MP Board Textbook Solutions for Class 6 to 12
Prasanna Question 1.
Which of the following figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels. In such a case, write the common base and the two parallels.
Solution:
(i) Base DC, Parallels DC and AB
(iii) Base QR, Parallels QR and PS
(v) Base AD, Parallels AD and BQ.
Choose the Correct Answer:
Question 1.
The maximum investment limit of small scale industrial unit is –
(a) Rupees 1 crore
(b) Rupees 5 crore
(c) Rupees 3 crore
(d) Rupees 7 crore.
Answer:
(b) Rupees 5 crore
Question 2.
Out of total production of Jute in the world India produces –
(a) 25 per cent
(b) 10 per cent
(c) 50 per cent.
(c) 35 per cent.
Answer:
(c) 50 per cent.
Question 3.
Which of these is concerned with information technology –
(a) Motor car
(b) Beautiful clothes
(c) Computer
(d) Gold and silver.
Answer:
(c) Computer
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
To which countries does India export glass manufactured goods?
Answer:
India exports glass manufactured goods to Pakistan, sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.
Question 2.
Which are the chief Silk pro-ducting areas of India?
Answer:
These are four major areas of silk production in India:
Question 3.
Which countries are the major buyers of lac products from India?
Answer:
Major buyers of Indian lac are China, America, Russia, and Britain.
Question 4.
Mention the agro – based industries in India?
Answer:
The agro – based industries in India are cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry.
Question 5.
What is the capacity of production of the cement factories established in India?
Answer:
The capacity of production of the cement factories established in India is IS,209 crore tonnes.
Question 6.
Which states in India are important for the production of silk?
Answer:
Kashmir, Eastern Karnataka, West Bengal and Assam are important for the production of silk.
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain die basis on which the different industries are classified in India.
Answer:
Classification of Industries:
Question 2.
Describe the state of the small scale industry of India?
Answer:
Paper Industry:
At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 5/5 paper mills in the country. Around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry. India ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper.
Leather Industry:
It is one of the eldest industries in India. Leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 the leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.
Question 3.
Which articles are produced by the leather industry of India?
Answer:
These are several articles which are made of leather as coat, jersey, purse, paying material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves, shoes, footwear etc.
Question 4.
Explain the state of paper industry in India?
Answer:
In India the art of paper making by hands is developed from the ancient time. The first modern mill was set up at Bali near Kolkata in 1870. At present there are several paper mills in India among which the chief are National News Print and Paper Mill Limited. (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). At present there are 515 paper mills in the country.
The paper is produced by (ail types of production units) small, medium and large. The contribution of small and medium units is 50 per cent of the total product. At present in India, around 15 lakh people are employed in this industry.
It ranks twentieth in the world in the production of paper. The chief paper producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Littar Pradesh, Bihar and Kerala.
Question 5.
Write a note on the glass industry of India?
Answer:
Glass industry is an old industry in India. But modernized development of the glass industry started after the Second World War only. At present in this industry glass is being produced by modern and latest technology. Out of 56 big factories of glass 15 are modern factories which manufacture high quality 7 of glass goods completely with the help of machines. As a cottage industry it is localized mainly at Ferozabad and Belgaon.
There are more than 225 small and big factories glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles. In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehabad and Hathra it is running as cottage industry and in UP, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Orissa it is centralised as a modern industry. India exports manufactured glass /goods to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Burma and Malaysia, etc.
Question 6.
Information and technology industry is a rapidly growing industry of India. Explain.
Answer:
Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concerning software. Tire knowledge reaches through means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge – based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent, but it is growing rapidly.
However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned Rs. 6345 crore which increased to 79337 crore, in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the state of large scale industries of India.
Answer:
Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India, its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14% whereas its share in the gross export income is 19%. Its share in imports is 3%. This industry is producing employment to 9 crore people. It is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur) is under the Private Sector. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country out of which 170 units are running. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people.
Jute Industry:
India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50% is produced only by India. India stands second in the export of the jute products in the world. In India 85% jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Ardhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. At present there are 73 jute mills running in India.
The capital investment in this industry is about Rs.300 crore. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry. Sugar Industry. India is the largest producer of the products drawn from sugarcane. Putting sugar, khandsari and gur or jaggery together, India stands first in the world production.
There has been big increase in the number of sugar mills since independence. In 1950 – 51, there were 138 sugar mills in the country. Their number has now increased to 566. Accordingly the sugar production has also gone up many times. It has risen from 1.13 million tonnes to 9.14 million tonnes by 1987 – 88.
Cement Industry:
At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes. The capital investment in – this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and processing technology.
Question 2.
What efforts have been undertaken by the government to promote the small scale industries? Write.
Answer:
Following efforts have been undertaken by the government:
1. Establishment of Boards and Corporations:
Government has from time – to – time established different boards and corporations like – All India Board of Cottage Industries, All India Handicrafts Board, Khadi Gram Udyog Mandal, Board of Small Scale Industry, Coir Board, National Small Scale Corporation, Indian Handicrafts Development Corporation.
2. Establishment of the Council of Small Scale Industry:
Small scale industry development corporation. Nationalised Banks, State Finance Corporation are the members of this council.
3. Financial Assistance:
The financial assistance is provided to small scale industries through Reserve Bank, State Bank of India. The National Small Scale Corporation, State Finance Corporation, Cooperative Banks. Loan facilities are provided by the National Small Scale Development Banks. State Governments also provides long-term loan in their area under Government Assistance to Industries Act.
4. Technical Assistance:
The organisation for development of small scale industries is established to provide technical assistance to the small scale, industries. Under these services, Indians are sent to foreign countries for training and experts are invited to India to provide training in India.
5. Exemption from Taxes:
Concession in taxes are provided to small scale industries. Taxes like production tax are not imposed on the goods produced by these industries, if imposition of tax becomes essential then only a nominal tax is imposed. Apart from the exemption in taxes concessions are provided in the transportation expenditure.
6. Facilities for Selling of Products:
Immense facilities are provided for the marketing of products of the small – scale industries. Show rooms or emporiums are being opened at various places by Central and State Governments and by specific corporations for the selling of products of small scale industries. Along with this big societies and board for the sale of the products of small scale goods are set up with help of state governments.
7. Exemption from Licensing:
Some goods are reserved under this area to promote small scale industries.
8. Preference Given by Government in Purchasing:
The government gives preference to the products of small scale industries in purchasing goods for the use of its own departments and some goods are purchased completely from these industries.
9. Organizing Exhibitions:
The government from time – to – time organised exhibitions at different places to make people aware about the products of small scale industries. Apart from this it i provides assistance to those representatives of people who organised these exhibitions.
10. To Set up Research Institutes:
There are many research institutes established for research work on the products of small scale industries.
11. National Equity Fund:
Central Government has set up a fund in which 5 crore rupees are provided by Central Government and 5 crore rupees by the Industrial Development Bank. The Industrial Development Bank manages these funds, which provides loan to small scale industry in the form of Soft Loan up to 5 thousands rupees for seed and capital but the unit should be registered in the Directorate of Industry as a small scale industry.
12. Establishment of Indian Development Bank for Small Scale Industry:
This bank is established as a co-organisation of Indian Industrial Development Bank. Its capital is rupees 450 crore rupees and its main function is to provide financial assistance to the small-scale industries. Its offices are opened in different states.
13.Interest on Delayed Payment:
Tire government has made arrangement that if a buyer delays the payment of the goods purchased from a small industrial unit then he will have to pay interest on the delayed period.
14. Credit Card Scheme for Small Entrepreneurs:
This scheme was implemented with the aim to make credit easily available to small businessman, artisan entrepreneurs in 2002 – 03.
15. Improvement in the Loan Given to Small Scale Industries:
Following steps were taken for the improvement in the loan given to small scale industries:
16. Removal of Restrictions on Ready-made Garment:
Progress of technology, increase in productivity, awareness towards quality, diversity of products, increase in exports and increase in marketing related policies and maximizing employment opportunities will help this sector.
17. Setting up of Integrated Structural Development Centers:
Under this scheme in an industrial premises the basic needs of a developed place as electricity, water, drainage system, Telecommunication is made available along with banks, raw. material, storage, sale and technology.
Question 3.
State the importance of small scale and cottage industries.
Answer:
Small scale and cottage industries play an important role in Indian economy. These industries are suited to the Indian economy. These industries can be established with less capital and require more human labor.
In India due to large population there is more human labor and also due to poverty there is less capital. For these reasons these are considered important part of Indian economy. This can be made clear by the following facts:
1. Suitable for Rural Economy:
Around 50.4 per cent working population of India depends on agriculture, but the farmers do not get work for the whole year. Therefore small scale industries are important for them and suitable for Indian economy.
2. Reduces Unemployment:
The small scale industries reduce unemployment as they have potential of employing large number of workers with less capital investment for the same.
3. Help in Reducing Inequalities of Incomes:
The ownership of small scale industries is distributed among lakhs of people and families as a result of this economic power cannot be centralized hence it helps in equal distribution of income.
4. Development of Individual Art:
Small scale industries are helpful in developing individual art.
5. Decrease Pressure of Population on Agriculture:
Major part of population is already dependent on agriculture in India and increasing population increases pressure on agriculture. If small- scale industries are set up in rural areas it, will reduce pressure on agriculture which will be beneficial for the country.
6. Help in Industrial Decentralization:
Small scale industries help in decentralization of industries in the country. Large scale industries get centralized in a particular place due to some specific reasons but small scale industries are developed in villages and small towns.
7. Less Requirement of Technical Knowledge:
Small scale industries. require less technical knowledge and less capital for its establishment. They can run with less trained workers. Thus they are best suited for the Indian economy.
8. Fast Producing Industry:
Produced goods can be obtained within a short time after the establishment of these industries. Therefore these are called fast producing industry. There is always a shortage of goods in India and these industry can contribute significantly in removal of this shortage.
9. Laming of Foreign Currency:
The exports of goods manufactured by small scale industries is increasing day by day which helps tire country in obtaining the valuable foreign currency. At present out of total export of the country the share of the goods produced by small scale industry is 35 per cent.
10. Less Dependency on Imports:
We have to depend on imports from foreign countries to establish large scale industries either for technology or for machine or raw material. With small scale industries there is no such requirement, we do not have to import machines or techniques or raw material. Thus it decreases dependency on imports.
11. Supplementary to Large Scale Industries:
The small scale industries can work as supplementary industries to large scale industries, for example small scale industries can manufacture intermediate goods which can be used by large scale industries to produce final goods.
12. Use of Local Resources:
Small scale industries utilize local resources. These industries help the rural people and common man to be an entrepreneur and give opportunities of, investment of rural savings. In India the contribution of small scale industries in gross national product is 10 percent, in gross industrial product it is 39 per cent and in providing employment it is 32 per cent and 35 per cent in the total exports of the country.
Due to the above small scale industries have been given significant place in the industrial policies. The production of 590 commodities are reserved for small scale industries.
Question 4.
Write short note on –
Answer:
1. Leather Industry:
It is one of the oldest industry in India. This is a traditional industry. There are several things which are made of leather as coat, Jersey, purse, playing material, toys, monkey cap, belt, hand gloves,. shoes, foot wear etc. Majority of the leather goods in the country are produced in Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Kanpur, Mumbai, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Dewsas, Jalandhar and Agra.
Out of the total production of leather goods 75 per cent is produced by small scale and cottage industry. In India leather and leather goods are included in the top ten list of the products having maximum export. During the year 2003-04 leather industry earned 2.1 million American dollars as income from export. It is estimated that 10% of total supply of leather of the world is from India.
2. Iron and Steel Industry:
India has been famous for its iron and steel industry from ancient times. First of all Jamshedji Tata established an iron and steel company in Jamshedpur. There are total 10 plants in India. Out of these nine are Public Sector and only one (Tata Iron and Steel Company) Jamshedpur, West Bengal is under the Private sector.
The steel plants of public sector are Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Vishakapatnam and Salem. At present there are 196 small scale plants in the country. Out of these 170 units are running and the remaining are closed. The capital investment in this industry is 90,000 crore rupees. It has provided employment to 5 lakh people. It was freed from licensing in the year 1991.
3. Cotton Industry:
This is the oldest and main industry of India. The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1818 in Kolkata. This is the largest and most extensive industry of India. Its contribution to the total industrial production of country is 14 per cent, whereas its share in the gross export income is 19 per cent. Its share in imports is 3 per cent.
The cotton textile industry is mainly localized in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Gujarat. The Capital Investment in this industry is about 5,000 crores rupees. This industry is providing employment directly or indirectly to 9 crore people. The Government has freed cotton industry from licence through the cloth order (development and exchange) of 1993.
4. Information and Technology:
The information technology industry is an industry based on technology with the help of computers and its applications, computers, communication, technology and concurring software. The knowledge reaches through the means of communication and equipment. It is a knowledge based industry. In India, the development of information technology is recent but it is growing rapidly.
However, enormous efforts are required for making it competitive with developed countries. In India this industry developed after the International Treaty of 1994. In 1994 – 95, this industry earned 6345 crores rupees which increased 79337 crores in the year 2002 – 03. It shows that this is the fastest growing industry of India.
Choose the correct answer:
Question 1.
Tata Iron and Steel Company is categorized as –
(a) small scale industry
(b) large scale industry
(c) cottage industry
(d) medium scale industry.
Answer:
(b) large scale industry
Question 2.
Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to –
(a) 25 lacs
(b) 50 lacs
(c) 75 lacs
(d) 1 crore.
Answer:
(a) 25 lacs
Question 3.
Hand-loom, Khadi and Silk industries are examples of –
(a) village industry
(b) cottage industry
(c) medium scale industry
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) village industry
Question 4.
In India maximum lac is produced in –
(a) Orissa
(b) Mirzapur
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur
(d) Himachal.
Answer:
(c) Plateau of Chhotanagpur
Question 5.
The Central Silk Board was established in the year –
(a) 1949
(6) 1959
(c) 1969
(d) 1979.
Answer:
(a) 1949
Question 6.
Which of following is not a crop of lac –
(a) Baisakhi
(b) jaithavi
(c) Sawari
(d) Aghoni.
Answer:
(c) Sawari
Fill in the blank:
Answer:
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer’Type Questions
Question 1.
What is the meaning of industry?
Answer:
When many firms produce a homogeneous commodity or service then they all together are called an industry.
Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified on the basis of their ownership, utility, size, nature of goods produced and raw material used.
Question 3.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested large-scale industries, small-scale industries and cottage industries.
Question 4.
Give two examples of medium, scale industries.
Answer:
Question 5.
Give two examples of cottage industry.
Answer:
Question 6.
Which industry is called a Protection Baby?
Answer:
Sugar industry is called a Protection Baby.
Question 7.
Name the articles produced by the jute industry.
Answer:
Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products etc.
Question 8.
When was the jute industry started in India?
Answer:
The jute industry was started in India in 1855.
Question 9.
Name the chief paper mills of India.
Answer:
National News Print and Paper Mill Limited (Nepanagar, Madhya Pradesh) and Security Paper Mill (Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh).
Question 10.
Which industry is the oldest industry in India?
Answer:
Cotton Industry is the oldest industry in India.
Question 11.
Why was the Central Silk Board established?
Answer:
The Central Silk Board was established to encourage silk industry.
Question 12.
Name the two countries associated with lac production.
Answer:
India and Thailand.
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write a short note on jute industry of India.
Answer:
Jute Industry: India stands first in the production of jute in the world. Out of total production of the world 50 per cent is produced only in India. India stands second in the export of the jute pr. ducts in the world. Gunny bags, rugs, ropes, decorative products and several other items are made of Jute.
