Class 8

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 South America-Geographical Features Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 South America-Geographical Features

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 15 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following.

Question 1.
What is the expanse of South America continent from North to South?
(a)6406 km
(b)6640 km
(c)4066 km
(d)6064 km
Answer:
(b)6640 km

Question 2.
Which is the lightest wood of South America?
(a) Valsa
(b) Hivia
(c) Sincona
(d) Highwood
Answer:
(a) Valsa

Fill in the blanks:

1. The South America as per area is ……….. big continent.
2. Most of South America is in …………. zone.
3. …………. is the second longest river of the world.
4. ………….. is the highest peak of Andes Mountain.
5. …………. sea is in north of South America.

Answer:

1. fourth (1,75,40,000 square km.)
2. South Hemisphere
3. River Amazon (6280 km. long)
4. Akank Gua (6950 meters high)
5. Caribbean Sea.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 15 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is young fold mountain?
Answer:
The mountains made of the internal forces of earth by the pressure of opposite directions are called young folded mountains. The Andese mountain is the second highest mountain range after Himalayas in the history of making earth, this is called young folded mountain.

Question 2.
What do you mean by water divider?
Answer:
The highest mountain or plateau region where water of rivers flows in two opposite directions. The plateau of Guyana work as water divider between Amazon Basin and Orinoco Basin.

Question 3.
What is Granchaco?
Answer:
In lower part of North Argentina and West Paraguay, there is a distinct dry period and the rain occurs mainly in summer. The region is covered with thick forest and grasslands and is locally known as the Granchaco.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 15 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the latitude and longitude expansion of South America?
Answer:
The South America is in South North America. The South America is the fourth largest continent in the world. Its area is 1,75,40,000 square km. It links between 12° North latitude to 55° South latitude and 35° West longitude to 81° West longitude. This continent is 6640 m from north to south and 5,150 from west to east.

Question 2.
Write the names of major trees of Amazon Basin?
Answer:
The Selvas forests of Amazon basin, have trees of rubbers, hardwood, Hivia, Casttillao, Sinkona, Rosewood and date. The rubber is made from the milk of rubber tree, Cunana is made from Sinkona and wax from Kamova date trees.

Question 3.
Write the names of rivers of Laplata Basin?
Answer:
Urugay Rivers.

Question 4.
How Pantagonic became desert?
Answer:
The Pantagonic Plateau having no rains. Therefore, it is a dry desert and it is situated in rain shadow area.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 15 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the climate of South America?
Answer:
Greater part of South America lies within the tropical zone. So the climate of the continent is usually hot and temperature remains high entire year. The Amazon basin being in equator circle has equatorial climate.

The conventional rains throughout the year here make the climate hot and humid. The most part here get 100 to 200 cm. rain, while few parts receive more than 200 cm. rain. The central part of continent, South Brazil, Paraguay and North Argentina’s low lands get rains in summer between 50 to 100 cm. and the winter is dry here.

South Peru and north Chile have hot and dry climate due to Atacama desert. There is scanty rain. Further south that is central Chile, has the Mediterranean type of climate, here winters are rainy and warm and dry summer. The climate of south Brazil is hot Mediterranean. Climate of Patagonia is dry because it lies in the rain shadow area of the Western mountains.

Question 2.
Mention the features of Andes Mountain range?
Answer:
Parallel to the Western Coastal plain belt their lies a long range of mountains and hills. This is the longest Andes Mountain range of the world. Its length is 7250 Km. The width of the Mountains is too much in the central region.

The Andes Mountain is the second highest mountain range after Himalayas in the history of making of earth. This is called young folded mountains. The Andes Mountain ranges have three ranges. In the east two ranges at same places come very close to each other and then get separated.

There are high plateaus among these ranges. The inland mountain plateau of Bolivia is very high. The Titikaka Lake is situated on this plateau. High peaks are always covered with snow all the year. The highest peak of Andes is Akanka Gua, 6950 meter high from sea level.

The most active Volcano Cotopaxi is situated on the mm height of Andes in Equadore. The mountain range always experience of Volcano eruptions, Amazon, Orinoko, Pilkomoia and Colorado rivers originate from Andes mountain.

Question 3.
Write a note on the vegetation and wildlife of South America?
Answer:
Amazon Basin which has hot and humid climate and carried rains is full of hot Mediterranean forests. This region is covered with equatorial rain forests known as SELVAS.

The Selvas forests have trees of rubber, hard wood, Hivia, Casttilloa, Sinkona, Rosewood and
Date. There are 2500 species of fishes in the rivers and 1500 species of birds. Galepagora turtle is found on the sea coasts. The Makra Monkey, Squirrel Monkey, the Anaconda Python, the marshy deer, Hippopotamus, Chimpanzee and Crocodiles are found here.

In the south of the Amazon forest lies the savana type long grass plains they are known as LANOS in the Orinoco river basin and Campos in North Argentina and Paraguay. There are devours ants, Puma and Jaguar animals.

Part of Southern Peru and northern Chile have hot and desert type climate. There are shrubs, cactus and prickly pear. In extreme south of Chile there is oceanic type of Climate. Grasslands are useful for cattle and sheep rearing.

Question 4.
In which physical divisions South America have been divided. Describe anyone.
Answer:
South America is divided into following three divisions:

1. The Western Coastal Strip
2. The Western Mountains
3. The Central Plains
4. The Eastern Highlands

1.The Western Coastal Strip:
Consists of a narrow strip of low and long the pacific coast in the western part of South America.

2.The Western Mountains:
There is a mountainous range called Andes along the western part of South America. They are the young fold mountains only next to Himalaya Mountains. They are three main ranges in the Andes. Eastern sides of this area have two high ranges.

Between these mountains some plateaus are found. The Bolivian is one of them. Lake Titicaco is also located here. It is one of the largest lake of South America. Mt. Aconcagua is the highest peak as higher as 7021 meters above sea level of Andes. Mt. Cotopaxi in Equator is volcanic mountain of this region.

3.The Central Plain:
The Central Plain is made up of the basins of the Orinoco, the Amazon and Plato rivers.Amazon river which 6280 kilometers long takes the greatest volume of water in the world.

4.The Eastern Highlands:
Consists of Guyana and Brazilians Highlands. The highest waterfall of the world called Angel Fall is located here in the south-eastern part of Venezuela.

Project Work:

Show the following in the outline map of South America –

1. Amdese Mountain Range, Cotopaxi,
2. Orinoco, Paraguay and Amazon rivers,
3. Plateaus of Brazil, Guyana and Bolivia,
4. Campos, Pampos, grasslands of Lanos,
5. Cape Horn and Cape San Deigo,
6. Caribbean Sea, Panama Canal,
7. Titical Lake, Angel Waterfall, Atakama and Pantogonia desert.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Defence Systems of India Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Defence Systems of India

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 12 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following.

Question 1.
Where is the headquarters of south commands?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Kochi
(c) Visakhapatnam
(d) Bangalore
Answer:
(b) Kochi

Question 2.
Where is the headquarters of Army?
(a) Bangalore
(b) Mumbai
(c) Visakhapatnam
(d) New Delhi
Answer:
(d) New Delhi

Question 3.
In which state Tarapur Atomic Center is located?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Karnataka.
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Fill up the blanks:

1. The head of Air Force is called ……………..
2. The post of wing commanders is in the ………….
3. The forces work …………. in peace time.
4. The atomic tests in India were done in …………..

Answer:

1. Air Chief Marshal
2. Air Force
3. Service and Community
4. 1974 and 1998.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of the head of Navy?
Answer:
The Chief of the Naval Staff and is an Admiral.

Question 2.
Write the names of organs of Indian defence forces?
Answer:
Major organs of Indian defence forces are:

1. Army
2. Navy
3. Air force

Question 3.
Where the joint commands of three forces were set up in 2001?
Answer:
In 2001 a joint command of Army, Navy and Air force has been set up in Andaman and Nicobar Island.

Question 4.
Why NCC was formed?
Answer:
National Cadet Corps was formed to develop among the students of the country a sense of discipline and an aptitude for defence.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of important organs of the Army?
Answer:
The headquarters of the Army are in New Delhi. The Chief of the Army Staff heads the army and possesses, generally, the rank of the General. The numerous branches of the army are infantry, cavalry, artillery (Guns), supply, engineering and medical. There are five commands in the army. These are Central, Eastern, Western, Northern are Southern. Each command is headed by an officer with the rank of Lieutenant – General.

Question 2.
Mention the water borders of India?
Answer:
India is a subcontinent. The boundaries of India touch water from three sides. In the east lies Bay of Bengal, in the west Arabian Sea and in south Indian Ocean. Hence, an organised and powerful navy is must to safeguard the coastal areas.

Question 3.
Give the names of major missiles of India?
Answer:
The missiles are produced to strengthen the defence line of the country. Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, Nag, Akash and Brahmastra are the major missiles of India.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write note on the role of defence force during peace.
Answer:
Besides defence of the country the defence forces perform many other services in peace time. These services include the relief work at the time of natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes and sea – storms. They have also assisted the United Nations in peacekeeping activities in different countries of the world. For example, our forces have rendered admirable services in Korea, Lebanon, the Congo, etc. recently we have sent India’s peace keeping forces to Sri Lanka. The IPKF is back in India.

Question 2.
Mention the chief works of Air Force.
Answer:
The Air force has vital role in the defence of country. The main work of Air force is to bombard the key and sensitive arm installations, to destroy transport system and communication of the attacking country. The Air Force helps in supplying arms and foods to the army. The Air Force keeps vigil on the borders of country in the sky. Indian Air Force is powerful enough to defend our country.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Our Society Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Our Society

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 10 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following.

Question 1.
How society can be made advanced?
(a) Awaring the people
(b) By economics help
(c) By industries
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(a) Awaring the people

Question 2.
This has been incorporated in Fundamental Rights:
(a) Rights to settle aboard
(b) Rights to travel aboard
(c) Free and mandatory education for the children between 6 to 14 years age group
(d) To follow the Constitution
Answer:
(c) Free and mandatory education for the children between 6 to 14 years age group

Question 3.
Work – oriented literacy is:
(a) Self-reliant
(b) To know their own weaknesses
(c) To remove weaknesses
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Fill up the blanks:

1. The literacy rate in our country at the time …………. of independence was
2. The intoxicants leave bad effect on …………….. our
3. Untouchability has been declared
4. The attitude of Society towards SC, ST …………….. should be
5. Education make a person & citizen.
6. It is legally to employ children ……………… below 14 in factories and hotels.

Answer:

1. 18%
2. health
3. crime
4. supportive
5. progressive, rich
6. banned.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which Is responsible for social virtue in the man?
Answer:
The virtue of man being social is all due to mutual dependence.

Question 2.
How was ancient Indian society?
Answer:
In ancient India, society was progressive and rich.

Question 3.
How good citizens are helpful in democratic government.
Answer:
They know their rights and are conscious of their duties.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What equal rights are given to all citizens in a democratic country?
Answer:
For all round development of each section of the society. The society should not have underprivileged sections.

