MP Board Class 10th General Hindi व्याकरण विलोम या विपरीतार्थी शब्द
किसी शब्द का विपरीत या उल्टा अर्थ देने वाले शब्द विपरीतार्थी या विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।
यहाँ कुछ शब्दों के विलोम या विपरीतार्थी शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं-




MP Board Textbook Solutions for Class 6 to 12
किसी शब्द का विपरीत या उल्टा अर्थ देने वाले शब्द विपरीतार्थी या विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।
यहाँ कुछ शब्दों के विलोम या विपरीतार्थी शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं-




Question 1.
A square and a rectangular field with measurements as given in the figure have the same perimeter. Which field has a larger area?

Solution:
We have, a square of side 60 m
i. e., s = 60 m and a rectangle of length a = 80 m
Perimeter of square = 4 × s = 4 × 60m = 240 m
As given, the perimeter of square and rectangle are equal.
Let, b be the other side of a rectangle.
∴ 2 × a + 2 × b = 240 m
⇒ 2 × 80 + 2 × 6 = 240
⇒ 2 × b = 240 – 160 ⇒ 2 × b = 80 m
⇒ b = 40 m
Hence, area of a square = s2 = 60 m × 60 m
= 3600 sq. m
Area of rectangle = a × 6 = 80m × 40m
= 3200 sq. m .
Hence, area of a square is larger than that of the rectangle.
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Question 2.
Mrs. Kaushik has a square plot with the measurement as shown in figure. She wants to construct a house in the middle of the plot. A garden is developed around the house. Find the total cost of developing a garden around the house at the rate of ₹ 55 per m2.

Solution:
The dimensions of the plot and house are as shown
∴ The area of plot = 25 × 25 = 625 sq. m
and the area of house = 20 × 15 = 300 sq. m
We know, Area of plot = Area of house + Area of garden
∴ Area of garden = Area of plot – Area of house
= 625 – 300 = 325 sq. m
We also know,
Rate of developing 1 sq. m garden = 55
∴ Amount for developing 325 sq. m garden = 325 × 55= 17875.
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Question 3.
The shape of a garden is rectangular in the middle and semi circular at the ends as shown in the diagram. Find the area and the perimeter of this garden (Length of rectangle is 20 – (3.5 + 3.5) metres).

Solution:
1 Length of rectangle = 20 – radii of semicircles (20 – (3.5 + 3.5)) m = 13 m.
Hence area of garden = Area of rectangle + Area of 2 semi circles

Perimeter of garden = πr +2 × (l) + πr
= 2(l + πr)
=2(13 + π × 3.5)m = 48m.
Question 4.
A flooring tile has the shape of a parallelogram whose base is 24 cm and the corresponding height is 10 cm. How many such tiles are required to cover a floor of area 1080 m2?
(If required you can split the tiles in whatever way you want to fill up the corners).
Solution:
The base of tile (b) = 24 cm and height h = 10 cm
∴ Area of 1 tile = 24 × 10 sq. cm
= 240 sq. cm.

Thus, to cover an area of 1080 m2, we need number of tiles

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Question 5.
An ant is moving around a few food pieces of different shapes scattered on the floor. For which food-piece would the ant have to take a longer round? Remember, circumference of a circle can be obtained by using the expression c = 2πr, where r is the radius of the circle.

Solution:
The circumference of a circle is given by 2πr and perimeter of a semicircle is given by πr + 2r

Perimeter = πr + 2l
= [π × 1.4 + 2 × 2] cm = 8.4 cm
Hence, the ant has to take the longest round around the piece of figure (b).
Question 1.
Which of the following are in inverse proportion?
(i) The number of workers on a job and the time to complete the job.
(ii) The time taken for a journey and the distance travelled in a uniform speed.
(iii) Area of cultivated land and the crop harvested.
(iv) The time taken for a fixed journey and the speed of the vehicle.
(v) The population of a country and the area of land per person.
Solution:
(i) If the number of workers on a job increases (decreases), then the time to complete the job will decrease (increase).
∴ The given statement is in inverse proportion.
(ii) If the time taken for a journey increases (decreases), then the distance travelled in uniform speed will also increase (decrease).
∴The given statement is in direct proportion.
(iii) If the area of cultivated land increases (decreases), then the crop harvested will also increase (decrease).
∴ The given statement is in direct proportion.
(iv) For a fixed journey, if the speed of the vehicle increases (decreases), then the time taken for journey will decrease (increase).
∴ The given statement is in inverse proportion.
(v) If the population of a country increases, then the area of land per person will decrease. But if the population of a country decreases, then the area of land per person will increase.
∴ The given statement is in inverse proportion.
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Question 2.
In a Television game show, the prize money of ₹ 1,00,000 is to be divided equally amongst the winners. Complete the following table and find whether the prize money given to an individual winner is directly or inversely proportional to the number of winners?