The jute industry in India started in 1855. In India 85 per cent jute mills are in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. Out of the total production 62% is used to manufacture gunny bags. 20 per cent as sack cloth and rest 18 per cent for other things.
At present there are 73 Jute mills running in India. The capital investment in these industry is about Rs. 300 crores. 2.61 lakh people are employed in this industry.
Question 2.
Write about the cement industry.
Answer:
Cement Industry:
The cement industry in India started between 1912 – 1914 at Porbandar in Gujarat and Katni and Lakheri in Madhya Pradesh. At present there are 128 big plants which have 18,209 crore tonnes production capacity. Apart from these, there are 332 small scale cement factories having production capacity 111 lakh tonnes.
The capital investment in this industry is 800 crore rupees and it provides employment to about 3 lakh people. At present India is the fifth largest cement producer of the world after China, Russia, Japan and America. In 1991 it became free from licensing restriction. The industry has progressed both in the field of production capacity, output and passing technology.
Question 3.
Mention the location of glass industry.
Answer:
The glass industry is an old industry of India. As a cottage industry it is localised mainly at Felozabad and Belgaon. There are more than 225 small and big factories of glass in Ferozabad, which manufacture bangles.
In Atta Shikohabad, Fatehbad and Fla tiaras also it is running as cottage industry whereas in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and C. issa it is centralized as a modern industry. Maximum factories Li the country are situated in West Bengal.
MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Divide industries on the basis of amount of capital invested. Write about them.
Answer:
We can divide industries into three parts on the basis of amount of capital invested.
1. Large Scale Industry:
These industrial units are those industries in which the capital invested on plant and machinery is more than Rs. 10 crores. They are categorized as large scale industries. For example Tata Iron and Steel Company.
2. Medium Scale Industries:
The industrial units in which capital invested on plant and machinery is up to 5 to 10 crores, they are categorized as Medium. For industrial units of tertiary sector their limit is up to Rs. 5 crores. For example leather industry and silk industry.
3. Small scale Industry:
Those industrial units are included in the small scale industries where capital investment in plant and machinery is up to the limit of Rs. 5 crores. Regarding industrial units of tertiary sector the given limit is Rs. 2 crores. For example Lac industry and glass industry.
Those industrial units are categorized as very small industries where the capital investment on plant and machinery is up to 25 lacs, and for the service sector in industrial units or tertiary sector, the limit is Rs. 10 lacs.
4. Cottage Industry:
Those industrial units which are run completely with the help of members of the family in the form of full time or part time business are cottage industries. In these units capital investment is nominal and the production work is done by hands for example making baskets of bamboo, ivory work.
Question 2.
In what different ways are the industries classified?
Answer:
Industries are classified in number of ways. It depends in what perspective does one see the functioning of industries. One may like to classify industries on the basis of ownership’s or on the way of scale of operations. Let us, therefore, classify industries oh all possible ways that occur to our mind.
I. On the basis of Nature of Industry:
II. On the basis of size and scale of operation:
1. large Scale Industries:
Industries which use big power run machines and employ specialized labor giving rise to large scale production. Examples are iron and steel industries.
2. Medium Scale Industries:
These industries also employ large number off employees and use power machines in the production process fount the amount of money spent is less than the large scale industries and the labor power used is also comparative less.
3. Small Stale Industries:
Industries which employ less number of people and need less (capital for starting the industry. They also use power but the amount of power used is much less than the other industries.
III. On the basis of ownership:
IV. On the basis of Saw Material:
1. Agro Based Industries:
Such industries which receive their raw Material from agriculture. Their development and growth depends upon the production of agriculture inputs. For example, cotton textile industry or jute industry depends upon the supply of cotton or Jute drawn frown agriculture sector.
2. Mineral Based Industries:
Mineral based industries are those industries which draw .heir raw material from mines. For example development of me a industry depends on the amount of iron received fan the mines.
Note: Also see the table given in Textbook Q-l (Short Answer Questions)
Question 3.
List out the main industries of India along with the places where they are located.
Answer:
Question 1.
ABCD is quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are mid-point^jf the sides AB, BC, CD and DA (see Fig.). AC is a diagonal. Show that:
Solution:
Given
ABCD is in which P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of sides AB,BC, CD and DA.
To prove.
Proof:
In ∆ABC. P is the mid point of AB and Q is the midpoint of BC.
∴ PQ ∥ AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (by MPT)…(1)
In ∆ADC, S is the mid-point of AD and R is the mid – point of DC.
SR ∥ AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (by MPT)…(2)
1. SR ∥ AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (proved)
2. PQ ∥ AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC
∴ PQ = SR
3. From (1) and (2), we get
PQ ∥ SR and PQ = SR
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram
Question 2.
ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral P&RS is a rectangle.
Solution:
Given
ABCD is rhombus and P, Q and R and S are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD and DA.
To prove
PQRS is a rectangle.
Construction:
Join AC and BD).
Proof:
In ∆ABC, P is the midpoint of AB and Q is the midpoint of BC.
∴ PQ ∥AC (By MPT) …(1)
In ∆ADC, S is the midpoint of AD and R is the midpoint of DC.
SR ∥ AC (By MPT) …(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
PQ ∥ SR …(3)
In ∆ABD, P is the midpoint of AB and S is the midpoint of AD.
PS ∥ BD …(4)
In ABCD, Q is the midpoint of BC and R is the midpoint of CD
∴ QR ∥ BD (ByMPT) …(5)
From (4) and (5), we get
PS ∥ QR …(6)
In quadrilateral PQRS, PQ ∥ SR and PS ∥ QR
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram.
In quadrilateral OESF
SF ∥ EO (∴ SR ∥ AO …(7)
SE ∥ FO (∴ SP ∥ BD) …(8)
SEOF is a parallelogram.
We know that, that in a parallelogram opposite angles are equal.
∴ ∠ESF = ∠EOF= 90°
(∴ In a rhombus, diagonals intersect each other at right angles)
Hence, PQRS is a rectangle.
Question 3.
ABCD is a rectangle and P,Q,R and S are mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.
Given
ABCD is a rectangle P,Q,R and S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD and DA.
To prove.
PQRS is a rhombus.
Proof:
In ∆ABC, P is the midpoint of AB and Q is the midpoint of BC.
PQ ∥ AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (By MPT) ….(1)
In ∆ADC, S is the midpoint of AD and R is the midpoint of DC.
∴ SR ∥ AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (By MPT)…(2)
From (1) and (2),we get
PQ ∥ SB and PQ = SR
PQRS is a parallelogram
AD = BC (∴ ABCD is a rectangle)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{2}\) AD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BC
AS = BQ
In ∆PAS and ∆PBQ, AS = BQ (proved)
AP = BP P is the mid-point of AB
∠A = ∠B (each 90°)
and so PS = PQ (ByCPCT)
In a ∥gm, if adjacent sides are equal, then it a rhombus.
∴ PQRS is a rhombus.
Question 4.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB ∥ DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the mid-point of AD. A line is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC and F (see Fig. below). Show that F is the mid-point of BC.
Solution:
Given
AB ∥ DC, DE = AE and EF ∥ AS.
To prove
F is the mid-point of BC
Proof:
AB ∥ DC (given) …(1)
AB ∥ EF (given) …(2)
From (1) and (2) we get,
DC ∥ EF
In ∆ABD, E is the mid – point of AD
EP ∥ AB (∴ EF∥AB)
∴ P is the mid – point of BD (By CMPT)
In ∆BCD, P is the midpoint of BD.
PF ∥ DC (∴ EF ∥ DC)
F is the midpoint of BC (By CMPT).
Question 5.
In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-point of sides AB and CD respectively (See Fig.). Show that the line segments AD and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
Solution:
Given
ABCD is a ∥gm, E and F are the mid-point of AB and CD.
To prove:
BQ = PQ = DP
Proof:
AB ∥ DC and AB = DC (∴ ABCD is a ∥gm)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∥ AB \(\frac{1}{2}\) DC and \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB = \(\frac{1}{2}\)DC
⇒ AE ∥ FC and AE = FC (∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB = AE and \(\frac{1}{2}\) DC = FC)
AECF is a parallelogram (∴ AECF is a ∥gm)
In ∆ABP, E is the mid – point of AB,
EQ ∥AP (∴ AECF is a ∥<sup<gm)
∴ Q is the midpoint of BP (∴ by CMPT) …(1)
BQ = PQ
In ∆DQC, F is the midpoint of DC
EF ∥ CQ AECF is a ∥<sup<gm)
P is the midpoint of DQ
i.e., DP = PQ
From (1) and (2), we get BQ = PQ = DP.
Question 6.
Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
Solution:
Given
ABCD is a in which P, Q.R and S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
To prove
PR and SQ bisect each other.
Construction:
Join AC. Join PQ, QR, RS and SP.
Proof:
In ∆ABC, P is the midpoint of AB and Q is the midpointof BC.
PQ ∥ AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (By MPT) …..(1)
In ∆ADC, S is the midpoint of AD and R is the midpoint of DC.
SR ∥ AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC (by MPT) …(2)
Form (1) and (2), we get
PQ ∥ SR and PQ = SR
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram in which PR and SQ are diagonals^ and so PR and SQ bisect each other (In a ∥gm, diagnaols bisect each other)
Question 7.
ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the mid-point M of hypotenuse AB and parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that
Solution:
Given
ABC is a right ∆. ∠C = 90°
AM = BM and MD ∥ BC.
To prove:
Proof:
1. In ∆ACB, M is the mid-point of AB and MD ∥ BC
∴ D is the mid – point of AC (By CMPT)
i.e., AD = CD
2. MD ∥ BC and AC is the transversal
∴ ∠ADM = ∠ACB (CA’s)
⇒ ∠ADM = 90° (∠ACB = 90°)
∴ MD ⊥ AC
3. In ∆ADM and ∆CDM,
AD = CD (proved)
∠ADM = ∠CDM (each 90°)
[∴ ∠ADM + ∠CDM = 180° (LPA’s); 90° + ∠CDM= 180°; ∠CDM = 90°]
MD = MD (common)
∴ ∆ADM = ∆CDM (By SAS)
and so MA = MC (By cpct) …(1)
MA = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB (Given) …(2)
Form (1) and (2), we get MA = MC = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AB.
Question 1.
Paheli and Boojho wonder whether the batteries used in tractors, trucks and inverters are also made from cells. Then why is it called a battery? Can you help them to find the answer to this question?
Answer:
The battery used in tractors, trucks and inverters is a combination of several cells. The cells are not dry cells. These are the several sets of plates and each set of plates acts like a cell.
Question 2.
Paheli and Boojho saw a magic trick sometime back. The magician placed an iron box on a stand. He then called Boojho and asked him to lift the box. Boojho could easily lift the box. Now the magician made a show of moving his stick around the box while muttering some thing. He again asked Boojho to lift the box. This time Boojho could not even move it. The magician again muttered some thing and now Boojho could lift the box? The audience, including Paheli and Boojho, were very impressed with the show and felt that the magician had some supernatural powers. However, after reading this chapter Paheli is wondering if the trick was indeed some magic or some science was involved? Can you guess what science might be involved?
Answer:
The magician arranged an electromagnet below the box. The electromagnet could be turned ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ as when the magician signals his assistance. When the electromagnet is turned ‘ON’ it attracts the iron box and hence it could not be lifted.
Question 1.
Draw in your notebook the symbols to represent the following components of electrical circuits: connecting wires, switch in the ‘OFF’ position, bulb, cell, switch in the ‘ON’ position, and battery?
Answer:
Question 2.
Draw the circuit diagram to represent the circuit shown in fig?
Answer:
Question 3.
Fig. shows four cells fixed on a board. Draw lines to indicate how you will connect their terminals with wires to make a battery of four cells?
Answer:
Question 4.
The bulb in the circuit shown in figure, does not glow. Can you identify the problem? Make necessary changes in the circuit to make the bulb glow?
Answer:
The problem with the circuit is that both the negative terminals are connected to the bulb. The corrected diagram is shown below:
Question 5.
Name any two effects of electric current?
Answer:
The two effects of electric current are heating effect and magnetic effect.
Question 6.
When the current is switched on through a wire, a compass needle kept nearby gets deflected from its north-south position. Explain?
Answer:
When electric current passes through a wire, it behaves like a magnet. This is the magnetic effect of the electric current due to attraction of the wire. So, the compass needle which is a magnet, gets deflected.
Question 7.
Will the compass needle show deflection when the switch in the circuit shown by fig is closed?
Answer:
No, because there is no cell so no current will flow.
Question 8.
Fill in the blanks:
Answer:
Question 9.
Mark T if the statement is true and F if it is false:
Answer:
Question 10.
Do you think an electromagnet can be used for separating plastic bags from a garbage heap? Explain?
Answer:
No, the plastic bags do not get attracted by the magnet, so they cannot be separated by an electromagnet. The plastic bags are not magnetic materials, only magnetic materials like iron can be attracted by magnet.
Question 11.
An electrician is carrying out some repairs in your house. He wants to replace a fuse by a piece of wire. Would you agree? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:
No, because this piece of wire will not melt even if high current flows through it. So, it will not prevent the damage done by high current.
Question 12.
Zubeda made an electric circuit using a cell holder shown in figure a switch and a bulb. When she put the switch in the ‘ON’ position, the bulb did not glow. Help Zubeda in identifying the possible defects in the circuit?
Answer:
It is important to put the cells in right series. The positive terminal of the cell should be connected with negative terminal of the second cell. The switch should be closed properly and bulb should not be fused. If Zubeda will check these then the bulb will certainly glow. Also, in the circuit, there is no any bulb and switch, the connecting wires are not connected with bulb and switch.
Question 13.
In the circuit shown in Fig?
Answer:
Answer:
Extended Learning – Activities and Projects
Question 1.
Set up the circuit shown in Fig. again. Move the key to ‘ON’ position and watch carefully in which direction the compass needle gets deflected. Switch ‘OFF’ the current. Now keeping rest of the circuit intact, reverse the connections at the terminal of the cell. Again switch ‘on’ the current. Note the direction in which the needle gets deflected. Think of an explanation?
Answer:
When the connection of cell is reversed, the compass needle moves in opposite direction. This shows that the polarity of the magnet depends on the direction of current.
Question 2.
Make four electro – magnets with 20, 40, 60 and 80 turns. Connect them one by one to a battery of 2 cells. Bring the electromagnet near a box of pins. Count the number of pins attracted by it. Compare the strengths of the electromagnets?
Answer:
The strength increases with number of turns in the coil.
Question 3.
Using an electromagnet, you can make a working model of a railway signal as shown in Fig?
Answer:
Do with the help of your subject teacher.
Question 4.
Visit an electric shop. Request a mechanic to show you the various types of fuses and MCB and to explain how they work?
Answer:
Go and visit the nearby shop with your friends.
Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Choose the correct alternative:
Question (a)
The electric circuit which is broken at some point is called?
(a) closed
(b) open
(c) short
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) open
Question (b)
The amount of heat produced in a wire depends on its?
(a) material
(b) length
(c) thickness
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(d) all of these.
Question (c)
The direction of flow of conventional current is taken as
(a) -ve to +ve
(b) +ve to -ve
(c) both of these
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) +ve to -ve
Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
Answer:
Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false(F):
Answer:
Electric Current and its Effects Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by electric current?
Answer:
The flow of negative charges i.e., electrons is called electric current.
Question 2.
Name the various sources of electric current?
Answer:
Cells and storage batteries.
Question 3.
What do you mean by electrically neutral substances?
Answer:
Those substances which have an equal quantity of positive and negative charge.
Question 4.
What are the two kinds of electric charges?
Answer:
The two kinds of electric charges are positive and negative.
Question 5.