Question 2.
Mention any social problem?
Answer:
Child labor is one of the social problem. Now government has banned employ child below 14 years.

Question 3.
What changes have taken place in the present society?
Answer:
The people of SC / ST community are in higher government posts. Women status has also improved. People are aware and responsible.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the bad effects of smoking and drinking on the people and society?
Answer:
It is necessary to make the society free of drinking and drug addiction because they are all social evils. They have bad effects on the society in the following ways:

• Drinking of liquor tells upon man’s health, and affects his lungs and brain adversely.
• It weakens man’s character. As a result, he takes to evil ways and cannot understand what is right and what is wrong. Thus, he becomes a nuisance to his friends and neighbors.
• It checks the well being of the family-and the progress of the nation.

Question 2.
What measures have been taken by the State government for the welfare of SC and ST?
Answer:
Following measures have been taken for the uplift of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes:

• The Constitution has abolished untouchability.
• The educational and economic interests are promoted against any kind of social justice or exploitation.
• Some seats are reserved for scheduled caste and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.
• Certain constituencies are declared reserved for them where only the candidates belonging to the scheduled castes can contest elections.
• Certain percentage of jobs in government are reserved for this category.
• Special courts and mobile courts have been set up in certain districts of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamilnadu for quick disposal of cases relating to untouchability.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 North America-Geographical Features Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 North America-Geographical Features

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 13 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following

Question 1.
Due to the meeting of which current near New Found-land thick fog develops?
(a) Gulf stream and Alaska current.
(b) Gulf stream and California.
(c) Gulf stream and Labrador current.
(d) Labrador and Alaska current.
Answer:
(c) Gulf stream and Labrador current.

Question 2.
Which of the following climate is known for winter rain?
(a) Desert climate
(b) Mediterranean climate
(c) Tundra climate
(d) Equatorial climate
Answer:
(c) Tundra climate

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the latitude and longitude expense of North America?
Answer:
North America is situated in Northern Hemisphere. North America lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. It lies between 10° N and 70°N latitudes and 50° W and 170° W longitudes.

Question 2.
Which is the highest mountain peak of North America?
Answer:
Mt. McKinley is the highest mountain peak of North America. It is 6194 meters above sea level.

Question 3.
Write the names of great lakes of Northern America?
Answer:

1. Superior
2. Michigan
3. Hurin
4. Eris
5. Ontario are famous great lakes of Northern America.

Question 4.
Name the four ocean currents which influence the climate of North America?
Answer:
Gulf Stream, Labrador Current, California Current and the Alaska Current are the four currents which influence the climate of’ North America.

Question 5.
Write two qualities of Coniferous forests?
Answer:

•  In this area mostly the land is covered with snow so big trees can not grow.
• The top of the trees which are in one shape cannot hold the snow and it falls down on the earth and so the branches are stooped. Spruce, pine, larch, oak and redwood tree are main trees.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write names of three plateaus of North America with their locations.
Answer:

• In the east lies Rocky mountain range, Sierra Nevada in central and coastal range in western area. Among these mountains ranges there is inter-mountain Plateau Great Basin. The Plateau of Colorado lies in South of Great Britain.
• Eastern Highlands include the Appalachian Mountains and their extensions. In the east there is Labrador plateau.
• To the South east of the Eastern Highlands lies the plateau of Appalachian. These ancient plateaus are deposits of minerals.

Question 2.
Write the reasons of diversities in the vegetation of North America.
Answer:
Climate and physical features have great influence on natural vegetation, as the origin and growth both depends on the climate. North America is a continent where barring Mediterranean vegetation, all types of vegetation of world are found. Due to diversity in climate and uneven distribution in rainfall, diversity is seen in vegetation also. North America is rich in forest wealth.

Question 3.
Write the three characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation?
Answer:
The Western Central areas have Mediterranean vegetation. Here trees of Oaks, Cheer, Olive, Redwood, Cork and juicy fruits grow in larger number. The valley of California is famous for fruits production. The bark of trees and leaves are thick, soft and wide fine trees are thorny which protects trees from dying

Question 4.
What is the difference be Cordilleras and Canyon?
Answer:

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of North America’s physical features and define in brief?
Answer:
Major Physical Divisions of North America:
North America may be divided into three major physical divisions. They are Western Cordilleras the Eastern Highlands and the Central Lowlands.

1. The Western Cordilleras:

• The vast mountainous area in the western part of the continent is known as Western Cordillera.
• They extend from north to south along the entire length of the continent.
• The highest peak of the Western Cordillera is Mt. Mckinley.
• Most of the rivers of North America rise in Western Cordilleras.
• These mountains consist of several parallel ranges. The Rocky Mountain is the most prominent among them.
• The coastal range and the Sierra Nevada are the two other ranges.
• The plateaus between these range are called inter montane plateau. Colorado plateau is an important  inter montane plateau of North America.
• There are many active volcanoes in Alaska and Mexico.

2. The Eastern Highlands:

• These highlands consist of Appalachian Mountains and their extensions in Labrador and New Found land.
• They are much older. These old mountains have been worn down by agents of gradation for the long period of time. They are now very low in height.

3. The Great Central Plains:

1. They lie between the Western Cordillera and the Eastern Highlands.
2. They have two distinct parts:
   • In the north it is occupied by the Canadian Shield and the basin of the river Mackenzie,
   • The Central and Southern part is very low and flat basin of the river Missouri-Mississippi.
3. The Great Central Plain has a very fertile river basin.
4. There is Hudson Bay surrounding by the Canadian Shield.
5. To the south of the Canadian Shield are five great lakes of fresh water. They are Lake Superior, Lake Huron,
6. Lake Erie, Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario.
7. The famous Niagara falls lie between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
8. River St. Lawrence is an important river of this region.

Question 2.
Mention about the Coniferous forest and wildlife?
Answer:
In the south of Tundra, the wide stretch of last to west experiences very cold winter and the summer is normal. In this entire area the coniferous forest belts are found these forests contain trees of Chir, Larche, Spruce and Fir. The woods of these forests are very soft and they are used as pulp for paper and furniture. These forests have wild life like bear, polar bear, fox, wolfs, rabbits and stags.

Question 3.
Elaborate the factors that affect climate of North America?
Answer:
1. These are four factors which affect the climate of North America:
The latitudinal expansion of continents. North America extends from the Tropics in the South to the Sub-tropical in the Central and South to the Arctic in the North. Therefore, the southern part is comparatively hot, the central part alternatively hot and cold and the northern part very cold. Most of the North America is in Temperate Zone.

2. Surface diversities:
In the West cordillera holds the Western winds and brings excess rain while the east slope gets very less rain due to rain shadow area. That is why the plains of Prahie receive very less rain but as we move from the plains of Praries to east, southeast plateaus and mountains, the rains increase gradually. In the north of the continent it rains in the form of snowfall and it is less because this area is low-lying area. .

3. Permanent winds:
In the west Cordilleras and high lands in the east, both extending from North to South have very vast plain. The polar winds from north in winter and the hot summer winds from south affects the vast plains. Therefore, it is cold in winter and hot in the summer. The southern and the southeastern coasts of the continent come in the region of the trade winds and the north-western coast falls in the region of the westerlies.

These parts therefore receive heavy rains. The westerlies start blowing over Western California. This brings winter rains to California. The Monsoon winds affect the Mexican region. Therefore, it receives rains in the summer. Due to trade winds the Gulf of Mexico and south-eastern Coastal area receive the rains throughout the year.

4. Effect of Currents:
The hot and cold currents flowing near coasts affect the climate mostly. The Gulf Stream flows along the south-eastern coast of the continent and the Alaska current flows along the north western coast. The cold Labrador current passes by the northeastern part and the California current flows along the south-western part. So the climate is very cold. Near New Found land the cold and hot currents meet and this causes dense fig. So it is very helpful for fishing. This area is known as fishing banks.

Project Work
Show the following in the map of North America.

1. All pachian Mountain, Rocky Mountain.
2. Mississippi, St Lawrence, Colorado rivers.
3. Great Lakes and Winnipeg.
4. Mexico, Hudson and California.
5. Prairie plains.
6. Arizona Desert.
7. Plataea of Labrador.
8. Gulf-stream, Labrador Currents.
9. Tropic of Cancer.
10. Western island, Greenland, New Found land.

Answer:

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 National Movement 1885-1918 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 National Movement 1885-1918

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 17 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following.

Question 1.
Prominent leader of Extremist group was –
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Pt. Moti Lal Nehru
(d) Feroze Shah Mehta
Answer:
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal

Question 2.
‘Swaraj is my birth right and I must have it,’ who said?
(a) Biomesh Chandra Banerjee
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji .
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Sardar Bhagat Singh
Answer:
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 3.
Bengal was divided –
(a) By Lord Cornwallis
(b) By Lord Curzon
(c) By Lord Hastings
(d) By Lord William Bentick
Answer:
(b) By Lord Curzon

Question 4.
Where Tilak was exiled in 1908 –
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) China
(c) Burma
(d) Rangoon
Answer:
(c) Burma

Fill in the blanks :

1.  In Calcutta Surrender Nath Banerjee …………. founded
2.  …………. played important role in the formation of Congress.
3.  …………. led a Muslim delegation to meet Viceroy Minto.
4.  Mahatma Gandhi was born at in ………… Gujarat State.
5.  Gandhiji developed a new method to fight against the oppression. It is called …………

Answer:

1. Indian Association
2. A.O.Hume
3. Aga Khan
4. Porbander
5. Satyagraha

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where first session of Congress was held?
Answer:
The first session of Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay

Question 2.
Who was Viceroy during the partition of Bengal?
Answer:
Lord Curzon was the Viceroy during the partition of Bengal.

Question 3.
Who led the Champaran Movement?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi led the Champaran Movement.

Question 4.
Write names of two leaders who played important role in the formation of Muslim League?
Answer:
Aga Khan and Nawab Sali Mullah from Dhaka played an important role in the formation of Muslim League.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What festivals were used to arrows the people by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak utilized the popular festivals like Ganpati and Shivaji to spread and to arrows political awakening among the people.

Question 2.
Write the reasons of Bengal partition?
Answer:
1. The partition of Bengal was done in 1905 during the regime of Lord Curzon. It came into effect on October, 16,1905.

2. The Governor- General did it to provide efficient administration. But his underneath motive was to divide the Hindus and the Muslims and weaken the nationalist movement.

Question 3.
Describe the objectives of Muslim League formation?
Answer:
The Muslim League was formed in 1906 at Dhaka. Its aims included the following:

1. To promote loyalty towards the government.
2. To protect and advance the interests the Muslims; and
3. To ensure that the Muslims did not develop feelings of hostility towards other communities in India.

As the Muslim League was formed on the basis of religion, it only encouraged communal politics.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the early major demands of Congress? Explain?
Answer:
The main demands of the Indian National Congress during in first 20 years were as under:

More powers for the Legislative Councils.

