?
Answer:
She was passionately fond of the doll.

Question6.
What three things had Indira to struggle between for her attachment to the doll?
Answer:
The three things were: the love of the doll, the pride in the ownership of such a lovely thing and duty towards her country.

Question 7.
What prevailed in the end India’s love for her doll or her conscience?
Answer:
Her conscience prevailed in the end.

Question 8.
Narrate Indira’s inner struggle between her innocent childhood love for the dress and the doll and her mother’s insistence on not using them.
Answer:
Indira passionately loved the doll. On the other hand, she was also in the love of her country Her conscience and duty for nation insisted her not to use the foreign dress and burn the doll finally

Question 9.
Explain the significance of the words’my first encounter with conscience and S- duty’. Can it be a fit title to the passage?
Answer:
It was the sense of conscience and duty that Indira had to face for the first time as a child. It shows how she could keep her sense of duty. It can be a fit title to the passage.

Question 10.
Choose the correct option:
(i) The word ‘encounter’ in the text means
(a) a fight with something or somebody.
(b) to make a counter-attack.
(c) to meet with something difficult.
(d) end and then counter.
Answer:
(c) to meet with something difficult.

(ii) The other word for ‘handspun and handwoven material’ used in the text is.
(a) embroidered dress.
(b) khadi.
(c) mill cloth.
(d) foreign material.
Answer:
(b) khadi.

(iii) In the text, the phrase ‘rest of us’ refers to
(a) all the persons resting in the family.
(b) all including Indira.
(c) all in the family, excluding Indira.
(d) all in the family, excluding the visitor.
Answer:
(d) all in the family, excluding the visitor.

(iv) At first sight, Indira, as a child, had.
(a) a natural temptation to own the dress.
(b) a fear of her mother and so she threw away the dress.
(c) a strong sense of repulsion.
(d) a sense of revolt against the dress.
Answer:
(a) a natural temptation to own the dress.

(v) The expression ‘All right, Miss Saint’ implies a feeling of
(a) appreciation for Indira.
(b) the glorification of Indira’s love for the dress.
(c) thoughtless casualness on the part of the visitor.
(d) sainthood for Indira.
Answer:
(c) thoughtless casualness on the part of the visitor.

(vi) What won in the end?
(a) Indira’s love for the doll.
(b) Indira’s conscience and sense of duty.
(c) the visitor’s point of view.
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(b) Indira’s conscience and sense of duty.

Passage 4

See Workbook Pages 104-105

Question 1.
Majority of people in India do not speak English, yet it is the second language here. Why?
Answer:
India even after six decades of its independence maintains English as the medium of instruction for approximately half of its total higher education. Hence it is the second language here.

Question 2.
How many people in the world use English as a native language?
Answer:
Nearly three hundred million people in the world use English as a native language.

Question 3.
Define ‘Second language’.
Answer:
Second language means a language necessary for certain official, social, commercial, or educational activities in a country.

Question 4.
Which language is more often used in the general working of the United Nations?
Answer:
English language is more often used in the general working of the United Nations.

Question 5.
In what activities is English generally used as a foreign language?
Answer:
English is used for communication across frontiers or with people who are alien, listening to broadcast, reading books or newspapers, commerce or travel.

Question 6.
How can you say that English is the Universal language of literacy and public communication?
Answer:
As English has overpowered almost all fields of the world it can be said to be the Universal language of literacy and public communication.

Question 7.
Give a suitable title to the above passage.
Answer:
Importance of English.

Question 8.
Say whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) For many Welsh and Irish people English is not the second language.
(b) India is not a commonwealth country.
(c) In India only a few people use English as their native language.
(d) In India almost half of the schools have English as a medium of instructions.
(e) In the passage the term U.N. has been used for America.
(f) In India, majority of people use English as a native language.
Answer:
(a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False (f) False.

Question 9.
Find antonyms from the text for the words given below. The first letter of the antonym is given against each word.
(1) indistinct: a……
(2) slavery: i ……..
(3) regularly: f…….
(4) foreigner: n
(5) uniformed : d……
(6) secondary : p……
(7) lower: h ………
(8) bigger: s ………..
Answer:

1. apparent
2. independence
3. frequently
4. native
5. deformed
6. primary
7. higher
8. smaller

Question 10.
Match the words with their meanings:
Words – Meanings
(i) sole – (a) position
(ii) former – (b) very near to a quality or number
(iii) divergent – (c) one and only
(iv) status – (d) different
(y) notable – (e) of an earlier period or stage
(vi) approximately – (f) remarkable
Answer:
(i) c (ii) e (iii) d (iv) a (v) f (vi) b.