Which terminal of a cell is represented by longer line?
Answer:
Positive.
Question 6.
Where should be the key placed in a circuit?
Answer:
The key or switch can be placed anywhere in the circuit.
Question 7.
What is an open electric circuit?
Answer:
An electric circuit having the switch in off position is called open electric circuit.
Question 8.
What is a closed electric circuit?
Answer:
An electric circuit having the switch in on position is called a closed circuit or a complete circuit.
Question 9.
What is the significance of using symbols in an electric circuit?
Answer:
Using symbols is significant as if we have to show the various batteries, bulbs and switches as they actually look, it would be very cumber some and take a lot of time.
Question 10.
What is a filament?
Answer:
In the bulb there is a thin wire, called the filament, which glows when an electric current passes through it.
Question 11.
What is the full form of CFL?
Answer:
Compact Fluoroscent Lamp.
Question 12.
What is the full form of MCB?
Answer:
Miniature Circuit Breaker.
Question 13.
What are different hazards of electricity?
Answer:
Question 14.
List the appliances around you that depend on electricity for their operation. List the appliances that do not use electrical energy?
Answer:
Appliances that depend on electricity : Electric iron, Television, Geysers, Kitchen blender. Appliances that do not use electricity: Solar cells, Sewing Machine, Vehicles.
Question 15.
What energy is converted to electrical energy in a cell?
Answer:
Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Question 16.
Name the three components of the cable used in a house circuit?
Answer:
The cable used in a house circuit has three cores of different colours. The red wire is the live wire. The black is the neutral wire and the green is the earth wire.
Question 17.
What kind of energy transformation takes place in an electric heater?
Answer:
In electric heater, electric energy is converted into heat energy.
Question 18.
Why is alternating current of same voltage more dangerous than direct current?
Answer:
The alternating current of same voltage is more dangerous than direct current because the direction and magnitude of AC changes alternatively and it may produce electric shock.
Question 19.
What happens when fuse melts away?
Answer:
When fuse melts away, the circuit is broken and the flow of current stops.
Question 20.
What is the main purpose of earthing an electrical appliance?
Answer:
To prevent electric shock.
Question 21.
Why is mica used in elements of an Electric iron?
Answer:
Mica is a insulator.
Question 22.
List the appliances in your house that do not have ground wires?
Answer:
Electric grinder, electric heater, electric oven, electric toaster.
Question 23.
Who discovered magnetic effect of electric current?
Answer:
Hans Christian Oersted.
Question 24.
What are the various effects shown by electricity?
Answer:
Question 25.
What is electrolysis?
Answer:
The phenomenon of breaking up of a chemical compound under the action of electric current is called electrolysis.
Question 26.
What causes heating effect in electric appliances?
Answer:
Heating effect is produced by heating element i.e., mainly ‘Nichrome’ which is an alloy of nickel and chromium.
Question 27.
Why is ‘Nichrome’ most commonly used as heating element?
Answer:
Since ‘Nichrome’ has a very high melting point, it does not melt with the flow of current.
Question 28.
Name few processes which are based on chemical effect of electricity?
Answer:
Electroplating, Refining of metals and electrolysis of water.
Question 29.
What is meant by magnetic effect of current?
Answer:
A current carrying wire behaves like a magnet.
Electric Current and its Effects Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Can electrically neutral substances be made to acquire charge?
Answer:
Yes, the delicate balance between the charges can be disturbed. Thus electrically neutral substances can be made to acquire charge. For example, if we rub a glass rod with silk we brush off some negative charges from the rod. The rod now acquires a net positive charge because it has more positive charges than negative.
Question 2.
What happens when a charged electroscope is connected into a uncharged electroscope by a wire? What is that called?
Answer:
When a charged electroscope is joined to a uncharged electroscope by a wire, charges flow from the charged to the uncharged electroscope through the wire till they are equalised. This flow of charges form an Electric Current.
Question 3.
What are the differences between a simple cell and a storage cell?
Answer:
A simple cell:
A storage cell:
Question 4.
What should be the characteristics of an ideal heating element and that of an ideal safety fuse?
Answer:
Question 5.
Make a list of materials around you which conduct electricity and a list of those that do not.
Answer:
Conductors of electricity are:
All metals, acid, base and salt solutions, aluminium, iron, copper, nickel. Do not conduct electricity are: Paper, rubber, wood, nylon, polythene, bakelite.
Question 6.
What is the significance of the earth wire?
Answer:
The metallic body of an electric appliance is connected to the earth through this earth wire. Sometimes due to faulty wire, the insulation breaks and the live w;re comes into contact with the body of appliance. If the appliance is earthed the charge will quickly flow to the earth, thus protecting us from electric shock.
Question 7.
How does fuse act as a safety device?
Answer:
A fuse is a porcelain holder having a short and thin piece of wire in it called fuse wire which easily melts on heating. Sometimes the insulation of a wire is broken i.e., live wire touches the neutral wire there is a short circuit. When there is a short circuit the fuse wire melts due to heating produced by the high current. The circuit is then broken and the current stops flowing. So damages are prevented.
Question 8.
On which effect of current does the fuse wire in electric circuits depend? Write two characteristics of a good quality fuse wire?
Answer:
Whenever a current passes through a material, a part or whole of its energy is converted into heat. The part which heats up is called heating elements. An alloy of nickel and chromium called Nichrome is one of the most heating elements.
Two characteristics of a good quality fuse wire are as follows:
Question 9.
Write four safety measures to be taken while working with live electric lines?
Answer:
Question 10.
Draw a battery of four cells?
Question 11.
How does electromagnetic induction find its use or application in generating electricity?
Answer:
The act of moving a magnet quickly in or cut of a coil of wire, can cause a current to flow in the wire. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. This finds its application in generators where the coil is connected to a turbine. That rotates by the energy of falling water and moves the coil and causes current to flow, generators used in power stations have coil kept stationary and the magnet itself is rotated.
Question 12.
What forms the basic principle in electromagnets?
Answer:
Producing electromagnets is based on the principle that when current is passed through a coil it behaves like a magnet i.e., achieves north and south pole. Also if we reverse the direction of current in the coil the two poles exchange places. In electromagnets we insert a piece of iron in such a coil, its domain will get aligned in a direction normal to the face of the coil and the piece of iron gets strongly magnatised and act as electromagnets.
Electric Current and its Effects Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Find the various ways in which two batteries and two bulbs can be connected in a working circuit?
Answer:
Two batteries and two bulbs can be connected in working circuit in two ways:
1. In series as shown in figure.
2. In parallel as shown in figure.
Question 2.
Give the symbols used for: open key; closed key, dry cell, a wire point, a battery and a bulb?
Answer:
The symbols are:
Question 3.
How can conductivity of a substance be tested?
Answer:
We can perform an experiment to test whether the given material conducts electricity or not. Make a circuit with wire, battery, bulb and connect them. If the bulb lights up, we can be sure that current is flowing in the circuit. Break the circuit. Now Fi8- TestinS whether a maternal close the circuit by inserting conducts electricity. different materials in between as (A) Match Stick (B) Pencil (C) Water (D) Eraser (E) Paper cup. Now see whether the bulb lights up. If it lights up, the material used for insertion in a conductor and if the bulb does not light up, the material is an insulator.
Question 4.
Define Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) with diagram?
Answer:
These day Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) are increasingly being used in place of fuses. These are switches which automatically turn off when current in a circuit exceeds the safe limit. You turn them join and the circuit is once again complete. Look for ISI mark on MCBs also.
Question 5.
Define the working of an electric bell with circuit?
Answer:
We are quite familiar with an electric bell. It has an electromagnet in it. Fig. shows the circuit of an electric bell. It consists of a coil of wire wound on an iron piece. The coil acts as an electromagnet. An iron strip with a hammer at one end is kept close to the electromagnet.
There is a contact screw near the iron strip. When the iron strip is in contact with the screw, the current flows through the coil which becomes an electromagnet. It, then, pulls the iron strip. In the process, the hammer at the end of the strip strikes the gong of the bell to produce a sound. However, when the electromagnet pulls the iron strip, it also breaks the circuit. The current through the coil stops flowing.
The coil is no longer an electromagnet. It no longer attracts the iron strip. The iron strip comes back to its original position and touches the contact screw again. This completes the circuit. The current flows in the coil and the hammer strikes the gong again. This process is repeated in quick succession. The hammer strikes the gong every time the circuit is completed. This is how the bell rings.
Question 1.
Match the column A with B :
(कॉलम A का मिलान कॉलम B से कीजिए।)
Answer:
Question 2.
Do as directed : (निर्देशानुसार करो)
(a) Combine the following sentences using ‘who’:
(Who का प्रयोग कर निम्न वाक्यों को जोड़िए)
(i) The girl is wearing lahnga chunari.
The girl is Sarita.
Answer:
The girl who is wearing lahnga chunari is Sarita.
(ii) Seema studies in class VII.
Seema is the most intelligent student of the class.
Answer:
Seema who studies in class VII is the most intelligent student of the class.
(b) Use appropriate prepositions in the following sentences :
(निम्न वाक्यों में उपयुक्त Preposition का प्रयोग करें)
(i) She was waiting ……….. her husband.
(ii) She always agrees …………. my decisions.
Answer:
(i) for
(ii) to.
(a) Combine the sentences given below using ‘prettier’:
(निम्न वाक्यों को ‘Prettier’ का प्रयोग कर जोड़िए।)
(i) Shobha is pretty.
(ii) Her sister is prettier.
Answer:
Shobha’s sister is prettier than her.
(d) Fill in the blank spaces with the correct forms of the verbs :
(क्रिया के सही रूपों से खाली स्थानों को भरिए।)
(i) Two boys were ……….. (play) in the ground.
(ii) They were ………. (enjoy) their free time.
Answer:
(i) playing
(ii) enjoying.
(e) Rewrite the following conversation in indirect form of narration :
(निम्न वार्तालाप को (indirect) रूप में पुनः लिखिए)
Bala : “Vinita, where did you go yesterday ?”
Answer:
Bala asked Vinita where she had gone the day before.
Vinita : “I went to the market.”
Answer:
Vinita replied that she had gone to the market.
(f) Punctuate the following lines :
(निम्न पंक्तियों में विराम चिन्ह लगाइए।)
Answer:
That’s true, it’ll be difficult to trace anyone who gets lost. Can we eat something before we go for the rides?
(g) Make words by adding ‘ly’.
(ly’ जोड़कर शब्द बनाइए)
Bad, brave, intelligent, quick.
Answer:
Badly, bravely, intelligently, quickly.
(h) Give the opposites of:
(विपरीत शब्द लीखिए)
wild, sharp
Answer:
Domestic, blunt.
Question 3.
(A) Answer the following questions (any five) :
(निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए) (कोई पॉंच)
(a) Why did the horse trainer and his wife decide to sell the horse ?
Answer:
The horse trainer and bis wife decided to sell the horse because it ate a lot of fodder and it was expensive to feed it.
(b) Why did the merchants think that the old man had seen the camel ?
Answer:
The merchants thought that the old man had seen the camel because he gave the real information to the merchants about their camel.
(c) What happened when Deepak and Bhola were walking through the forest ?
Ans.
When Deepak and Bhola were walking through the forest, a bear attacked them.
(d) What happened to the bus in the story One Way Ticket?
Answer:
Something wrong happened with the engine of the bus.
(e) Why were the students of class VII happy?
Answer:
The students of class VII were happy and excited to discuss their visit to Orchha.
(f) Why is the story called ‘One way Ticket’?
Answer:
All the five friends collected their money they had and then only they were able to buy a one way ticket for the return journey.
Question 4.
Answer the following questions (any three) :
(निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए) (कोई पाँच)
(a) Why will the pussy like the child ?
Answer:
Pussy will like the child because she is gentle and good.
(b) Why are the clouds prettier than boats and ships?
Answer:
Because they sail across the sky and are natural.
(c) How are the days in the south during January?
Answer:
The days in the south during January are very fine.
(d) What according to the poet, is not good for the environment ?
Answer:
Burning the wood a lot, is not good for environment. The air gets polluted from smoke caused by burning the wood.
Question 5.
Write an application to the Principal of your school to take you on a picnic.
(अपने विद्यालय के प्रधानाचार्य को पिकनिक पर ले जाने हेतु एक प्रार्थना-पत्र लिखिए।)
Answer:
See ‘Applications’ in the Grammar section.
Or (या)
Write a letter to your friend telling him about your visit to Kanha.
(कान्हा भ्रमण के बारे में अपने मित्र को एक पत्र लिखिए।)
Answer:
Arera Colony,
Bhopal-462016
25 December,
2005.
Dear Ashish,
Hope you are fine. I am also fine here. Today, I wish to tell you about my visit to Kanha National Park. My five friends and I visited it last Sunday. It was a great fun. We saw a variety of animals there like deer, elephants, lions etc. We gave nuts to monkeys and bananas to elephants. We also took photographs of many rare species of animals there. We had our lunch together in the park and played some outdoor games also. It was a memorable journey. We came back home by 7’o clock in evening. I missed you a lot there, we will go there again whenever you come here.
Yours Affectionatly
Raj
Question 6.
Write ten lines on any one of the following:
(निम्न में किसी एक पर 10 पंक्त्यां लीखिए)
(i) Maharani Laxmi Bai.
Answer:
Maharani Laxmi Bai was the queen of Jhansi. She was brave, courageous and bold from her early childhood. She was skilled in horse riding, shooting, wrestling and all the martial arts and continued to practise them even after her marriage with Gangadhar Rao, the king of Jhansi.
When Britishers declared to merge Jhansi with British empire, after her husband’s death, she opposed it and bravely fought against them not thinking that she was a woman. She was a great patriot. She tied her son to her back and led her army against the British. She fought courageously till her last breath and did not let any Britisher touch her living or dead.
(ii) A visit to Orchha.
(iii) A Market Place.
Answer:
Yesterday, I went to the market. There was hustle and bustle of vehicles. There were different shops of different articles like sweet shops eateries, fancy goods and clothes shops. Shopkeepers were bargaining with customers. Shops were decorated with colourful lighting. Children were swinging on the swings.
Question 7.
Read the passage and answer the questions given at the end of it :
(निम्न गद्यांश को पढ़िए और इसके अन्त में दिए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए।)
(A) (i) Why did the farmer always sing while he worked ?
Answer:
Because his work was his delight and his music of life.
(ii) Who said to whom ?
(a) Tell me, my man, how are you so happy always ?
Answer:
Zamindar to the farmer.
(b) If you too work hard like me, you will also enjoy the bliss of sound sleep.
Answer:
The farmer to the Zamindar.
(iii) The greatest trouble of Zamindar was that he couldn’t sleep.
(iv) The title of the passage is Hard work-the music of life.
(v) What gives a man a normal sleep?
Answer:
Hard Work.
(B) Match the two columns :
(दो कालमों का मिलान किजिए)
Answer:
Question 1.
Boojho is wondering why it hurts when someone pulls his hair but not when he goes for a haircut?
Answer:
When someone pulls his hair, it hurts because it’s roots is connected to the skin which has sensation. But, during haircut the tip of the hair is cut which is dead and does not have any sensation. Thus, hair cut does not hurt.
Question 2.
Boojho is wondering why a cotton garment cannot keep us as warm in winter as a woollen sweater does?
Answer:
Cotton cloths are thin and does not trap air. Wool is thicker than cotton and have spaces in which air traps. Air is a poor conductor of heat and so it prevent heat coming out of our body. Thus, wool gives better protection than cotton.
Question 3.
Paheli wants to know if the cotton thread and silk thread are spun and woven in the same manner?
Answer:
No.
Question 1.
You must be familiar with the following nursery rhymes?