• Election system to the membership of Councils be introduced.
• Creation of the Legislative Councils in the provinces where they did not exist.
• Recruiting of the Indians to higher posts in government offices.
• Holding of the Civil Services examinations in India also.
• education in land revenue.
• hang in the Government policies to help. grow the Indian industries.
• Reduction in heavy expenditure of government on administration and the army.
• Freedom of speech and expression.
• Expansion of welfare programmers.
• Promotion of education.

Question 2.
Write about the organisation pro to the formation of Congress.
Answer:
Keeping in view the regional and provincial needs in India many political an social organisations were founded before tilt Indian Congress was formed.

1. 1851 – British Indian Association in Calcutta
2. 1852 – Bombay Association in Bomba
3. 1852 – Madras Native Association in Madras

Most of the members of these bodies belonged to higher class in India. These Associations worked in their regions. Latest many organisations came into existence which gave more representation to the masses.

1. 1870 – Pune Public Meeting
2. 1876 – Indian Association
3. 1884 – Madras Mahajan Sabha
4. 1885- Bombay Presidency Association

The need to represent the view of people through an All India Organisation was being felt for years. Surendernath Banerjee took up effective steps towards it. He formed India Association in Calcutta.

He was the first India leader who organised the people from different parts of India in the month of Dec. 1883 in All India Seminar. He again invited a National Conference in 1885 in Calcutta.

Question 3.
Write about the rise of extremism in Congress?
Answer:
Towards the beginning of the 20th century, there had begun a new trend in the Indian Nationalist Congress. It was known as the extremist trend. The extremists believed that the Indians could not win their rights by merely doing appeals.

They had no faith in the good intentions of the British government. They taught the people to rely on their own strength and be prepared for any sacrifice. They instilled among the people love and pride for their country. Among the extremists, the names of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bankim Chandra are worth mentioning.

The rise and emergence of the extremist movement was a phenomenon of great importance. It arose as a result of numerous factors some of them can be stated as under:

1. Most of the young Congressmen did not believe in appeals, prayers and petitions as a policy of getting the demands of the Congress fulfilled. Hence, a new trend began which asked for the satisfaction of the demands as a master of right.

2. The influence of the world events in the rise of extremists was no less important. The defeat of Italy by Ethiopia and of Russia by Japan proved that the Europeans could not claim to be invincible. This created sense of pride among the Indians and inspired them to fight for Swaraj.

3. The partition of Bengal in 1905 and the Swadeshi and boycott movements which followed it were other factors which gave rise to extremism in India.

Question 4.
When Home Rule Moment was founded and how it left impact on Indian Politics?
Answer:
The ‘Home Rule’ movement was a movement which demanded introduction of ‘self-government’ in India’s Mrs. Annie Besant started this movement in Madras in 1916 while Tilak, in Bombay in the same year.

This movement left a great impact on Indian politics. Indian aimed at achieving the self- goveranance speaking on the significance of this movement Bipin Chandrapal wrote “The major achievement of the Home Rule Movement was the making of fierce fighters for the nationalist movement. This movement aroused the feelings of Indians to get self Govt, all over India.

Question 5.
Write about the role of Gandhiji in the movements of Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda.
Answer:
The main development in the nationalist movement during the First World War was the emergence of Mahatma Gandhi as a leader with his new method of struggle, that is Satyagraha. It was a non-violent method of fighting against oppression.

He launched his first satyagraha in Champaran in Bihar where excesses were being committed on the Indigo workers. In 1917, he went to Champaran and defied the Government order asking the officials, to leave the area.

Gandhiji’s satyagraha forced the Government to enquire into the excesses and to put an end to them. In 1918, Gandhiji led the textile workers of Ahmedabad who were demanding a wage rise. Gandhiji also led the peasants movement in Kaira in Gujarat where the peasants wanted suspension of land revenue collection.

These developments in the nationalist movement brought the peasants and workers in the mainstream of national movements and thus the movement became truly a mass movement.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Revolutionary Movement in India Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Revolutionary Movement in India

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 18 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following.

Question 1.
Who was not among the revolutionary activity in foreign country?
(a) Shamji Verma
(b) Sardar Ajeet Singh
(c) Madan Lal Dhingra
(d) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Answer:
(b) Sardar Ajeet Singh

Question 2.
Who hoisted Indian Flag in 1907 in Germany?
(a) Bhikaji Camma
(b) Lala Hardayal
(c) Mrs Annie Besant
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer:
(a)Bhikaji Camma

Question 3.
In which district of Madhya Pradesh Chandra Shekhar Azad was born?
(a) Jhabua
(b) Mandla
(c) Raisen
(d) Panna
Answer:
(a) Jhabua

Question 4.
Azad Hind Fauz was founded by
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose
(b) Capt. Mohan Singh
(c) Capt. Prem Kumar Sehgal
(d) Shahnawaz Khan
Answer:
(b)Capt. Mohan Singh

Fill in the blanks :

1. Shyamji Verma founded in ……….. 1905 in London.
2. In 1908 Khudi Ram Bose threw bomb on ………….
3. Dev Narain Tiwari was hanged to death in …………

Answer:

1. Indian house in London
2. The carriage of the defamed judge Kingsford
3. 1931.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 18 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the names of prominent revolutionaries of Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
Chandra Shekhar Azad, Thakur Yashwant Singh, Dev Narain Tiwari, Dalpat Rao were the prominent revolutionaries of Madhya Pradesh.

Question 2.
Which villages were occupied by Basudev Balwant Phadke?
Answer:
Basudev Phadke was the leader of the revolutionary movement with the help of few people he occupied Dhamri, Balte Palspe villages in 1879.

Question 3.
Who was assassinated by Chapekar Brothers?
Answer:
In 1897 Damodar and Balkrishan Chapekar brothers murdered Rand, head of the Plague Committee and Lieutenant Amherst in Pune.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 18 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe about the revolutionary activities in abroad?
Answer:
Indian revolutionaries were active in other parts of the world also Shyamji Verma established ‘India House’ in London in 1905. He started sociolongistic magazine and scholarships.Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Birendranath Chattopadhyay, Tirumal Acharya, Bhikaji Camma, Bhai Permanand, Madan Lal Dhingra and Lala Hardayal were the active members of this society.

Madan Lal Dhingra in 1909 killed Curzon Vailer the Secretary of India. He was hanged and Sarvarkar was sent to cellular jail at Andaman Island. In US the Ghadar party was formed in 1913. Lala Hardayal was the key activist of this party. The Ghadar magazine was published.

As the world was begun Lala Hardayal and his comrades went to Germany, Birendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupender Dutt and Lala Hardayal founded Independence Committee in
Germany. The revolutionaries with their patriotism and self-sacrifice became the source of inspiration for the Indians.

Question 2.
What was Kakori Conspiracy? Describe it?
Answer:
Money was required to run the revolutionaries movements. A group of revolutionaries were successful in robbing the govt, cash at the Kakori Railway station on August 2. 1925 on Saharanpur-Lucknow line. Many of them were arrested after this incident and they were tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.

Four of them Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were sentenced to death and 17 others were sentenced to long-term imprisonment.

Question 3.
Write the names of key organisation of the second phase revolutionary movement?
Answer:
The following were the main revolutionary organisations of the second phase:

1. Youth sabha founded by the Bhagat Singh, Yeshpal and Chhabildas.
2. Hindustan Democratic Republic
3. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association. In 1928 Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sachidra Nath Sanyal, Ram
4. Prasad Bismil together changed the name of Hindustan. Republic Association as Hindustan Socialist
5. Republic Association.
6. Azad Hind Fauz. It was founded by Captain Mohan Singh.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 18 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reasons of the rise of revolutionary movement?
Answer:
The aim of this movement was to change the system based on injustice and to end the oppression of Indians by the British govt, in India. To free the Indian people and to tolerate hardships to get the freedom from ‘English Rule’.

The main factors of the rise of the revolutionary movements were:

1. Economic Disparity:
At the end of the 19th century and early years of 20th century was the period of famines and epidemics. The apathy by the British govt, on such time added fuel to fire the resentment among Indians.

2. Lord Curzon’s Policy:
The senate system followed after Indian University Act. 1904 was the cause of resentment in educated Indians. The govt, confidential ordinance and Calcutta Corporation ordinance contributed more resentment in the Indian people.

3. Partition of Bengal (1905):
The division of Bengal in two parts under the policy of divide and rule by Lord Curzon angered the whole nation and it created sense of devotion and sacrifice among the young Indians.

4. International events:
The independence movements of America, France, Italy, Germany and Ireland inspired Indian revolutionaries too In 1905 the Japanese won over Russia instilled sense of new awakening among the Indians.

Question 2.
What methods were adopted by the revolutionaries against the British rule?
Answer:
Revolutionaries thought that we can not achieve freedom merely through peaceful movements. They Want freedom from British Rule as early as possible therefore they showed self sacrifice to create the feelings of bravery and patriotism among the Indian youths to embrace struggle for Swaraj.

Initially the revolutionaries could not chalk out their plans and programmes but later on the outlay of programmes came into existence.

They adopted the following methods:

Methods used by Revolutionaries:
The revolutionaries used violent methods. They used to organize themselves into small secret societies and give training to their members in making bombs and firearms. They tried to get anus from other countries and also planned their activities from there.

The revolutionaries were brave and fearless and worked with full determination and mad9 sacrifices. Instead of uniting the common people for the national cause, they made individuals their targets. By their daring activities, they were a great source of inspiration to the Indian people.

Question 3.
Write notes on:

1. Azad Hind Fuaz
2. Chandra Shekher Azad

Answer:
1.Azad Hind Fuaz:
At the initiative of Rashbehari Bose, Captain Mohan Singh (one of the Indian soldiers taken prisoner by Japanese) formed the Azad Hind Fuaz. Subhash Chandra Bose instilled new energy into Azad Hind Fuaz and became famous by the name of Netaji.

In the capacity of leader of Azad Hind Fuaz he formed temporary India Govt, in Singapore on October 23 and took vow to shed last drop of blood for the freedom of the country. In 1944 Azad Hind Fauz was successful in moving up to the eastern border of India.

In 1944 he hoisted Indian flag in Kohima. And then seized Imphal but due to paucity of ration and excess rains he had to retreat from there. Netaji gave the slogan “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”.

In 1944 the position of Japan in world politics had become very weak. So the Azad Hind Fauz began to disintegrate.

2. Chandra Shekher Azad:
Chandra Shekhar Azad was born at Bhavra village in Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh. He embraced non-cooperation movement at the tender age of 14. When he was arrested he told his name was Azad.