Passage 5

See Workbook Pages 106-107

Question 1.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
Answer:
Ideals of democracy.

Question 2.
What harm may be caused to democracy if we trust a great man and leave our liberties at his will?
Answer:
We may love democracy and liberty.

Question 3.
To what extent should a nation show someone its gratefulness?
Answer:
A nation should show its gratefulness to the extent its liberty is not lost to such a man.

Question 4.
What are the dangers of hero-worship in politics?
Answer:
It leads to degradation and eventual dictatorship.

Question 5.
Explain the term ‘hero-worship’.
Answer:
Hero-worship is one’s devotion to a great man as a God.

Question 6.
What is the counterpart of political democracy which makes it a reality?
Answer:
Social democracy is the counterpart of political democracy.

Question 7.
What are the three fundamentals of social democracy?
Answer:
Liberty, equality, and fraternity are the three fundamentals of social democracy.

Question 8.
Elaborate the statement, “they form a union of trinity.”
Answer:
The principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity are not to be treated as separate items of a trinity. They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy.

Question 9.
Point out. the danger of separating equality from liberty, while implementing them.
Answer:
Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many.

Question 10.
What, according to you, ought to be the constitutional methods of achieving our objectives?
Answer:
We must follow the path of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 11.
Use the following idiomatic expressions in sentences so as to make their meaning clear:

(i) to hold fast to
Answer:
We must hold fast to constitutional ideals for success.

(ii) to play a part in
Answer:
Equality plays a vital part of democracy.

(iii) a great deal of
Answer:
Our country has a great deal of opportunity.

(iv) at the cost of
Answer:
We should not allow him to do it at the cost of our safety.

(v) a way of life
Answer:
He follows a pious way of life.

Question 12.
Form nouns from the following words:
Answer:

1. require – requirement
2. maintain – maintenance
3. obey – obedience
4. devote – devotion
5. judge – judgement
6. recognize – recognition

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below:
merely, achieve, interested, subvert, devotion, salvation.
1. To feel the pain of others is a way to the ……….. of soul.
2. He asked me, “Which subjects are you ………..in?”
3. We have no right to ……….. the liberty and dignity of others.
4. Reading ……….. for pleasure is not enough. It must be for gaining knowledge too.
5. A man of strong will power can ……….. success.
6. ……….. to work is the key to success.
Answer:

1. salvation
2. interested
3. subvert
4. merely
5. achieve
6. Devotion.

Question 14.
Find words from the passage for the following expressions. The first letter of each word is given against each word:

(i) Targets aimed at.
Answer:
Objectives

(ii) Brotherly feeling.
Answer:
Fraternity

(iii) Warning for avoiding danger or making mistake.
Answer:
Caution

(iv) A person who loves and is ready to defend his country.
Answer:
Patriot

(v) Liberation from the bonds of earthly existence or sin.
Answer:
Salvation

(vi) Guiding rule for man’s behaviour.
Answer:
Principles

4.2 Poems

Read the following poems carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Poem 1

See the Workbook Page 109

Question 1.
For whom has the word ‘brave’, been used in the poem?
Answer:
Brave is used for a patriot.

Question 2.
How are the brave who die for the nation blessed?
Answer:
They get the blessings of the whole nation.

Question 3.
What is meant by the word’hallow’d mould’?
Answer:
‘Hallow’d mould’ means human body at rest in grave.

Question 4.
In what sense does the poet use the phrase ‘Fancy’s feet’ in the poem? (Choose the right option.)
(a) thinking deeply
(b) imagination
(c) fresh ideas
(d) fancy thoughts and ideas
Answer:
Imagination.

Question 5.
What does the phrase’fairy hands’ mean?
Answer:
It means tender touch of imagination.

Question 6.
Who sings the farewell song at the grave of the brave?
Answer:
A weeping hermit sings a song at the grave of the brave.

Question 7.
In what forms does ‘honour’ come to the place where the brave are laid to rest?
Answer:
The grave is honoured like a pilgrimage.

Question 8.
Who shall come to the grave as a mourning saint?
Answer:
A hermit.

Question 9.
What type of poem is this? (Choose the right option.) ‘
(a) a nature poem
(b) a romantic poem
(c) a patriotic poem
(d) a descriptive poem
Answer:
(c) a patriotic poem

Question 10.
Find words for the following expressions from the text:

(a) a season of colours, flowers and joy
Answer:
Spring.