Answer the following:
Answer:
Question 2.
The silkworm is (a) a caterpillar, (b) a larva. Choose the correct option.
(i) (a)
(ii) (b)
(iii) both (a) and (b)
(iv) neither (a) nor (b).
Answer:
(iii) both (a) and (b).
Question 3.
Which of the following does not yield wool?
(i) Yak
(ii) Camel
(iii) Goat
(iv) Woolly dog.
Answer:
(iv) Woolly dog.
Question 4.
What is meant by the following terms?
Answer:
1. Rearing:
The bringing up and looking after the sheep is called rearing.
2. Shearing:
The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing.
3. Sericulture:
The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
Question 5.
Given below is a sequence of steps in the processing of wool. Which are the missing steps? Add them.
Shearing, …………… sorting, ………….., ………….
Answer:
Scouring, drying, dying, spinning, weaving.
Question 6.
Make sketches of the two stages in the life history of the silk moth which are directly related to the production of silk?
Answer:
Question 7.
Out of the following, which are the two terms related to silk production? Sericulture, floriculture, moriculture, apiculture and silviculture.
Hint:
Answer:
Question 8.
Match the words of Column I with those given in Column II:
Answer:
(i) (e)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (a)
Question 9.
Given below is a crossword puzzle based on this lesson. Use hints to fill in the blank spaces with letters that complete the words?
Answer:
Extended Learning – Activities and Projects:
Question 1.
Paheli wants to know the maximum length of continuous silk thread that can be obtained from a cocoon. Find out for her?
Answer:
980 m.
Question 2.
Boojho wants to know why caterpillars need to shed their skin when they grow bigger but we humans do not. Do you have any idea?
Answer:
During its growing stage, the caterpillar eats own shed skin. It has no other food option.
Question 3.
Boojho wants to know why caterpillars should not be collected with bare hands. Can you help him?
Answer:
Because caterpillar’s skin can cause alergy.
Question 4.
Paheli wanted to buy a silk frock and went to the market with her mother. There they found that the artificial (synthetic) silk was much cheaper and wanted to know why. Do you know why? Find out.
Answer:
The cost of production for artificial silk is very low. The raw materials used for artificial silk are available at very low cost and are available in huge quantity. Also, the production time is very less. Thus artificial silk is cheaper.
Question 5.
Someone told Paheli that an animal called ‘Vicuna’ also gives wool. Can you tell her where this animal is found? Look for this in a dictionary or an encyclopaedia?
Answer:
Vicuna is found in Spain.
Question 6.
When handloom and textile exhibitions are held, certain stalls display real moths of various varieties of silk and their life Stories. Try and visit these stalls with elders or teachers and these moths and stages of their life history.
Answer:
Do yourself.
Question 7.
Look for eggs of any moth or butterfly in your garden or park or any other place full of plants. They look like tiny specks (dots) laid in a cluster on the leaves. Pull out the leaves containing eggs and place them in a cardboard box. Take some leaves of the same plant or another plant of the same variety, chop them and put them in the box.
Eggs will hatch into caterpillars, which are busy eating day and night. Add leaves everyday for them to feed upon. Sometimes you may be able to collect the caterpillars. But be careful. Use a paper napkin or a paper to hold a caterpillar. Observe everyday. Note the:
Answer:
Do yourself.
Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Choose the correct alternative:
Question (i)
Silk is a –
(a) Rough fibre
(b) Way fibre
(c) Staple fi bre
(d) Filament fibre.
Answer:
(d) Filament fibre.
Question (ii)
Which country is the largest producer of silk –
(a) India
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) China
Question (iii)
Which country is the largest producer of wool –
(a) India
(b) Australia
(c) Pakistan
(d) China.
Answer:
(b) Australia
Question (iv)
Mooga is the strongest variety of –
(a) Silk
(b) Wool
(c) Cotton
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Silk
Question (v)
An International trade mark for new and pure wool is –
(a) ISI
(b) ISO
(c) Woolmark
(d) Agmark.
Answer:
(c) Woolmark
Question (vi)
Virgin wool is obtained from –
(a) Adult sheep
(b) Dead sleep
(c) Lamb
(d) Carnal.
Answer:
(a) Adult sheep
Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
Answer:
Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
Answer:
Question 4.
Match the items in Column A with Column B:
Answer:
(i) (b)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (f)
(iv) (e)
(v) (c)
(vi) (a)
Fibre to Fabric Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the name of some wool yielding animals.
Answer:
Sheep, goat, angora goat, camel, yak, lamb, etc.
Question 2.
Feel the hair on your body and arms and these on your head. Do you find any difference? Which are seems coarse and which are is soft?
Answer:
Yes, hairs in arms are soft.
Question 3.
In which area a yak found in plenty?
Answer:
Tibet and Ladakh.
Question 4.
What are the sources of obtaining fibres?
Answer:
Animals and plants are the sources of obtaining fibres.
Question 5.
What do you meant by shearing?
Answer:
The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is known as shearing.
Question 6.
Which animal provides pashmina shawls?
Answer:
Kashmiri goats.
Question 7.
Define wool?
Answer:
Wool is the common name of applied to soft curly fibres obtained chiefly from the fleece of domesticated sheep.
Question 8.
In which season, sleep sheared?
Answer:
Summer season.
Question 9.
What are the uses of wool?
Answer:
Wool is used for making fabrics, blankets, shawls, carpets, felt and upholstery.
Question 10.
What are the properties of wool fibre?
Answer:
Wool fibre is considerably resilient, has high tensile strength, light weight and is heat insulator.
Question 11.
What are silkworms?
Answer:
The female silk moth lays eggs from which hatch larvae are called silkworms of caterpillars.
Question 12.
What is the most common silk moth?
Answer:
Mulberry silk moth.
Question 13.
Name the strongest variety of silk.
Answer:
Mooga.
Question 14.
Name the different varieties of processed silk.
Answer:
Gepe, Tram, Organize, Trown singles are different varieties of processed silk.
Question 15.
What is reeling of silk?
Answer:
A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. This process is called reeling the silk.
Question 16.
Name some Indian breeds of sheep?
Answer:
Lohi, Rampur bushair, Nali, Bakharwal, Marwari and Patanwadi.
Question 17.
Where are sheep reared in India?
Answer:
Sub – Himalyan region because this area has a cooler climate.
Question 18.
Name one disease caused to sheep.
Answer:
Anthrax.
Fibre to Fabric Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Name the animals that yield wool?
Answer:
The fleece of sheep is not the only source of wool, though wool commonly available in the market is sheep wool. Yak wool is common in Tibet and Ladakh. Angora wool is obtained from angora goats, found in hilly regions such as Jammu and Kashmir. Wool is also obtained from goat hair. The under fur of Kashmiri goat is soft. The fur (hair) on the body of camels is also used as wool. Uama and Alpaca, found in South Africa, also yield wool.
Question 2.
What is raw silk?
Answer:
After brushing, filaments from four to eight cocoons are joined and twisted. They are then combined with a number of other similarly twisted filaments, to make a thread that is wound on a reel. The thread is called raw silk.
Question 3.
How is shearing of .wool done? Describe.
Answer:
The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layers of skin is removed from its body .This process is called shearing. Machines similar to those used by barbers are used to shave off hair. Usually, hair are removed during the hot weather. This enables sheep to survive without their protective coat of hair. The hair provide woolen fibers. Woolen fibres are then processed to obtain woollen yarn. Shearing does not hurt the sheep just as it does not hurt when you get a hair cut or your father shaves his beard.
Question 4.
Name the some breeds of sheep reared in our country. Also indicate the quality and texture of the fibre, obtained from them?
Answer:
Some Indian breeds of sheep are given in following table:
Question 5.
Why do the wool fibres have greater bulk as compared to other fibres?
Answer:
The scales and crimps is the wool fibre make it possible to spin and felt the fleece. They help the individual wool fibres grab each other so that they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have a greater bulk than other textiles. They can retain lot of air and hence wool fabrics are good insulators of heat. The heat insulation also works both ways.
Question 6.
How is silk processed?
Answer:
A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. This process is called reeling of silk. The cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled or exposed to steam. The silk fibres separate out. The process of taking out threads from the cocoon for use as silk is called reeling the silk. Reeling is done in special machines, which unwind the threads or fibres of silk from the cocoon. Silk fibres are then spun into silk threads, which are woven into silk cloth by weavers.
Question 7.
Write a short note on'”discovery of silk”?
Answer:
The exact time of discovery of silk is perhaps unknown. According to an old Chinese legend, the empress Si – lung – Chi was asked by the emperor Huang – ti to find the cause of the damaged leaves of mulberry trees growing their garden. The empress found white worms eating up mulberry leaves. She also noticed that they were spinning shiny cocoons around them. Accidentally a cocoon dropped into her cup of tea and a tangle of delicate threads separated from the cocoon.
Silk industry began in China and was kept a closely guarded secret for hundreds of years. Latter on, traders and travellers introduced silk to other countries. The route they travelled is still called the ‘silk route’.
Fibre to Fabric Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
How wool is produced from fibres?
Ans. For obtaining wool. Sheep are reared. Their hair is cut and processed into wool. Sheep are herbivores and prefer, grass and leaves. Apart from grazing sheep, rearers also feed them on a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes (material left after taking out oil from seeds) and minerals. In winter, sheep are kept indoors and fed on leaves, grain and dry fodder.
Sheep are reared in many parts of our country for wool. The quality and texture of the fibres obtained from different sheeps are different. Once the teared sheep have developed a thick growth of hair, hair is shaved off for getting wool.
Question 2.
Define with diagram the process of scouring?
Answer:
Question 3.
Define the process of sorting and rolling of fibres into wool?
Answer:
After scouring sorting is done. The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hair of different textures are separated or sorted. The small fluffy fibres, called burrs, are picked out from the hair. These are the same burrs which sometimes appear on your sweaters. The fibres are scoured again and dried. This is the wool ready to be drawn into fibres.
The fibres can be dyed in various colours, as the natural fleece of sheep and goats is black, brown or white. The fibres are straightened, combed and rolled into yarn (Fig.). The longer fibres are made into wool for sweaters and the shorter fibres are spun and woven into woollen cloth.
Question 4.
How we can obtain silk from cocoon? Explain.
Answer:
For obtaining silk, moths are reared and their cocoons are collected to get silk threads. A female silk moth lays hundreds of eggs at a time. The eggs are stored carefully on strips of cloth or paper and sold to silk worm farmers. The farmers keep eggs under hygienic conditions and under suitable conditions of temperature and humidity.
The eggs are warmed to a suitable temperature for the larvae to hatch from eggs. This is done when mulberry trees bear a fresh crop of leaves. The larvae, called caterpillars or silkworms, eat day and night and increase in size enormously.
The worms are kept in clean bamboo trays along with freshly chopped mulberry leaves. After 25 to 30 days, the caterpillars stop eating and move to a tiny chamber of bamboo in the tray to spin cocoons. Small racks or twigs may be provided in the trays to which cocoons get attached. The caterpillar or silkworm spins the cocoon inside which develops the silk moth.
MP Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Hindi Medium प्रश्न 1.
अगर आपको किसी संख्या से \(\frac{1}{2}\) घटाने और परिणम को \(\frac{1}{2}\) से गुणा करने पर \(\frac{1}{8}\) प्राप्त होता है तो वह संख्या क्या है?
हल:
मानाकि अभीष्ट संख्या x है।
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
∴ अभीष्ट संख्या: \(\frac{3}{4}\)
MP Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 प्रश्न 2.
एक आयताकार तरण ताल (swimming pool) की लम्बाई उसकी चौड़ाई के दुगुने से 2 मीटर अधिक है। यदि इसका परिमाप 154 मीटर है तो इसकी लम्बाई व चौड़ाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
मानाकि तरण ताल की चौड़ाई x मीटर है,
तब इसकी लम्बाई = (2x + 2) मीटर
परिमाप = 2 x (लम्बाई + चौड़ाई)
=2 x (2x + 2 + x)
= 2 x (3x + 2)
= 6x + 4
अब, प्रश्नानुसार
6x + 4 = 154
या 6x = 154 – 4 = 150
या x = \(\frac{150}{6}\) = 25
लम्बाई = (2 x 25 + 2) मीटर
= 52 मीटर
और चौड़ाई = 25 मीटर
MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 2 प्रश्न 3.
एक समद्विबाहु त्रिभुज का आधार \(\frac{4}{3}\) cm तथा उसका परिमाप 4 \(\frac{2}{15}\) cm है। उसकी दो बराबर भुजाओं की माप ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि समद्विबाहु त्रिभुज की प्रत्येक बराबर भुजा की माप x सेमी है। अतः इसका परिमाप = (x + x + \(\frac{4}{3}\)) सेमी
= (2x + \(\frac{4}{3}\))
सेमी
परन्तु, प्रश्नानुसार,
2x + \(\frac{4}{3}\) = 4 \(\frac{4}{3}\) = 4\(\frac{2}{15}\) = \(\frac{62}{15}\)
या 30x + 20 = 62
या 30x = 62 – 20 = 42
या x = \(\frac{42}{30}\) = \(\frac{7}{5}\)
या x = 1\(\frac{2}{5}\) सेमी
∴ समद्विबाहु त्रिभुज की बराबर भुजाओं में प्रत्येक भुजा की माप = 1\(\frac{2}{5}\) सेमी
MP Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Exercise 2.2 प्रश्न 4.
दो संख्याओं का योग 95 है। यदि एक संख्या दूसरी से 15 अधिक है तो दोनों संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि दो संख्याएँ x तथा x + 15 हैं।
तब x + (x + 15) = 95
या 2x + 15 = 95
दोनों ओर से 15 घटाने पर,
∴ 2x + 15 – 15 = 95 – 15
या 2x = 80
या x = 40
अतः एक संख्या 40 और दूसरी संख्या 40 + 15 = 55
MP Board Class 8 Math Chapter 2 प्रश्न 5.
दो संख्याओं में अनुपात 5 : 3 है। यदि उनमें अन्तर 18 है तो संख्याएँ ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि संख्याएँ 5x व 3x हैं।
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
5x – 3x = 18
या 2x = 18
या x = \(\frac{18}{2}\) = 9
∴ संख्याएँ 5x = 5 x 9 = 45 तथा 3x = 3 x 9 = 27
अतः अभीष्ट संख्याएँ = 45 तथा 27
MP Board Class 8 Maths प्रश्न 6.
तीन लगातार पूर्णांकों का योग 51 है। पूर्णांक ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि तीन लगातार पूर्णांक x, (x + 1) और (x + 2) हैं।
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) =51
या 3x + 3 = 51
या 3x = 51 – 3 = 48
या x = \(\frac{48}{3}\) = 16
अतः अभीष्ट पूर्णांक 16, 17 व 18 हैं।
MP Board Class 8 Maths Solution Chapter 2 प्रश्न 7.
8 के तीन लगातार गुणजों का योग 888 है। गुणजों को ज्ञात कीजिए?
हल:
माना कि तीन लगातार गुणज 8x, 8 (x + 1) व 8 (x + 2) हैं।
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
8x + 8 (x + 1) + 8 (x + 2) = 888
या 24x + 24 = 888
या 24x = 888 – 24 = 864
या x = \(\frac{864}{24}\) = 36
अतः तीन लगातार गुणज 8 x 36, 8 (36 + 1) व 8 (36 + 2)
अर्थात् अभीष्ट तीन लगातार गुणज = 288, 296 व 304 हैं।
MP Board 8th Class Maths Solutions प्रश्न 8.