His role in Kakori conspiracy, Saunder’s killing and bombing at the assembly was notable. Finally surrounded by British police at the Alfred park in Allahabad, he shot himself dead. He paid his life for the freedom of India. He will be remembered for his great sacrifice for his motherland.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8 Hindi Book Solutions Sugam Bharti विविध प्रश्नावली 3 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th Hindi Sugam Bharti Solutions विविध प्रश्नावली 3

प्रश्न 1.
सही जोड़ी बनाइए
(अ) अलगू चौधरी ने कहा – 1. बुढ़िया न जाने कब तक जिएगी।
(ब) जुम्मन की पत्नी ने कहा – 2. दोस्ती के लिए कोई अपना ईमान नहीं बेचता।
(स) मौसी ने कहा – 3. रुपये क्या यहाँ फलते
(द) जुम्मन ने कहा – 4. जुम्मन मेरा मित्र है।
उत्तर-
(अ) – 4
(ब) – 1
(स) – 2
(द) – 3

प्रश्न 2.
सही शब्द चुनकर रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिए

(अ) शारीरिक रूप से स्वस्थ रहने के लिए शरीर के आंतरिक एवं बाह्य ……………….का स्वस्थ रहना अनिवार्य है। (अंगों/रंगों)
(ब) दोपहर का समय था। सूरज ………………. उगल रहा था। (झाग/आग)
(स) अब इस दीप से और सैकड़ों ……………….जलाने की जिम्मेदारी हम सभी की है। (दीप/मशाल)
(द) मैं यह जरूर चाहूँगी कि खर्च करने से पूर्व ………… सोच लेना चाहिए।(ऊपर-नीचे/आगे-पीछे)
(ई) लगता है, उठे हुए बाजार की तरह मेरे ………………. का ठाठ उठ चुका है। (गाँव/शहर)
उत्तर-
(अ) अंगों,
(ब) आग,
(स) दीप,
(द) आगे-पीछे,
(ई) गाँव।

अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 3.
(क) रहीम के अनुसार चतुर व्यक्तियों के हृदय में किस बात की हूक लगी रहती है?
(ख) नितिन ने आंटी से किस बात का अनुरोध किया?
(ग) गोताखोर का उत्साह दूना क्यों बढ़ जाता है?
(घ) अपव्यय पर रोक लगाने से क्या फायदा होता है?
(ङ) अब नदी का चेहरा किस प्रकार का हो चुका था?
(च) समझू ने जुम्मन को सरपंच क्यों चुना?
(छ) कवि के अनुसार कुमार का रूप कैसा है?
(ज) सफल जीवन के लिए किस बात को समझना आवश्यक
उत्तर-
(क) रहीम के अनुसार चतुर व्यक्तियों के हृदय में समय की चूक की हूक लगी रहती है।
(ख) नितिन ने आंटी से आगे से अपने घर का रोजमर्रा का सामान उसके द्वारा दिए गए कपड़े के झोले में रखकर लाने का अनुरोध किया।
(ग) गोताखोर का उत्साह इस बात को सोचकर दूना बढ़ जाता है कि गहरे पानी में सहज में मोती नहीं मिलते हैं।
(घ) अपव्यय पर रोक लगाने से बहुत बड़ी बचत होती है। उससे बड़ी आवश्यकता की पूर्ति होती है।
(ङ) अब नदी का चेहरा उभरे हुए दर्द की तरह रेत हो चुका था।
(च) समझू ने जुम्मन को सरपंच चुना। यह इसलिए कि उसको अलगू और जुम्मन के बैर का हाल मालूम था।
(छ) कवि के अनुसार कुमार का रूय दिव्य (अति सुंदर) और लंबे समय से चला आने वाला है।
(ज) सफल जीवन के लिए दूरगामी उद्देश्यों की हमारी दृष्टि लगातार बनी रहे। निरंतर उसी ओर बढ़ते रहने का अनुभव होता रहे।

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
(क) सफलताएँ किस प्रकार के व्यक्ति की प्रतीक्षा करती हैं?
उत्तर-
सफलताएँ योग क्रियाएँ, संतुलित आहार, सदाचरण और भावनात्मक सोच-विचार रखने वाले व्यक्ति की प्रतीक्षा करती हैं।

(ख) कवि ने कुमार को आशाओं की आशा क्यों कहा
उत्तर-
कवि ने कुमार को आशाओं की आशा इसलिए कहा है कि उनमें अपार देशभक्ति, वीरता और अतीतकालीन गौरव के भाव भरे हैं।

(ग) अलगू चौधरी और जुम्मन शेख की गाढ़ी मित्रता किस प्रकार की थी?
उत्तर-
अलगू चौधरी और जुम्मन शेख की गाढ़ी मित्रता एक-दूसरे पर पूरा भरोसा करने और गाढ़े समय में परस्पर खुलकर साथ देने की थी।

(घ) रहीम के अनुसार विपत्ति आने पर धन की क्या स्थिति हो जाती है?
उत्तर-
रहीम के अनुसार विपत्ति आने पर धन नहीं रहता है। वह तो वैसे गायब हो जाता है जैसे भोर होने पर आकाश से तारे।

(ङ) हम अपनी छोटी-सी सुविधा के लिए पर्यावरण को किस प्रकार प्रदूषित करते हैं?
उत्तर-
हम अपनी छोटी-सी सुविधा के लिए पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करने वाली चीजों का धड़ाधड़ प्रयोग करके प्रदूषित करते हैं।

(च) “असफलता एक चुनौती है, स्वीकार करो” इस कथन की पुष्टि में कवि ने किस-किस के उदाहरण प्रस्तुत किए हैं?
उत्तर-
“असफलता एक चुनौती है, स्वीकार करो” इस कथन की पुष्टि में कवि ने दाना लेकर चढ़ती दीवारों पर सौ बार फिसलती चींटियों और समुद्र की गहराई में डुबकियाँ लगाने के बावजूद खाली हाथ लौटकर आते गोताखोर के उदाहरण प्रस्तुत किए हैं।

(छ) “बूंद-बूंद से घड़ा भरता है” पत्र में माँ ने पुनीत को कौन-कौन-सी सीख दी हैं?
उत्तर-
“बूंद-बूंद से घड़ा भरता है” पत्र में माँ ने पुनीत को थोड़ी-थोड़ी बचत करने और मितव्ययता के गुण अपनाने की सीख दी है।

(ज) गाँवों में अब नदी की स्थिति क्या हो गई है?
उत्तर-
गाँवों में अब नदी की स्थिति उभरे हुए दर्द की तरह रेत बन गई है।

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का अर्थ लिखिए-
तुम्हें यशोदा के पलने की,
मधुर थपकियाँ जगा रहीं,
तुम्हें नंद की सकल सुरभियाँ,
वृन्दावन में बुला रहीं॥
उत्तर-
देखें व्याख्या भाग।

प्रश्न 6.
आप अपने जीवन में किसके व्यक्तित्व से प्रभावित हैं? और क्यों? दस वाक्यों में लिखिए।
उत्तर-
हम अपने जीवन में अपने कक्षाध्यापक के व्यक्तित्व से प्रभावित हैं। यह इसलिए कि वे एक गिने-चुने आदर्श अध्यापक हैं। वे चरित्र के धनी हैं। उनमें अपना कर्मण्यता है। वे बढ़े ही आस्तिक हैं। वे भारतीयता के प्रतीक हैं। उनमें अत्यधिक साहस और धैर्य हैं। वे समय के सदुपयोगी हैं। उनमें उदारता है। उनमें आत्मनिर्भरता और कर्त्तव्यनिष्ठता है। वे अपने कर्म और चरित्र से पहली मुलाकात में ही किसी का मन मोह लेते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
(अ) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखिएनिशेश, दीव्य, पड़ोसीन, परसन्नता, अपरत्यक्ष, दुषित।
उत्तर-
(अ) अशुद्ध शब्द – शुद्ध शब्द
विशेश – विशेष
दीव्य – दिव्य
पड़ोसीन – पड़ोसिन
परसन्नता – प्रसन्नता
अपरत्यक्ष – अप्रत्यक्ष दुषित

(ब) निम्नलिखित शब्दों के हिंदी रूप लिखिए-
प्लीज, पोस्टमैन, होमवर्क, आंटी, प्रिंसीपल, फैक्ट्री।
उत्तर-
(ब) शब्द – हिन्दी रूप
प्लीज – कृपया
पोस्टमैन – डाकिया
होमवर्क – गृहकार्य
आंटी – चाची
प्रिंसीपल – प्रधानाध्यापक
फैक्ट्री – कारखाना

(स) निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से एक शब्द का अर्थ समान है उस पर गोला लगाइए-
प्रगति – उन्नति, अवनति, प्रतीति।
संघर्ष – मजबूर, मुकाबला, मजदूर।
मोहरे – मुहावरे, मोगरा, गोटियाँ
दिव्य – अलौकिक, लौकिक, सार्वभौमिक।
उत्तर-
(स) प्रगति – उन्नति
संघर्ष – मुकाबला
मोहरे – गोटियाँ
दिव्य – अलौकिक।

प्रश्न 8.
(अ) दिए हुए गद्यांश में उचित स्थानों पर विराम चिह्न लगाइए-
उत्तर-
शाम तक वे कहीं मिल जाते हैं तो चौंककर कहते हैं अरे मैं तो भूल ही गया तुम्हें बड़ी परेशानी हुई होगी न मुझे सख्त अफसोस है अच्छा कल आठ बजे आ जाओ मैं तुम्हारा इंतजार करूँगा।

(ब) निम्नलिखित शब्दों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए-
आत्मविश्वास, व्यवस्था, पर्यावरण, ईमान, श्रेय, राष्ट्र
उत्तर-
शब्द वाक्य-प्रयोग
आत्मविश्वास – स्वस्थ आदमी आत्मविश्वास भरा होता है।
व्यवस्था – उसके घर में अच्छी व्यवस्था है।
पर्यावरण – पर्यावरण दिन-प्रतिदिन प्रदूषित हो रहा है।
ईमान – लाभ के लिए ईमान नहीं बेचना चाहिए।
श्रेय – उसे सफल बनाने में उसकी माँ का ही श्रेय है।
राष्ट्र – राष्ट्रवासियों को राष्ट्रभक्त होना ही चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
अपने पिताजी को पत्र लिखकर अपनी पढ़ाई की जानकारी दीजिए।
उत्तर-
देखें- ‘पत्र-लेखन’

प्रश्न 10.
क्रिसी एक विषय पर निबंध लिखिए-
प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय त्यौहार, किसी ऐतिहासिक स्थान की यात्रा का वर्णन।
उत्तर-
देखें- ‘निबंध-लेखन’

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8 Hindi Book Solutions व्याकरण Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 8th General Hindi व्याकरण

संधि एवं संधि-विच्छेद

संधि एवं संधि-विच्छेद
(1) स्वर संधि

• विद्यार्थी = विद्या + अर्थी
• हिमालय = हिम + आलय
• महात्मा = महा + आत्मा
• परमात्मा = परम + आत्मा
• विद्यालय = विद्या + आलय
• यद्यपि = यदि + अपि
• सूर्योदय = सूर्य + उदय
• देवेन्द्र = देव + इन्द्र
• रमेश = रमा + ईश
• सुरेश = सुर + ईश
• गिरिश = गिरि + ईश
• विद्याध्ययन = विद्या + अध्ययन
• स्वागत = सु + आगत
• परोपकार = पर + उपकार
• नयन = ने + अन
• गायक = गै + अक