(b) to come back
Answer:
Return.

(c) made pious/consecrated
Answer:
Bless.

(d) unsubstantial heavenly creature
Answer:
Fairy.

(e) a song of mourning sung on the death of somebody ‘
Answer:
Dirge.

(f) a man who goes to visit the religious places
Answer:
Pilgrim.

Poem 2

See Workbook Page 110

Question 1.
What has knowledge been compared to?
Answer:
Knowledge has been compared to wealth.

Question 2.
What does knowledge bring in silently?
Answer:
It brings peace.

Question 3.
Is knowledge a safe treasure? If yes, how?
Answer:
No robber can rob it, while giving away it gains and when the world perishes away; it survives.

Question 4.
Who cherish knowledge?
Answer:
The wisemen cherish knowledge.

Question 5.
Whose fall is survived by knowledge?
Answer:
World’s fall is survived by knowledge.

Question 6.
Whose pride has been referred to in the poem?
Answer:
The king’s pride has been referred to in the poem.

Question 7.
……… to give it is gain. It then grows most when parted with, ” What does the poet imply in these
lines?
Answer:
The poet means to say that knowledge regains much when it is parted with. It multiplies when distributed.

Question 8.
Why does the poet say,’ with sleepless hand fills gloriously its lord’?
Answer:
The poet says so because the lord of knowledge fills gloriously and regularly.

Question 9.
What qualities of human beings have been referred to in the poetic passage?
Answer:
Wisdom, pride, royalty.

Question 10.
Personification is a figure of speech in which the attributes of human beings are ascribed to inanimate or abstract things. Mention the lines in which we find instances of personification.
Answer:
Not this which dies / It cherishes / It then grows.

Question 11.
Match the words in column A with their meaning in column B.
A – B
(i) cherish- (a) to compete
(ii) unutterably – (b) related to king or queen
(iii) survive – (c) to keep fresh in memory :
(iv) vie – (d) to live or exist after someone or something
(v) royalty – (e) silently
Answer:
(i) c (ii) e (iii) d (iv) a (v)b.

Poem 3

See Workbook Pages 111-112

Question 1.
Pick out the phrases used by the poet to describe the following features of Kuroop:
Answer:

• Colour- greeny-brown
• Grin – gentle grin
• Legs – stubby legs
• Skin – scaly skin
• Eyes – tepid eyes

Question 2.
Why did the crocodile test the water, when he saw his prey of large size?
Answer:
He did it in order to know the taste of his prey.

Question 3.
What, according to the poet, was the prime pleasure of Kuroop’s life?
Answer:
When he grabs, snaps and sips his prey dead, he feels the prime pleasure of life.

Question 4.
Find the words in the poem that mean:

(a) a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.
Answer:
Isle.

(b) move forward suddenly.
Answer:
Glide.

(c) large in amount or value.
Answer:
Substantial.

(d) the dead body of an animal.
Ans.
Carcass.

Question 5.
The poet says “On the Ganga’s greenest isle “. In the word ‘isle’ the sound of the letter ‘s’ is silent. Write two more such words from the poem.
Answer:
Island.

Question 6.
How did the crocodile catch his prey?
Answer:
The crocodile glides slowly like a floating log. He remains completely silent till he comes nearer and nearer and then it grabs the prey in a single length and kills it.

Question 7.
Why does the poet compare the crocodile with a tadpole?
Answer:
As it remains completely silent only with a raised head the poet compares it with a tadpole.

Question 8.
Give the antonyms of the following words:
(1) thin
(2) above
(3) alive
(4) far
(5) harsh
(6) noisy.
Answer:

1. fat
2. beLow
3. dead
4. near
5. gentle
6. silent.

Poem 4

Workbook Pages 113-114

Question 1.
The poem is titled ‘A Psalm of Life’. In what way may it be called a psalm?
Answer:
It is a song of life.

Question 2.
What is the poet’s attitude to life expressed in the first stanza? Use the words ‘empty dream’, ‘real’ and ‘earnest’ in your answer.
Answer:
The poet’s attitude to life is optimistic. He says that life is not an empty dream. It is real and earnest.

Question 3.
How can a man make the best use of life? Use the word ‘striving’ in your answer.
Answer:
A man can make the best use of life by working and striving to achieve his goal.

Question 4.
What should be a man’s approach towards the past which is dead and the future of which is rosy?
Answer:
One should learn from the lives of great men.