Solution:
Since, we know that if the money is to be distributed in more and more people, then the amount of money given to an individual will decrease i.e., the given problem is in inverse proportion.

The amount of prize for each winner, when
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The amount of prize for each winner, when
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The amount of prize for each winner, when
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The amount of prize for each winner, when
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Question 3.
Rehman is making a wheel using spokes. He wants to fix equal spokes in such a way that the angles between any pair of consecutive spokes are equal. Help him by completing the following table.

(i) Are the number of spokes and the angles formed between the pairs of consecutive spokes in inverse proportion?
(ii) Calculate the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes.
(iii) How many spokes would be needed, if the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes is 40°?
Solution:
If the number of spokes increases, then the angle between them will decrease.
∴ The given problem is in inverse proportion. Then angle between a pair of consecutive spokes,

(i) Yes, they are in inverse proportion.
(ii) The angle between a pair of consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes \(=\frac{4 \times 90^{\circ}}{15}=24^{\circ}\)
(iii) Number of spokes, if the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes is 40°
\(=\frac{4 \times 90^{\circ}}{40^{\circ}}=9\)
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Question 4.
If a box of sweets is divided among 24 children, they will get 5 sweets each. How many would each get, if the number of the children is reduced by 4?
Solution:
Let the number of sweets, each child would get be x.
According to question,

Therefore, each child would get 6 sweets.
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Question 5.
A farmer has enough food to feed 20 animals in his cattle for 6 days. How long would the food last if there were 10 more animals in his cattle?
Solution:
Let the food would last for x days.
According to question,

Since, the given problem is in inverse proportion.
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Therefore, the required number of days is 4.
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Question 6.
A contractor estimates that 3 persons could rewire Jasminder’s house in 4 days. If he uses 4 persons instead of three, how long should they take to complete the job?
Solution:
Let the number of days = x
According to question,

Therefore, 4 persons will take 3 days to complete the job.
Question 7.
A batch of bottles were packed in 25 boxes with 12 bottles in each box. If the same batch is packed using 20 bottles in each box, how many boxes would be filled?
Solution:
Let the number of boxes to be filled = x
According to question,

Therefore, the required number of boxes to be filled would be 15.
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Question 8.
A factory requires 42 machines to produce a given number of articles in 63 days. How many machines would be required to produce the same number of articles in 54 days?
Solution:
Let the number of machines required to produce the articles in 54 days = x
According to question,

If number of days are decreasing, number of machines must be increasing.
∴ The given problem is in inverse proportion.
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Therefore, the number of machines required to produce the same number of articles in 54 days = 49
Question 9.
A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination by travelling at the speed of 60 km/h. How long will it take when the car travels at the speed of 80 km/h?
Solution:
Let the time taken by car at the speed of 80 km/h = x hours
According to question,

If the speed of a car increases, then the time taken by the car will decrease.
∴ The given problem is in inverse proportion.

Therefore, time taken by car is 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) hours.
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Question 10.
Two persons could fit new windows in a house in 3 days.
(i) One of the persons fell ill before the work started. How long would the job take now?
(ii) How many persons would be needed to fit the window in one day?
Solution:
(i) Suppose 1 person finishes the work in x days.
According to question,

If the number of workers/persons will decrease, then present workers/persons will take more time to finish the job.
∴ The given problem is in inverse proportion.
∴ 2 × 3 = 1 × x ⇒ x = 6
Therefore, one person will take 6 days to finish the job.
(ii) Let the number of persons required to fit the window in one day = x
According to question,

Therefore, 6 persons are needed to finish the work in one day.
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Question 11.
A school has 8 periods a day each of 45 minutes duration. How long would each period be, if the school has 9 periods a day, assuming the number of school hours to be the same?
Solution:
Let the duration of each period be x minutes.
According to question,