तीन लगातार पूर्णांक बढ़ते क्रम में लेकर उन्हें क्रमश: 2, 3 तथा 4 से गुणा कर योग करने पर योगफल 74 प्राप्त होता है। तीनों पूर्णांक ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि तीन लगातार पूर्णांक x, (x + 1) और (x + 2) हैं।
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
2 × x + 3 (x + 1)+4 x (x + 2) = 74
या 2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74
या 9x + 11 = 74
या 9x = 74 – 11
या 9x = 63
या x = \(\frac{63}{9}\) = 7
अतः तीन अभीष्ट लगातार पूर्णांक = 7,8 व 9 हैं।
Class 8 Maths 2.2 Hindi Medium प्रश्न 9.
राहुल और हारून की वर्तमान आयु में अनुपात 5 : 7 है। 4 वर्ष बाद उनकी आयु का योग 56 वर्ष हो जाएगा। उनकी वर्तमान आयु क्या है?
हल:
माना कि राहुल की वर्तमान आयु = 5x वर्ष है
हारून की वर्तमान आयु = 7x वर्ष
चार वर्ष बाद राहुल की आयु (5x + 4) वर्ष
चार वर्ष बाद हारून की आयु = (7x + 4) वर्ष
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
5x + 4 + 7x + 4 = 56
12x + 8= 56
8 को दायें पक्ष में पक्षान्तर करने पर,
12x = 56 – 8
या 12x = 48
या x = \(\frac{48}{12}\) = 4
∴ राहुल की आयु = 5 x 4 = 20 वर्ष
तथा हारून की आयु = 7 x 4 = 28 वर्ष
MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions प्रश्न 10.
किसी कक्षा में बालक और बालिकाओं की संख्याओं में अनुपात 7 : 5 है। यदि बालकों की संख्या बालिकाओं की संख्या से 8 अधिक है तो कक्षा में कुल कितने विद्यार्थी हैं?
हल:
मानाकि कक्षा में बालकों की संख्या = 7x
तथा बालिकाओं की संख्या = 5x
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
या 7x = 5x + 8
या 7x – 5x = 8
या 2x = 8
x = \(\frac{8}{2}\) = 4
∴ बालकों की संख्या = 7 x 4 = 28
और बालिकाओं की संख्या = 5 x 4 = 20
अतः विद्यार्थियों की कुल संख्या = 28 + 20 = 48
MP Board Solutions Class 8 Maths प्रश्न 11.
बाइचुंग के पिताजी उसके दादा जी से 26 वर्ष छोटे हैं और उससे 29 वर्ष बड़े हैं। यदि उन तीनों की आयु का योग 135 वर्ष है तो उनकी आयु अलग-अलग ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना कि बाइचुंग की आयु = x वर्ष है
बायुचुंग के पिताजी की आयु = (x + 29) वर्ष
बाइचुंग के दादा जी की आयु = [(x + 29) + 26] वर्ष
= (x + 55) वर्ष
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
x + (x + 29) + (x + 55) = 135
या 3x + 84 = 135
या 3x = 135 – 84
या 3x = 51
या x = \(\frac{51}{3}\) = 17
∴ बाइचुंग की आयु = 17 वर्ष,
उसके पिता की आयु = 17 + 29 = 46 वर्ष, तथा
उसके दादा जी की आयु = 17 + 55 = 72 वर्ष।
MP Board Class 8 Maths 2.2 प्रश्न 12.
15 वर्ष बाद रवि की आयु उसकी वर्तमान आयु से चार गुनी हो जाएगी। रवि की वर्तमान आयु क्या है?
हल:
माना कि रवि की वर्तमान आयु = x वर्ष है।
∴ 15 वर्ष बाद रवि की आयु = x + 15 वर्ष
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
x + 15 = 4x
या 4x = x + 15
या 4x – x = 15
या 3x = 15
या x = \(\frac{15}{3}\) = 5
अतः रवि की वर्तमान आयु = 5 वर्ष।
Class 8 Maths MP Board प्रश्न 13.
एक परिमेय संख्या को \(\frac{5}{2}\) से गुणा कर \(\frac{2}{3}\) जोड़ने पर – \(\frac{7}{12}\) प्राप्त होता है। वह संख्या क्या है?
हल:
माना कि संख्या = x
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
अत: अभीष्ट परिमेय संख्या = \(-\frac{1}{2}\)
MP Board 8th Class Maths Book Solutions प्रश्न 14.
लक्ष्मी एक बैंक में खजांची है। उसके पास नगदी के रूप में ₹ 100, ₹ 50, ₹ 10 वाले नोट हैं। उनकी संख्या में क्रमशः 2 : 3 : 5 का अनुपात है और उनका कुल मूल्य ₹4,00,000 है। उसके पास प्रत्येक प्रकार के कितने-कितने नोट हैं ?
हल:
माना कि ₹ 100, ₹ 50 तथा ₹ 10 वाले नोटों की संख्या क्रमश: 2x, 3x व 5x है।
₹ 100 वाले नोटों से कुल नगदी = 2x × 100 = ₹ 200x
₹ 50 वाले नोटों से कुल नगदी = 3x × 50 = ₹ 150x
₹ 10 वाले नोटों से कुल नगदी = 5x × 10 = ₹ 50x
अब, प्रश्नानुसार,
कुलधन = 200x + 150x + 50x = ₹ 4,00,000
∴ 200x + 150x + 50x = 4,00,000
या 400x = 400000
या x =\(\frac{4,00,000}{1000}\)
या x = 1000
अतः ₹ 100 के नोटों की संख्या = 2 x 1000 = 2000
₹ 50 के नोटों की संख्या = 3 x 1000 = 3000
₹ 10 के नोटों की संख्या = 5 x 1000 = 5000
MP Board 8th Maths Solutions प्रश्न 15.
मेरे पास ₹ 300 मूल्य के ₹ 1,₹ 2 और ₹ 5 वाले सिक्के हैं। ₹ 2 वाले सिक्कों की संख्या ₹ 5 वाले सिक्कों की संख्या की तिगुनी है और सिक्कों की कुल संख्या 160 है। मेरे पास प्रत्येक प्रकार के कितने-कितने सिक्के हैं
हल:
माना कि ₹ 5 वाले सिक्कों की संख्या =x
₹ 2 वाले सिक्कों की संख्या = 3x
और ₹ 1 वाले सिक्कों की संख्या = 160 – (x + 3x)
= 160 – 4x
अब, ₹ 5 वाले सिक्कों का मूल्य = 5 × x = ₹ 5x
₹ 2 वाले सिक्कों का मूल्य = 2 × 3x = ₹ 6x
₹ 1 वाले सिक्कों का मूल्य = 1 × (160 – 4x)
= ₹ (160 – 4x)
अब, प्रश्नानुसार
कुल धन = 5x + 6x + (160 – 4x) = ₹ 300
∴ 5x + 6x + 160 – 4x = 300
या 7x = 300 – 160 = 140
या x = \(\frac{140}{7}\) = 20
∴ ₹ 5 के सिक्कों की संख्या = 20
₹ 2 के सिक्कों की संख्या = 3 x 20 = 60
और ₹ 1 के सिक्कों की संख्या = 160 – (20 + 60) = 80
MP Board Class 8 Maths English Medium प्रश्न 16.
एक निबन्ध प्रतियोगिता में आयोजकों ने तय किया कि प्रत्येक विजेता को ₹ 100 और विजेता को छोड़कर प्रत्येक प्रतिभागी को ₹ 25 पुरस्कार के रूप में दिए जाएँगे। यदि पुरस्कारों में बाँटी गई राशि ₹ 3,000 थी तो । कुल विजेताओं की संख्या ज्ञात कीजिए जबकि कुल 63 प्रतिभागी थे।
हल:
माना कि विजेताओं की संख्या = x है।
∴ शेष प्रतिभागियों की संख्या = (63 – x)
विजेताओं की दी गई धनराशि = 100 x x = ₹ 100x
प्रतिभागियों को बाँटी गई धनराशि = ₹ (63 – x) x 25
∴ कुल बाँटी गई धनराशि = 100x + 25 (63 – x)
= ₹ 3,000
∴ 100x + 25 (63 –x) = 3,000
या 4x + (63 –x) = 120
या 3x + 63 = 120
या 3x = 120 – 63 = 57
या x = \(\frac{57}{3}\) = 19
विजेताओं की संख्या = 19
Matter in Our Surroundings Intext Questions Page No. 3
Question 1.
Which of the following are matter? Chair air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold – drink smell of perfume.
Answer:
Chair, air, almonds and cold – drink.
MP Board Class 9th Science Chapter 1 Question 2.
Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer:
The particles of hot food have more kinetic energy due to higher temperature, so their rate of diffusion is more and they move several meters away as compared to the particles of cold food.
Question 3.
A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show?
Answer:
This shows that the particles of matter have space between them and a weak force of attraction between them.
MP Board Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Question 4.
What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Answer:
Following are the characteristics of the particles of matter:
Matter in Our Surroundings Intext Questions Page No. 6
Question 1.
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density, (density = mass/volume). Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer:
The order of increasing densities:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.
Class 9th Science Chapter 1 MP Board Question 2.
(a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: Rigidity, Compressibility, Fluidity, Filling a gas container, Shape, Kinetic energy and Density.
Answer:
(a)
(b)
(i) Rigidity: It is the tendency of matter to retain or maintain its shape when an outside force is applied.
(ii) Compressibility: It is the property of matter due to which it can be compressed to lower volume.
(iii) Fluidity: It is the tendency of a matter or particles of a matter to flow.
(iv) Filling a gas container: Gas particles fill the container completely due to negligible intermolecular force and maximum space between particles.
(v) Shape: It is the property of a matter which indicates its boundaries.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy of matter or particles of matter due to their motion is called kinetic energy.
(vii) Density: It is mass per unit volume.
Class 9 Science Chapter 1 MP Board Question 3.
Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood, we need a karate expert.
Answer:
(a) The molecules of gas have very less force of attraction and possess high kinetic energy due to which they move in all directions and fill the vessel completely.
(b) The particles of gas move freely and randomly in all directions. So, they collide with each other and also with the walls of the container due to which they exert a Pressure on its walls.
(c) A wooden table has a fixed shape, fixed volume. It is rigid and cannot be compressed. So it should be called a solid.
(d) The particles of Air have very less force of attraction between them, so we can easily move our hand, but particles of wood have strong force of attraction, so we have to apply a greater amount of force to break it and pass through solid wood.
MP Board Class 9 Science Chapter 1 English Medium Question 4.
Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer:
We know that ice is solid and water is liquid but the structure of ice is cage like due to which the molecules of water are not closely packed and have vacant space between them due to which ice has low density than water and floats over it.
Matter in Our Surroundings Intext Questions Page No. 9
Question 1.
Convert the following temperature to celsius scale:
(a) 300 K
(b) 573 K
Answer:
(a) 300 K = (300 – 273)°C = 27°C.
(b) 573 K = (573 – 273)°C = 300°C.
MP Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 1 Question 2.
What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C
(b) 100°C?
Answer:
(a) Gaseous state.
(b) Liquid and gaseous both.
Question 3.
For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
Answer:
During the change of state of any substance, the temperature remains constant because the heat supplied to the substance is used in overcoming the force of attraction between the particles and change its state. This hidden heat is called latent heat.
Question 4.
Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Answer:
The atmospheric gases can be liquefied by cooling and applying pressure on them in a closed chamber or cylinder.
Matter in Our Surroundings Intext Questions Page No. 10
Question 1.
Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer:
On a hot dry day, the rate of evaporation is high because of low humidity. So, water sprinkling on the pads of cooler gets evaporated from outside which results in making its walls cool and then we receive cool air.
MP Board Solution Class 9th Science Question 2.
How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Answer:
The earthen pot has a lot of pores on its surface. So, water comes out and gets evaporated from these pores and cools the water inside the pot.
Question 3.
Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Answer:
When we put acetone, petrol or perfume on our palm, then these liquids absorb energy from our palm and get evaporated which cause cooling effect on our palm.
MP Board Solutions Class 9 Science Question 4.
Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Answer:
Saucer has a large surface area than a cup. So the rate of evaporation is more in saucer than cup which causes faster cooling of the hot tea. Hence, we can sip hot tea from a saucer faster than cup.
Question 5.
What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Answer:
Light coloured cotton clothes should be worn in summer because light colour reflects heat and cotton absorbs sweat quickly and evaporates it easily which makes our body feel cool and dry.
Question 1.
Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K
(b) 470 K.
Answer:
(a) 293 K into°C
⇒ 993 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into°C
⇒ 470 – 273 = 197°C
MP Board Solution Class 9th Question 2.
Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C
(b) 373°C
Answer:
(a) 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C = 373 + 273 = 646 K.
Question 3.
Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer:
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because naphthalene balls sublime and directly change into vapour state without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away because perfume contains volatile solvent i.e., gaseous particles, which have high speed and large space between them and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several metres away.
MP Board Solution Class 9 Science Question 4.
Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles – water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer:
Oxygen → water → sugar.
Question 5.
What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 25°C
(b) 0°C
(c) 100°C?
Answer:
(a) 25°C is liquid.
(b) 0°C is solid or liquid.
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas.
Class 9th MP Board Solution Question 6.
Give two reasons to justify:
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer:
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting point of iron is higher than the room temperature.
Question 7.
Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Answer:
Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to overcome the heat of fusion to become water. Hence, the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at same temperature because water does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.
Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Extra Questions And Answers Question 8.
What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Answer:
Steam at 100°C will produce more severe burns as extra heat is hidden in it called latent heat. Whereas, the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.
Question 9.
Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state
Answer:
A → Liquefication/melting / fusion
B → Vaporisation / evaporation
C → Condensation
D → Solidification
E → Sublimation
F → Sublimation
Matter in Our Surroundings Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which of the following substances is solid?
(a) Plasma
(b) BEC
(c) Wood
(d) Mercury
Answer:
(c) Wood
Question 2.
Fusion is the phenomenon of changing of state of __________.
(a) Liquid to gas
(b) Solid to liquid
(c) Solid to gas
(d) Gas to plasma.
Answer:
(b) Solid to liquid
Matter In Our Surroundings Class 9 Extra Questions With Answers Question 3.
Diffusion is not possible in the case of __________.
(a) Liquid into Solid
(b) Gas into liquid
(c) Gas into Gas
(d) Solid into Solid.
Answer:
(d) Solid into Solid.
Question 4.
Compressibility is highest in __________.
(a) Liquid
(b) Solid
(c) Gas
(d) Plasma.
Answer:
(c) Gas
MP Board 9th Class Science Question 5.
We can smell odour of deodrant several metres away due to __________.
(a) Diffusion
(b) Evaporation
(c) Fusion
(e) None.
Answer:
(a) Diffusion
Question 6.
Which of the following do not exhibit sublimation?
(a) Water
(b) Camphor
(c) Naphthalene
(d) Dry ice.
Answer:
(a) Water
Question 7.
Ice floats on water because of __________.
(a) Higher density than water
(b) Equal density than water
(c) Lower density than water
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Lower density than water
Shivlal Digdarshika Class 9 Science Solutions Question 8.
As the pressure of air increases then boiling point of liquid __________.
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Remains same
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Increases
Question 9.
The atmospheric pressure equals to __________.
(a) 1.01325 × 108 Pa
(b) 101.3 25 × 104 Pa
(c) 1.01325 × 105 Pa
(d) 1.01325 × 102 Pa.
Answer:
(c) 1.01325 × 105 Pa
MP Board Class 9 Science Question 10.
Cooking at high altitudes is difficult because __________.
(a) Boiling point decreases
(b) Boiling point increases
(c) Freezing point reduced
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Boiling point decreases
Question 11.
Density of water is highest at __________.
(a) 3°C
(b) 5°C
(c) 4°C
(d) 6°C.