Question 5.
What should be a man’s approach towards the present?
Answer:
One should work With devotion.

Question 6.
Explain the metaphors contained in the words, “In the world’s broad field of battle” and say what a man is like In it.
A man is a soldier in the world’s broad field of battle.

Question 7.
How should a man act in the world’s battlefield?
Answer:
He should fight with courage and hope.

Question 8.
Explain what the poet means when he says, “Be not like dumb, driven cattle!”
Answer:
The poet says to us to be conscious and alert. He doesn’t want people follow anyone blindly.

Question 9.
What has life been compared to in the line ‘Sailing over life’s solemn main’?
Answer:
Here it is compared to the journey of a boatman whose ship is wrecked.

Question 10.
How do great men Inspire us?
Answer:
They teach us to have patience and make an effort. Success is sure. We can also make our life sublime.

Question 11.
Make nouns from the following adjectives:
(1) broad
(2) real
(3) brave
(4) earnest
(5) solemn
(6) long.
Answer:

1. breadth
2. reality
3. bravery
4. earnestness
5. solemnity
6. length.

Question 12.
Use each of the following words first as a noun and then as a verb:

• act: This drama has three ac. He acted well in the play.
• beat: Today the postman’s beat is not in this area. Don’t beat him.
• battle: Alexander won many battles. He battled bravely.
• present: I gave him a fine present. I presented a fine speech.
• sail: The boat was on sail. I sailed across the sea.

Question 13.
Make sentences with the following expressions:

• an empty dream: Life is not an empty dream.
• destined end: Death is the destined end of life.
• stout and brave: Be stout and brave and you will win all battles.
• sands of time: Don’t re on sands of time they are fleeting.
• a hero in the strife: Prove yourself to be a hero in the strife.

Question 14.
Find out words with the following meanings in the text:

• sad: mournful
• swiftly moving: fleeting
• temporary camp without tents: bivouac
• without the power of speech: dumb
• extremely good and beautiful: sublime

Poem 5

See Workbook Pages 116-117

Question 1.
How many ways of laughing have been mentioned in the poem? Bring out the distinction between them.
Answer:
Three ways of laughing have been mentioned in the poem. ‘Laughing with hearts means’inner pleasure,’Laughing with eyes’means expression of pleasure and . ‘laughing with teeth’ means weak laugh.

Question 2.
Which parts of human anatomy have been referred to in the poem?
Answer:
Anatomy of face and heart has been referred to in the poem.

Question 3.
Why does the poet say, ‘they only laugh with their teeth’?
Ans.
Now they have no inner strength. So, they express they’re laughing only by showing their teeth.

Question 4.
What do these expressions convey?
Answer:

• ice-block cold eyes: tired and exhausted
• a snake’s bare fangs: rage without effect.

Question 5.
What attitude do the expressions,’ feel at home and come again’ suggest?
Answer:
The express unwilling welcome to someone.

Question 6.
What does the poet want to be like and why?
Answer:
The poet wants to be what he used to be as a child.

Question 7.
What does the expression, ‘there will be no thrice’ imply?
Answer:
It implies that a frequent visit bores them.

Question 8.
What has the poet learnt to do?
Answer:
The poet has learnt to wear many faces like dresses.

Question 9.
What does the poet want to relearn?
Answer:
The poet wants to relearn how to laugh.

Question 10.
What message does the poem convey?
Answer:
The poem conveys that the world is very materialistic and professional. There is just a formal relationship.

4.3 Pictures, Pie Charts, Bar Diagrams Etc.

I. Read the poster carefully. On the basis of the information provided in the poster and using your own imagination, answer the questions that follow:

See Workbook Page 119

Question 1.
What is the goal of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
The goal of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is to spread quality elementary education.

Question 2.
What strategy is being adopted for bridging social and gender gaps?
Answer:
The strategy is to focus on girls, especially belonging to SC/ST communities and other minority groups.

Question 3.
Is this poster designed for a specific section of the population (target group)? If yes, mention the group.
Answer:
The group is of the girls from SC/ST and other minority groups.

Question 4.
Give your suggestions for improving the layout of the poster.
Answer:
This poster should highlight some avenues that one can explore after getting. education. The layout can be improved by images of hazards already prevalent in the society of the lack of education.

Question 5.
How can you help the State in Sarva Shiksh Abhiyan?
Answer:
We can spare some of our time for educating the children. We can also donate our used books and stationery for them.