(2) व्यंजन संधि

• सज्जन = सत् + जन
• सन्तोष = सम् + तोष
• उन्नति = उत् + नति
• उद्वेग = उत् + वेग
• संसार = सम् + सार
• उद्घाटन = उत् + घाटन
• जगन्नाथ = जगत् + नाथ
• जगदीश = जगत् + ईश
• संहार = सम् + हार
• संकल्प = सम् + कल्प
• संयोग = सम् + योग
• सद्भावना = सत् + भावना

(3) विसर्ग संधि

• दुर्जन = दुः + जन
• दुर्लभ = दुः + लभ
• दुराचार = दुः + आचार
• मनस्ताप = मनः + ताप
• मनोबल = मनः + बल
• मनोनुकूल = मनः + अनुकूल
• वयोवृद्ध = वयः + वृद्ध
• निष्फल = निः + फल
• निष्कपट = निः + कपट
• दुराशा = दु: + आशा

समास एवं समास विग्रह
(1) अव्ययीभाव समास

• यथाशक्ति – शक्ति के अनुसार
• प्रतिदिन – दिनों दिन
• आजीवन – जीवन पर्यन्त
• आजन्म – जन्म पर्यन्त
• प्रत्येक – प्रति एक
• प्रतिक्षण – क्षण-क्षण

(2) तत्पुरुष समास

• पथभ्रष्ट – पथ से भ्रष्ट
• सत्याग्रह – सत्य के लिए आग्रह
• नीतियुक्त – नीति से युक्त
• बुद्धिहीन – बुद्धि से हीन
• कर्महीन – कर्म से रहित
• शरणागत – शरण के लिए आया
• पदमुक्त – पद से मुक्त
• राष्ट्रचिन्ह – राष्ट्र का चिन्ह
• ध्यानमग्न – ध्यान में मग्न
• पुरुषोत्तम – पुरुषों में उत्तम
• नरश्रेष्ठ – नर में श्रेष्ठ
• राजपुत्र – राजा का पुत्र
• राजद्रोह – राज से द्रोह
• धर्मशाला – धर्म की शाला
• राजप्रासाद – राज का प्रासाद
• जन्मभूमि – जन्म की भूमि
• सूर्यप्रकाश – सूर्य का प्रकाश

(3) कर्मधारय समास

• नीलकमल – नील जैसा कमल
• नीलकण्ठ – नील जैसा कण्ठ
• घनश्याम – घन जैसा श्याम
• चरण कमल – कमल जैसा चरण
• चन्द्रमुख – चन्द्र जैसा मुख
• सर्वजन – सभी लोग
• अल्पसंचय – अल्प संचय जैसा
• योगिजन – योगबी जैसे जन

(4) द्विगु समास

• पंचवटी – पाँच वटों का समूह
• नवग्रह – नौ ग्रहों का समूह
• त्रिमूर्ति – तीन मूर्तियों का समूह
• पंचनद – पाँच नदों का समूह
• पंचरत्न – पाँच रत्नों का समूह
• पंचगव्य – पाँच गव्यों का समूह
• नवरत्न – नौ रत्नों का समूह
• नवग्रह – नौ ग्रहों का समूह

(5) बन्द समास

• न्याय – धर्म – न्याय और धर्म
• माता – पिता – माता और पिता
• भाई – बहिन – भाई और बहिन
• पाप – पुण्य – पाप और पुण्य
• धर्म – अधर्म – धर्म और अधर्म
• अमीर – गरीब – अमीर और गरीब
• दाल – रोटी – दाल और रोटी
• लोटा – डोरी – लोटा और डोरी
• राम – लक्ष्मण – राम और लक्ष्मण
• चाचा – चाची – चाचा और चाची

(6) बहुब्रीहि समास

• सत्यवादी – जो सत्य बोला है (वह व्यक्ति)
• पीताम्बर – पीले अम्बर वाले (विष्णु)
• गजानन – गज के समान आनन (गणेश)
• दशानन – दश हैं आनन जिनके (रावण)
• वीणापाणि – वीणा है जिनके हाथ में (सरस्वती)
• चन्द्रशेखर – चन्द्र है शेखर पर जिसके (शिव)
• मुरलीधर – मुरली धारण करने वाले (श्रीकृष्ण)

संज्ञा

प्रश्न-
संज्ञा की परिभाषा लिखकर उसके भेद बताइये
उत्तर-
परिभाषा-किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, जाति, स्थान आदि के नाम को संज्ञा कहते हैं।

जैसे-
अमीना, वाराणसी, गाय, चांदी, भीड़ आदि। प्रकार-संज्ञा के प्रमुख पाँच प्रकार हैं

1. व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा-जिस संज्ञा से किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान के नाम का ज्ञान हो, उसे व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं। जैसे-जबलपुर, कृष्ण, इलाहाबाद, गीता।
2. जातिवाचक संज्ञा-जिस संज्ञा से एक ही जाति का ज्ञान हो, उसे जातिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं। जैसे-बंदर, सुअर, घर आदि।
3. भाववाचक संज्ञा-जिन शब्दों से किसी भाव या काम का ज्ञान हो, उसे भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं। जैसे-शत्रुता, सौंदर्य, प्रेम, मूर्खता आदि।
4. समुदायवाचक संज्ञा-जिन शब्दों से समूह का ज्ञान हो, उन्हें समूहवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं। जैसे-मेला, भीड़, जुलूस, रथ-यात्रा आदि।
5. पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा-जिन शब्दों से किसी पदार्थ का ज्ञान हो, उसे पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं। जैसे-सोना, चांदी, सीसा आदि।

सर्वनाम

प्रश्न-
सर्वनाम की परिभाषा एवं प्रकार उदाहरण सहित बताइये।
उत्तर-
परिभाषा-वाक्य में संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्दों को सर्वनाम कहते हैं। या जो संज्ञा शब्दों के बदले में आते हैं उन्हें सर्वनाम कहते हैं। जैसे-राम सुरेंद्र के साथ उसके विद्यालय तक आया।

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में उसके’ सर्वनाम सुरेंद्र के लिए प्रयुक्त है। सर्वनाम के प्रकार-सर्वनाम के प्रमुख पाँच प्रकार हैं-

1. पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम-जो सर्वनाम वक्ता, श्रोता या अन्य व्यक्ति के बदले प्रयुक्त होता है उसे पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम कहते हैं। इसके तीन उपभेद हैं।
   • अन्य पुरुष-वह, वे
   • मध्यम पुरुष-तुम, आप, तू
   • उत्तम पुरुष-मैं, हम।
2. निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम-जिस सर्वनाम से वक्ता के समीप एवं दूर की वस्तु का निश्चय हो, वह निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाता है। जैसे-यह, वह, ये, वे आदि।
3. अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम-जिस सर्वनाम से पुरुष या वस्तु का निश्चित ज्ञान न प्राप्त हो, वह अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम होता है। जैसे-कुछ, कौन, कोई आदि।
4. संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम-जिन शब्दों से संज्ञाओं के बीच परस्पर संबंध का ज्ञान हो उन्हें संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम कहते हैं। जैसे-जैसा-तैसा, जिस-तिस।
5. प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम-जिस सर्वनाक से प्रश्न के विषय में जानकारी मिले वह प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम है। जैसे-क्या, कौन, क्यों आदि।

विशेष एवं विशेष्य

प्रश्न-
विशेषण की परिभाषा एवं प्रकार बताइए।
उत्तर-
परिभाषा-जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों की विशेषता प्रदर्शित करते हैं, उन्हें विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे राम अच्छा विद्यार्थी है। उपर्युक्त वाक्य में ‘अच्छा’ शब्द राम की विशेषता प्रकट कर रहा है। अतः यह विशेषण है।

विशेषण के प्रकार-विशेषण के मुख्य चार प्रकार हैं-

1. गुणवाचक विशेषक-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों के गुण, दोष अवस्था, रंग आदि की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द गुणवाचक विशेषण हैं। जैसे-काली गाय, लाल बस।
2. संख्यावाचक विशेषण-जिससे संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की संख्या का पता चले वह संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहलाता है। जैसे-बीस शालाएँ, पाँच अंगुलियाँ।
3. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण-जिससे संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के परिमाण (नाप-तौला) का ज्ञान हो उसे परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहते है। जैसे-दस किलोमीटर, पाँच सेर।।
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण-यदि सर्वनाम का प्रयोग संज्ञा के साथ उसके संकेत के रूप में किया जाए, तो वह सार्वनामिक विशेषण कहलाता है। जैसे-यह तुम्हारी कलम है।

क्रिया

परिभाषा एवं प्रकार

परिभाषा-जिस शब्द से किसी काम का करना, रहना या होने का बोध हो उसे क्रिया कहते हैं। जैसे-श्याम जाता है। सीला बैठी है। आदि। क्रियाओं के अन्य प्रकार

1. प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया-जिस क्रिया के माध्यम से कर्ता स्वयं काम न करके दूसरे को कार्य करने की प्रेरणा दे, उसे प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया कहते हैं। जैसे-जगना से जगाना, रोना से रुलाना।
2. पूर्वकालिक क्रिया-पूर्वकालिक क्रिया मूल क्रिया की समाप्ति के पहले प्रयुक्त की जाती है। जैसे-सोकर, जागकर, खाकर आदि।
3. संयुक्त क्रिया-जब दो या दो से अधिक क्रियाएँ एक साथ आती है, तो उसे संयुक्त क्रिया कहते हैं। जैसे-जाना चाहता है, गा सकना आदि।

क्रिया-विशेषण
परिभाषा-जो शब्द क्रिया की विशेषता बताते हैं, वे क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाते हैं। क्रिया-विशेषण के प्रकार-क्रिया-विशेषण के चार प्रकार हैं-

1. स्थानवाचक-ये शब्द क्रिया की विशेषता बताते हैं। जैसे-यहाँ, वहाँ, उस आदि।
2. कालवाचक-ये विशेषण क्रिया के समय की विशेषता बताते हैं, अतः इन्हें कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे-आज, कल।
3. परिमाणवाचक-ये विशेषण क्रिया का परिमाण बतलाते हैं अतः इन्हें परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे-न्यून, अधिक, कम आदि।
4. रीतिवाचक-ये विशेष क्रिया होने का ढंग बताते हैं। अतः इन्हें रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे-धीरे, तेज़, मंद, आदि।

संबंधबोधक अव्यय

जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों के साथ प्रयुक्त होकर वाक्य के दूसरे शब्दों से उसका संबंध बताते हैं, संबंधबोधक अव्यय कहलाते हैं। जैसे-भीतर, सहित और आदि।

समुच्चयबोधक अव्वय- जो शब्द दो शब्दों या वाक्यों को मिलाते हैं, उन्हें समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय कहते हैं। जैसे-भी, तथा, मानो, इसलिए आदि।
विस्मयादिबोधक अव्यय- जो शब्द वक्ता के शोक, हर्ष, विषाद या लज्जा के भावों को प्रकट करें, वे विस्मयादिबोधक अव्यय कहलाते हैं। जैसे-अरे, अहो, हाय, धन्य आदि।

कारक

प्रश्न-
कारक की परिभाषा एवं भेद बताइये।
परिभाषा-संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से उसका वाक्य के दूसरे शब्दों से संबंध जाना जाए, उसे कारक कहते हैं। जैसे-राम ने गीता की पुस्तक को पढ़ा।

विभक्ति- कारक प्रकट करने के लिए संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के साथ जिन चिन्हों का प्रयोग किया जाता है, उन्हें विभक्ति कहते हैं।

हिंदी में आठ कारक हैं तथा उनके विभक्ति चिन्ह निम्नलिखित हैं-

काल

परिभाषा-क्रिया के जिस रूप से उसके करने या होने के समय का बोध हो उसे काल कहते हैं।

प्रकार-काल के तीन प्रकार हैं-
(1) भूल काल,
(2) वर्तमान काल
(3) भविष्यत् काल।।

1. भूत काल-क्रिया के जिस रूप से उसके बीते समय का ज्ञान हो, उसे भूत काल कहते हैं। राम ने यज्ञ किया।
2. वर्तमान काल-क्रिया के जिस रूप से उसके वर्तमान में होने का बोध हो उसे वर्तमान काल कहते हैं। जैसे-राम जा रहा है।
3. भविष्यत् काल-क्रिया के जिस रूप से कार्य के होने का आने वाले समय में ज्ञान हो, वह भविष्यत् काल कहलाता है। जैसे-हम रात्रि जागरण करेंगे।

उपसर्ग

परिभाषा-वे शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व लगकर उसके अर्थ को परिवर्तित कर देते हैं, उपसर्ग कहलाते हैं।
जैसे-प्र + हार = प्रहार, (हार = पराजय) प्रहार = आक्रमण-

प्रमुख उपसर्ग इस प्रकार हैं

• प्र – प्रक्रिया, प्रकाण्ड, प्रदूषण, प्रस्थान, प्रवेश, प्रगति।
• परा – पराजय, पराभव, परागबैनी।
• अनु – अनुशासन, अनुकरण, अनुचर, अनुग्रह, अनुरोध।
• अव – अवगुण, अवतरण, अवसर, अवतार, अवस्था।
• निर् – निर्मल, निर्बल, निर्जल, निर्दय, निर्विकार।
• दुस् – दुःशासन, दुस्साहस।
• अति – अतिवीर, अत्यधिक अतिरिक्त, अत्याचार, अतिशय।
• अप – अपमान, अपयश, अपवाद।
• उत् – उत्कीर्ण, उद्गार, उद्दण्ड, उद्घाटन, उत्सुक, उत्थान, उद्योग, उद्यान, उन्नति, उदाहरण।
• उप – उपकरण, उपहारस, उपकार, उपकृत, उपद्रव।
• नि – निवेदन, निवास, नियुक्त, निमंत्रण।
• परि – परिस्थिति, पर्यावरण, परिवर्तन, परिचय, परिमिति, परिश्रम।
• वि – विकट, विध्वंस, विपक्ष, विसर्जित, विकल्प, विलक्षण, विकल, विपत्ति।

प्रत्यय

परिभाषा-वे शब्दांश जो शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर शब्द के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं, प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं।
प्रमुख प्रत्यय एवं उनसे बने शब्द नीचे अनुसार हैं-

• डक – तांत्रिक, साहित्यिक, लौकिक, धार्मिक, दैनिक, वार्षिक, बौद्धिक, तार्किक, नैयायिक।
• इन – मलिन।
• ई – योगी, माली।
• इत – पतित, लज्जित, लिखित, निर्मित, चलित।
• गत – मनोगत, दृष्टिगत, व्यक्तिगत, कण्ठगत, स्वर्गगत, दलगत।
• गम – दुर्गम, हृदयंगम, अगम, संगम, विहंगम।
• दायक – गुणदायक, मंगलदायक, कष्टदायक, लाभदायक, सुखदायक।
• धर – गिरिधर, गंगाधर, हलधर, जलधर, पयोधर, विषधर, मुरलीधर।
• भेद – बुद्धिभेद, मतभेद, अर्थभेद, धर्मभेद, शब्दभेद।
• रहित – भावरहित, धर्मरहित, ज्ञानरहित, प्रेमरहित, दयारहित, शंकारहित, कल्पनारहित।
• शील – विचारशील, दानशील, धर्मशील, सहनशील, प्रगतिशील।
• हीन – गुणहीन, मतिहीन, विद्याहीन, शक्तिहीन, कुलहीन, धनहीन।
• रत – कार्यरत, अध्ययनरत।

मुहावरे : अर्थ एवं वाक्यों में प्रयोग

1. काफूर हो जाना (दूर हो जाना)-हामिद की बातें सुनकर अमीना का गुस्सा काफूर हो गया।
2. कसमें खाना (प्रतिज्ञा करना)-तुम्हें झूठी कसमें कभी नहीं खानी चाहिए।
3. छक्के छूट जाना (हिम्मत हार जाना)-हमारे सैनिकों की वीरता के आगे शत्रुओं के छक्के छूट जाते हैं।
4. रंग जमाना (रौब जमाना)-हामिद के चिमटे की तारीफ कर सभी साथियों पर रंग जमा दिया।
5. गद्गद होना (गला भर जाना)-हामिद के चिमटा लेने के कारण का उत्तर सुनकर दादी गद्दगद् होकर रो पड़ी।
6. माटी में मिल जाना (नष्ट हो जाना)-नूरे के वकील साहब लुढ़क पड़े और उनका माटी का चोला माटी में मिल गया।
7. मुँह छिपाना (लज्जित होना)-रमेश को ऐसा कोई काम नहीं करना चाहिए जिससे उसे लोगों के सामने मुँह छिपाना पड़े।
8. नींद खुलना (होश आना)-तुम ताला बंद करके नहीं जाते। यादे चोरी हो गयी, तो तुम्हारी नींद खुलेगी।
9. पीठ दिखाना (मैदान छोड़कर भाग जाना)-हमारे सैनिक युद्ध के मैदान से कभी पीठ दिखाकर नहीं भागते।
10. आँख चौंधिया जाना (आश्चर्यचकित हो जाना) -दीपावली की चकाचौंध देखकर सहज ही आँखे चौंधिया जाती हैं।
11. लोहा लेना (टक्कर लेना)-शत्रुओं का हमारे सैनिकों से लोहा लेना बड़ा महंगा पड़ेगा।
12. हाथ पर हाथ धरे बैठे रहना (निठल्ला रहना)-हमें कभी भी हाथ पर हाथ धरे बैठे नहीं रहना चाहिए।
13. पाँचों अंगुलियाँ घी में होना (लाभ ही लाभ)-आजकल रहमान की पाँचों अंगुलियाँ घी में हैं।
14. प्राण फूंकना (जान डाल देना)-उपवास आत्मा की शांति के लिए किया हुआ शरीर में प्राण फूंकने जैसा कार्य है।
15. मिट्टी में मिलना (नष्ट करना)-मेला न देख पाने का कारण टिंकू के सारे के सारे अरमान मिट्टी में मिल गए।
16. फूले न समाना (खुशी की सीमा न रहना)-परीक्षा फल में प्रथम श्रेणी में पास होने पर मैं फूला नहीं समाया।
17. तीर मारना (बहादुरी दिखाना)-दो वर्ष में एक कक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने के बाद इतनी खुशी हो रही है जैसे कोई तीर मारकर लौटे हो।
18. सतर्क रहना (सावधान रहना)-हमें शहर में जेब-कतरों से हमेशा सतर्क रहना चाहिए।
19. हाथ-पाँव फूलना (हताश हो जाना)-बालकों की निर्भीकता एवं साहस देखकर डाकू रामसिंह के हाथ-पाँव फूल गए।
20. आँख का तारा (परम प्रिय)-अक्षय और निर्भय अपने दादा की आँख के तारे थे।
21. बाल बाँका न होना (कुछ भी न बिगाड़ पाना)-डाकू रामसिंह वीर बालकों का बाल बाँका न कर सका।
22. मुँह में पानी आना (मन ललचाना)-खेत में लगे हरे-हरे चनों को देखकर सबके मुँह में पानी आ गया।
23. अंधे की लकड़ी (एक मात्र सहारा)-हामिद अमीना के लिए अंधे की लकड़ी के समान था।
24. अपना उल्लू सीधा करना (मतलब निकालना)-कुछ लोग अपना उल्लू सीधा करने में ही लगे रहते हैं।
25. अपने पैरों पर खड़े होना (आत्म-निर्भर बनना)-हमें उद्यम करके अपने पैरों पर खड़े हो जाना चाहिए।
26. आँख में धूल झोंकना (धोख देना)-कभी-कभी चोर पुलिस की आँखों में धूल झोंककर भाग जाते हैं।
27. कमर कसना (तैयार होना)-देश से निरक्षरता दूर करने के लिए हम सभी को कमर कस लेनी चाहिए।
28. जहर का यूंट पीना (क्रोध को दबाना)-प्रताड़ित होने पर नववधूओं को क्रोध तो आता है, परंतु परवशता में वे जहर का चूंट पीकर रह जाती हैं।
29. नाक में दम करना (तंग करना)-तुमने तो हमारी नाक में दम कर रखा है, क्या मैं ठीक से सो भी नहीं सकता?
30. नौ-दो ग्यारह होना (भाग जाना)-पुलिस को देखते ही चोर नौ-दो ग्यारह हो गया।
31. मुँह की खाना (पराजित होना)-सन् 1965 के युद्ध में भारतीय वीरों के सम्मुख पाकिस्तानी सैनिकों को मुँह की खानी पड़ी थी।
32. श्री गणेश होना (काम का शुभारंभ होना)-स्टेडियम की आधारशिला रखकर मुख्यमंत्री ने कार्य का श्री गणेश किया।
33. लेने के देने पड़ना (हानि होना)-भारतीय सैनिकों के सम्मुख पाकिस्तानी सैनिकों को लेने के देने पड़ गए।
34. हाथ बटाना (हिस्सा लेना)-हमें हमेशा अपने बड़ों के कामों में हाथ बटाना चाहिए।

विराम-चिन्ह

परिभाषा-शब्दों व वाक्यों का परस्पर संबंध बताने तथा किसी विषय को भिन्न-भिन्न भागों में बाँटने व पढ़ने में ठहरने के लिए जिन चिन्हों का उपयोग किया जाता है, उन्हें विराम-चिन्ह कहते हैं।

विराह-चिन्ह निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं-

• अल्पविराम (,)
• अर्धविराम (;)
• पूर्णविराम (।)
• प्रश्नबोधक (?)
• विस्मयादिवोधक (!)
• उद्धरण चिन्ह (“)
• निदेशक (:-)
• कोष्ठक ()
• योजक चिन्ह (-)
• लाघव चिन्ह (0)
• त्रुटिपूरक (^)