Answer:
(a) 3°C
Science Class 9 Chapter 1 Question 12.
Dry ice is __________.
(a) Solid carbon monoxide (CO)
(b) Solid Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
(c) Solid carbon dioxide (CO2)
(d) Solid Ammonia (NH3).
Answer:
(c) Solid carbon dioxide (CO2)
Question 13.
The amount of heat required to change the state of 1 kg of substance is called __________.
(a) Calorific heat
(b) Latent heat
(c) Thermal heat
(d) Conversion heat.
Answer:
(b) Latent heat
Question 14.
Evaporation takes place at __________.
(a) Boiling point
(b) Melting point
(c) Freezing point
(d) At all temperatures.
Answer:
(d) At all temperatures.
Science Class 9 MP Board Book Solutions Question 15.
Evaporation generally takes place at __________.
(a) Below boiling point
(b) Above boiling point
(c) At boiling point
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) Below boiling point
Question 16.
Evaporation causes __________.
(a) Heating effect
(b) Boiling effect
(c) Cooling effect
(d) Absorbing effect.
Answer:
(c) Cooling effect
Question 17.
Latent heat of vaporisation of water is __________.
(a) 2.25 × 106 J/kg
(b) 3.34 × 106 J/kg
(c) 22.5 × 106 J/kg
(d) 33.4 × 105 J/kg.
Answer:
(a) 2.25 × 106 J/kg
Class 9th Science MP Board Question 18.
Which factor does not affect the rate of evaporation?
(a) Humidity
(b) Colour
(c) Wind Speed
(d) Surface area.
Answer:
(b) Colour
Question 19.
The rate of evaporation is minimum in __________.
(a) Dry day
(b) Humid day
(c) Hot day
(d) Stormy day.
Answer:
(b) Humid day
Class 9 Science MP Board Question 20.
Which of the following processes consumes heat?
(i) Melting
(ii) Freezing
(iii) Vaparisation
(iv) Condensation.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv).
Answer:
(c) (i) and (iii)
Matter in Our Surroundings Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define Matter.
Answer:
Matter is defined as something which occupies space and has mass.
Question 2.
What is the melting point of ice?
Answer:
0°C or 273 K.
Matter In Our Surrounding Class 9th Question 3.
Name the phenomenon by which two substances intermix with each other.
Answer:
Diffusion.
Question 4.
Name the physical State of matter which can be highly compressed.
Answer:
Gaseous state.
Question 5.
Name the tiny particles of which matter is made up of.
Answer:
Atoms.
Chapter 1 Class 9 Science Question 6.
Name the process of conversion of solid state into gaseous state directly.
Answer:
Sublimation.
Question 7.
Name the Indian scientist who calculated the fifth state of matter.
Answer:
Satyendra Nath Bose.
Question 8.
Name all the states of matter.
Answer:
Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, BEC (Bose Einstein Condensate).
MP Board Class 9th Question 9.
What is Chemical name of dry ice?
Answer:
Solid Carbon Dioxide.
Question 10.
What is the main effect produced by evaporation?
Answer:
Cooling effect.
Matter in Our Surroundings Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define diffusion? On which features does it depend?
Answer:
It is the mixing of particles of different matters. It depends on the state, temperature and kinetic energy of particles.
Question 2.
Define:
(a) Latent heat of fusion
(b) Latent heat of vaporisation.
Answer:
(a) Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of a solid into liquid at its melting point.
(b) Latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of liquid into gas at its boiling point.
Question 3.
Explain the following terms:
(a) Sublimation
(b) Evaporation.
Answer:
(a) Sublimation: The phenomenon of change of state directly from solid to gas or vapours or vice-versa without changing into liquid state.
Examples:
Dry ice, camphor.
(b) Evaporation: The process of changing matter from liquid state into the vapour state at any temperature below its boiling point.
Examples:
Drying of clothes, volatile liquids like petrol, kerosene.
Science Chapter 1 9th Class Question 4.
What are the different factors on which evaporation of liquids depend?
Answer:
The factors on which evaporation depends are:
(a) Temperature
(b) Surface area
(c) Humidity
(d) Wind speed
Question 5.
Write four substances which show sublimation.
Answer:
(a) Camphor
(b) Naphthalene balls
(c) Dry ice
(d) Ammonium chloride
Question 6.
Why the temperature of ice remains constant when it starts melting?
Answer:
When the ice melts, then it absorbs the latent heat of fusion which changes its states. And, that heat is consumed in changing the state, keeping the temperature constant.
Question 7.
How can we liquefy gas? How is it useful to us?
Answer:
Gases can be liquefied by cooling them and by applying pressure into a closed chamber like cylinder. This property of compressibility is useful for us and we use it through different ways e.g., LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Liquefied O2 in welding.
Question 8.
Differentiate between:
(a) Freezing and Melting.
(b) Evaporation and Boiling.
Answer:
(a) Freezing and Melting:
| (a) Freezing | Melting |
| 1. It is the conversion from liquid state into solid state | 1. It is the conversion from solid to liquid state. |
| 2. Heat is released. | 2. Heat is absorbed. |
(b) Evaporation and Boiling:
| (b) Evaporation | Boiling |
| 1. It takes place on the surface of liquid. | 1. It happens to all liquids. |
| 2. It takes place at all temperatures. | 2. It happens at a particular temperature. |
| 3. It is slow. | 3. It is fast. |
| 4. It causes cooling. | 4. It does not cause cooling. |
Question 9.
Why solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice?
Answer:
It is because carbon dioxide is pressurised in the form of solid state which looks cool like ice. But when it is heated, it directly get converted into carbon dioxide gas.
Question 10.
Change the following temperatures accordingly.
(a) -173°C
(b) 250 K
(c) 2°C
(d) 0°K
Answer:
(a) We know that,
Temperature on kelvin = Temperature on Celsius + 273
So, -173°C = (-173 + 273) K = 100 K
(b) 250 K = (250 – 273)°C = -23°C
(c) 2°C = (2 + 273) K = 275 K
(d) 0°K = (0 – 273)°C = -273°C.
Question 11.
Give one example of each: Melting, Vaporisation, Condensation, Sublimation, Evaporation.
Answer:
Melting: Ice to water
Vaporisation: Water to steam
Condensation: LPG
Sublimation: Naphthalene balls, solid iodine
Evaporation: Volatile liquids like petrol.
Matter in Our Surroundings Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Give reasons:
(а) The smell of hot tasty cooked food reaches us from far.
(b) The smell of perfume reaches us several metres away.
(c) The fragrance of an incense stick spreads in entire hall quickly.
(d) Steam is more severe than boiling water.
(e) We see water droplets collected on outer surface of steel glass containing cold water.
(f) We feel lot of perspiration on a humid day.
(g) Evaporation causes cooling.
(h) It is advised to use pressure cooker at high altitudes.
(i) We should wear light colour cotton clothes in summer.
(j) A gas fills the container completely.
(k) Clothes take more time to dry in a humid day.
(l) Kerosene oil is kept in a cool place.
Answer:
(a) The particles of hot tasty food have high kinetic energy due to raised temperature. So, they can easily diffuse and move to long distances.
(b) The particles of perfume are in vapour form. So, they possess high kinetic energy and move randomly and finally reach us several metres away.
(c) The particles of an incense stick are in gaseous state. So, they have high kinetic energy and diffuse quickly into atmosphere and cover the room.
(d) Steam has the heat in the form of latent heat as compared to boiling water. So, it is more severe.
(e) The water vapours present in the atmosphere get condensed when it comes in contact with the chilled container and get deposited in the form of liquid droplets.
(f) The rate of evaporation decreases on humid day as there are sufficient water vapours present in the atmosphere. So, our sweat does not get dried and we perspire a lot.
(g) During the evaporation, the particles on the surface of the fluid take energy and heat from the surface get vaporised which create cooling effect.
(h) It is advised to use pressure cooker at high altitudes because the atmospheric pressure is low and water boils quickly. So, to increase the pressure and to cook the food properly, pressure cooker is required.
(i) Light colour cotton clothes are good reflectors of heat as well as good absorbers of sweat. When sweating occurs, the cotton absorbs it quickly and evaporates it faster.
(j) The particles of gas have very less intermolecular force of attraction and have large intermolecular space. So, they possess high kinetic energy and expand quickly resulting in filling the container completely.
(k) The rate of evaporation is minimum on a humid day. So, cloth takes more time to get dried.
(l) Kerosene a volatile substance and it evaporates quickly and also there is a risk of breaking of bottle due to the pressure created by its particles. So, it is stored in a closed container and kept in a cool place.
Question 2.
(a) What is evaporation? On what factors does it depend?
(b) How is it useful to us?
Answer:
(a) Evaporation:
The phenomenon of changing of a matter from liquid state into the vapour state or gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling point is known as evaporation. The rate of evaporation depends on the following factors:
(b) Uses of evaporation:
Question 3.
Give one example of each:
(a) Water vapours present in the atmosphere.
(b) Diffusion of a gas into liquid.
(c) Diffusion of a liquid into liquid.
(d) Diffusion of a gas into gas.
(e) Two sublime substances.
Answer:
(a) Presence of water droplets is seen on the outer surface of steel container containing cold water.
(b) Presence of dissolved oxygen in marine water which is used up by aquatic organisms.
(c) Mixing of ink and water.
(d) Burning of incense stick.
(e) Ammonium chloride, Naphthalene balls.
Question 4.
(a) What is matter? What characteristics does a matter possess?
(b) Explain all the five states of matter.
Answer:
(a) Matter: Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass.
(b) Matter has five states:
Matter in Our Surroundings Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
Question 1.
Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, Comment
Answer:
In diffusion, molecules of a substance move from higher concentration to lower concentration. But, during Osmosis, the water or solvent molecules move from their higher concentration to the place of their lower concentration. Therefore, Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion.
Question 2.
Why does honey diffuse in water at a slower rate than ink?
Answer:
Honey diffuse at a slower rate than ink since the density of honey is greater than that of water.
Matter in Our Surroundings Value Based Questions
Question 1.
Gaurav is preparing for his cricket match in summer camp. He took full sleeves black colour silk shirt for the match. But his mother advised him to wear white half sleeve cotton shirt
(a) Why did mother advise him to wear white cotton shirt?
(b) What type of clothes we should wear in summer?
(c) What values of mother are reflected here?
Answer:
(a) Mother advised him to wear white cotton shirt because white is a good reflector of heat and cotton is a good absorber of sweat and helps in quick evaporation, which will make Gaurav feel cool during the match.
(b) Light coloured cotton clothes should be worn in summer.
(c) Mother showed her values of caring and insightful.
Question 2.
Aakansha parked her scooty in a parking of her society. In the evening, she saw her scooty tyre was burst. Then, she immediately went to mechanic to repair the puncture and advised the mechanic not to inflate the tyres fully.
(а) Why did the scooty punctured?
(b) Why she advised mechanic not to inflate the tyres fully?
(c) What values of Aakansha is reflected here?
Answer:
(a) The scooty got punctured due to bursting of tyre because the particles of air expanded and gained kinetic energy due to heat and pressurised the walls of tyre resulting in bursting.
(b) She advised mechanic not to inflate the tyres fully as the summer days were hot which caused the expansion of inflated air and create excessive pressure in the tyres.
(c) Aakansha showed her values of intelligence and awareness.
Question 3.
Ansh had a “Pooja” in his house. His mother told him to bring camphor required for “Pooja” from the market. On the “Pooja” day when he opened up the packet, he got surprised to see it empty. Then, Ansh got alert and brought a new packet.
(a) Why did the packet got empty?
(b) Name the property of matter mentioned here.
(c) Why did Ansh keep new camphor packet in a closed container?
(d) What values of Ansh are mentioned here?
Answer:
(a) Packet got emptied due to the evaporation of camphor due to its sublime nature.
(b) The property of sublimation is shown here.
(c) To prevent sublimation of camphor.
(d) Ansh shows the values of curiosity, wisdom and duty.
Question 4.
Sanjana went to a farm house with her family to spend her summer vacations. But the farm house faced the frequent problem of power cut. So, the refrigerator was not chilling the water bottles. Then, she brought two earthen pots for making drinking water, cool.
(a) How did the earthern pot, cool the water in it?
(b) Name the phenomenon involved in it
(c) Mention the values of Sanjana depicted here.
Answer:
(a) Earthen pots have small pores through which water gets evaporated making the water cool inside the pot.
(b) The process of evaporation is involved in it.
(c) Sanjana showed her intelligent, caring and responsible behaviour.
In this article, we will share MP Board Class 6th Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 13 चतुरः वानरः Pdf, Sanskrit Class 6 Chapter 13, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.
Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 13 प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत (एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो)
(क) जम्बूवृक्षेः कुत्र आसीत्? (जामुन का वृक्ष कहाँ था?)
उत्तर:
नदीतीरे (नदी के किनारे)
(ख) कः प्रतिदिनं जम्बूफलानि खादति स्म? (प्रतिदिन कौन जामुन के फल खाया करता था?)
उत्तर:
वानरः (बन्दर)
(ग) वानरस्य मित्रं कः आसीत्? (बन्दर का मित्र कौन था?)
उत्तर:
मकरः (मगरमच्छ)
(घ) का वानरस्य हृदयं खादितम् इच्छति? (बन्दर के हृदय को कौन खाना चाहती थी?)
उत्तर:
मकरस्य पत्नी (मगरमच्छ की पत्नी)।
MP Board Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 13 प्रश्न 2.
एकवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत (एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो)
(क) वानरः कस्मै जम्बूफलानि ददाति स्म? (बन्दर किसे जामुन के फल दिया करता था?)
उत्तर:
वानरः मकराय जम्बूफलानि ददाति स्म। (बन्दर मगरमच्छ को जामुन के फल दिया करता था।)
(ख) मकरः कस्यै जम्बूफलानि अयच्छत्? (मगरमच्छ किसको जामुन के फल देता था?)
उत्तर:
मकरः स्वपत्न्यै जम्बूफलानि अयच्छत्। (मगरमच्छ ने अपनी पत्नी को जामुन के फल दिये।)
(ग) वानरः कीदृशानि फलानि खादति स्म? (बन्दर कैसे फल खाया करता था?)
उत्तर:
वानरः मधुराणि फलानि खादति स्म। (बन्दर मीठे फल खाया करता था।)
(घ) नद्याः मध्ये मकरः वानरं किम् अवदत्? (नदी के बीच मगरमच्छ ने बन्दर को क्या बतलाया?)
उत्तर:
नद्याः मध्ये मकरः वानरं अवदत्, “मम पत्नी तव हृदयं खादितुं इच्छति।” (नदी के बीच मगरमच्छ ने बन्दर को बतलाया, “मेरी पत्नी तुम्हारे हृदय को खाना चाहती है।”)
Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 13 MP Board प्रश्न 3.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (खाली स्थानों को भरो)
(क) शुष्कं पत्रं (1) ………… (2) ………..
(ख) रक्तं कमलं (3) ………. (4) …………
(ग) निर्मलं हृदयं (5) ………. (6) ………..
(घ) स्वस्थं शरीरं (7) ………… (8) ……….
(ङ) सुन्दरं गृहम् (9) ………… (10) ………..
उत्तर:
Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 13 Hindi Translation प्रश्न 4.
ध्यानेन वाक्यं पठित्वा पुनः लिखत (ध्यान से वाक्य को पढ़कर फिर से लिखो)
(क) निखिलः गृहं अगच्छत्।
(ख) रामः वने अवसत्।
(ग) पिता पुत्रं अवदत्।
(घ) सा उच्चैः अहसत्।
उत्तर:
(क) निखिलः गृहं गच्छति स्म।
(ख) रामः वने वसति स्म।
(ग) पिता पुत्रं वदति स्म।
(घ) सा उच्चैः हसति स्म।
Chatur Vanar Sanskrit Class 7 प्रश्न 5.
उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य लिखत (उदाहरण के अनुसार लिखो)
यथा-खाद् + क्त्वा = खादित्वा
मकरः जम्बूफलानि खादित्वा प्रसन्नः अभवत्।
(क) बालकः विद्यालयं ……… पाठं पठति। गम् + क्त्वा
(ख) बालिका उच्चैः ……….. वदति। हस् + क्त्वा
(ग) वानरः वृक्षे ………. तिष्ठति। कूर्द + क्त्वा
(घ) बालकः पाठं ………. खेलति। पठ् + क्त्वा
उत्तर:
(क) बालक: विद्यालयं गत्वा पाठं पठति।
(ख) बालिका उच्चैः हँसित्वा वदति।
(ग) वानरः वृक्षे कूर्दित्वा तिष्ठति।
(घ) बालकः पाठं पठित्वा खेलति।
Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 13 Question Answer प्रश्न 6.
उचितक्रियापदं योजयत (उचित क्रियापद से जोड़ो)
(क) त्वं कुत्र ………..। (गमिष्यसि/गमिष्यति)
(ख) अहं पत्रं ………..। (लेखिष्यामि/लेखिष्यन्ति)
(ग) वयं पुष्पाणि …………। (आनेष्यन्ति/आनेष्यामः)
(घ) यूयं कदा ………..। (वदिष्यसि/वदिष्यथ)
(ङ) सः फलं ………….। (खादिष्यति/आगमिष्यति)
(च) ते उच्चैः …………। (हसिष्यावः/हसिष्यन्ति)
(छ) किं युवा भोपालनगरे ………..? (वसिष्यथ:/वसिष्यथ)
(ज) आवां पाठं …………..। (पठिष्यावः/पठिष्यथ:)
(झ) तौ विद्यालयं …………..। (आगमिष्यतः/आगमिष्यन्ति)
उत्तर:
(क) गमिष्यसि
(ख) लेखिष्यामि
(ग) आनेष्यामः
(घ) वदिष्यथ
(ङ) खादिष्यति
(च) हसिष्यन्ति
(छ) वसिष्यथः
(ज) पठिष्यावः
(झ) आगमिष्यतः।
योग्यताविस्तारः
कथां आधृत्य क्रमानुसारं पुनः लिखत (कथा के आधार पर क्रमानुसार पुनः लिखो)
(क) त्वं तु जले वससि, कथम् अहं तत्र गन्तुं शक्नोमि।
(ख) परं सा दृढनिश्चया आसीत्।
(ग) एकस्मिन् नदीतीरे एकः जम्बूवृक्षः आसीत्।
(घ) अद्य त्वं मम गृहमागच्छ।।
(ङ) रे मित्र! मम हृदयं तु वृक्षस्य कोटरे निहितम्।
(च) तस्मिन् एकः वानरः प्रतिवसति स्म।
(छ) इतः परं त्वया सह मम मैत्री समाप्ता।
(ज) त्वं मूर्खः असि।
(झ) कश्चित् मकरः तस्य मित्रम् आसीत्।
उत्तर:
(ग) → (च) → (झ) → (ख) → (घ) → (क) → (ङ) → (ज) → (छ)।
चतुरः वानरः हिन्दी अनुवाद
एकस्मिन् नदीतीरे एकः जम्बूवृक्षः आसीत्। तस्मिन् एकः वानरः प्रतिवसति स्म। सः नित्यं जम्बूफलानि खादति स्म। कश्चित् मकरः तस्य मित्रम् आसीत्। सः वानरः प्रतिदिनं तस्मै जम्बूफलानि ददाति स्म। अतः सः मकरः तस्य वानरस्य प्रिय मित्रम् अभवत्।
अनुवाद :
एक नदी के किनारे एक जामुन का पेड़ था। उस पर एक वानर रहा करता था। वह प्रतिदिन जामुन के फल खाया करता था। कोई मगरमच्छ उसका मित्र था। वह बन्दर प्रतिदिन उसको जामुन के फल दिया करता था। अत: वह मगरमच्छ उस बन्दर का प्रिय मित्र बन गया।
एकदा मकरः कानिचित् जम्बूफलानि स्वपत्न्यै अयच्छत्। तानि खादित्वा तस्य पत्नी अचिन्तयत्, “अहो! सः वानरः प्रतिदिनं मधुराणि जम्बूफलानि खादति। अतः नूनं तस्य हृदयमपि अतिमधुरं भविष्यति” इति। सा स्वपतिम् अवदत्, “भो प्रतिदिनं मधुराणि जम्बूफलानि खादित्वा त्वं वानरमित्रस्य हृदयं कियत् मधुरं स्यात्? तस्य हृदयं खादित्वा मम हृदयमपि अतिमधुरं भविष्यति। तत् यदि माम् जीवितां दुष्टम् इच्छसि तर्हि आनय शीघ्रं तस्य वानरस्य हृदयम्।”
मकरः स्वपत्नी बहुविधैः निवारितवान्। परं सा दृढ़निश्चया आसीत्। विवशः मकरः स्वमित्रं वानरं प्रति गत्वा अवदत, “मित्र प्रतिदिनम् अहम् एव अन्नं आगच्छामि। अद्य त्वं मम गृहमागच्छ।”
वानरः प्रत्युवाच, “त्वं तु जले वससि, कथम् अहं तत्र गन्तुं शक्नोमि?”
अनुवाद :
एक दिन मगरमच्छ ने कुछ जामुन के फल अपनी पत्नी को दिये। उन्हें खाकर उसकी पत्नी ने सोचा, “अहो! वह बन्दर प्रतिदिन मीठे जामुन के फल खाता है। अतः अवश्य ही उसका हृदय भी अति मधुर होगा।” वह अपने पति से बोली, “अरे, प्रतिदिन मधुर जामुन के फल खाकर आपके वानर-मित्र का हृदय कितना मधुर होगा ? उसके हृदय को खाकर मेरा हृदय भी अति मधुर हो जायेगा। इसलिए यदि मुझे जीवित देखना चाहते हो, तो शीघ्र ही उस बन्दर के हृदय को लाओ।”
मगरमच्छ ने अपनी पत्नी को अनेक प्रकार से रोका (इन्कार किया) परन्तु वह पक्के निश्चय वाली थी। विवश हुआ मगरमच्छ अपने मित्र बन्दर के पास जाकर बोला, “हे मित्र, प्रतिदिन मैं ही यहाँ आया करता हूँ। आज तुम मेरे घर आओ।”
बन्दर ने उत्तर दिया, “तुम तो जल में रहते हो, मैं वहाँ किस तरह जा सकता हूँ?”
मकरः अवदत्, “अलं चिन्तया। त्वं मम पृष्ठोपरि उपविश। अहं त्वां नेष्यामि।”
यदा तौ नद्याः मध्यभागे स्थितौ तदा मकरः वानरम् अवदत्, “मम पत्नी तव हृदयं खादितुंइच्छति। अतः त्वां मम गृहं नयामि।”
मकरस्य वचनेन वानरः भीतः। किन्तुः चतुरः वानरः शीघ्रम् अवदत्, “रे मित्र! मम हृदयं तु वृक्षस्य कोटरे निहितम्। अतः त्वं शीघ्र मां तत्र नय। अहं प्रमुदितमना मम हृदयं तुभ्यं दास्यामि। मकरः वानरं पुनः तास्यावासं आनीतवान्। चतुरः वानरः शीघ्रं कूर्दित्वा वृक्षोपरि आरुहत्।”
अनुवाद :
मगरमच्छ बोला, “चिन्ता मत करो। तुम मेरी पीठ पर बैठ जाओ। मैं तुम्हें ले जाऊँगा।”
जब वे दोनों नदी के मध्य भाग ठहर गये, तब मगरमच्छ बन्दर से बोला, “मेरी पत्नी तुम्हारे हृदय को खाना चाहती है। अतः तुमको घर ले चलता हूँ।”
मगरमच्छ के वचन से बन्दर भयभीत हो गया। किन्तु चतुर बन्दर शीघ्र बोला, “अरे मित्र ! मेरा हृदय तो वृक्ष के कोटर में रखा हुआ है। अतः तुम शीघ्र मुझे वहाँ ले चलो। मैं प्रसन्न मन से अपने हृदय को तुम्हें दे दूंगा। मगरमच्छ बन्दर को फिर से उसके निवास पर लेकर आया। चतुर बन्दर शीघ्र ही कूदकर वृक्ष के ऊपर चढ़ गया।”
वानरः उच्चैः हसित्वा मकरम् अवदत्, “रे मूर्ख! किं हृदयं कदापि शरीरात् पृथक् भवति? त्वं मूर्खः असि। इति परं त्वया सह मम मैत्री समाप्ता।”
इति उक्त्वा वानरः पुनः मधुराणि जम्बूफलानि अभक्षयत्।
“विश्वासो हि ययोर्मध्ये तयोर्मध्येऽस्ति सौहृदम्।
यस्मिन्नवास्ति विश्वासः तस्मिन् मैत्री क्व सम्भवा॥”
अनुवाद :
बन्दर ऊँचे स्वर में हँसकर मगरमच्छ से बोला, “अरे मूर्ख! क्या हृदय कभी शरीर से अलग होता है? तुम मूर्ख हो। इससे आगे तुम्हारे साथ मेरी मित्रता समाप्त हो गई।”
ऐसा कहकर, बन्दर ने फिर मधुर (मीठे) जामुन के फल खाये।
“जिनके मध्य विश्वास है, उनके साथ ही मित्रता होती है। जिसमें विश्वास नहीं होता है, वहाँ (उसमें) मित्रता कैसे सम्भव है।”
चतुरः वानरः शब्दार्थाः
जम्बूवृक्षः = जामुन का पेड़। प्रतिवसति स्म = रहता था। कानिचित् = कुछ। खादित्वा = खाकर। चिन्तयित्वा = सोचकर। कियत् = कितना। स्यात् = होना चाहिए। तर्हि = तो। आनय = लाओ। बहुविधैः = अनेक प्रकार से। निवारितवान् = रोका। अद्य = आज। प्रत्युवाच = उत्तर दिया। शक्नोमि= सकता हूँ। अलं चिन्तया = चिन्ता मत करो। नेष्यामि = ले जाऊँगा। नद्याः = नदी के। खादितुम् इच्छति = खाने के लिए इच्छा करती है/करता है। कोटरे = खोखले में। प्रमुदितमना = प्रसन्न मन से। आरुहत् = चढ़ गया। इतः परम् = इसके बाद। अभक्षयत् = खाए। सौहृदम् = मित्रता। कूर्दित्वा = कूदकर। कश्चित = कोई। निहितम् = रखा है। नूनं = निश्चित। दृष्टुम् = देखना।
In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Solutions Chapter 16 कूटश्लोकाः Pdf, Mp Board Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 16, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.
Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 15 MP Board प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत(एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) प्रथमायाः प्रहेलिकायाः उत्तरं किम्? (प्रथम पहेली का उत्तर क्या है?)
उत्तर:
सूची। (सूई)
(ख) वयं कया लिखामः? (हम किससे लिखते हैं?)
उत्तर:
लेखन्या। (पेन से)
(ग) कंसं कः सञ्जघान? (कंस को किसने मारा?)
उत्तर:
कृष्णः। (कृष्ण ने)
(घ) कम्बलवन्तं किंन बाधते? (कम्बल वाले को क्या परेशान नहीं करती?)
उत्तर:
शीतम्। (ठण्ड)
(ङ) कति स्त्रियः स्नानार्थ नर्मदां गताः? (कितनी स्त्रियाँ स्नान के लिए नर्मदा नदी पर गी?)
उत्तर:
विंशतिः। (बीस)
(च) करिणां कुलं को हन्ति? (हाथियों के समूह को कौन मारता है?)
उत्तर:
सिंहः। (शेर)
Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 16 Question Answer प्रश्न 2.
एकवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत (एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) लेखन्याः स्वरूपं किम्? (पेन का स्वरूप कैसा है?)
उत्तर:
कृष्णमुखी द्विजिह्वा पञ्चभी च इति लेखन्याः स्वरूपम्। (मुंह काला, दो जीभ और पाँच अंगुलियों से चलना ऐसा पेन का स्वरूप है।)
(ख) सूच्याः किं लक्षणम्? (सूई का लक्षण क्या है?)
उत्तर:
एकचक्षुः बिलम् इच्छति क्षीयते वर्धते च इति सूच्याः लक्षणम्। (एक आँख होती है, बिल को खोजती है और घटती-बढ़ती है यह सूई का लक्षण है।)
(ग) काशीतलवाहिनी का? (काशी की सतह पर बहने वाली कौन है?)
उत्तर:
काशीतलवाहिनी गङ्गा। (काशी की सतह पर बहने वाली गंगा है।)
(घ) शीतं कं न बाधते? (ठण्ड किसको परेशान नहीं करती?)
उत्तर:
शीतं कम्बलवन्तम् न बाधते। (कम्बल जिसके पास हो ठण्ड उसे परेशान नहीं करती।)
(ङ) नर्मदायाः कति स्त्रियः पुनरायाता:? (नर्मदा से कितनी स्त्रियाँ वापस आयीं?)
उत्तर:
नर्मदायाः विंशतिः स्त्रियः पुनरायाताः। (नर्मदा से बीस स्त्रियाँ वापस आयीं।)
(च) शङ्करम् पतितं दृष्ट्वा पार्वती कीदशी भवति? (शंकर को गिरा हुआ देखकर पार्वती कैसी होती है?)
उत्तर:
शङ्करम् पतितं दृष्ट्वा पार्वती हषनिर्भरा भवति। (शंकर को गिरा हुआ देखकर पार्वती प्रसन्न होती है।)
MP Board Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 15 प्रश्न 3.
युग्मेलनं कुरुत(जोड़े बनाओ-)
उत्तर:
(क) → (iii)
(ख) → (vi)
(ग) → (i)
(घ) → (vii)
(ङ) → (ii)
(च) → (v)
(छ) → (iv)
Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 16 MP Board प्रश्न 4.
रिक्त स्थानानि पूरयत(रिक्त स्थान भरो-)
(क) कंसं जघान ………….
(ख) कं बलवन्तं ………… शीतम्।
(ग) तत्पुरुष …………. येनाहं स्याम बहुब्रीहिः।
(घ) ………… पतितं दृष्टवा पन्नगाः रूरुदुः।
(ङ) मद्गेहे नित्यम् ………..।
उत्तर:
(क) कृष्णः
(ख) न बाधते
(ग) कर्मधारय
(घ) शङ्करम्
(ङ) अव्ययीभावः।
Class 8 Sanskrit Chapter 16 प्रश्न 5.
द्वयर्थंकशब्दानाम् अर्थं लिखत(दो अर्थ वाले शब्दों के अर्थ लिखो-)
उत्तर:
कूटश्लोकाः हिन्दी अनुवाद
कूटश्लोको
एकचक्षुः न काकोऽयं बिलमिच्छन्नपन्नगः।
क्षीयते वर्धते चैव न समुद्रो न चन्द्रमाः॥1॥
एकं चक्षुः अस्ति परन्तु काकः नास्ति बिलम् अन्विष्यति परन्तु पन्नगः नास्ति क्षयः भवति वृद्धिरपि भवति परन्तु समुद्रः नास्ति चन्द्रोऽपि नास्ति। तर्हि एतत् किम्?
अनुवाद :
जटिलश्लोक- एक आँख है परन्तु कौआ नहीं है, बिल खोजता है परन्तु साँप नहीं है, कम होता है और ज्यादा भी होता है परन्तु समुद्र नहीं है और चन्द्रमा भी नहीं है। तो यह क्या है?