Question 6.
Enlist the facilities being offered to the girl child?
Answer:

• Free textbooks
• Special coaching remedial classes with congenial environment
• Special funds for innovative projects for girls education
• Recruitment of female teachers

Question 7.
What does sensitisation of the teachers aim at?
Answer:
It aims at encouraging the girls coming to school.

Question 8.
Why are 50 percent of posts of teachers being reserved for women?
Answer:
They are more tolerant and can cooperate with the children with their motherly care.

II. The following process diagram gives the stepwise process of asthma attacks. Read it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

See Workbook Page 121

Question 1.
What causes an asthma attack?
Answer:
An asthma attack is caused by an allergic reaction to pollin, smog or other substances.

Question 2.
What is the normal function of the lungs? How do they work?
Answer:
The normal functions of the lungs is to inhale fresh oxygen. Oxygen travels through bronchial tubes and enters blood through the alveoli walls. Carbon dioxide passes from blood into alveoli and is exhaled from blood.

Question 3.
Write three factors hindering normal breathing process.
Ans.
The complex process that is under both conscious and uncondouscontrol.lt involves three factors are: inhalation, exhalation and rest period.

Question 4.
What are:
(a) Bronchiole: Smaller branch of bronchial tube.
(b) Alveoli: Air sacs.
(c) Trachea: Wind pipe

Question 5.
How do the two pictures of the bronctual tube differ?
Answer:
One shows a healthy bronctual while the other is diseased.

III. Read the dictionary entries from the Webster’s Student Dictionary on the word ‘ship’ and y related words.
See Workbook Page 123

Now answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are the three different meanings given for the wordship used as a noun.
Answer:

1. Any large vessel suitable for deep water navigation.
2. The crew and officers of such a vessel.
3. An aircraft or spacecraft.

Question 2.
What is the old English word (indicated by the abbreviation OE) for ship?
Answer:
Scip.

Question 3.
Give one word for:

(a) The captain of a merchant ship.
Answer:
Shipmaster.

(b) One whose work is to construct or repair ships.
Answer:
Shipbuilder.

(c) A fellow sailor.
Answer:
Shipmate.

(d) One who ships goods.
Answer:
Shipper.

Question 4.
Write three other words derived from the word’ship’? ‘
Answer:
Shipping, shipwreck, shipyard

Question  5.
Read the entry-ship, where ship is used as a suffix. Now try to define the word ‘workmanship’ (a workman is one who earns his living by working with his hands).
Answer:
Friendship

Question 6.
Write three other words where ‘ship’ is used as a suffix.
Answer:
Scholarship, Studentship, Apprenticeship.

IV. The pie chart given below shows the results of a health check-up conducted in a school

See Workbook Page 124

Read it carefully and answer the questions given below on the basis of the information given in the chart and using your own imagination.

Question 1.
Which problem is most severe among the school children?
Answer:
Dental problem is the most severe.

Question 2.
Which is the least severe problem?
Answer:
Underweight.

Question 3.
Which problems are directly related to the eating habits of the children? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Underweight and obesity are the problems directly related to the food habits of children because if they eat less or improper, they become underweight and if they eat more then they become obese.

Question 4.
Which problems are related to hygiene? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Skin problem and dental problem. They are caused due to hygienic habits.

Question 5.
How many children are obese and how many are underweight?
Answer:
Ten percent are obese while ten percent underweight.

Question 6.
Which problem is a less serious-dental problem or eye problem?
Answer:
The dental problem is less serious.

V. On the basis of the flowchart given below answer the questions that follow:

See Workbook Page 125

Question 1.
What is the ultimate source of energy? Why?
Answer:
Sun is the ultimate source of energy because every object on this earth gets energy from it.

Question 2.
Trace the relationship between solar and hydro-electric energy.
Answer:
Solar energy is directly gained from the sun while hydro-electric energy is produced by water which processes through solar energy.

Question 3.
How is energy stored in plants rendered as heat energy?
Answer:
Through photosynthesis.

Question 4.
How is hydro-electricity is produced?
Answer:
Hydro-electricity is produced through the current of flowing water.

Question 5.
Plants use light for the process of photosynthesis. How is this energy changed in muscular energy?
Answer:
Through animals.

Question 6.
How is gobar gas obtained?
Answer:
Gobar gas is obtained by processing the animal waste.

Question 7.
What are the different sources of heat energy?
Answer:
Wind, tide, sea waves, water are the sources of heat energy.

MP Board Class 12th English Solutions