पर्यायवाची शब्द

• चंद्रमा – चंद्रमा, शशि, द्विजराज, विधु, सुधाकर, राकापति, निशापति, रजनीश, हिमांशु, शशांक, मयंक, राकेश।
• तालाब – सर, सरोवर, तडाग, हृद, ताल। देवता-अमर, विबुध, देव, सुर।
• असुर – राक्षस, दैत्य, दानव, दनुज, निशाचर, रजनीचर, तमीचर।
• पर्वत – नग, गिरि, अचल, भूधर, महीधर, शैल, पहाड़।
• जल – वारि, अंबु, तोय, नीर, पानी, पय, अंभ, उदक, अमृत, जीवन, अप।
• कमल – पदम्, अंबुज, जलज, नीरज, सरोज, वारिज, पंकज, सरसिज, राजीव, अरविंद, नलिनी, उत्पल, पुण्डरीक।
• स्त्री – अबला, नारी, महिला, ललना। राजा-नृप, नृपति, भूप, भूपति, नरपति, नरनाथ, भूपाल, नरेश।
• अमृत – पीयूष, सुधा, सोपान, अमिय। पुत्र-आत्मज, सुत, सूनु, तनय, तनुज।
• पृथ्वी – भूमि, भू, धरा, अचला, मही, क्षिति, धरती, वसुधा, वसुंधरा।
• समुद्र – सागर, सिंधु, जलधि, जलनिधि, पयोधि, नीरधि, वारीश।
• बादल – मेघ, घन, वारिद, अंबुद, तोयद, जलद, जलधर।
• फल – पुष्प, कुसुम, सुमन, प्रसून।
• ब्राह्मण – द्विज, भूदेव, भूसूर, विप्र, अग्र, जन्मा।
• भोरा – अलि, भ्रमर, षट्पद, षडनि, मिलिंद।

विरुद्धार्थी शब्द

अनेकर्थी शब्द

कनक-सोना, धतूरा। आवागमन यातायात, संसार, भ्रमण। हलधर के वीर-बैल, कृष्ण। वृषभानुज गाय, राधा। पानी इज्जत, जल। राम-श्रीराम, ईश्वर। अंबर-कपड़ा, आकाश। पेय-दूध, पानी। पत्र-पत्ता, चिट्ठी। कंचन-सोना, स्वच्छ। अंबु-जल, एक छंद, चार, आम। अंकन-लिखना, चित्र बनाना। अंकुर पौधे का छोटा रूप, जल, संतति। अकंटक बिना काँटे के, शत्रु रहित। अक्सीर शर्तिया, अचूक। कृष्ण काला, श्याम, (श्रीकृष्ण जी)। अरण्य जंगल, सन्ख्यासियों का एक प्रकार, एक फल का नाम। आँख नेत्र, ईख की गाँठ, संतान। उदरपेट, वस्तु का भीतरी भाग। शुष्क-सूखा, उदास।

तद्भव एवं तत्सम शब्द

अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

• वह व्यक्ति जो ईश्वर को नहीं मानता – नास्तिक
• वह व्यक्ति जो ईश्वर को मानता है – आस्तिक
• जिसकी उपमा न दी जा सके – अनुपम
• जिसे जीता न जा सके – अजेय
• जहाँ लोग स्वास्थ्य लाभ के लिए जाते हों – स्वास्थ्य-गृह
• जिसका कोई मूल्य न आँका जा सके – अनमोल
• अधिक उम्र वाली – सयानी
• जिससे जान पहचान न हो – अजनबी
• जो पाप से रहित है – निष्पाप
• जिसके दस सिर हैं – दशानन
• वह स्थान जहाँ मनुष्य का जाना कठिन है – दुर्गम
• वह रोग जो अच्छा नहीं हो सकता – असाध्य
• एक ही माता से जन्म लेने वाली संतान – सहोदर
• बिना पढ़ा-लिखा व्यक्ति – निरक्षर
• वह व्यक्ति जिसका कोई शत्रु न हो – आजातशत्रु
• जिसके आर-पार देखा जा सके – पारदर्शक
• जिसके आर-पार न देखा जा सके – अपारदर्शक
• जो बिना किसी वेतन के कार्य करता है – अवैतनिक
• वह जो सब-कुछ जानता है – सर्वज्ञ
• जिसे रोगद्वेष नहीं है – वीतराग
• जो सबका हित करने वाला है – हितैषी
• जो कम से कम बोलता है – मितभाषी
• जो मीठा बोलता है – मिष्ट भाषी, मृदुभाषी
• जो किसी के पीछे चलता है – अनुगामी
• जिस पर कोई बंधन नहीं – स्वतंत्र
• जो बंधन युक्त है – परतंत्र
• तपस्या करने वाला व्यक्ति – तपस्वी
• जिसकी गणना न की जा सके – अगणित
• जिसका कोई महत्त्व न हो – नगण्य
• प्राचीन काल से चली आने वाली रीति – परंपरागत
• किसी स्थान को चारों ओर से – चहारदीवारी
• घेरे हुए दीवार
• जिसकी कोई सीमा न हो – असीम
• जो समान आयु का हो – समवयस्क
• जो किसी विशेष स्थान से संबद्ध हो – स्थानीय
• दूसरे देश का व्यक्ति – विदेशी
• किसी देश में रहने वाला व्यक्ति – नागरिक
• पास में रहने वाला व्यक्ति – पड़ोसी
• जिसे प्रेम किया गया है – प्रेमिका/प्रेमी
• गाना गाने वाला – गवैया
• तबला बजाने वाला – तबलची
• गान-नृत्य का स्थान – महफिल
• किसी देवता की स्थापना का स्थान – मंदिर
• जिसने इंद्रियों को जीत लिया है – जितेंद्रिय
• जो बिना विचारे किसी को मानता है – अंधभक्त

अलंकार एवं अलंकार के प्रकार

परिभाषा-वाक्य में सुंदरता या चमत्कार लाने के लिए जिस शाब्दिक या अर्थ संबंधी चमत्कार की उत्पत्ति होती है, उसे अलंकार कहते हैं।

अलंकार के तीन प्रकार हैं-

• शब्दालंकार
• अर्थालंकार
• उभयालंकार।

प्रमुख अलंकार

1. अनुप्रयास-जहाँ वर्णों की आवृत्ति (बार-बार आने से) कारण चमत्कार उत्पन्न हो, वहाँ अनुप्रास अलंकार होता है।

जैसे-
‘मुदित महीपति मदिर आये, सेवक सचित्र सुमंत्र बुलाये।’ इसमें ‘म’ एवं ‘स’ की बार-बार आवृति हुई है।

2. यमक-जब एक या अधिक शब्द एक से अधिक बार प्रयुक्त हों, पर हर बार उसका अर्थ भिन्न हो, वहाँ यमक अलंकार होता है।

जैसे-

कनक-कनक ते सौ गुनी मादकता अधिकाय।
वा खाये बौराय जग या पाये बौराय॥
यहाँ एक कनक का अर्थ धतूरा व दूसरे का होना है।

3. इलेष-जहाँ एक ही शब्द के कई अर्थ निकलें।

जैसे-

रहिमन पानी राखिये बिन पानी सब सून।
पानी गये न ऊबरे मोती मानुस चून।
यहाँ पानी का अर्थ-क्रमशः चमक, इज्जत व जल है।

4. उपमा-जहाँ किसी वस्तु की उसके किसी विशेष गुण के कारण तुलना की जाए, वहाँ उपमा अलंकार होता है।
जैसे- ‘बन्दौं कोमल कमल से, जग जननी के पाँय।’

5. रूपक-जहाँ उपमेय में उपमान का आरोप हो वहाँ रूपक होता है।

जैसे-

‘चरण कमल बन्दौं हरि राई।’
यहाँ चरण उपमेय पर कमल उपमान का आरोप

6. उत्प्रेक्षा-जब उपमेय में उपमान की कल्पना कर ली जाए, तो वहाँ उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार होता है।

जैसे-

सोहत ओढ़े पीत पट, श्याम सलोने गात।
मनौ नील मनि शैल पर, आतप पर्योप्रभात॥
यहाँ श्याम में सूर्य के प्रकाश का उपमान है।

MP Board Class 8th Science Solutions Chapter 16 Light

Question 1.
Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you see objects outside the room? Explain.
Answer:
We cannot see objects in the dark room. But we can see objects outside the room, in case there is light outside the room. To see an object, we need light which must reflect from the object to the eyes.

Question 2.
Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure of the laws of reflection?
Answer:
Following are the differences between a regular reflection and diffused reflection:

No, diffused reflection is not due to failure of laws of reflection.

Question 3.
Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
(a) Polished wooden table
(d) Chalk powder
(b) Cardboard surface
(e) Marble floor with water spread over it
(c) Mirror
(f) Piece of paper.
Answer:
(a) A polished wooden table will have regular reflection because its surface is smooth.
(b) A chalk powder will get the diffused reflection because chalk particles are not smooth.
(c) Cardboard surface has minute irregularities on it, so it will have a diffused reflection.
(d) Marble stone with water spread over it will have regular reflection if water is stable but if waves are formed then diffused reflection will take place.
(e) A mirror will reflect light regularly due to its smooth surface.
(f) A piece of paper will have irregular reflection due to minute irregularities on it.

Question 4.
State laws of reflections.
Answer:
There are two laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. Thus, Zi = Zr
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal to the mirror at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

Question 5.
Describe an activity to show the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Answer:
Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board or a table. Take a comb and close all its openings except one in the middle. You can use a strip of black paper for this purpose. Hold the comb perpendicular to the sheet of paper. Throw light from a torch through the opening of the comb from one side (Fig. 16.3) With slight adjustment of the torch and the comb you will see a ray of light along the paper on the other side of the comb. Keep the comb and the torch steady. Place a strip of plane mirror in the path of the light ray (Fig. 16.3).

After striking the mirror, the ray of light is reflected in another direction. The light ray, which strikes any surface, is called the incident ray. The ray that comes back from the surface after reflection is known as the reflected ray. Perform above activity again. This time use a sheet of stiff paper or a chart paper. Let the sheet project a little beyond the edge of the table (Fig 16.4). Cut the projecting portion of the sheet in the middle. Look at the reflected ray. Make sure that the reflected ray extends to the projected portion of the paper. Bend that part of the projected portion on which the reflected ray falls.

Fig. 16.4: Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane

When the whole sheet of paper is spread on the table, it represents one plane. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the reflected ray are all in this plane. When you bend the paper you create a plane different from the plane in which the incident ray and the normal lie. Then you do not see the reflected ray. This indicates that the incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane. This is another law of reflection.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks in the following:
(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane
(b) If you touch your ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with
(c) The size of the pupil becomes when you see in dim light.
(d) Night birds have cones than rods in their eyes.
Answer:
(a) 2,
(b) left, left hand
(c) large
(d) lesser.

Choose the correct option in Questions 7 – 8:

Question 7.
Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
(a) Always
(b) Sometimes
(c) Under special conditions
(d) Never.
Answer:
(a) Always.

Question 8.
Image formed by a plane mirror is:
(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.
(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
Answer:
(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

Question 9.
Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.
Answer:
Kaleidoscope is an optical instrument used to see a number of beautiful patterns. It is made up of a circular cardboard tube or tube of a thick chart paper in which rectangular mirror strips are joined together to form a prism. At one end of the tube, touching these mirrors, a circular plane glass plate is fixed and several small pieces of coloured glass (broken pieces of coloured bangles) are placed upon it. This end is closed by ground glass plate. Allow enough space for the colour pieces to move around. Now the kaleidoscope is ready. When we peep through the hole, we will be able to see a variety of patterns in the tube.

Question 10.
Draw a labeled sketch of the human eye.
Answer:

Question 11.
Gurmit wanted to perform Activity 16.8 (of textbook) using a laser torch. Her teacher advised her not to do so. Can you explain the basis of the teacher’s advice?
Answer:
The Teacher advised her so because laser light is harmful for eyes and can cause some permanent damage to her eyes when throw directly in eyes.

Question 12.
Explain how you can take care of your eyes?
Answer:
It is necessary that we take proper care of our eyes. If there is any problem we should go to an eye specialist. Have a regular checkup. We must:

1. If advised, use suitable spectacles.
2. Too little or too much light is bad for the eyes. Insufficient light causes eyestrain and headaches. Too much light, like that of the sun, or powerful lamps, can injure retina, which is very delicate.
3. Never rub the eyes if any small particle or dust goes into the eyes. Wash the eyes with clean water. If condition does not improve, go to a doctor.
4. Wash the eyes frequently with clean water.
5. Always read at the normal distance for vision.
6. Do not look at the sun or a powerful light directly.

Question 13.
What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to the incident ray?
Answer:
We know that,

Thus, the angle of incidence is 45°.

Question 14.
How many images of a candle i will be formed if it is placed between two parallel plane mirrors separated by 40 cm?
Answer:
Infinite number of images of the candle will be formed, if it is placed between two parallel plane mirrors.

Question 15.
Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of 30° as shown in Fig. 16.6. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Answer:

Question 16.
Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Fig. 16.8. Can he see himself in the mirror? Also can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q and R?

Answer:
Boojho will not be able to see himself in the mirror. But he can see image of objects situated at P and Q.

Question 17.
(a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane mirror (Fig. 16.9).
(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?
(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?
(d) When Paheli moves from B to C

Answer:
(a) Fig. 16.7 (a)
(b) Yes
(c) Yes
(id) No change as position of A is not changing

MP Board Class 8th Science Light NCERT Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Make your own mirror. Take a glass strip or glass slab. Clean it and put it on a white sheet of paper. See yourself in the glass. Next put the glass slab on a black sheet of paper. Again look into the glass. In vehicle case you see yourself better and why?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Make friends with some visually impaired students. Enquire from them how they read and write. Also find out how they are able to recognise objects, hurdles and currency notes.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Meet an eye specialist. Get your eye sight checked and discuss how to take care of your eyes.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Survey your neighbourhood. Find out how many children below the age of 12 years use spectacles. Find out from their parents what, in their view, could be the reason for the weak eyesight of their children.
Answer:
Do yourself.

MP Board Class 8th Science Light NCERT Additional Important Questions

A. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the refraction of light?
Answer:
The deviation (bending) of a ray of light when it passes from one transparent Medium to another, is called refraction of light.

Question 2.
What happens when light passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium?
Answer:
The velocity of light changes and also the direction of movement of light changes.

Question 3.
What is refracted ray?
Answer:
The ray of light emerging in the

B. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 4.
Where should an object be placed for using a convex lens as magnifying glass?
Answer:
Object should be placed between focus and lens.

Question 5.
How does retina send sensations to brain?
Answer:
Retina sends sensations to brain through nerve cells.

Question 6.
What is a mirror? What kind of image is formed in a mirror?
Answer:
Any smooth and shining surface can act as a mirror. A mirror is a smooth surface which is polished from its back and can form the image of the object which is placed in front of it. The image formed by a mirror is a virtual and erect and is of the same size as that of the object in front of it.

Question 7.
What is dispersion of light?
Answer:
A beam of white light consists of seven colours. When a beam of white light passes through a prism, it splits into its seven constituent colours. The splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours is called dispersion of light. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon showing dispersion.

Question 8.
Write a short note on human eye.
Answer:
Our eyes are shaped like a ball. The eye lens in the front of the eye ball makes a real and inverted image of the objects on the retina, which is located behind it. The retina is a thin tissue that has many layers of cells. The most important layer of the retina consists of nerve cells that are sensitive to the brightness as well as to the colours of light. The nerve cells carry the message about the image from the retina to the brain in the form of special signals. The brain then interprets these signals and enables us to see the object we are looking at.

MP Board Class 8th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Science Solutions Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena

Select the correct option in questions 1. and 2.

Question 1.
Which of the following cannot be changed easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale
(b) A copper rod
(c) An inflated balloon
(d) A woolen cloth.
Answer:
(b) A copper rod

Question 2.
When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod
(a) And the cloth both acquire positive charge.
(b) Becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) And the cloth both acquire negative charge.
(d) Becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Answer:
(b) Becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.

Question 3.
Write ‘T against true and ‘F’ against False in the following statements:

1. Like charges attract each other.
2. A charged glass rod attract a charged plastic straw.
3. Lightning conductor cannot protect a building from lightning.
4. Earthquakes can be predicted in advance.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False.

Question 4.
Sometimes, a crackling sound is heard while taking off sweater during winters. Explain.
Answer:
This occurs due to electric discharge between sweater and body. Some energy is always released with electric discharge, which in this case is released in the form of a crackling sound.

Question 5.
Explain why a charged body loses its charge if we touch it with our hand.
Answer:
When we touch a charged body, it loses its charge due to the process of earthing. Our body is a good conductor of electricity and transfers the charges to the earth.

Question 6.
Name the scale on which the destructive energy of an earthquake is measured. An earthquake measures 3 on this scale. Would it be recorded by a seismograph? Is it likely to cause much damage?
Answer:
The destructive energy of an earthquake is measured on Richter Scale. The magnitude 3 on this scale can be recorded by a seismograph. Such an earthquake rarely causes damage.

Question 7.
Suggest three measures to protect ourselves from lightning.
Answer:
Three measures to protect from lightning:

1. Find a safe place like a house or a building. If travelling by a bus or by a car, stay inside with windows and doors of the vehicle shut.
2. If outside, take shelter under shorter trees. Stay away from tall trees and poles. Do not lie on the ground but sit placing your hands on your knees, with your head between the hands.
3. If inside, avoid bathing, unplugging electric appliances like TV, computer and switching off air conditioners.

Question 8.
Explain why a charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon whereas an uncharged balloon is attracted by another charged balloon?
Answer:
A charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon because both have the same charge. And we know similar charges repel each other. But a charged balloon attracts an uncharged balloon and lose its own charge to the other balloon.

Question 9.
Describe with the help of a diagram an instrument which can be used to detect a charged body.
Answer:
Electroscope is a device used to detect the presence of charge on an object or body. When the metal strips repel each other, that proves that the body is charged. As repulsion is the sure test to detect if a body carries charge or not.

Question 10.
List three states in India where earthquakes are more likely to strike.
Answer:
Kashmir, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Question 11.
Suppose you are outside your home and an earthquke strikes. What precautions would you take to protect yourself?
Answer:
If we are outside and an earthquake strikes, we should take the following precautions:

1. We should find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and overhead power lines.
2. If we are in a bus or a car, do not come out. Ask the driver to drive slowly to a clear spot.
3. Do not come out of bus or car till the tremors stop.

Question 12.
The weather department has predicted that a thunderstorm is likely to occur on a certain day. Suppose you have to go out on that day. Would you carry an umbrella? Explain.
Answer:
During thunderstorm, we should not carry an umbrella. An umbrella can become electrically charged due to lightning. It can be dangerous to life during thunderstorm. Therefore, carrying an umbrella is not proper during thunderstorm.

MP Board Class 8th Science Some Natural Phenomena NCERT Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Open a water tap. Adjust the flow so that if forms a thin stream. Charge a refill. Bring it near the water stream. Observe what happens. Write a short report on the activity.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Make your own charge detector. Take a paper strip roughly 10 cm x 3 cm. Give it a shape as shown in Fig 15.2. Balance it on a needle. Bring a charged body near it. Observe what happens. Write a brief report, explaining its working.

Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
This activity should be performed at night. Go to a room where there is a fluorescent tube light. Charge a balloon. Switch off the tube light so that the room is completely dark. Bring the charged balloon near the tube light. You should see a faint glow. Move the balloon along the length of the tube and observe how glow changes.
Caution: Do not touch the metal parts of the tube or the wires connecting the tube with the mains.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Find out if there is an organisation in your area which provides relief to those suffering from natural disaster. Enquire about the type of help they render to the victims of earthquakes. Prepare a brief report on the problems of the earthquake victims.
Answer:
Several NGOs extend help in time of natural disaster. These organisations provide relief to the victims with food packets, blankets, water bottles etc. They help government in their rehabilitation.

MP Board Class 8th Science Some Natural Phenomena NCERT Additional Important Questions

A. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any three natural phenomena.
Answer:
Earthquakes, cyclones and lightning.

Question 2.
What is static electricity?
Answer:
The electrical charge generated by rubbing is called static electricity because these charges do not move.

Question 3.
What happens when a charged eraser is brought close to charged balloon?
Answer:
They would attract each other because there is attraction between opposite charges.

Question 4.
What is earthing?
Answer:
The process of transfer of charges from a charged object to the earth is called earthing.

Question 5.
What is an earthquake?
Answer:
An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the earth which lasts for a very short time.

Question 6.
What happens when earthquake occurs?
Answer:
The earthquake causes immense damage to buildings, bridges, dams and people. There can be great loss of life and property. The earthquake can cause floods, landslides and tsunamis. Thousands of people may lose their lives.

B. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 7.
What did Ancient Greeks know about amber?
Answer:
Ancient Greeks knew as early as 600 BC that a resin names amber, when rubbed with fur, acquired some properties, which attracted objects with lightweight towards it. They knew that if amber is rubbed for longer period, it produced sparks as seen in sky during thunderstorm.

Question 8.
How does electrical discharge take place in clouds?
Answer:
During thunderstorms the negative charges get accumulated near the clouds and positive charges accumulate near the ground. When these negative and positive charges meet, electrical discharge takes place between clouds and grounds. It produces a huge amount of energy which is released in the form of lightning and thunder.

Question 9.
What precautions should we take to secure ourselves from lightning stroke during thunderstorm when we are in our homes?
Answer:
Following precautions should be taken while in house:

• We should not use wired phone.
• Electrical appliances should be plugged off.
• We should not bathe in running water.

Question 10.
How would you protect yourself when an earthquake strikes?
Answer:
In the event that an earthquake does strike, we can take the following steps to protect ourselves:

If we are at home:
Take shelter under a table and stay there till shaking stops.
Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you.
If we are in bed, do not get up. Protect our head with a pillow.

If we are outdoors:
Find a clear spot, away from buildings, trees and overhead power lines. Drop to the ground.
If we are in a car or a bus, do not come out. Ask the driver to drive slowly to a clear spot. Do not come out until the tremors stop.

MP Board Class 8th Science Solutions