If the number of periods increases, then the time duration of each period will decrease.
∴ The problem is in inverse proportion.
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Therefore, each period would be 40 minutes long.
अनेकार्थक या अनेकार्थी शब्द वे शब्द कहलाते हैं, जिनके अर्थ एक से अधिक होते हैं। जैसे – ‘कल’। ‘कल’ शब्द का अर्थ ‘शोर’ भी है, ‘मशीन’ भी है, ‘शांति’ भी है और ‘आने वाला अथवा बीता हुआ दिवस’ भी है। इस प्रकार के कई शब्द एक भाषा में रहते हैं। इनसे परिचित होना अत्यंत आवश्यक है।
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नीचे कुछ शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं–
एक अर्थ प्रकट करने के लिए प्रत्येक भाषा में कई शब्द होते हैं। ऐसे शब्द समानार्थी या पर्यायवाची शब्द कहलाते हैं। वास्तव में तो एक–एक शब्द के सभी पर्यायवाची शब्दों का अर्थ एक समान नहीं होता, उनमें सूक्ष्म अंतर होता है। हवा, प्रभंजन, समीर, झंझा पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं।
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नीचे कुछ पर्यायवाची शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं–
Question 1.
Following are the car parking charges near a railway station upto
4 hours ₹ 60
8 hours ₹ 100
12 hours ₹ 140
24 hours ₹ 180
Check if the parking charges are in direct proportion to the parking time.
Solution:

∴ The parking timing is not in direct proportion with parking charges.
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Question 2.
A mixture of paint is prepared by mixing 1 part of red pigments with 8 parts of base. In the following table, find the parts of base that need to be added.

Solution:

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Question 3.
In Question 2 above, if 1 part of a red pigment requires 75 mL of base, how much red pigment should we mix with 1800 mL of base?
Solution:
Let x part of red pigment is mixed with 1800 mL of base.

Question 4.
A machine in a soft drink factory fills 840 bottles in six hours. How many bottles will it fill in five hours?
Solution:
Let the number of bottles which will be filled in five hours be x

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Question 5.
A photograph of a bacteria enlarged 50,000 times attains a length of 5 cm as shown in diagram. What is the actual length of the bacteria? If the photograph is enlarged 20,000 times only, what would be its enlarged length?

Solution:
Let the enlarged length of bacteria be x cm.
∵ 50,000 times enlarged bacteria attains a length of 5 cm.

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Question 6.
In a model of a ship, the mast is 9 cm high, while the mast of the actual ship is 12 m high. If the length of the ship is 28 m, how long is the model ship?
Solution:
Let x m be the length of the model ship when the height of the mast is 9 cm.
Now, according to question,

Thus, length of the model ship = 0.21 m
= 21 cm
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Question 7.
Suppose 2 kg of sugar contains 9 × 106 crystals. How many sugar crystals are there in
(i) 5 kg of sugar ?
(ii) 1.2 kg of sugar ?
Solution:
Let the crystals contained by 5 kg and 1.2 kg of sugar be x and y respectively.

Thus, 5 kg and 1.2 kg of sugar contains 2.25 × 107 and 5.4 × 106 crystals respectively.
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Question 8.
Rashmi has a road map with a scale of 1 cm representing 18 km. She drives on a road for 72 km. What would be her distance covered in the map?
Solution:
Let the distance covered in the map be x cm.

Thus, the distance covered by her in the map is 4 cm.
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Question 9.
A 5 m 60 cm high vertical pole casts a shadow 3 m 20 cm long. Find at the same time
(i) the length of the shadow cast by another pole 10 m 50 cm high
(ii) the height of a pole which casts a shadow 5 m long.
Solution:
Let x be the length of shadow cast by the pole of a height 10 m 50 cm and y be the height of the vertical pole which cast a shadow 5 m long.


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Question 10.
A loaded truck travels 14 km in 25 minutes. If the speed remains the same, how far can it travel in 5 hours?
Solution:
Let the distance travelled by truck in 5 hours be x km