उत्तर :
सूई।
स्पष्टीकरण :
सूई में एक छेद होता है, इसलिए उसे एक आँख वाली कहा जाता है। सूई कपड़े के अन्दर जाती है, इसलिए वह बिल को खोजने वाली कही गई है। सूई में लगा धागा छोड़ा-बड़ा होता है इसलिए उसे घटने-बढ़ने वाली कहा गया है।
कृष्णमुखी न मार्जारी द्विजिह्वा न च सर्पिणी।
पञ्चभी न पाञ्चाली यो जानाति स पण्डितः॥2॥
मुखभागः कृष्णवर्णः वर्तते किन्तु कृष्णवर्णा मार्जारी नास्ति, द्वे, जिह्वे भवतः किन्तु सर्पिणी नास्ति, पञ्च पतयः सन्ति किन्तु पाञ्चाली नास्ति। तर्हि किम् अस्ति ? यः जानाति सः पण्डित एव।
अनुवाद :
मुँह काले रंग का है किन्तु काले रंग की बिल्ली नहीं है, दो जीभ होती हैं किन्तु सर्पिणी नहीं है, पाँच पति (अंगुलियों से पकड़ते हैं इसलिए) हैं किन्तु पांचाली (द्रोपदी) नहीं है। तो क्या है? जो जानता है वह पण्डित ही है।
उत्तर :
लेखनी।
स्पष्टीकरण :
पहले समय में प्रायः पेन काली स्याही वाले होते थे इसलिए उसे काले मुँह वाला कहा जाता है। पहले पेन में दो निब या जीभ होती थी इसलिए उसे दो जीभ वाली कहा गया हैं। पेन को चलाने में हाथ की पाँचों अंगुलियों का प्रयोग होता है। इसलिए इसके पाँच भर्ता या स्वामी कहे गये हैं।
कूटश्लोकः (प्रश्नोत्तरम्) –
कं सञ्जघान कृष्णः का शीतलवाहिनी गङ्गा।
केदारपोषणरताः कम् बलवन्तं न बाधते शीतम्॥3॥
कृष्णः कं जघान? ……… कंसम्
शीतलवाहिनी का? ……… काशीतलवाहिनीगङ्गा
दारपोषणरताः के? ……… केदारपोषणरताः
शीतं कम् न बाधते? ……… कम्बलवन्तम् बलवन्तम्
(जटिल श्लोक (प्रश्न और उत्तर सहित)
अनुवाद :
श्रीकृष्ण ने किसको मारा? – कंस को।
कौन शीतल जल वाली गंगा है? – काशी की सतह पर बहने वाली।
कौन पत्नी के पोषण में रत है? – केदार (खेत) संवारने में संलग्न (कृषक)
किस बलवान् को ठण्ड परेशान नहीं करती? – कम्बल जिसके पास हो उसको।
संख्याकूटश्लोकः
एकोनाविंशतिः स्त्रीणां स्नानार्थं नर्मदां गता विंशतिः पुनरायाता एको व्याघ्रण भक्षितः॥4॥
स्त्रीणाम् एकोनाविंशतिः (१९) स्नानार्थं नर्मदां गता व्याघ्रण एको भक्षितः (१९-१ = १८) विंशतिः (२०) पुनरायाता!…….? एकः ना स्त्रीणां विंशतिः (१ + २० = २१) स्नानार्थ नर्मदां गता। व्याघ्रण एकः भक्षितः विंशतिः पुनः आयाता (२१ -१ = २०) संख्या वाले जटिल श्लोक
अनुवाद :
उन्नीस (एकोनाविंशतिः) स्त्रियाँ स्नान के लिए नर्मदा नदी पर गयीं। उनमें से बीस (विंशतिः) वापस आ गयीं, जबकि एक को बाघ खा गया?
स्पष्टीकरण :
इस पहेली में ‘एको न विंशतिः स्त्रीणां स्नानार्थं नर्मदां गता’ इस पंक्ति के दो अर्थ होंगे-
(1) एको ना विंशतिः स्त्रीणां = उन्नीस स्त्रियाँ।
(2) एको ना विंशतिः स्त्रीणां = एक नर या पुरुष (नर) और बीस (विंशतिः) स्त्रियाँ।
दूसरा अर्थ करने पर :
एक पुरुष और बीस स्त्रियाँ (1 + 20 = 21) स्नान के लिए नर्मदा नदी पर गयीं। उनमें से बीस वापस आ गयीं, एक को बाघ खा गया (21 -1 = 20)
समासकूटेन चमत्कारः
अहं च त्वं च राजेन्द्र लोकनाथावुभावपि।
बहुब्रीहिरहं राजन् षष्ठी तत्पुरुषो भवान्॥5॥
(एकः भिक्षुकः दरिद्रः/निर्धनः महाराजम् उद्दिश्य ब्रूते)
हे राजेन्द्र! अहं त्वं च उभौ अपि लोकनाथौ (स्व:) अहम् बहुव्रीहिः भवान् षष्ठीतत्पुरुषः। लोकः नाथः यस्य सः (भिक्षुकः) लोकस्य नाथः (राजा)। समास की जटिलता से चमत्कार
अनुवाद :
(एक भिक्षुक निर्धन है वह महाराज को उद्देश्य करके कहता है)
हे महाराज! मैं और तुम दोनों लोकनाथ हैं, मैं बहुब्रीहि और आप षष्ठी तत्पुरुष हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण :
इस समास पर आधारित पहेली को समझने के लिए बहुब्रीहि और षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास को समझना आवश्यक है।
यहाँ ‘लोकनाथ’ इस समस्त पद का बहुब्रीहि और षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास के आधार पर विग्रह करना होगा।
बहुब्रीहि-लोक नाथः यस्य सः (शिक्षकः)
(संसार ही सहारा है जिसका वह-भिक्षुक)
षष्ठी तत्पुरुष-लोकस्य नाथः
(राजा) (संसार का स्वामी-राजा)
इस आधार पर अर्थ करने पर-हे महाराज! मैं और तुम दोनों लोकनाथ (अर्थात् मैं भिक्षुक और तुम राजा हो) हैं।
द्वन्द्वो द्विगुरपि चाहम् मद्गृहे नित्यम् अव्ययीभावः।
तत्पुरुषः कर्मधारय येनाहं स्याम बहुब्रीहिः॥6॥
द्वन्द्व :
द्विगु-अव्ययीभाव-तत्पुरुष-कर्मधार बहुब्रीहिसमासभेदान् आश्रित्य अत्र कूटश्लोके निर्धनस्य धनप्राप्यै पत्न्याः प्रार्थनायाः अद्भुत: सामाजिकः भावः निबद्धः। अत्र पत्नी धनार्जनाय अकर्मण्य प्रारं प्रेरयति।
द्वन्द्व :
अहं भवता सह कलहं करोमि किल? किमर्थम्?
द्विगुः :
अहं भवतः भार्या अस्मि। मम पालन पोषणं भवतः कर्त्तव्यम् अस्ति किन्तु (मद्गृहे नित्यम्)
अव्ययीभाव: :
प्रतिदिनं पले भोजनार्थम् किमपि नास्ति।
तत्पुरुष :
अतः हे पतिदेव कामपि उद्योगं कुरु।
कर्म + धारय :
धनधास्वादिल गृहमानय येन कारणेन (येनाहं स्याम)
बहुब्रीहिः :
अहमशिनायान्यसपना भवेयम्।
अनुवाद :
द्वन्द्व, द्विगु, अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारयं और बहुब्रीहि समास के भेदों पर आधारित इस कूट श्लोक में निर्धन की धन प्राप्ति के लिए पत्नी की प्रार्थना का अद्भुत सामाजिक भाव निबद्ध है। यहाँ पत्नी धन कमाने के लिए आलसी पति को प्रेरित कर रही है
(द्वन्द-मैं आपके साथ कलह अवश्य करता हूँ। किसलिए? द्विगु-मैं आपकी पत्नी हूँ। मेरा पालन-पोषण आपका कर्तव्य है। किन्तु (मेरे घर में नित्य)
अव्ययीभाव :
प्रतिदिन घर में भोजन के लिए कुछ भी नहीं है।
तत्पुरुष :
इसलिए हे पतिदेव! कोई भी धन्धा करो।
कर्मधारय :
धन-धान्य आदि को घर लाओ जिसके कारण से हम ऐसे हैं। बहुब्रीहि-मुझे भी धन-धान्य से सम्पन्न होना चाहिए।)
स्पष्टीकरण :
मेरे घर में द्वन्द्व (लड़ाई-झगड़ा) है, द्विगु। दम्पत्ति (पति-पत्नी)] हैं, अव्ययी भाव (धन का अभाव) है। तत्पुरुष (पति) कर्मधारय (आलस्य को छोड़कर कर्म करो) जिससे मैं बहुब्रीहि (धनयुक्त) हो जाऊँ।
शङ्करम् पतितं दृष्ट्वा पार्वती हर्षनिर्भरा।
रूरुदुः पन्नगाः सर्वे हा हा शङ्कर शङ्कर॥7॥
अत्रापि श्लेष द्वारा अर्थः बोध्यः। शङ्करम् पतितं दृष्ट्वा पार्वती प्रसन्ना भवति, सर्वाः दुःखिताः जाताः। अत्र शङ्करशब्दे पार्वतीशब्दे च श्लेषः। सर्पाः शीतलं चन्दनवृक्षं आलिङ्य मिलन्ति सः चन्दनवृक्षः प्रकृतिविकोपेन पतितः अतः निराश्रिताः पन्नगाः रुदन्ति तथा भिल्लस्त्री (मलयपर्वते) चन्दनवृक्षबाहुल्यात् चन्दनवृक्षकाष्ठम् इन्धनाय-उपयुक्ते।
भिल्लस्त्री (पार्वती) पतितं चन्दनवृक्षं दृष्टवा इन्धनं लब्धमिति हर्षनिर्भरा जाता।
शङ्करः शिवः चन्दनवृक्षः च, पार्वती: गौरी भिल्लस्त्री च।
अनुवाद :
शंकर को गिरा हुआ देखकर पार्वती प्रसन्न होती हैं। सर्प रोने लगे और सभी हाय शंकर हाय शंकर करने लगे।
यहाँ भी श्लेष द्वारा अर्थ समझने योग्य है। शंकर को गिरा हुआ देखकर पार्वती प्रसन्न होती हैं, सभी दुःखी हो जाते हैं। यहाँ शंकर शब्द में और पार्वती शब्द में श्लेष है। सर्प शीतल चन्दन वृक्ष से लिपटकर मिलते हैं, वह चन्दन वृक्ष प्रकृति के प्रकोप से गिर जाता है, इसलिए निराश्रित होकर सर्प रोते हैं तथा मलय पर्वत पर रहने वाली भीलनी चन्दन वृक्ष से चन्दन लकड़ी को ईंधन के लिए प्राप्त कर लेती हैं।
भीलनी (पार्वती) चन्दन के वृक्ष को गिरा हुआ देखकर, ईंधन पाकर प्रसन्न होती हैं।
यहाँ शंकर शिव और चन्दन वृक्ष हैं, पार्वती गौरी और भीलनी हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण :
इस पहेली को समझने के लिए श्लेष अलंकार को समझना आवश्यक है। ‘श्लेष’ का अर्थ है जहाँ एक ही शब्द के दो या दो से अधिक भिन्न-भिन्न अर्थ होते हैं। यहाँ ‘शंकर’ और ‘पार्वती’ शब्दों के दो-दो अर्थ हैं। ‘शंकर’ का एक अर्थ भगवान शंकर है और दूसरा अर्थ चन्दन का पेड़ है। इसी प्रकार ‘पार्वती’ का एक अर्थ भगवान शंकर की पत्नी पार्वती है और दूसरा अर्थ पर्वत पर निवास करने वाली भीलनी है। श्लेष के अनुसार अर्थ करने पर इस श्लोक का भाव होगा-चन्दन के पेड़ को गिरा हुआ देखकर पर्वत पर निवास करने वाली भीलनी प्रसन्न होती है। सर्प रोने लगे और हाय चन्दन के पेड़, हाय चन्दन के पेड़ करने लगे।
कस्तूरी जायते कस्मात् को हन्ति करिणां कुलम्।
किं कुर्यात् कातरो युद्धे मृगात् सिंहः पलायनम्॥8॥
अत्र चरणत्रये त्रयः प्रश्नाः चतुर्थे चरणे त्रयाणाम् एवं उत्तरं वर्तते। कस्तूरी कस्मात् जायते इति प्रथमः प्रश्नः ‘करिणां कुलं कः हन्ति’ इति द्वितीयप्रश्नः कातरः युद्धे किं कुर्यात् इति तृतीयः प्रश्नः।
अनुवाद :
कस्तूरी किससे उत्पन्न होती है? कौन हाथियों के कुल (समूह) को मारता है? दुःखी युद्ध में क्या करे, मृग से, सिंह, पलायन।
यहाँ तीन चरणों में तीन प्रश्न हैं और चौथे चरण में तीनों के ही उत्तर हैं। कस्तूरी किससे उत्पन्न होती है? यह पहला प्रश्न है। हाथियों के कुल (समूह) को कौन मारता है? यह दूसरा प्रश्न है। दुःखी युद्ध में क्या करे? यह तीसरा प्रश्न है।
स्पष्टीकरण :
Sanskrit Chapter 15 Class 8 MP Board प्रश्न 1.
कस्तूरी किससे उत्पन्न होती है?
उत्तर:
मृग से।
2. हाथियों के कुल (समूह) को कौन मारता है?
उत्तर:
सिंह
3. दुःखी युद्ध में क्या करे?
उत्तर:
पलायन (भागे)।
कूटश्लोकाः शब्दार्थाः
चक्षुः= नेत्र। पन्नगः सर्प। बिलम् = छेद। जिह्वा=जीभ। पञ्चभी = पाँच पतियों वाली। पाञ्चाली = द्रोपदी। जघान = मारा। शीतलवाहिनी = शीतल जल वाली। दारपोषणरताः = पत्नी के पोषण में तत्पर। केदारपोषणरताः = खेत सँवारने में संलग्न (कृषक)। कम्बलवन्तम् = किस बलवान् को। ना= पुरुष:/नरः। एकोनाविंशति= 19। विंशतिः =20। लोकनाथः = भिक्षुक/राजा। लोकानाथः यस्य सः = अन्यपदार्थप्रधानो बहुब्रीहिः। लोकः सर्वोऽपि भिक्षुकस्य नाथः-लोकस्य दासःभिक्षुकः। लोकस्यनाथः = षष्ठीतत्पुरुषसमासे कृते राजा इत्यर्थः। द्वन्द्वः= द्वन्द्व समास, कलह। द्विगुः= द्विगुसमास, दम्पत्ति (पति-पत्नी)। अव्ययीभावः = समास, धनाभाव (निर्धनता)। तत्पुरुषः = समास, पति। कर्मधारयः = समास, अकर्मण्यता छोड़कर कर्म करो। बहुब्रीहिः = समास, धनधान्ययुक्त। शङ्करम् = शङ्कर भगवान को/चन्दन के पेड़ को। पतितम् = गिरते हुए। पार्वती = पार्वती शिवपत्नी/पर्वतनिवासिनी भीलनी। पन्नगाः = सर्प। कस्तूरी = कस्तूरी (गन्धविशेष)। जायते = उत्पन्न होती है। हन्ति = मारता है। करिणां कुलम् = हाथियों के समूह को। . कातरः = दुःखी। युद्धे = युद्ध में।