∴ Distance travelled by the truck in 5 hours is 168 km.
प्रश्न 1.
शब्द की परिभाषा दें।
उत्तर-
शब्द की परिभाषा-निश्चित अर्थ को प्रकट करने वाले वर्ण-समूह को शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे-घर, रोटी, अर्थ, विचार, शब्द आदि।
प्रश्न 2.
शब्द के कितने रूप हैं? उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तरउत्पत्ति के आधार पर हिंदी में शब्द के चार भेद हैं
1. तत्सम-संस्कृत भाषा के ऐसे शब्द, जो हिंदी में भी अपने मूल रूप में प्रचलित हैं, तत्सम कहलाते हैं। जैसे-वायु, नारी, सत्य, छात्र, समुद्र आदि।
2. तद्भव-जो शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के शब्दों से बिगड़ कर हिंदी में प्रचलित हैं, तद्भव कहलाते हैं। जैसे-सपना (स्वप्न), दूध (दुग्ध)।
3. देशज-जो शब्द स्थानीय पदार्थ के रूप में, कार्य के रूप में अथवा ध्वनि के अनुसार प्रसिद्ध और प्रचलित हैं, देशज कहलाते हैं। ये शब्द देश की विभिन्न बोलियों से लिये गए हैं। जैसे–पेट, खिड़की, थूक, चीनी।
4. विदेशी-वे शब्द, जो अंग्रेज़ी, अरबी, फारसी, तुर्की, पुर्तगाली, फ्रांसीसी आदि विदेशी भाषाओं से हिंदी में आए हैं, विदेशी कहलाते हैं। जैसे-स्कूल, बटन, आलू, गरीब, किताब, लाश।
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प्रश्न 3.
तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्द रूपों के अन्तर उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द-
तत्सम शब्द-
हिंदी में संस्कृत के कुछ शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों (यथावत्) ले लिया है। ऐसे शब्द तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
तद्भव शब्द-
संस्कृत के कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं, जिनका रूप परिवर्तन करके हिंदी में अपनाया गया है। ऐसे शब्दों को तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं। यहाँ कुछ तद्भव शब्द और उनके तत्सम रूप दिए जा रहे हैं
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प्रश्न 4.
हिन्दी में प्रयुक्त होने वाले कुछ विदेशी शब्दों के उदाहरण दें?
उत्तर-
अंग्रेजी-स्टेशन, राशन, सिनेमा, टेलीविजन, टिकट, फीस, रेडियो, डॉक्टर, बैंक आदि।
अरबी-मौलवी, अदालत, अमीर, मालिक, दुनिया, फकीर, तारीख, किताब, कसर आदि।
फारसी-जिंदगी, बाग, चश्मा, खरगोश, चाकू, कारखाना, रूमाल, शिकायत, जल्दी, खरीद, तमाम, ज़मीन, फौज़, काग़ज़, हज़ार, दुकान, बादाम आदि।
पुर्तगाली-प्याला, आलू, साबुन, नीलाम, पिस्तौल, आदि।
ग्रीक-सुरंग, दाम आदि।
तुर्की-दारोगा, तमगा, काबू, लाश, कालीन, तोप आदि।
फ्रांसीसी-कूपन, अंगरेज़, कारतूस आदि।
प्रश्न 1.
सिद्ध कीजिए :
2 cos \(\frac{\pi}{13}\) cos\(\frac{9 \pi}{13}\) + cos\(\frac{3 \pi}{13}\) + cos\(\frac{5 \pi}{13}\) = 0.
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष =
2 cos \(\frac{\pi}{13}\) cos\(\frac{9 \pi}{13}\) + cos\(\frac{3 \pi}{13}\) + cos\(\frac{5 \pi}{13}\)

प्रश्न 2.
सिद्ध कीजिए : (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x – cos x) cos x = 0.
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष = (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x – cos x) cosx
= sin 3x sin x + sin2x + cos 3x cos x – cos2x
= (cos 3x cos x + sin 3x sin x) – (cos2 x – sin2x)
= cos 2x – cos 2x
= 0 [∵ cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]
= दायाँ पक्ष।
प्रश्न 3.
सिद्ध कीजिए : (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 cos2\(\frac{x+y}{2}\).
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष = (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2

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प्रश्न 4.
सिद्ध कीजिए : (cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 sin\(\frac{x-y}{2}\).
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष = (cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2

प्रश्न 5.
सिद्ध कीजिए : sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x = 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x.
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
= (sin 7x + sin x) + (sin 5x + sin 3x)


= 4 sin 4x cos 2x cos x
= 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x
= दायाँ पक्ष।
प्रश्न 6.
सिद्ध कीजिए :

हल:

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प्रश्न 7.
सिद्ध कीजिए : sin 3x + sin 2x – sin x = 4 sin cos \(\frac{x}{2}\) cos \(\frac{3x}{2}\)
हल:
बायाँ पक्ष = sin 3x + (sin 2x – sin x)

निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक प्रश्न में sin \(\frac{x}{2}\), cos \(\frac{x}{2}\), और tan \(\frac{x}{2}\), ज्ञात कीजिए।
प्रश्न 8.
tan x = –\(\frac{4}{3}\), x द्वितीय चतुर्थाश में हैं।
हल:
∵ x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है, ∴ \(\frac{x}{2}\) पहले चतुर्थांश में है इसलिए sin \(\frac{x}{2}\), cos \(\frac{x}{2}\), और tan \(\frac{x}{2}\), धनात्मक होंगे।



प्रश्न 9.
cos x = \(-\frac{1}{3}\), x तीसरे चतुर्थांश में है।
हल:
x, तीसरे चतुर्थांश में है।
अर्थात 180° < x < 270°
90° < \(\frac{x}{2}\) < 135
⇒ \(\frac{x}{2}\) दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है।


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प्रश्न 10.
sin x = \(\frac{1}{4}\) द्वितीय चतुर्थाश में है।
हल:
x, दूसरे चतुर्थांश में है।
⇒ 90° < \(\frac{x}{2}\) < 180°
2 से भाग देने पर 45° < \(\frac{x}{2}\) < 90°
⇒ \(\frac{x}{2}\) पहले चतुर्थाश में है


प्रश्न 1.
प्रत्यय किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर-
मूल शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाए जाते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में जो शब्दांश शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नये-नये शब्दों का निर्माण करते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं।
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प्रश्न 2.
प्रत्यय कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? उत्तर-प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं-कृत और तद्धित।
प्रश्न 3.
कृत प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ:
उत्तर-
कृत प्रत्यय-क्रिया शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जोड़े जाते हैं, वे कृत प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं,
जैसे-
पढ़ना + ई = पढ़ाई ; लिखना + ई = लिखाई।
क्रिया में प्रत्यय जोड़कर संज्ञाएँ भी बनाई जाती हैं और विशेषण भी। संज्ञा बनाने वाले हिंदी के प्रमुख कृत् प्रत्यय निम्नलिखित हैं-

विशेषण बनाने वाले प्रत्यय


प्रश्न 4.
तद्धित प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
तद्धित प्रत्यय-जो प्रत्यय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण के साथ जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाते हैं, उन्हें तद्धित प्रत्यय कहते हैं।
संज्ञा बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

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विशेषण बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों में से पाँच अन्य त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों का मान ज्ञात कीजिए:
प्रश्न 1.
cos x = \(-\frac{1}{2}\), x तीसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
हल:
∆OAB में,


प्रश्न 2.
sin x = \(\frac{3}{5}\), x दूसरे चतुर्थाश में स्थित है।
हल:


प्रश्न 3.
cot x = \(\frac{3}{4}\), x तृतीय चतुर्थाश में स्थित है।
हल:
cot x = \(\frac{3}{4}\)
यहाँ OA = 3 इकाई
∴ AB = 4 इकाई


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प्रश्न 4.
sec x = \(\frac{13}{5}\), चतुर्थ चतुर्थाश में स्थित है।
हल:

यहाँ OB = 13 इकाई
∴ OA = 5 इकाई

प्रश्न 5.
tan x = \(-\frac{5}{12}\), x दूसरे चतुर्थांश में स्थित है।
हल:
tan x = \(-\frac{5}{12}\)
∆OAB में, tan x = \(\frac{A B}{O A}\)

यहाँ AB = 5 इकाई
∴ OA = 12 इकाई
∴ OB = \(\) = 13
OA = -12 (∵ OX’ दिशा में है)
AB = 5 (∵ OY’ दिशा में है)
OB = 13

प्रश्न संख्या 6 से 10 तक के मान ज्ञात कीजिए :
प्रश्न 6.
sin 765°.
हल:
sin 765° = sin (2 × 360 + 45°)
= sin 45 [∵ – sin (360 + θ) = sin θ]
= \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\).
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प्रश्न 7.
cosec (-1410)°.
हल:
cosec (-1410) = -cosec 1410 [∵ cosec (-θ) = – cosec θ]
= – cosec (4 × 360 – 30)
= – cosec (-30)° [∵ cosec (360 + θ) = cosec θ]
= cosec 30° [∵ cosec (-θ) = cosec θ]
= 2. [∵ sin 30° = \(\frac{1}{2}\)]
प्रश्न 8.
tan \(\frac{19 \pi}{3}\)
हल:
tan \(\frac{19 \pi}{3}\) = tan \(\left(6 \pi+\frac{\pi}{3}\right)\)
= tan \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) [∵ tan (6π + θ) = tan θ]
= tan 60 = \( \sqrt{{3}} \). [∵ tan (π – θ)= – tan θ]
प्रश्न 9.
sin \(\left(\frac{-11 \pi}{3}\right)\).
हल:
\(\sin \left(\frac{-11 \pi}{3}\right)=-\sin \frac{11 \pi}{3}\) [∵ sin (-θ) = – sin θ]

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प्रश्न 10.
cot \(\left(\frac{-15 \pi}{4}\right)\)
हल:
