Class 10

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Workbook Chapter 18 The Bridge Builder Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Workbook Solutions Chapter 18 The Bridge Builder

The Bridge Builder Vocabulary

I. Use the following words in your sentences, vast, deep, wide, broad, big, tall
Answer:

• Vast : Desert is a vast stretch of sand.
• Deep : The well is deep.
• Wide : The road is wide.
• Broad : He has a broad mind.
• Big : The shirt isn’t big enough.
• Tall : The building is tall.

II. Use approriate adjectives before the words, ‘man’, ‘tide’, ‘stream’, ‘head’, ‘friend’.
Answer:
kind – man
high – tide
pure – stream
considerate – head
loyal – friend.

Listening Skill

See Workbook pages 149-150

A. On the basis of your listening to the above poem complete the following sentences:
(a) According to the poet, it is easy to live in this world if
(b) We should try to wipe by helping them.
(c) As a messenger of God we can
Answer:
a. you learn to smile
b. tears
c. bring joy and reduce the sufferings of this world.

B. Pick out two pairs of rhyming words.
Answer:

• live-give
• shed-fed.

C. Pick out the words which mean.
(a) extreme suffering of mind and body.
(b) sorrowful
Answer:
(a) agony
(b) woeful.

Speaking Skill

Let the class be divided into seven groups. Each group should note down a line of the poem given below.

See Workbook pages 150-151

Now ask each other the questions based on the poem.

Question 1.
How do the clouds look?
Answer:
The clouds look black.

Question 2.
What do the spaniels’ do?
Answer:
They sleep.

Question 3.
Who peeps from the cobwebs?
Answer:
The spiders peep from the cobwebs.

Question 4.
Who went pale to bed last night?
Answer:
The sun went pale to bed last night.

Question 5.
Where did the moon hide her head?
Answer:
The moon hid her head in halos.

Question 6.
Why does shepherd heave a sigh?
Answer:
Because it sees a rainbow spans the sky.

Reading Skill

Read the poem.

See Workbook pages 151-152

A. Now answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How are good people and bad people mixed up according to the poet?
Answer:
The poet mixed the good people and bad people by saying that the good are half bad while bad are half good.

Question 2.
Why does a happy man not feel fully happy?
Answer:
The swift flying years bring tears to everyone. So a happy man does not feel fully happy.

Question 3.
How shall we count the wealth of a rich man?
Answer:
We shall count the wealth of a rich man by knowing the state of his conscience and health.

Question 4.
According to the poet what are the two classes in which all persons are divided?
Answer:
The two classes of people are the people who lift and the people who lean.

Question 5.
Comment on the central idea of the poem- “Lifting and Leaning”.
Answer:
Lifting and leaning signify that one flies high while the other follows him.

B. Use the following words both as nouns and as verbs in sentences of your own.
Answer:
Lift—The boy lifted (v) the box in the lift (n).
drove—He drove the cattle (v). This drove (n) was aimless
lean—I lean down to pick it up (v). He is a lean man(n).
stain—His shirt was stained with mud (v). The stain on his shirt was very deep (n).
wish—I wish him a good morning (v). His wishes are great for me (n)

Writing Skill

Question 1.
Give an account of the ‘importance of obedience and discipline in a students’s life. (50 words)
Answer:
Obedience is a great virtue in a student’s life. It teaches one to manage life. It promotes one to learn from the seniors and use their experience for making one’s life great. If one follows the words of old generation, one can do a lot better. It brings all round development to a student.

Question 2.
‘A true leader is one who leaves his footprints behind to be followed by others.’ What footprints would you like to leave for those who come after you? Write. (150 words)
Answer:
It is a fact that we learn a lot from the life of our predecessors. The great men who had lived their life have gained a lot of experience. They had been tested by time. Hence if we follow their footprints we can learn a lot. For example, see the life of Swami Vivekananda. How great he was! What a tremendous confidence he had! His life is still a glow of Indian culture. I too wish to do some great works and leave behind me my footprints that can guide the coming generations. I shall establish myself as a real human being.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Chapter 19 If I Were You Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Solutions Chapter 19 If I Were You

If I Were You Textbook Exercises

If I Were You Vocabulary

I. Make sentences with each of the following so as to bring out its meaning.
interior, crawl, to get away with, let you down,clear off, intruder.
Answer:

• Interior—My house is located in the interior of the city.
• Crawl—The baby has started craivling.
• To get away with—The woman got away with my purse.
• Let you down—I am telling you the fact. I am not trying to let you down at all.
• Clear off—I have cleared off the bank-loan.
• Intruder—The intruders should be dealt with an iron hand.

II. Use the following expressions in a conversation.
well, thanks a lot, of course, by the way, O.K., come on, listen.
Answer:
Raju—I will take you in my car to Agra.
Mudit—Well. How long will you stay there?
Raju—For three days.
Mudit—Thanks a lot. Of course, I can spare three days’ time.
Raju—By the way, have you sought your parents’ permission?
Mudit—No, I have not informed them yet.
Raju—Then go and inform them.
Mudit—O.K. I shall do it.
Raju—Come on. Let’us discuss the programme.
Mudit—I am listening to you attentively.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in about 25 words.

Question 1.
What did Gerrard tell the Intruder about his life? (M.P. Board 2012)
Answer:
Gerrard told the Intruder that he lived alone in the lonely cottage (in Essex). Few people know about him and visited him. He is a mystery man like the Intruder. He had killed somebody and the police was after him.

Question 2.
Who were the people that used to visit Gerrard?
Answer:
Very few people took the trouble to visit Gerrard. The baker, the vegetable vendor and the milkman only used to visit Gerrard.

Question 3.
Why did the Intruder go into Gerrard’s house? (M.P. Board 2017)
Answer:
The intruder had killed a cop. The police was chasing him. One day he saw Gerrard. He looked like the Intruder and lived un-known in a lonely cottage. The Intruder went into Gerrard’s house to kill him and live as Gerrard to avoid being arrested.

Question 4.
Why was the Intruder dodging the police?
Answer:
The intruder was a professional jewellery robber. He had already killed a policeman. The police was chasing him. Therefore, he was dodging the police to avoid being hanged.

Question 5.
Why did the Intruder want to kill Gerrard and take on his identity?
Answer:
The intruder had killed a cop. The police was chasing him. One day, he saw Gerrard. Gerrard looked exactly like him. The Intruder desired to protect himself from the police. Therefore, he wanted to kill Gerrard and take on his identity.

Question 6.
Why did the Intruder call Gerrard ‘a mystery man’?
Answer:
The Intruder had a revolver in his hand. He ordered Gerrard to sit down on the chair. He told him that his gun was no toy. It could hurt Gerrard without killing him. His words could not unnerve Gerrard. He answered his questions humorously. He never met trades people. He learnt that Gerrard’s movements were sudden. Therefore, the Intruder called Gerrard a mystery man.

Question 7.
On what ground did the Intruder say that hearing about Gerrard was one of his luckiest breaks?
Answer:
The intruder had learnt that Gerrard had a car. He did not have many visitors. He planned his orders. He moved in and out of the cottage suddenly. He closely resembled the Intruder. The Intruder was in search of such a person. Therefore, he said that hearing about Gerrard was one of his luckiest breaks.

Question 8.
What did Gerrard’s bag contain?
Answer:
Gerrard was a playwright. He had to send the props for rehearsal. He was held up because he had to tackle with the Intruder. His bag contained disguise outfit, false moustaches and other theater requirements.

Question 9.
What was Gerrard’s profession?
Answer:
Gerrard was a playwright by profession. He had to go from place to place. People in general were not aware of his profession.

B. Answer the following questions in about 50 words.

Question 1.
What story did Gerrard knit to trap the Intruder?
Answer:
Gerrard was a young stage artist. One day he was packing his travelling bag. Just then an Intruder entered his cottage. He had a revolver in his hand. His plan was to kill Gerrard and assume his identity. His trick was to elude the police and save himself from being hanged. Gerrard played a trick to save himself and trap the Intruder. He told the Intruder that he had also killed a man. The police might come anytime to arfest him. Therefore, he had posted a man on the main road to forewarn him. Gerrard knit this story to trap the Intruder.

Question 2.
How did Gerrard finally confine the Intruder into the cupboard? (M.P. Board 2011)
Answer:
The telephone bell rang. Gerrard told the Intruder about the forewarning of the police heading towards the cottage. Gerrard opened the door and asked the Intruder to see for the police on the road himself. The Intruder was taken in. He leant forward to see out. Gerrard pushed him into the cupboard and slammed the door and locked it. He picked up the Intruder’s revolver and kept it pointed at the cupboard door.

Question 3.
‘One who is intelligent is powerful.’ How did Gerrard prove that as he defeated the Intruder by his intelligence?
Answer:
The Intruder asked Gerrard many questions. Gerrard answered them humorously in a round about way and confidently. It made the Intruder call him a mystery man. The word ‘mystery man’ gave Gerrard an idea how to befool the Intruder. He was a stage actor and a playwright. He used his intelligence to outsmart the Intruder. He fabricated a story that he had also killed a person. Very cleverly he made the Intruder lean forward to see the approaching police. He pushed him into the cupboard by virtue of his intelligence and defeated his intentions.

If I Were You Grammar

A. Study the following sentences in a paragraph.

He puts down the ‘phone and goes to the divan on the left where there is a travelling bag, and strarts packing. Whilst he is thus engaged, another man, similar in build to Gerrard, enters from the right silently … revolver in hand. He is flashily dressed in an over coat and a soft hat. He bumps accidently against the table, and at the sound Gerrard turns quickly.

The underlined words in the above sentences are prepositions. The preposition is a word or group of words often placed before a Noun or Pronoun to indicate place, direction, source, method etc.

Read the following paragraph and make a list of prepositions occurred.

Gerrard: Oh, don’t be a fool. Look for yourself. (Gerrard opens the door and steps away. Intruder leans forward to. inspect it, with his sit towards Gerrard, but with his revolver ready. As he turns his head Gerrard gives him a push into the cupboard, knocking the revolver out of his hand. He slams the door and looks for it, picks up the revolver and goes to the phone where he stands with the gun pointed at the cupboard door. Intruder rattles door and shouts, ‘Let me out of here!’)
Answer:
List of prepositions occurred in the above para.
for, away, forward, to, with, into, out of, for, up, to, with, at, of.

B. Study the following sentences.
Intruder—Keep it to yourself and just answer my questions. You live here alone? Well, do you?
Gerrard—I’m so sorry, I thought you were telling me. not asking me. A question of inflexion, your voice is unfamiliar.
The underlined words in the above sentences are used as Pro-nouns in their different forms.
Pronouns are used to replace a noun already referred to, that is, we use them instead of repeating the noun.

Personal Pronouns
(Summary of forms)

Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun	Reflexive/ Emphatic
I	me	my	mine	myself
we	us	our	ours	ourselves
you	you	your	yours	yourselfves
he	him	his	his	himself
she	her	her	hers	herself
it	it	its	its	itself
they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Underline the pronouns in the following sentences and name their forms.

Question 1.
Why add murder to your other crimes? It’s a grave step you’re taking.
Answer:
Your ………… possessive adjective
You …………. subjective pronoun

Question 2.
I’ve got freedom to gain. As myself I’m a poor hunted rat.
Answer:
I ………… Subjective Pronoun
Myself …………. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun
I ……….. Subjective Pronoun

Question 3.
Yours will fit me fine.
Answer:
Yours …………… Possessive Pronoun
me ………… Objective Pronoun

Question 4.
It’s a bag all right.
Answer:
It ………… Subjective Pronoun

Question 5.
Now do you believe me?
Answer:
You ……….. Subjective Pronoun
me……………. Objective Pronoun

Speaking Skill

Question 1.
Each of the character in the play has special style of speaking. For example Gerrards voice is polite (cultured). Intruder also speaks politely (but tauntingly). Gerrard uses different kinds of words like ‘Nonchalant’. Make a list of such words use by Gerrard and tell in the class.
Answer:
Polite (cultured) words used by Gerrard—Pleasantly, non- chalant, sympathetic audience, unfamiliar, Mr. clever imitation, assist, charming, interesting, trouble, modest, embrace, a trifle, grave step, gratuitous double, luckier, decorative, very good reason, apparently.

II. Listen to these children. What are they talking about?

• Would you like tea or coffee?
• I’d prefer coffee, thank you.
• I don’t like coffee I’d prefer tea.

Work in pairs. One of you is an agent and the other is a client looking for accommodation in a hotel. Talk to each other, use the clues given below:

Agent	Client
1. What sort of accommodation would you prefer?	1. I’d prefer a (a)………..
2. Would you like your own room or would you like to share a room?	2. I’d like (b)………..
3. Would you like a roomwith a television?	3. I don’t think I’d like (c)………..
4. Do you need to hire a car?	4. Yes, I do want (d)………..
5. What sort of location are you interested in?	5. No thanks, I don’t need (e)
	6. No I’d prefer (f)………..
	7. I’d like to stay in (g)…………
	8. Yes, I must have (h)………..

Answer:
(a) I would prefer a furnished accommodation.
(b) I would like you to book the last room for me.
(c) I don’t think, I would like to share my room with anyone.
(d) Yes, I do want a room with a television.
(e) No, thanks, I don’t need a guide.
(f) No, I would prefer to go by a three-wheeler.
(g) I would like to stay in an independent room.
(h) Yes, I must have my supper.

Writing Skill

Question 1.
‘Life happens to those who live dangerously’. Write an act of bravery performed by someone when his life was under threat. (50 words)
Answer:
Merely earning bread and butter is not life. Life means ad-venture because they never die who die for a great cause. Death may come any time to the person who lives dangeroulsy. Once a street Romeo threatened to kill me because I had objected to his evil pursuits. He used to molest the girls in the street. I approached the police station for help. They gave me hollow assurance of help. Then I called the meeting of the welfare society and brought the goon s threat to their notice. They gave me moral support and caught the goon red-handed while robbing an old woman. They gave him a severe beating and handed him over to the police.

Question 2.
Sometimes an actor has to act in a real life situation. Why? Write your answer in the light of the play. (150 words)
Answer:
Horace Danby was a gpod-natured man. He was fairly suc-cessful in his profession of lock-making. He was considered a good and respectable citizen. However, he was not completely honest. He was very fond of rare and expensive books. He started committing thefts with a view to meeting his expenses for books. He stole only from those who had a lot of money. He never thought of hurting anybody. One day he was ready to break open the safe. Just then, a woman dressed in red appeared at the door.

She posed herself as the mistress of the household. She threatened to get him arrested. Danby was afraid of the police. He requested her to let him go. She agreed on the condition that he opened her safe. The foolish fellow did the same. The lady, who herself was a thief, slipped away with the jewellery. Later, Danby was arrested. This story resembles the story of Gerrard and the intruder. The lady told a false story to Horace as Gerrard cooked up a false story. This is the story of an actor who acted in a real-life situation.

Think It Over

Question 1.
Give a man a fine reputation to live upto and he will be at his best.
Answer:
Think and apply the principle when you must deal with an unfriendly man. Treat him as if he were an honourable gentleman. Take it granted that he will answer to it and be proud that someone trust him.

Question 2.
Write your experience after the encounter.
Answer:
Once a young man hired a room in our street. He was known as a quarrelsome man. One day, all of our neighbours invited him to Holi celebration. We honoured him and called him a fine and strong young man. We called him as an asset to our street. All of us elected him the Secretary of the Welfare Association. It brought about a magical change in his nature and conduct. Though he was unfriendly ‘in the beginning yet he has become a refined man now. He is respectful to all the elderly people and courteous to his age- mates. He really became an honourable gentleman. He is proud of us and we are proud of him.

Question 3.
A small encouragement has more corrective power than that of all the rebuke in the world. Think and write your experience.
Answer:
My younger brother failed miserably in English and Science. He was full of despair. My parents rebuked him in very severe words. They called him an ass, a duffer and an idiot. It had no effect on him. He was not reformed. The next time he failed again in the same subjects. I asked my parents to handle him psychologically. They patted him and asked him not to lose courage. They asked him to engage a tutor and to read a little more. These words of small encouragement did wonders. He stood first in the next examination. It proved that a small encouragement has more corrective power than all the rebukes in the world.

Things To Do

Stage this play on the annual day of your school taking help of your classmates under the direction of your teacher.
Answer:
For self-attempt.

If I Were You Additional Important Questions

A. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
(He puts dozen the phone and goes to the divan on the left where there is a travelling bag, and starts packing. Whilst he is thus engaged, another man, similar in build to Gerrard, enters from the right silently revolver in hand. He is flashily dressed in an overcoat and a soft hat. He humps accidentally against the table, and at the sound Gerrard turns quickly.) (Page 155)

Questions:
(a) What does he start down after putting down the phone?
(b) Who enters Gerrard’s cottage?
(c) What does the Intruder have in his hand?
(d) Find a word from the above passage which means ‘gaudily’.
Answers:
(a) He goes to the divan and starts packing a travelling bag.
(b) An Intruder, similar to Gerrard in identity, enters Gerrard’s cottage.
(c) The Intruder has a revolver in his hand.
(d) ‘Flashily.

Question 2.
I’m O.K. I’ve got a reason for everything. I’m going to be Vincent Charles Gerrard, see. I’ve got to know what he talks like. Noio I know. That posh stuff comes easy. This is Mr. V.C. Gerrard speaking, (pantomine of ‘phoning, in imitation cultured voice) And that’s not all. (He stands up.) Get up a minute. (Gerrard stands.) Now take a look at me.
(Page 158)

Questions:
(a) Why is he going to be Vincent Charles Gerrard?
(b) What has he got to know?
(c) What does he ask Gerrard to do?
(d) Find a word from the passage which means ‘facial expression to convey meaning’.
Answers:
(a) He is going to be Vincent Charles Gerrard so that he can ecape police & punichment for murdering the police officer and live life freely.
(b) He has got to know what V.C. Gerrard talks like him.
(c) He asks Gerrard to get up(stand) a minute.
(d) ‘Pantomime’.

I. Match the following:
1. Gerrard is of – (a) is cultured
2. Gerrard is wearing – (b) flashily dressed in an overcoat and soft hat
3. Horrace’s voice – (c) medium height
4. The intruder is – (d) seats himself on the divan by the bag
5. The intruder – (e) horn-rimmed glasses
Answer:
1. (c), 2. (e), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (d).

II. Pick up the correct choice:

(i) ‘If I were you’ is:
A. a voluminous drama
B. the autobiography of a playwright
C. a piece of fiction
D. a one-act-play.
Ans.
D. a one act play

(ii) A. This is all very ………. (dramatic/melodramatic).
B. I shall make you ……………. (somersault/roll/crawl).
C. You are not ………….. (confronting/dealing) with a fool.
D. I can………… (rest/retire) here nicely for a little while.
Answer:
A. dramatic
B. crawl
C. dealing
D. rest.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’:
1. The hero of the play If I Were You’ is a murderer.
2. People in general are not aware of Gerrard’s profession.
3. The intruder was being pursued by the police for jewel robbery.
4. The Intruder kills Gerrard and assumes his identity.
5. Gerrard foils the Intruder’s plan and manages to lock him in a cupboard.
Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True.

IV. Fill in the following blanks:
1. Put those ………… up!
2. You have got enough sense not to want to get ………………
3. Are you American or is that merely a clever ………. ?
4. I’m afraid jewels are few and far between in the ………. of Essex.
5. Admitted you’ve nothing to lose, but what have you to ……………
Answer:

1. paws
2. hurt
3. imitation
4. wilds
5. gain.

B. Short Answer Type Questions (In about 25 words)

Question 1.
Why did the Intruder want to make Gerrard talk?
Answer:
The Intruder had killed a cop. The police was chasing him. He came to Gerrard’s cottage to kill and impersonate him. He wanted some knowledge about Gerrard which might save him from being hanged. Therefore, he wanted to make Gerrard talk.

Question 2.
When, according to the Intruder, would Gerrard stop being smart?
Answer:
The Intruder was pointing a revolver at Gerrard. Gerrard pretended to be calm and carefree. Moreover, Gerrard did not show any sign of fear. The Intruder thought that Gerrard was trying to be smart. He would stop being smart on being hit by one of his bullets.

Question 3.
Why did the Intruder say, “They can’t hang me twice?”
Answer:
The intruder told Gerrard that he would kill him. Gerrard called murder a grave crime. A person can be hanged for killing another person. The Intruder told him that he had already committed a murder for which he would be hanged. They can’t hang him twice.

Question 4.
How can you say that Gerrard was an intelligent and tactful person?
Answer:
Gerrard told the Intruder that he knew all the answers. He understood that the Intruder had evil intentions. Still he told him that he was pleased to see him. Being a sensible and tactful man he knew how to behave in a crisis. He took the Intruder into confidence and trapped him.

Question 5.
Why did the Intruder think that Gerrard was being smart?
Answer:
Gerrard was casual in his talks. He was trying to know the particulars of the Intruder. Besides, Gerrard was not disclosing or confirming his own particulars. Therefore, the intruder thought that Gerrard was being smart.

Question 6.
When according to the intruder, would Gerrard stop being smart?
Answer:
Gerrard was taking the things easy. He was not serious in giving answers to his questions. Rather he was being smart. Accordinrg to the Intruder, Gerrard would stop being smart when he learnt his plan of killing him. He would appeal to him to spare his life and come to senses.

Question 7.
Why was the Intruder running from pillar to post?
Answer:
The Intruder lived in a town. Things went wrong with him. In a fit of anger, he committed the murder of a cop. The police was chasing him. To avoid being arrested, he kept running from pillar to post.

Question 8.
Gerrard had presence of mind. Justify.
Answer:
Gerrard did not lose his cool while he was answering the Intruder’s questions. He learnt how the Intruder was afraid of Police. He made up a story that he was also a criminal like him. He created the scene of the arrrival of police. The Intruder was caught in his trap. It shows his presence of mind.

Question 9.
Why did Gerrard say, “You won’t kill me for a very good reason”?
Answer:
The Intruder had expressed his desire to kill Gerrard and impersonate him. Gerrard told him that he was also a murderer. If the intruder shot him dead, he will be hanged for sure either as himself or as Gerrard. Therefore, he won’t kill him for a very good reason.

Question 10.
How would Gerrard’s clothes let down the intruder?
Answer:
Gerrard told the intruder that it would not be out of danger for him to pose as him. He (Gerrard) himself is wanted by the police in a case of murder. A raid is expected any moment. If the intruder was found clad in Gerrard’s clothes, he would be let down soon.

C. Long Answer Type Questions (In about 50 words)

Question 1.
Narrate Gerrard’s encounter with the Intruder? What was its result?
Answer:
Gerrard was a young stage artist. He was packing his travelling bag to leave his cottage. An Intruder broke into his cottage. He was holding a revolver in his hand. His intention was to impersonate the mysterious Gerrard after killing him. To outwit him, Gerrard made up a fake story. He said that he too was wanted by the police wrhich was round the corner. Gerrard suggested that both of them should escape. Mistaking the cupboard as the exit door, the Intruder entered it and was trapped.

Question 2.
Compare and contrast the characters of Gerrard and the Intruder.
Answer:
Both Gerrard and the Intruder were smart and clever. Both planned their moves thoughtfully. Gerrard was a young actor. He did not socialise. His movements were sudden. He was called a mysterious person. He was humorous and intelligent. He was good at cooking stories. Gerrard was a law-abiding fellow but the Intruder was a jewel robber. Gerrard was not a criminal but the Intruder was a murderer. Gerrard was going for a rehearsal but the Intruder was trying to evade the police. He could kill anybody for his personal safety. However, Gerrard proved smarter than the Intruder.

If I Were You Introduction

This one-act-play revolves round Gerrard and the Intruder, the two major characters. Gerrard is a playwright and always avoids social relations. People are not aware of his profession. The Intruder, who happens to be a criminal, suspects Gerrard to be the same (criminal). Once he plans to kill Gerrard to take on his identity so that he may not be caught by the police. But Gerrard foils his plan.

If I Were You Summary in English

The scene of the play opens in a small cottage interior. There is an entrance back right. The practical door is to the left. There is simple furniture like a small table, a chair and a divan in the room. On the table is a telephone.

Gerrard is of medium height. He is wearing horn-rimmed glasses. He is dressed in a lounge suit and a green coat. He is phoning in a cultured voice to somebody. He asks him to phone him back in about ten minutes. He goes to the divan and starts packing his travelling bag. He hopes to leave the house soon after.

A man enters the cottage secretly just then. He has a revolver in his hand. He is dressed in an overcoat and a soft hat. Gerrard turns his head as he hits against the table. He shows no sign of fear. Rather he keeps cool and greets the stranger.

The Intruder asks Gerrard to raise his hands. He seats himself on the divan and makes Gerrard sit on a chair. He expresses his desire to know about Gerrard. However, he shows no interest in Gerrard’s life story. He asks Gerrard to answer his questions. He asks Gerrard his full name, whether he lives alone, if he owns and runs a car and the number of people who often visit him.

Gerrard replies that he avoids seeing trades people. A baker, a greengrocer and milkman are his regular visitors. Then the intruder gives him some information about himself. He is a jewel thief. The police is after him since he once killed a policeman. He cannot help killing Gerrard because he wants to live as Gerrard in that cottage. He will neither be harmed nor hanged twice for another murder.Gerrard expresses his desire to know what the Intruder will gain by killing him. He answers that his murder will grant him freedom. He can go at will as Gerrard to places and do things. Gerrard plays a trick. He tells the Intruder a false story. He asks him not to kill him in a hurry. He (Gerrard) is also wanted by the police in a murder case.

The Intruder calls Gerrard a mysterious person. Gerrard con-firms his remark that it is all due to the fear of police. The Intruder is likely to be hanged as Gerrard if he assumes his name on killing him. His bag is full of make up material and false moustaches. He keeps them so that he may dodge the police by looking different. The police is about to reach soon.

Gerrard asks the Intruder to follow him to the garage and escape himself. He has posted a man on the main road. He will ring him up about the movement of the police. The telophone bell rings just then. Gerrard informs the Intruder that policemen are heading towards the cottage. He opens the door of the garage. He asks the intruder to see the approaching police himself.

Gerrard pushes the Intruder into the cupboard as he leans forward to see out. He slams the door and locks it. He picks up the Intruder’s revolver. He keeps it pointed at the cupboard door. Gerrard rings up the actors waiting for him. He regrets his unability to deliver the dresses for rehearsal. He informs them about his trouble. He would put the amusing incident in his next play. He asks them to send the sergeant to his cottage. They would arrest the Intruder who is beating on the cupboard.

If I Were You Summary in Hindi

नाटक का दृश्य एक छोटी कॉटेज के भीतर होता है। सीधे पिछली तरफ प्रवेश द्वार है। प्रयोग में आने वाला दरवाजा बायीं तरफ है। कमरे में एक छोटी मेज, एक की और एक दीवान जैसा साधारण फर्नीचर है। मेज के ऊपर टेलीफोन रखा है।

जिरार्ड, दरमियानी ऊँचाई का है। वह सींगोंवाले फ्रेम के चश्मे पहने हुए है। वह ढीला सूट और हरा कोट पहने हुए है। वह शालीन भाषा में किसी को फोन कर रहा है। वह उसे वापिस लगभग दस मिनट के भीतर फोन करने के लिए कहता है। वह दीवान तक जाता है और अपनी यात्रा का सामान बांधने लगता है। उसके तत्काल बाद उसके घर से निकलने की आशा है।

उसी समय कुटिया में गुप्त रूप से एक आदमी प्रवेश करता है। उसके हाथ में एक रिवाल्वर है। वह ओवरकोट और नर्म हैट पहने हुए है। ज्यों ही वह मेज से टकराता है, जिॉर्ड अपना सिर घुमाता है। वह भय का कोई संकेत नहीं देता है। बल्कि वह शान्त रहता है और अजनबी का अभिनन्दन करता है।

घुसपैठिया, जिॉर्ड को अपने हाथ उठाने के लिए कहता है। वह दीवान के ऊपर बैठ जाता है और जिॉर्ड को कुर्सी के ऊपर बैठा देता है। वह जिॉर्ड के विषय में जानने की अपनी इच्छा प्रकट करता है। फिर भी वह जिॉर्ड की जीवन कथा में कोई रुचि नहीं लेता है। वह जिरॉई से कहता है कि उसके प्रश्नों का उत्तर दे। वह पूछता है कि जिरोई का पूरा नाम क्या है, क्या वह अकेला रहता है, क्या उसके पास कार है और वह उसे चलाता है और प्रायः कितने व्यक्ति उसके पास आते हैं।

जिरॉर्ड उत्तर देता है कि वह व्यापारियों से मिलने से बचता है। एक बेकर, सब्जीविक्रेता और एक दूधवाला उसके पास प्रायः आते हैं। फिर घुसपैठिया अपने विषय में उसे कुछ सूचना देता है। वह मणियों का चोर है। पुलिस तब से उसका पीछा कर रही है जबसे उसने एक पुलिसमैन की हत्या की है। वह जिॉर्ड की हत्या करना नहीं टाल सकता है क्योंकि वह उसकी झोपड़ी में जिरॉई के रूप में रहना चाहता है। दूसरी हत्या करने पर उसकी न तो हानि होगी और न ही उसे दोबारा फांसी पर लटकाया जाएगा।

जिरॉर्ड यह जानने के लिए अपनी इच्छा प्रकट करता है कि उसकी हत्या कर के घुसपैठिये को क्या लाभ होगा? वह उत्तर देता है कि उसकी हत्या करने पर उसे स्वतन्त्रता मिलेगी। वह मनमाने स्थानों पर जिॉर्ड के रूप में जा सकेगा और मनचाही चीजें कर सकेगा। जिरॉर्ड एक चाल खेलता है। वह घुसपैठिये को झूठी कहानी सुनाता है। वह उसे कहता है कि जल्दबाजी में वह उसकी हत्या नहीं करे, हत्या के मामले में, पुलिस को उस (जिरॉड) की भी तलाश है।

घुसपैठिया, जिरॉर्ड को रहस्यमय व्यक्ति कहता है। जिरॉई उसकी टिप्पणी की पुष्टि करता है कि वह सब पुलिस के भय के कारण है। घुसपैठिया यदि उसे मारकर उसका नाम धारण कर लेता है तो सम्भवतः उसे जिॉर्ड के रूप में फांसी लग सकती है। उसका थैला शृंगार सामग्री तथा नकली मूंछों से भरा हुआ है। वह उन्हें इसलिए रखता है ताकि वह भिन्न दिखाई देकर पुलिस को चकमा दे सके। पुलिस तुरन्त पहुँचने ही वाली है।

जिरॉर्ड, घुसपैठिये को कहता है कि अपने प्राण बचाने के लिए गरॉज तक उसके पीछे चले। उसने मेन रोड पर एक आदमी को तैनात कर रखा है। वह पुलिस की गतिविधियों के बारे में उसे फोन द्वारा सूचित कर देगा। तभी टेलीफोन की घंटी बजती है। जिॉर्ड, घुसपैठिये को सूचित करता है कि पुलिसकर्मी उसकी कुटिया की तरफ बढ़ रहे हैं। वह गरॉज का दरवाजा खोल देता है। वह घुसपैठिये को कहता है कि आती हुई पुलिस को स्वयं देख ले।

ज्यों ही घुसपैठिया आगे देखने के लिए झुकता है, जिरॉर्ड उसे अल्मारी में धकेल देता है। वह धड़ाम से दरवाजा बंद कर देता है और उसको ताला लगा देता है। वह घुसपैठिये का रिवाल्वर उठा लेता है। वह कबर्ड के दरवाजे की तरफ उसकी नोंक करता है। जिॉर्ड उन अभिनेताओं को फोन करता है जो उसकी प्रतीक्षा कर रहे हैं। वह खेद प्रकट करता है कि वह रिहर्सल के लिए वेशभूषाएँ भेजने में असमर्थ रहा। वह अपनी परेशानी के विषय में उन्हें सूचित करता है। अपने अगले नाटक में वह इस रोचक घटना को लिखेगा। वह उनसे कहता है कि सारजेन्ट को कुटिया में भेज दो। वे उस घुसपैठिया को गिरफ्तार कर लेंगे जो अल्मारी का दरवाजा पीट रहा है।

If I Were You Word-Meanings

If I Were You Some Important Pronunciations

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.4 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Ex 4.4

Question 1.
Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist, find them:
(i) 2x² – 3x + 5 = 0
(ii) 3x² – 4\(\sqrt{3} x\) + 4 = 0
(iii) 2x² – 6x + 3 = 0
Solution:
(i) Comparing the given quadratic equation with ax² + bx + c = 0, we get a = 2, b = -3, c = 5
b² – 4 ac = (-3)² – 4(2)(5) = 9 – 40 = -31 < 0
Since b² – 4ac is negative.
∴ The given quadratic equation has no real roots.

(ii) Comparing the given quadratic equation with ax² + bx + c = 0, we get

Since, b² – 4ac is zero.
∴ The given quadratic equation has two real roots which are equal. Hence, the roots are

(iii) Comparing the given quadratic equation with ax² + bx + c = 0, we get a = 2,b = -6,c = 3
∴ b² – 4ac = (-6)² – 4(2)(3)
= 36 – 24 = 12 > 0
Since, b² – 4ac is positive.
∴ The given quadratic equation has two real and distinct roots, which are given by

Question 2.
Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two equal roots.
(i) 2x² + kx + 3 = 0
(ii) kx(k – 2) + 6 = 0
Solution:
(i) 2x² + kx + 3 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = k, c = 3
b² – 4ac = (k)² – 4(2) (3)
= k² – 24
∵ For a quadratic equation to have equal root, b² – 4ac = 0

(ii) kx(k – 2) + 6 = 0
Comparing kx² – 2kx + 6 = 0 with ax² + bx + c, we get
a = k, b = -2k, c = 6
∴  b² – 4ac = (-2k)² – 4(k)(6) = 4k² – 24k
Since, the roots are equal
∴  b² – 4ac ⇒ 4k² – 24k = 0.
⇒ 4k(k – 6) = 0
⇒ 4k = 0 or k – 6 = 0
⇒ k = 0 or k = 6
But k cannot be 0, otherwise, the given equation is not quadratic. Thus, the required value of k is 6.

Question 3.
Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and the area is 800 m² ? If so, find its length and breadth.
Solution:
Let the breadth be x m.
∴ Length = 2x m
Now, Area = Length × Breadth = 2x × x m² = 2x² m²
According to the given condition,
2x² = 800

Therefore, x = 20 or x = -20
But x = -20 is not possible
[ ∵ Breadth cannot be negative]
∴ x = 20 ⇒ 2x = 2 × 20 = 40
Thus, length = 40 m and breadth = 20 m

Question 4.
Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages. The sum of the ages of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
Solution:
Let the age of one of the friends be ‘x’.
Age of another friend is (20 – x).
4 years back age of 1st friend is (x – 4)
4 years back age of 2nd friend = (20 – x – 4) = (16 – x)
Product of their ages is 48.
∴ (x – 4) (16 – x) = 48
16x – x² – 64 + 4x = 48
-x² + 20x – 64 = 48
-x² + 20x – 64 – 48 = 0
-x² + 20x – 112 = 0
x² – 20x + 112 = 0
Here, a = 1, b = -20, c = 112
b² – 4ac = (-20)² – 4( 1)( 112) = 400 – 448 = – 48
Here, b² – 4ac = -48 < 0.
∴ It has no real roots.
∴ This situation is not possible.

Question 5.
Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 m2? If so, find its length and breadth.
Solution:
Let the breadth of the rectangle be x m.
Since, the perimeter of the rectangle = 80 m
∴ 2(Length + breadth) = 80
2(Length + x) = 80

⇒ Length = (40 – x) m
∴ Area = (40 – x) × x m² = (40x – x²) m²
According to the given condition,
Area of the rectangle = 400 m²
⇒ 40x – x² = 400
⇒ – x² + 40x – 400 = 0
⇒ x² – 40x +400 = 0 …(1)
Comparing equation (1) with ax² + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = -40, c = 400

Since, Length = Breadth
⇒ This rectangle is a square.
Thus, it is not possible to design a rectangular park of given perimeter and area.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Chapter 15 Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Solutions Chapter 15 Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Textbook Exercises

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Vocabulary

I. Distinguish between the following pairs of words:
sea – ocean
hurricane – cyclone
boat – ship
venture – adventure
hard – hardly
wave – waive
Answer:

1. Sea—The salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface and surrounds its continents and islands.
2. Ocean—Major seas are known as oceans.
3. Hurricane—A violent storm with a strong fast circular wind in the western Atlantic ocean.
4. Cyclone—A violent storm in which strong winds move over the ground in a circle.
5. Boat—A small hollow structure moved by oars for travelling on water.
6. Ship—A large boat carrying people or goods by sea.
7. Venture—A project or an undertaking especially a commercial one involving a risk of failure.
8. Adventure—An unusual, exciting or dangerous experience.
9. Hard—Firm, stiff or solid and not easily bent or broken.
10. Hardly—Scarcely, barely.
11. Wave—A moving ridge of water especially on the sea caused by the wind and tide.
12. Waive—To choose not to insist on something in a particular case even if one has a legal or official right to do so.

II. Use the following expressions in your own sentences,
red carpet welcome, red alert, Red Cross, Red Indian, red neck.
Answer:

1. Red carpet welcome—The winning cricket team was given a red carpet welcome.
2. Red alert—The government has given red alert after the terrorist activities on the border.
3. Red Cross—The Red Cross is an international organization that takes care of those who suffer due to war or natural calamities.
4. Red Indian—Red Indians live in certain parts of America.
5. Red neck—He gave a redneck denial to my proposal.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in about 25 words.

Question 1.
Who was the leader of the crew?
Answer:
There were seven men in the crew. Thor Heyerdahl was the leader of the crew.

Question 2.
What did Thor Heyerdahl want to prove to the world?
Answer:
Thor Heyerdahl had a mission. He wanted to prove to the world how the ancient civilizations had reached ages before Columbus in the jungles of Central America and the mountains of Peru.

Question 3.
Why did Thor Heyerdahl choose the Papyrus boat for his journey?
Answer:
The Egyptians had used the Papyrus boats for sailing on the sea. Heyerdahl had known this fact from the archives. Therefore, he chose the Papyrus boat for his journey.

Question 4.
What advantages did the Papyrus boat have over others?
Answer:
Other boats were not so durable. They had weak structures and were flimsy. The Papyrus boat also looked flimsy on the surface. But it had its own advantages over other boats. It was well structured.

Question 5.
What difficulty did Heyerdahl have with the tribals? How did he overcome it?
Answer:
Thor Heyerdahl located the tribals who excelled at making Papyrus boats. He had to seek permission from the Sultan of Chad to get a boat made by them. The tribals did not understand his language. But a tribal named Abdullah knew French and English languages and acted as his interpreter.

Question 6.
What problems did the crew face on the fourth day of their sail?
Answer:
The crew members sailed smoothly for three days. However, they faced problems on the fourth day of their sail. They lost the track concerning the of time and the hemisphere. They were also unable to contact the Safi harbour on radio. They learnt about the direction by Africa’s big sand dunes.

Question 7.
What happened to Norman Baker on 28th June?
Answer:
28th June was a splendid day for the sailors. All of a sudden, Norman wailed. He was bitten by wild insects. Soon he fainted. Everybody was shocked thinking that a shark had bitten him. Human urine was applied on his sting marks. He writhed in pain and convulsions. Finally he slept. Next day, he felt better.

B. Answer the following questions in about 50 words.

Question 1.
What were the preparations Thor Heyerdahl had done before setting out for his journey?
Answer:
Thor Heyerdahl longed to prove how the ancient Egyptian civilization had reached the jungles of central America and on the mountains of Peru much before Columbus’ discovery. He chose the Papyrus boat for sailing on the sea like the early Egyptians. He located the tribes which made excellent boats. He sought permission from their Sultan. He brought Papyrus trees from Ethiopia. He arranged for a spare rudder oar. They kept chickens and ducks which they could eat on the way. They had wooden wedges and sledge hammers. These were the preparations he had made before setting out for his journey.

Question 2.
Describe the launch of the Papyrus boat.
Answer:
The Papyrus boat was prepared after studying the pictures on the Pyramids. All the facilities were duly completed. The ship was ready for the expedition. Pasha’s wife launched the ship with goat’s milk. It was a symbol of hospitality and good water. She smashed the pitcher against the wooden cradle. She christened the ship ‘Ra’ to honour the Sun God. The Papyrus boat started on its great adventure amidst cheers.

Question 3.
Describe some of the hardships faced by the crew during their journey. How did they manage to overcome them?
Answer:
The crew faced many hardships during the journey. After some days the violent wind broke the rowing oars. They took out the spare rudder oar and fixed it to the ship. One day, they lost track concerning the time and the hemisphere. They found themselves unable to contact the Safi harbour on radio. They sought direction by Africa’s big sand dunes. Sometimes the sailor’s being cautious saved them from the furies of the sea. Once their ship got disjointed. They tightened the mast by hammering wooden wedges around it. On 18th June the high rising waves caused havoc for them. They repaired the. boat and checked the fury of the waves. Heavy rain unnerved them the most. Luckily the waves pushed them rashly toward America. The wind also backed them. One day the boat broke into two parts from the middle. The sailors hammered the boat together.

Question 4.
Describe the last stage of their expedition.
Answer:
9th July, (46th day) was the most dramatic day of the sailors’ entire journey. Their ship broke into two parts from the middle. The seasoned sailors did not lose hearts. They rowed (set) the boat together with a sledge hammer. The sea had tasted their strength. It started raining heavily. The sailors did their best to save the boat. The radio contact became operative. They contacted Heyerdahl’s wife on a steamer. The sailors left the badly damaged Papyrus boat into the sea forever. Finally, they took shelter on the steamer. They were given a red carpet welcome.

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Grammar
Active and Passive Voice

Study the following sentences:

1. All the main ropes and chains were broken.
2. Thor thoroughly checked the power of the boats and was surprised by their strong structure.
3. The Papyrus boats were prepared after studying the pictures on the pyramids.
4. The rowing oars were reduced to a matchwood.
5. The same day the last chicken was slaughtered.
6. The sailors were frightened for the first time.
7. Everybody rushed to him and urns shocked for a moment. The above sentences are passive of simple past tense.

A sentence is said to be in passive voice if the person or thing (denoted by the subject in its Active Voice) is said to suffer something from some other person or thing (denoted by the object in its active voice).

See the Table:

Tense	Rule to form	Sentence
Simple Present	Passive is/am/are + past	I am written
Simple Past	participle was/were + past	I was written
Simple Future	participle Shall be/will be +	I shall be
	past participle	written……..
Present Continuous	is/am/are + being	I am being
	+ past participle	written……..
Past Continuous	was/were + being	I was being
	+ past participle	written……..
Present Perfect	have/has + been	I have been
	+ past participle	written……..
Past Perfect	had + been + past	I had been
	participle	written……..
Future Perfect	shall/will have +	I shall have
	been + past participle	been written…

Now, put the verbs in brackets into the passive form of simple past. The first one is done for you.

Question 1.
The urine of all other six sailors (put) on the sting marks with a rag dipped into it.
Answer:
The urine of all other six sailors was-put on the sting marks with a rag dipped into it.

Question 2.
He (surprise) to see that the world out side was eager to share their experience.
Answer:
He was surprised to see that the world outside was eager to share their experience.

Question 3.
However, by then the radio contact (make) with Shenandoah.
Answer:
However, by then the radio contact was made with Shenandoah.

Question 4.
Heyerdahl’s wife (see) coming on a steamer with a film photographer.
Answer:
Heyerdahl’s wife was seen coming on a steamer with a film photographer.

Question 5.
One day this second boat majestically (roll) into the sea.
Answer:
One day this second boat was majestically rolled into the sea.

Question 6.
They (give) a red carpet welcome.
Answer:
They were given a red carpet welcome.

Question 7.
Fortunately, the radio set, which (discard) when they were not able to get in touch with the Safi harbour, once again (pick) up by Norman.
Answer:
ortunately, the radioset, which was discarded when they were not able to get in touch with the Safi harbour, was once again picked up by Norman.

Speaking Skill

Complete your answers to the question and speak to your partner. Switch over your role and repeat the conversation.
Raju—Are you going to buy that sweater?
Vicky—I don’t know whether to buy it or not?
Amar—What time do you think we should leave?
Rekha—I am not really sure what time to leave?
Asma—Do you want to do business studies?
Sabir—I am wondering whether to go for business studies or statistics.
Vicky—How much money we should spend on the present?
Asma—I have no idea how much money to spend on it.
Amar—Do you intend to join sports club?
Sabir—I can’t decide whether to join it or not.
Raju—Which route should we take?
Rekha—It is difficult to know which route to take?
Answer:
Raju—Are you going to buy that sweater?
Vicky—I don’t know whether I should buy it or not.
Amar—What time do you think we should leave?
Rekha—I am not really sure what time we should leave.
Asma—Do you want to do business studies?
Sabir—I am wondering whether I should go for business studies or statistics.
Vicky—How much money we should spend on the present?
Asma—I have no idea how much money we should spend on it.
Amar—Do you intend to join sports club?
Sabir—I can’t decide whether I should join it or not.
Raju—Which route should we take? ‘
Rekha—It is difficult to know which route we should take. Switch over your role now and repeat the conversation at your own level.

Writing Skill

Question 1.
Which adventure sport do you like most, and why? (50 words)
Answer:
I am very fond of games. I can play football, volleyball, tennis, cricket and hockey. But I like hockey, the adventure sport, the most. I have been playing hockey since my childhood. We have been the world champion in this national game for over a quarter century. A hockey match lasts for an hour-and a half. One has to defend one’s body from being hit by the ball or the stick. The goal keeper’s role is very important. It has a great educative value. This adventure sport teaches us the importance of discipline, obedience to law, co-operation, team-spirit and sportsmanship. The spectators enjoy this adventure sport the most.

Question 2.
You attended a trekking and hiking expedition to the hills
during summer vacation. Write an article for your school magazine describing your experiences. (150 words)
Answer:
Excursions are important for students. Students can visit any hilly place. Then they can have the first hand information about its surroundings. In trekkings and hikings, students learn many things. They help students to develop the skills of planning and organization. They understand the value of cooperation and mutual help. They learn how to behave with others when they go out. So excursions are very useful.

Our Physical Education teacher took us on a trekking and hiking expedition to Shimla. I packed my woollens, an umbrella and some other necessary items. It was a novel experience for me to travel on foot in hilly regions. The mountain scenery all around was highly enchanting. We spent a week in Shimla. We visited Solan and Pasvanoo and stayed there for two days. There we saw nature in all her grandeur.

The tall mountains seemed to kiss the skies. The snow-covered peaks of the mountains filled my heart with joy. We saw the sun rising from behind the hills. We sat for hours on a rock beside some mountain stream. Its pure crystal water made my heart leap with joy. The terraced fields, lovely flowers and beautiful ferns captivated our heart. The visit to Shimla proved more than a pleasure trip for us.

Think It Over

Question 1.
We need to learn fronfi nature. According to scientists, the bumblebee’s body is too heavy and its wing-span is too small. Aerodynamically the bumblebee cannot fly. But bumblebee doesn’t know that, and it keeps flying. Think how scientifically impossible is simply possible. Can you recall any other example? If yes, write it in your notebook.
Answer:
Nature is a great teacher. The bumblebee’s body is too heavy and its wing-span is too small. Therefore, scientifically, it cannot move through air. But we see the bumblebee flying in the air. In a way, it has flouted the scientific principle and made the impossible, possible. Science has done many wonders. There is a strong possibility that there might be more insects like snails which can fly like a bumblebee in similar conditions.

Question 2.
Generally limitations are self-imposed. Don’t let education put limitations on you. Think and express your view in a few lines.
Answer:
Man is bound by many limitations. He suffers from many complexes and superstitions. He hates the persons belonging to lower castes, creeds and communities. He does not dine with them. He does not smoke with them. He does not like to establish marital relations with them. He does not start his journey on a particular day. He would not get his hair cut or his clothes washed on certain days. He does not go out if somebody sneezes or if he happens to see a widow or some empty pot. He would mind if a cat crosses his path. These limitations are self-imposed by ignorant and backward people. Education does not allow such taboos, limitations and superstitions.

Things To Do

Question 1.
Find pictures of kinds of boats named below and stick them in your project book with their details.
1.liner
2. ferry
3. hovercraft
4. raft
5. catameran
6. speed boat
7. cruiser
8. sailing dinghy
9. rowing boat canoe
Answer:
Class-room activity.

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Additional Important Questions

A. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow:

1. But, hardly had they sat dozen, it started raining heavily. The whole I’essel bent on one side. The starboard rudder oar collapsed, the water seethed in. They had to throw out both the sea anchors and had nothing to steer with. Above all, there was no light from land or ship. Once again their life depended upon the mercy of the sea. This had an advantage too. The sea waves pushed the boat mercilessly towards America. (Page 128)

Questions:
(a) Find the word from the above passage which means opposite to ‘scantily’.
(b) Find the word from the above passage which means the same as ‘gain’.
(c) Give adjective form of ‘advantage’.
(d) Why did they have nothing to steer with?
Answer:
(a) heavily
(b) advantage
(c) advantageous
(d) They had nothing to steer with as the starboard rudder had collapsed.

2. One day this second boat was majestically rolled into the sea. This boat took them near Barbados. But, on 8th July, just two hundred nautical miles away from Barbados, the sailors had to abdicate this boat. However, they were znctorious, thanks to the common effort of sailors and the well- wishers. They were given a red carpet welcome. The Prime Minister of Barbados himself came to receive the brave adventurers, who had created a history in navigation. (Page 129)

Questions:
(a) Find the word from the passage which has the same meaning as ‘sailing over sea’.
(b) Find the word from the above passage which means opposite to ‘uncommon’.
(c) Give noun form of the word ‘brave’.
(d) Where did the sailors abdicate the second boat?
Answer:
(a) navigation
(b) common
(c) bravery
(d) The sailors abdicated the second boat just 200 nautical miles away from Barbados.

I. Match the following:
1. Thor Heyerdahl – (a) seven members
2. His team was of – (b) on the Atlantic Sea on the night of 8th July, 1969.
3. His boat was made of – (c) knew the French and Persian languages.
4. There was a hurricane – (d) sailed across the Atlantic ocean.
5. A tribal named Abdullah – (e) Papyrus tree.
Answer:
1. (d), 2. (a), 3. (e), 4. (b), 5. (c).

II. Pick up the correct choice:
(i) ‘Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat’ is written by :
(a) Hugh Chesterman
(b) Mihir Sen
(c) Thor Heyerdahl
(d) Mulk Raj.
Answer:
(c) Thor Heyerdahl

(ii) (a) Thor Heyerdahl, the leader of the …………….. (gang/crew) did not lose heart.
(b) Initially, Thor had some difficulty in ………… (conversing/convincing).
(c) Thor decided to sail in the Papyrus boat ………….. (through/across) the Atlantic.
(d) Pasha’s wife ……………….. (initiated/launched) the ship with goat’s milk.
Answer:
(a) crew
(b) conversing
(c) across
(d) launched.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’.
1. Six other men joined Thor in his adventure.
2. The sailing was started on 15th May.
3. The journey was full of problems from the very first day.
4. 28th June was a splendid day for the sailors.
5. Abdullah’s words were: “As long as the ropes hold, the boat will float”.
Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

IV. Fill up the following blanks:
1. The sea piled up and became ……………..
2. They …………….. only when they had crossed 40° west longitude.
3. Now the ………………..were in the last stage of their expedition
4. Thor Heyerdahl was a great ………………
5. The brave adventurers had created a history in …………………
Answer:

1. fierce
2. relaxed
3. sailors
4. adventurer
5. navigation.

B. Short-Answer Type Questions (In about 25 words)

Question 1.
How can you say that ‘Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat’ is a true story?
Answer:
‘Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat’ is the story which describes the adventure of Thor Heyerdahl and his team of seven members. They had sailed on a Papyrus boat across the Atlantic Ocean. They faced many hurdles on the sea but ultimately succeeded in his mission. Hence it is a true story.

Question 2.
What was the startling fadt Heyerdahl had learnt from the archives? What did he do to confirm it?
Answer:
Heyerdahl had learnt from the archives that the Egyptians had earlier used the Papyrus boats for sailing on the sea. It was a startling fact for him. He wanted to confirm it. Therefore, he went to Morocco and Peru. And Chad in central Africa.

Question 3.
How did the tribals help Heyerdahl?
Answer:
The head of the tribe proudly showed Thor Heyerdahl various books.
The other tribal was named Abdullah. He knew French and Persian languages. He acted as the interpreter between Heyerdahl and the tribals.

Question 4.
What did Thor do before he decided to sail across the Atlantic?
Answer:
Thor was doubtful about the power of the Papyrus boat. Therefore, he checked the power of the boats thoroughly. He got fully satisfied that the flimsy looking boats were well structured. Then alone he decided to sail across the Atlantic.

Question 5.
Why did Thor Heyerdahl go to Ethiopia?
Answer:
Thor Heyerdahl wanted to get a Papyrus boat made. He located the tribe who asked him to seek permission from the Sultan of Chad. Thor took the permission from the Sultan. The Papyrus trees no longer grew in Egypt. Therefore he went to Ethiopia to get the Papyrus trees.

Question 6.
How was the ship ready for the expedition?
Answer:
The ship was made of a strong Papyrus tree. It was built on the pattern of the pictures on the Pyramids. It was a 26 feet high boat. It was fully furnished and had provisions for all the facilities. Therefore, it was ready for the expedition.

Question 7.
When did the first attack come to the ship?
Answer:
The ship sailed smoothly for some days. Then the wind started blowing violently. It caused a great attack to the ship. It reduced the rowing oars to a match wood (fragile item). This mishap shook the seven sailors to the skin.

Question  8.
How did the sailors save themselves on the fifth day of their journey?
Answer:
Problems started for the voyagers from the fourth day. The fifth day again proved to be troublesome. The sea turned rough and furious once again. However, the sailors did not get nervous. They got cautious and saved themselves bravely.

Question 9.
How did the sailors find the sea on 10th June?
Answer:
On 10th June, the sailors entered the trans-Atlantic shipping lanes. They found the sea around them filthy. The water was grayish green and opaque. It was covered with clots of oil. They also saw plastic bottle floating among .the waste.

C. Long Answer Type Questions (In about 50 words)

Question 1.
Name the persons who joined Thor Heyerdahl in his adventure.
Answer:
The persons named below joined Thor Heyerdahl in his adventure:

1. Norman Baker from the U.S. (He was the only real sailor).
2. Dr. Yuri Alexandrorech Senkevich. (He was a Russian).
3. Carlo Mauri. (He was a cameraman from Italy).
4. Dr. Santiago Genoves. (He was from Mexico. He was the editor of an Anthropology book).
5. George Sourial. (He was an Egyptian. He was a chemical engineer by profession).
6. Abdullah. (He was the most important member of the crew. He was a tribal who knew French and Persian languages).

Question 2.
Why did 18th June prove as a dramatic day for the sailors?
Answer:
The ship had sailed more than a thousand miles around the north-west coast of Africa. On 18th June, the waves were slipping under the ship (sailors) and lifting them up. However, they were creeping over the stem and pushing them down. The sailors were un-nerved for the first time. It was feared that the ship might break up into two parts. It would not leave them enough time for anchoring the boat. In this way, it proved a dramatic day for the sailors.

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Introduction

This is a real adventure story of Thor. Heyerdahl and his team of seven members. They managed to sail on a Papyrus boat across the Atlantic ocean. It might be an impossible journey for others but not for Heyerdahl. He made this journey possible only to prove that the ancient Egyptian civilization had reached the jungles of Central, America and on the mountains of Peru, much before Columbus discovery.

Journey of the Atlantic on a Papyrus Boat Summary in English

Thor Heyerdahl had a mission. He wanted to prove how the ancient civilizations had reached the jungles of Central America and the mountains of Peru much before Columbus’s discovery. The Egyptians had chosen the Papyrus boats for sailing on the sea.

Heyerdahl confirmed the fact. He located the tribes who were excellent boat makers. He saw various boats there and was satisfied with them. Then he decided to sail in the Papyrus boat across the Atlantic. He brought the Papyrus tree from Ethiopia and got the boat prepared. Six men joined him in the adventure.

They started sailing on 25th May. The ship was given a ritual send off. The crew faced many hardships. The violent winds and the high-rising waves proved to be their worst enemies. Their rowing oars were broken. They lost trace of the hemisphere. Once their ship got disjointed. At another time it was broken into two parts from the middle.

Heavy rains shook them to the skin when the water entered the ship. The seasoned sailors faced all the furies of the sea heroically. They mended the ship every time it created trouble. In the end they came out with flying colours. They had created a history in navigation.

Summary in Hindi

थोर हैयरडहल की एक अभिलाषा थी। वह यह सिद्ध करना चाहता था कि किस प्रकार प्राचीन सभ्यता, कोलम्बस से यगों पहले सेण्ट्रल अमरीका के वनों में और पेरू के पर्वतों पर पहुंच चुकी थी। मिस्र वालों ने समुद्र पर यात्रा करने के लिए पैपाइरस (वृक्ष) की बनी हुई नौकाएं चुनी थीं।

 हैयरडहल ने इस तथ्य की पुष्टि की। उसने उन कबीलों को ढूँढ़ा जो शानदार नौकाएं बनाते थे। उस ने वहाँ शानदार नौकाएं देखीं और उनसे सन्तुष्ट हो गया। फिर उसने पैपाइरस की नौका द्वारा यात्रा करते हुए अटलांटिक के पार जाने का निर्णय लिया। वह ईथोपिया से पैपाइरस का पेड़ लाया और नौका बनवाई। उसके साहसिक कार्य में छह व्यक्ति शामिल हो गए।

उन्होंने 25 मई को जलीय यात्रा प्रारम्भ की। नौका (जहाज) को संस्कारों के साथ विदा किया गया। जत्थे को बहत-सी कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ा। प्रचण्ड वायु और ऊँची उठती हुई लहरें उनकी कठोर शत्रु सिद्ध हुई। नौका चलाने वाले उनके चप्पू टूट गए। वे गोलार्द्ध की स्थिति को भूल गए। एक बार उन की जहाज के जोड़) ढीले हो गए। एक अन्य समय वह बीच से टूटकर दो टुकड़ों में बंट गई।

भारी वर्षा ने कई बार उनके छक्के छुड़ा दिए जब जहाज के भीतर पानी घुस गया। अनुभवी नाविकों ने बड़ी वीरता से समुद्र की सभी चुनौतियों का मुकाबला किया। जब कभी जलयान में कोई खराबी आती थी वे उसे ठीक कर लेते थे। अन्त में उनको सफलता मिली। वे झण्डा लहराते हुए लौटे। उन्होंने नौकायन में इतिहास की रचना कर दी थी।

Word-Meanings

Some Important Pronunciations

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Maths Book Solutions Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 3.7 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Ex 3.7

Question 1.
The ages of two friends Ani and Biju differ by 3 years. Ani’s father Dharam is twice as old as Ani and Biju is twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy and Dharam differ by 30 years. Find the ages of Ani and Biju.
Solution:
Let the age of Ani = x years
and the age of Biju’s = y years
Case I:
y > x
According to 1^st condition : y – x = 3 …. (1)
∵ [Age of Ani’s father] = 2[Age of Ani] = 2x years


Substituting the value of x in equation (1),
we get y – 21 = 3 ⇒ y = 3 + 21 = 24
∴ Age of Ani = 21 years
Age of Biju = 24 years

Substituting the value of y in equation (1),
we get 19 – y = 3 ⇒ y = 16
∴ Age of Ani = 19 years
Age of Biju = 16 years

Question 2.
One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you”. The other replies, “If you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you”. Tell me what is the amount of their (respective) capital? [From the Bijaganita of Bhaskara II]
[Hint: x + 100 = 2(y – 100), y + 10 = 6(x – 10)]
Solution:
Let the capital of 1^st friend = ₹ x,
and the capital of 2^nd friend = ₹ y
According to the condition,
x + 100 = 2(y -100)
⇒ x + 100 – 2y + 200 = 0
⇒ x – 2y + 300 = 0 … (1)
Also, 6(x – 10) = y + 10 ⇒ 6x – y – 70 = 0 …. (2)
From (1), x = -300 + 2y (3)
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we get
6[-300 + 2y] – y – 70 = 0
⇒ -1870 + 11y = 0

Now, Substituting the value of y in equation (3), we get, x = – 300 + 2y
= – 300 + 2(170) = – 300 + 340 = 40
Thus, 1^st friend has ₹ 40 and the 2^nd friend has ₹ 170.

Question 3.
A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 10 km/h faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower by 10 km/h; it would have taken 3 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the distance covered by the train.
Solution:
Let the actual speed of the train = x km/hr
and the actual time taken = y hours
Distance = speed × time
According to 1^st condition: (x +10) × (y – 2) = xy
⇒ xy – 2x + 10y – 20 = xy
⇒ 2x – 10y + 20 = 0 … (1)
According to 2^nd condition: (x -10) × (y + 3) = xy
⇒ xy + 1ox -10y – 30 = xy
⇒ 3x – 10y – 30 = 0 ….(2)
Using cross multiplication for solving (1) and (2), we get

Thus, the distance covered by the train = 50 × 12 km = 600 km.

Question 4.
The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 3 students are extra in a row, there would be 1 row less. If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2 rows more. Find the number of students in the class.
Solution:
Let the number of students = x
and the number of rows = y
∴ Number of students in each row

Question 5.
In a ∆ABC, ∠C = 3 ∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B). Find the three angles.
Solution:
Sum of angles of a triangle = 180°
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° … (1)
∵ ∠C = 3∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B) … (2)
From (1) and (2), we have ∠A + ∠B + 2 (∠A + ∠B) = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + 2∠A + 2∠B = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠B = 60° …. (3)
Also, ∠A + ∠B + 3∠B = 180°
⇒ ∠A + 4∠B = 180° ….(4)
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
∠A + 4∠B – ∠A – ∠B = 180°- 60°

Substituting ∠B = 40° in (4) we get,
∠A + 4(40°) = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 160° = 20°
∴ ∠C = 3∠B = 3 × 40° = 120°
Thus, ∠A = 20°, ∠B = 40° and ∠C = 120°.

Question 6.
Draw the graphs of the equations 5x – y = 5 and 3x – y = 3. Determine the co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and they-axis.
Solution:
To draw the graph of 5x – y = 5, we get

x	1	2	0
y	0	5	-5

and for equation 3x – y = 3, we get

x	2	3	0
y	3	6	-3

Plotting the points (1, 0), (2, 5) and (0, -5), we get a straight line l₁. Plotting the points (2, 3), (3, 6) and (0, -3), we get a straight line l₂.

From the figure, obviously, the vertices of the triangle formed are A(l, 0), B(0, -5) and C(0,-3).

Question 7.
Solve the following pair of linear equations:
(i) px + qy = p – q, qx – py = p + q
(ii) ax + by = c, bx + ay = 1 + c
(iii) \(\frac{x}{a}-\frac{y}{b}\)= 0, ax + by = a² + b²
(iv) (a – b)x + (a + b)y = a² – 2ab – b²,
(a + b)(x + y) = a² + b²
(v) 152x – 378y = -74, – 378x + 152y = -604
Solution:

Question 8.
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral (see figure). Find the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.

Solution:
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 180° and
∠B + ∠D = 180°
⇒ [4y + 20] + [- 4x] = 180°
⇒ 4y – 4x + 20° -180° = 0
⇒ 4y – 4x – 160° = 0
⇒ y – x – 40° = 0 … (1)

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Workbook Chapter 17 The Bet Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Workbook Solutions Chapter 17 The Bet

The Bet Vocabulary

I. Collect all the opposites (antonyms) of the following words.
You can consult a dictionary.
Answer:
Punishment : Reward
Agreement : Disagreement
Immense : Tiny
Freedom : Slavery
Curse : Bless

II. Write the prefix before the following words.
appear, necessary. resting. mortal, gain
Answer:
appear : disappear
necessary : unnecessary
resting : unresting
mortal : immortal
gain : regain

Listening Skill

Now listen to this extract on multiple Intelligences.

See Workbook pages 141-142

Fill in the blanks to name the different kinds of intelligence. One has been done for you.
e.g., When I enjoy listening to people and solving their problems, I use my interpersonal intelligence.

1. When I enjoy dancing or physical activity I use my ………….. intelligence.
2. When I enjoy looking at maps and examining pictures, I use my …………… intelligence.
3. When I enjoy working with numbers and solving mathematical problems I use my ……………. intelligence.
4. When I enjoy telling a story or arguing I use my …………….. intelligence.
Answer:

1. bodily
2. visual
3. mathematical
4. verbal.

Speaking Skill

I. Get into groups of four. Ask questions like this.
1. Do you have a bank account?
2. What is the name of your bank?
3. How do you go to your bank?
4. How do you deposit your money?
5. Why do people keep money in a bank?
6. Besides keeping our money safe, what other services does a bank provide?
One student will ask the questions and the other three will reply one by one. The roles can be altered till all the four students have had their chance to ask the questions.
Answer:
For self attempt.

II. Have you ever been to a bank? If not, accompany your parents to a bank. Then tell in the class. The scene in a bank.’ Tell about the guard outside, the counters for different transactions, people working at the counters, the rush of customers, the manager etc.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Reading Skill

Read the passage

See Workbook pages 143-144

A. Now answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What appeared in large numbers after the Civil War of America?
Answer:
American millionaires appeared in large number.

Question 2.
Carnegie became rich with a different purpose in mind. What was it?
Answer:
He planned to spend the surplus each year for benevolent purpose.

Question 3.
‘He determined never to give way to the worship of money’. What did he wish to do?
Answer:
He wished to devote himself to public affairs.

Question 4.
What did Carnegie believe about being rich?
Answer:
A rich man’s life is divided into two parts- the first making money and the second giving it away.

Question 5.
‘I shall become a wiser and more useful man’. Why did he think so?
Answer:
Because generally rich men are not very useful to others.

Question 6.
How should, according to Carnegie, the life of a rich man be divided?
Answer:
The rich man’s life should be divided into two parts- the first making money and the second giving it away.

B.(a) Search and add some similar words.

• richest : wealthiest, most fortunate
• ablest : most capable.

(b) Write some synonyms of the following words.

• benevolence : generosity, kindness
• improve : develop, flourish
• happy : glad, fortunate, satisfied
• devotion : loyalty, faithfulness.

Grammar

Conditional Clauses:
Modes of expressing a condition.

See Workbook page 145

Rewrite each of the following sentences expressing a condition:

Question 1.
But for our books, we should be ignorant.
Answer:
We should be ignorant if we have no books.

Question 2.
Should the train stop, I will get out.
Answer:
If the train stops I will get out.

Question 3.
Had I known what to do, I should have saved much time.
Answer:
If I had known what to do I should have saved much time.

Question 4.
If a man does not speak the truth, he is not believed.
Answer:
Unless a man speaks the truth he is not believed.

Question 5.
Unless you act wisely, the people will not praise you.
Answer:
If you don’t act wisely the people will not praise you.

Question 6.
Were my father here, he would help me.
Answer:
If my father were here he would have helped me.

Writing Skill

Read the following passage carefully.

See Workbook pages 146-147

1. Summarise the passage.
2. Supply an appropriate title.
Answer:
Man is born free. As a child he/she grows to be free. Freedom means self-governance. But it doesn’t allow one to do what one wants. One must be responsible while using one’s freedom. The purpose of freedom is to be perfect in all aspects. In this sense an individual becomes more valuable to others.
Title: Freedom to Individual.

Question 2.
Money is not the only thing that can make us happy. There is something else that makes us happy. Write your views. (150 words)
Answer:
We live in a materialistic age. Money matters most today. No doubt Money works to make one happy. We can fly high, live high but it doesn’t mean that we can also think high with money. Money can fulfill our worldly needs. But there are a number of things that money can’t buy. If we wish to enjoy a sound sleep money can’t provide that. If we wish to be happy all the time money can’t do that. If we wish to enjoy good company money can’t do that. Real happiness can’t be bought with money. One can’t get virtue that makes one perfect human being through money. Money is just a means of temporary relaxation in life.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Workbook Chapter 12 The Pie and the Tart Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Workbook Solutions Chapter 12 The Pie and the Tart

The Pie and the Tart Vocabulary

I. Use an adjective for M. Gaultier and explain its meaning.
Answer:
Pretty: Handsome.

II. Note down the different meanings of the word ‘pretty’ from a dictionary.
Answer:
Pretty : beautiful : She is a pretty girl.
Pretty : very : I have been here for a pretty long time.

Listening Skill

Nirmala notes down the recipe to prepare fruit and cake custard from a radio programme, but she is not sure if she has got certain words right. She leaves space.for possible correction. Your teacher will repeat the recipe. As you listen to it. Write the correct words in the spaces provided.

Recipe
Ingredients : Mustard/………. powder, fruit cocktail, almonds, strawberry/ ……….. jam, vanilla essence.

Steps

1. Take the almonds and put them in water. After an hour remove/ the skin and put/ them finely into small pieces and keep them aside.
Answer:
peel, cut.

2. Open fruit cocktail bin/ Pour out syrup in one bowl/ …………….. and fruit in another.
Answer:
bottle, glass.

3. Arrange fruit cake slices at the bottom of a deep fish/ …………. Cover them with fruit cocktail syrup and leave them to Jock/………
Answer:
dish, dry

4. Drop a spoonful of strawberry/ ………………. jam on each slice and spread it evenly.
Answer:
fruit

5. Cover the slices with mustard/ …………..
Answer:
strawberry

6. Spread fixed/…………… fruit over the mustard/
Answer:
mixed, slice.

Speaking Skill

See Workbook page 95

Discuss among your friends and express your views one by one.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Reading Skill

Read the passage carefully.

See Workbook pages 95-96

A. Now answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What exactly is negotiation?
Answer:
Negotiation is exactly an establishment of mutual relationship.

Question 2.
What traits are essential for a good negotiator?
Answer:
A good negotiator needs to be a good listener.

Question 3.
What does a good negotiator seek to establish?
Answer:
A mutual relationship.

Question 4.
What role does the personality of a negotiator play?
Answer:
It creates an impression on” the other party.

Question 5.
How can one develop the right traits for the process of negotiation?
Answer:
One needs to be a team player, a collaborator and a joint problem solver.

B. Use the following infinitives in meaningful sentences:
Answer:

1. to gauge : He was gauged by the teacher.
2. to establish : I wish to establish a good school.
3. to negotiate : The leaders want to negotiate at this issue.
4. to expect : I expect a good result.
5. to achieve : India wants to achieve peaceful solution for this problem.

C. Write antonyms of the following words:
Answer:

1. Individual : Public
2. Interest : Disinterest
3. Importance : Unimportant
4. Include : Exclude
5. Involve : Detach
6. Impact : Disinterest.

D. Pick out synonyms of the following from the passage:
Answer:

1. Convincing : Agreeable
2. Powerful personal quality : Virtue
3. Use of skill and imagination produce new things : Innovative to produce new things
4. Which is not enough : Scanty
5. A typical example or pattern of something : Unique of some-thing.

Grammar

Clauses:

See Workbook pages 97-98

1. Adverb Clauses

See Workbook page 98

Pick out the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences:

Question 1.
You may go home when you have finished.
Answer:
when you have finished.

Question 2.
He will wait till you return.
Answer:
till you return.

Question 3.
We do not always do as we think.
Answer:
as we think.

Question 4.
You will win the prize if you work hard.
Answer:
if you work hard.

Question 5.
I forgive you since you have confessed your guilt.
Answer:
since you have confessed your guilt.

See Workbook page 99

Rewrite the following sentences replacing the Adverb Phrases by Adverb Clauses:

Question 1.
He passed in spite of all his bad luck.
Answer:
He passed even if he had bad luck.

Question 2.
Her heart was too full of words.
Answer:
Her heart was so full of words that she couldn’t express it.

Question 3.
In spite of hard work he failed.
Answer:
Though he worked hard he failed.

Question 4.
On his coming back we put many questions to him.
Answer:
We put many questions to him when he came back.

Question 5.
He was welcomed on his return from England.
Answer:
When he returned from England he was welcomed.

2. Adjective Clause

See Workbook pages 100-101

Pick out the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences.

Question 1.
The shepherd found the sheep which had been lost.
Answer:
which had been lost.

Question 2.
He laughs best who laughs last.
Answer:
who laughs last.

Question 3.
I am the monarch of all I survey.
Answer:
(that) I survey.

Question 4.
He told a story that one could never believe.
Answer:
that one could never believe.

Question 5.
All that glitters is not gold.
Answer:
that glitters.

Rewrite the following sentences replacing the Adjective Phrases by Adjective Clauses.

Question 1.
We all admire a man of grit.
Answer:
We all admire the man who has grit.

Question 2.
Please tell me the time of his departure.
Answer:
Please tell me time at which he departs.

Question  3.
This accident took place on the road leading to the station.
Answer:
This accident took place on the road that leads to the station.

Question 4.
The houses of the Kashmiries are generally built of wood.
Answer:
The Kashmiries live in the houses that are generally made of wood.

Question 5.
That city on the hill has a fine museum.
Answer:
The city which is on the hill has a fine museum.

3. Noun Clauses

See Workbook pages 100-101

Pick out the Noun Clauses in the following sentences and rewrite them:

Question 1.
We expect that he will succeed.
Answer:
he will succeed.

Question 2.
God alone knows that he is quite innocent.
Answer:
he is quite innocent.

Question 3.
He fears that he may not pass.
Answer:
he may not pass.

Question 4.
He denied that he had broken the chair.
Answer:
he had broken the chair.

Question 5.
How Sarita won the first prize is a mystery.
Answer:
How Sarita won the first prize.

Rewrite the following sentences replacing the Noun Phrases by Noun Clauses:

Question 1.
The time of his coming is known to me.
Answer:
The time when he came is known to me.

Question 2.
I heard of her failure.
Answer:
I heard that she has failed.

Question 3.
The reason of his sudden disappearance is not known.
Answer:
The reason why he has disappeared suddenly is not known.

Question 4.
I know your great fondness for music.
Answer:
I know that you are greatly fond of music.

Question 5.
We hoped for your success.
Answer:
We hoped that you succeed.

Writing Skill

Question 1.
Critical situations can be tackled through presence of mind and patience. Justify the statement in light of ‘The Pie and the Tart’.(50 words)
Answer:
The story of ‘The Pie and the Tart’ proves that we can tackle any critical situation through presence of mind and patience. Once  I got stuck in a traffic jam. I was to reach the hospital. I was getting nervous. However I came out of jam and rushed on my way. I was a bit late but I reached safely.

Question 2.
Write a note on the importance of hard work in life. (150 words)
Answer:
Hard work is very important in life. It can help us solve any problem. Hard work gives us confidence. Through confidence we can have patience. Hard work promotes honesty, truthfullness, and dedication to our work. It leads to success. If we labour with honesty in a proper direction we are sure to succeed. First we should fix our goal, then we should labour. Labour in right direction never goes in vain.

1. It is only hard work that enables us to complete the task within the time, limits and get a positive position.
2. It saves our time and we can devote that time to our hobbies and help others. All great man reached their heights only through handwork. As sense of satisfaction and recognition.

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Maths Book Solutions Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes Ex 13.1 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes Ex 13.1

Unless stated otherwise, take π = \(\frac{22}{7}\)

Question 1.
2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting cuboid.
Solution:
Volume of each cube = 64 cm³

Let the edge of each cube = x
∴ x³ = 64 cm³
⇒ x = 4 cm
Now, Length of the resulting cuboid (l) = 2x cm = 8 cm
Breadth of the resulting cuboid (b) = x cm = 4 cm
Height of the resulting cuboid (h) = x cm = 4 cm
∴ Surface area of the cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
= 2 [(8 × 4) + (4 × 4) + (4 × 8)] cm²
= 2 [32 + 16 + 32] cm² = 2 [80] cm²
= 160 cm².

Question 2.
A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the inner surface area of the vessel.
Solution:
For hemispherical part,
radius (r)= \(\frac{14}{2}\) = 7cm
∴ Curved surface area = 2πr²
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 7 × 7cm²
= 308cm² 7
Total height of vessel = 13 cm

∴ Height of cylinder = (13 – 7)cm = 6 cm and radius(r) = 7 cm
∴ Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 7 × 6cm² = 264cm² 7
∴ Inner surface area of vessel = (308 + 264)cm² = 572 cm²

Question 3.
A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
Solution:
Let h be the height of cone and r be the radius of cone and hemisphere.

∴ h = [height of toy – radius of hemi sphere]
= (15.5 – 3.5) cm = 12 cm
Also l² = h² + r² = 12² + (3.5)² = 156.25 cm²
∴ l = 12.5 cm
Curved surface area of the conical part = πrl
Curved surface area of the hemispherical part = 2πr²
∴ Total surface area of the toy = πrl + 2πr²
= πr(l + 2 r)
= \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{35}{10}\) (12.5 + 2 × 3.5) cm²
= 11 × (12.5 + 7) cm² = 11 × 19.5 cm²
= 214.5 cm²

Question 4.
A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest diameter the hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid.
Solution:
Let side of the block, l = 7 cm

∴ The greatest diameter of the hemisphere = 7 cm
Surface area of the solid = [Total surface area of the cubical block] + [C.S.A. of the hemisphere] – [Base area of the hemisphere]
= 6 × l² + 2πr² – πr²
[where l = 7 cm and r = \(\frac{7}{2}\) cm]

Question 5.
A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface area of the remaining solid.
Solution:
Let l be the side of the cube.

∴ Diameter of the hemisphere = l
⇒ Radius of the hemisphere (r) = \(\frac{l}{2}\)
Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2πr²
= 2 × π × \(\frac{l}{2} \times \frac{l}{2}=\frac{\pi l^{2}}{2}\)
Base area of the hemisphere = πr²
= \(\pi\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)^{2}=\frac{\pi l^{2}}{4}\)
Surface area of the cube = 6 × l² = 6l²
∴ Surface area of the remaining solid = [Total surface area of cube + C.S.A. of hemisphere – base area of hemisphere]

Question 6.
A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends (see figure). The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule is 5 mm. Find its surface area.

Solution:
Radius of the hemispherical part

Curved surface area of one hemispherical part = 2πr²
∴ Surface area of both hemispherical parts
= 2(2πr²) = 4πr² = [4 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times\left(\frac{25}{10}\right)^{2}\)] mm²
= \(\left(4 \times \frac{22}{7} \times \frac{25}{10} \times \frac{25}{10}\right)\) mm²
Entire length of capsule = 14 mm
∴ Length of cylindrical part = [Length of capsule – Radius of two hemispherical part]
= (14 – 2 × 2.5)mm = 9mm Area of cylindrical part = 2πrh
= (2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 2.5 × 9 ]mm² = (2 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{25}{10}\) × 9) mm²
Total surface area
= [Surface area of cylindrical part + Surface area of both hemispherical parts]

Question 7.
A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of the cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m, find the area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the rate of ₹ 500 per m². (Note that the base of the tent will not be covered with canvas.)
Solution:

For cylindrical part:
Radius (r) = \(\frac{4}{2}\) m = 2m and height (h) = 2.1 m
∴ Curved surface area = 2πrh = (2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 2 × \(\frac{21}{10}\))m²
For conical part:
Slant height (l) = 2.8 m
and base radius (r) = 2 m
∴ Curved surface area
= πrl = (\(\frac{22}{7}\) × 2 × \(\frac{28}{10}\)) m²
∴ Total surface area = [Curved surface area of the cylindrical part] + [Curved surface area of conical part]

Cost of the canvas used :
Cost of 1 m² of canvas = ₹ 500
∴ Cost of 44 m² of canvas = ₹ (500 × 44)
= ₹ 22000.

Question 8.
From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm².
Solution:

For cylindrical part :
Height (h) = 2.4 cm and diameter = 1.4 cm
⇒ Radius (r) = 0.7 cm
∴ Total surface area of the cylindrical part
= 2πrh + 2πr² = 2πr [h + r]
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{7}{10}\) [2.4 + 0.7]
= \(\frac{44}{10}\) × 3.1 = \(\frac{44 \times 31}{100}\) = \(\frac{1364}{100}\) cm²
For conical part:
Base radius (r) = 0.7 cm and height (h) = 2.4 cm

Base area of the conical part
= \(\pi r^{2}=\frac{22}{7} \times\left(\frac{7}{10}\right)^{2}=\frac{22 \times 7}{100} \mathrm{cm}^{2}=\frac{154}{100} \mathrm{cm}^{2}\)
Total surface area of the remaining solid = [(Total surface area of cylindrical part) + (Curved surface area of conical part) – (Base area of the conical part)]
= \(\left[\frac{1364}{100}+\frac{550}{100}-\frac{154}{100}\right] \mathrm{cm}^{2}=\frac{1760}{100} \mathrm{cm}^{2}\)
Hence, total surface area to the nearest cm² is 18cm².

Question 9.
A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder, as shown in figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.

Solution:
Radius of the cylinder (r) = 3.5 cm
Height of the cylinder (h) = 10 cm
∴ Curved surface area = 2πrh
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{35}{10}\) × 10cm² = 220cm²
Curved surface area of a hemisphere = 2πr²
∴ Curved surface area of both hemispheres
= 2 × 2πr² = 4πr² = 4 × \(\frac{22}{7} \times \frac{35}{10} \times \frac{35}{10}\) cm²
= 154 cm²
Total surface area of the remaining solid = (220 + 154) cm² = 374 cm².

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th English Solutions The Rainbow Chapter 17 The Bet Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th English The Rainbow Solutions Chapter 16 All the World’s a Stage (William Shakespeare)

All the World’s a Stage Textbook Exercises

All the World’s a Stage Vocabulary

I. Find single words in the poem which have the meanings given below:

1. a very young child, one who has not learnt to speak or walk.
2. an apparatus in a factory, in which metals and other substances are heated to very high temperature in an enclosed space.
3. full of interesting or exciting events.
4. the raised floor on which plays are performed in a theatre.
5. unsuitable for an adult.
Answer:

1. infant
2. furnace
3. eventful
4. stage
5. youthful.

II. What’s the meaning of the word ‘players’ in the poem? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
The word ‘players’ in the poem means ‘actors’. As the actors play their parts on a dramatic/theatrical stage, in the same manner, human beings play their different roles in different ages of their lives.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions in about 25 words.
Question 1.
Explain:

All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages.
Answer:
Shakespeare compares the world to a stage. Both men and women take birth and die. It means they come on the stage of life and play their parts like actors. Every man has to play different parts according to his span of life. The full life span is divided into seven ages.

Question 2.
Why does the poet compare the school boy to a snail?
Answer:
A snail is a type of small soft animal usually with a hard round shell on its back, which moves very slowly. The school boy is also soft and delicate. He has to carry his satchel to school. He is not willing to go to school. Therefore, he walks slowly like a snail.

Question 3.
How does the soldier play his part on the stage of the world?
Answer:
The soldier is full of strange oaths. He has a long beard like the General of the army. He is honour seeking. He does not mind quarrelling. He does not mind going into the mouth of the cannon to achieve the short living fame.

Question 4.
How does the justice act out his part on the stage of the world?
Answer:
The justice is round bellied as he has fed on male chickens. He has severe looks. He plays his part on the stage of life successfully, using wise sayings and modern examples.

Question 5.
Why does the poet call man’s last age as “second childishness and mere oblivion”?
Answer:
The old man becomes lean and weak. His manly voice gushes out like a whistle. He starts limping. He becomes childish and forgetful. He loses all his senses. He loses his digestive power but longs for youthful items. His memory too fails. His tastes and demands also become childish.

B. Answer the following questions in about 50 words.

Question 1.
“This poem is pictorial in effect as it draws the seven parts played by man on the stage of the world with extraordinary clarity and vivid force.” Explain.”
Answer:
The poem ‘All the World’s a Stage’ gives pictorial description of seven stages in a man’s life. He enters the world as an infant who keeps crying. Then he starts going to school unwillingly. As a lover he sings woeful songs. As a soldier he desires to earn honour. As a judge he gives wise judgments. Then he becomes lean and thin but his voice is still manly. In the last stage he becomes childish and forgetful. He loses all his senses. He becomes helpless.

Question 2.
“The portraits of the soldier and the magistrate are quite satirical in this poem.” Comment on the above statement.
Answer:
The soldier is full of silly and strange oaths. He shows himself off by keeping beards like a general. He picks up a quarrel to seek momentary fame. The justice becomes round bellied by feeding on male chickens. He has severe eyes. He is full of wise sayings. Both of these portraits are quite satirical. Instead of fighting in war, the soldier invites quarrels at all places. The justice has great wisdom, yet he feeds on male chickens.

Speaking Skill

I. Work in pairs. One of the pair will say the following words from the poem and the other will repeat the same along with the additional words as given in the text.
stage – All the worlds a stage
players – …………………
ages – ………………
nurse’s arms – ……………….
school boy – ………………
oaths – ………………………
sans everything – ………………………
Answer:
stage – All the world’s a stage.
players – And all the men and women merely players.
ages – His acts being seven ages.
nurse’s arms – Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms.
school boy – And then the whining school boy.
oaths – Full of strange oaths.
sans everything – Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

II. You have been chosen by your dramatics teacher to prepare the costumes and make up for staging a playlet on. ‘The Seven Ages of Man.’ With the help of ideas given in the poem prepare a list of instructions for the costume designer and make up artist for creating the characters of your show.
Answer:
The artist will be advised to make different types of costumes suiting different ages. He will design a blue frock/baby suit for the infant. Then he will design a school uniform of a student. Then he will sketch a model of a love lost lover. Then a soldier in military dress. Then the justice in his posh dress. Then a man with loose pantaloons and old socks. Then he will design an old man in white dress.

Writing Skill

Question 1.
Paraphrase the extract “All the world’s a stage”. (50 words)
Answer:
All the men and women are merely players on the world’s
stage. They come on the stage, play their parts and disappear. Every man plays many different parts during his life. He cries and vomits in the nurse’s arms as an infant. He goes to school unwillingly. As a lover he sighs like a furnace and composes poems on his mistress’s eyebrows. As a soldier he is quick in picking up a quarrel. He is not afraid even of the gun. As a judge he imparts wise justice. In his old age he becomes weak. His senses do not support him. He becomes childish and oblivious.

Question 2.
Write a paragraph on “Shakespeare as a great literary artist”. (150 words)
Answer:
Shakespeare has dealt with all aspects of human life in all its complexity and variety. He has touched all elements of human experience and all segments of human sensibility. Shakespeare was a versatile genius. He wrote tragedies, comedies, tragicomedies, poems and sonnets. His mastery over natural scenes is beyond question. He has a keen insight into human nature. Shakespeare was a great literary artist. He was primarily concerned not with postulating theories of life but with the stuff of life itself. He was quite a rich and imaginative poet. He has touched every mood of graceful sentiment. He is a supreme poet in an age of great poetry. His description about the primal things as love, hate, hope, despair, courage, endurance etc. is very real. He has magical power over words. He is a universal literary gem of all time.

Think It Over

Question 1.
For all your days prepare and meet them over alike,
When you are the anvil, bear.
When you are the hammer, strike.
Now ponder and pen your thought in two sentences of your own.
Answer:
Do your assigned duty earnestly for no work is small. Never shirk your duty. Do your duty considering it as the worship of God.

Question 2.
Henry Ford once said, “Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take eyes off your goal.” Think it over and confirm the statement with an example.
Answer:
Every job is full of obstacles. Cowards do not start any work for fear of obstacles. The mediocres do not start a work for fear of obstacles. The main reason behind it is that they keep their eyes on impending obstacles. A man of firm determination keeps his eyes on the goal. He does not bother about the obstacles which he will have to face. He will tread the obstacles and achieve his goal in the end.

Things To Do

Question 1.
Convert this poem into a play script. Add your imagination to show traits of different phases of life, such as: childhood, boyhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood, senescence, old age.
Answer:
For self-attempt.

All the World’s a Stage Additional Important Questions

A. Read the passages and answer the questions that follow:

1. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms.
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. (Page 135)

Questions:
(a) The poem from which the above extract has been taken is
(i) Good Will
(ii) All the World’s a Stage
(iii) To the Cuckoo
(iv) The Bridge Builder
Answer:
(ii) All the World’s a Stage

(b) The one word used for Tittle new born baby’ in the above extract is
(i) school boy
(ii) infant
(iii) snail
(iv) nurse
Answer:
(ii) infant

(c) How does the school boy go to school?
Answer:
The school boy unwillingly goes to school creeping like a snail.

2. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon’s mouth.

Questions:
(a) The poet of the above lines is
(i) John Keats
(ii) William Wordsworth
(iii) William Shakespeare
(iv) Robert Frost
Answer:
(iii) William Shakespeare

(b) The world for ‘a device for firing’ in the above extract is
(i) cannon
(ii) soldier
(iii) bubble
(iv) pard
Answer:
(i) cannon

(c) What does a man in his third stage quarrel for?
Answer:
A man in his third stage quarrels for seeking bubble reputation.

I. Match the following:
1.. All the world’s – (a) pukes in the nurse’s arms.
2. All the men and women – (b) plays many parts.
3. One man in his time – (c) the bubble reputation.
4. The infant mewls and – (d) (are) merely players.
5. The soldier seeks – (e) a stage.
Answer:
1. (e), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (c).

II. Pick up the correct choice.
(i) ‘All the World’s a Stage’ is written by:
(a) William Wordsworth
(b) William Shakespeare
(c) Thomas Gray
(d) John Keats
Answer:
(b) William Shakespeare

(ii) A. All the men and women …………. (only/merely) players.
B. The lover sighs like a …………… (chimney/furnace)
C. The ……………….. (judge/justice) is full of wise saws and modern instances.
D. The old age is second …………… (childhood/childishness) and mere oblivion.
Answer:
A. merely
B. furnace
C. justice
D. childishness.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’:
1. All the men and women have their exits and their entrances.
2. One man in his time plays only one part.
3. The school boy goes willingly to school.
4. The soldier is full of strange oaths and is jealous in honour.
5. One becomes sans everything in ripe old age.
Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

IV. Fill up the following blanks:
1. His acts being ……… ages.
2. The soldier is …… and quick in quarrel.
3. The …………. age shifts into the lean and slippered pantaloon.
4. Last scene of all, that ends this strange ……. history.
5. His ………… hose well saved.
Answer:

1. seven
2. sudden
3. sixth
4. eventful
5. youthful.

B. Short Answer Type Questions (In about 25 words)

Question 1.
What does an infant do according to the poem?
Answer:
An infant is a very young child. He is normally up to the age of two years. He/She has no understanding. He is fully dependent on his nurse. He keeps on crying with broken voice, whenever he feels hungry. He spills milk and vomits in the nurse’s arms (lap).

Question 2.
How does Shakespeare depict a child?
Answer:
The infant grows into a child. He begins to go to school. He is unwilling to leave the protected environment of his home. He does not find himself confident enough to exercise his own discretion. Therefore, he heads towards the school as slowly as the snail.

Question 3.
How does the lover play his role?
Answer:
Adolescence turns the youth into a lover. Out of passion he sighs like a furnace. Most of the lovers prove failures. Such lovers feel remorseful due to some reason or the other. The main reason is loss/breach of love. It turns him into a maniac and he expresses his torn love in tearful (tragic) songs.

Question 4.
How does the poet sketch the role of a soldier?
Answer:
In the poem, the soldier is compared to a modern day young adult. He thinks less of himself and more of others. He becomes hot headed and gets aroused soon. He is always working towards gaining recognition through short-lived reputation, even at the cost of his life.

Question 5.
How does the poet sketch the role of the justice?
Answer:
Shakespeare is the poet of all ages. His justice can be compared to a modern-day adult. He has acquired wisdom through of various experiences life. He has gained prosperity and social status. He enjoys the finer things of life. He also becomes very attentive of his looks.

C. Long Answer Type Questions (In about 50 words)

Question 1.
How does the poet sketch the old age?
Answer:
Old age is the worst and the most pitiable of all ages. Man in this age begins to lose both his physical and mental charm. He loses his assertiveness and firmness. He also shrinks in stature and personality. He loses his status and becomes a non-entity. Like a child, he becomes dependent on others. He needs constant support. He loses the function of all of his senses. He becomes a physical wreck due to his deformed figure. His life becomes hellish.

Question 2.
Shakespeare was a versatile genius. Justify.
Answer:
Shakespeare wrote tragedies, comedies, tragicomedies, poems and sonnets. He was not of an age but of all times. He was not a man but a phenomenon. He was not an imitator but an instrument of nature. Nature spoke through him. He was never fresh. He dealt with the entire length and breadth of human life and character in all its complexity and variety. He combined various dramatic gifts in a balanced form. His mastery of individual scenes was beyond question. He had a keen insight into human nature. He was the master of human psychology.

All the World’s a Stage Introduction

William Shakespeare compares the world with a stage. Men and women come on this stage, play their parts and die. The poem describes the seven stages in a man’s life.

All the World’s a Stage Summary in English

The poet calls this world a stage. The human beings come and play their parts here.
There are seven stages in a man’s life. In his first stage, the infant cries and vomits in the nurse’s arms. The second stage is that of a school-boy who goes to school unwillingly. On growing up, he enters the third stage. He becomes a lover. He is full of passion for his mistress and composes sad songs. As a soldier, he takes a pledge to dedicate his services to the nation without fear of the enemy’s cannons.

As a judge in his fifth stage, he tries to maintain the dignity and honour of the Chair. He adapts mannerism to show his wisdom. Then he becomes lean and weak in his sixth stage. His strength fails him. His clothes become loose. He fails even to walk steadily. He still retains his manly voice. In the last stage, all of his senses betray him. He enters the stage of the second childishness and forgetfulness. He lives on the mercy of others.

All the World’s a Stage Summary in Hindi

कवि, इस संसार को मंच (स्टेज) कहता है। मानव यहां आकर अपनी भूमिका अदा कर देते हैं। अपनी प्रथम अवस्था में शिशु, रोता रहता है और नर्स की बाजुओं पर (गोद में) उलटी कर देता है। दूसरी अवस्था स्कूली-बालक की है जो अनिच्छा से स्कूल जाता है। तीसरी अवस्था में सयाना (वयस्क) होने पर वह प्रेमी बन जाता है। वह अपनी प्रेमिका (महबूबा) के प्रति कामुकता से भरा रहता है और उसके लिए दुखभरे गीतों की रचना करता है। सैनिक के रूप में वह तोप से भयभीत हुए बिना, राष्ट्र के प्रति अपनी सेवाएँ अर्पित करने की प्रतिज्ञा करता है। यह उसकी चौथी अवस्था

जज के रूप में वह अपनी कुर्सी की मान और मर्यादा को स्थापित रखने का प्रयत्न करता है। अपनी कुशलता दिखाने के लिए वह नैतिक रीतियों को अपनाता है। छठी अवस्था में वह दुबला और कमजोर हो जाता है। उसकी शक्ति क्षीण हो जाती है। उसके कपड़े ढीले हो जाते हैं। वह स्थिर गति से चलने में विफल हो जाता है। परन्त उसकी रौबीली आवाज बरकरार रहती है। उसकी अन्तिम अवस्था में उसकी सभी इन्द्रियां उसे चकमा दे जाती हैं। वह दूसरे शैशव और भुलक्कड़पन की अवस्था में प्रविष्ट हो जाता है। वह दूसरों के रहम पर जीवित रहता है।

All the World’s a Stage Word-Meanings

All the World’s a Stage Some Important Pronunciations

MP Board Class 10th Science Solutions Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Intext Questions

Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Intext Questions Page No. 128

Question 1.
What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Answer:
The chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules. The DNA in the cell nucleus is the information source for making proteins. Hence DNA copying is important in reproduction.

Question 2.
Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
Answer:

If a population of reproducing organisms were suited to particular niche and if the niche were drastically altered, the population could be wiped out. However, if some variations were to be present in a few individuals in these populations, there would be some chance for them to survive.

Thus, if there were a population of bacteria living in temperature waters and if the water temperature were to be increased by global warming, most of these bacteria would die, but the few variants resistant to heat would survive and grow further. Variation is thus useful for the survival of species over time. Variation is not useful for all organisms.

Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Intext Questions Page No. 133

Question 1.
How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Answer:
Binary fission: It is a simple kind of division which formate new individual. In binary fission, a single cell divides into two equal halves but it is possible only with very simple single cell kind. Amoeba and Bacteria divide by binary fission.

Multiple fission: Another type of simple division is multiple fission, in this, a single cell divides into many daughter, cells, e.g., Plasmodium divide by multiple fission.

Binary fission	Multiple fission
In this fission, one cell split into two equal halves during cell division. Eg: Bacteria.	Here one organism divide into many daughter cells simultaneously. Eg: yeast.

Question 2.
How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?
Answer:
The spores are covered by thick walls that protect them until they come into contact with another moist surface and can begin to grow. Thus organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores.

Question 3.
Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?
Answer:
Multicellular organisms are not simply a random mass of cells but a carefully organized entity of tissues and organs are placed at definite positions in the body to form organ systems. These systems are well coordinated to perform specific functions. Hence complex organisms cannot reproduce through fragmentation.

Question 4.
Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing some types of plants?
Answer:
Advantages of vegetative propagation:

• Used in methods such as layering or grafting, to grow many plants like sugarcane, roses or grapes for agricultural purposes.
• Plants raised can bear more flowers and fruits in comparison to plants produced from seeds.
• Plants such as banana, orange, rose and jasmine which have lost the capacity to produce seeds can be propagated.
• All plants produced by vegetative propagation are genetically similar enough to the parent plant.

Question 5.
Why is DN Acopying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Answer:
The consistency of DNA copying during reproduction is important for the maintenance of body design features that allow the organism to use that particular niche. Because of this DNA copying is an essential part of the process of reproduction.

Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Intext Questions Page No. 140

Question 1.
How is the process of pollination different from fertilization?
Answer:
Pollination is movement of pollens from one plant to another plant’s or its own plant’s stigma. It may require certain agents called pollinators such as air, water birds or some insects to perform. Fertilization, is a complex process, it involves the fusion of the male and female gametes. It occurs inside the ovule and leads to the formation of zygote.

Question 2.
What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland?
Answer:
Along the path of the vas deferens, gland like the prostrate and the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are now in a fluid which makes their transport easier and this fluid also provides nutrition.

Question 3.
What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?
Answer:
The changes seen in girls at the time of puberty are:

1. Development of secondary sexual characteristics.
2. Growth in breast size and darkening of skin of the nipples.
3. Growth of hair in the genital area and other areas of skin like underarms, face, hands and legs.
4. Growth in the size of uterus and ovary hence, start of menstrual cycle periodically.

Question 4.
How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body?
Answer:
The embryo gets nutrition form the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta. This is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue on the mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta.

Question 5.
If a woman is using a copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases?
Answer:
Copper-T will helps in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases by helping to prevent infections of diseases.

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 NCERT Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in:
(a) amoeba
(b) yeast
(c) plasmodium
(d) leishmania
Answer:
(b) yeast

Question 2.
Which of the following is not system in human beings? a part of the female reproductive
(a) ovary
(b) uterus
(c) vas deferens
(d) fallopian tube
Answer:
(c) vas deferens

Question 3.
The anther contains:
(a) sepal
(b) ovules
(c) carpel
(d) pollen grains
Answer:
(d) pollen grains

Question 4.
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Answer:
In case of asexual reproduction, new generations are produced by one organism. But in sexual reproduction, new generations are produced by two organisms (male and female). In case of sexual reproduction germ cells are produced in testes and these secrete a hormone testosterone. In human beings also develop special tissues for this purpose.

Question 5.
What are the functions performed by the testis in human beings?
Answer:
They are the glands where sperm and testosterone are generated and present in male body. The testes are contained in the scrotum and are composed of dense connective tissue. Functions of testes are as follows:

• It produces sperms, which contain haploid set of chromosomes of
• It produces testosterone, which initiate secondary sexual characteristics

Question 6.
Why does menstruation occur?
Answer:
Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy. This would be required for nourishing the embryo if fertilisation had taken place. Now, however, this lining is not needed any longer. So the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known a menstruation. It usually lasts for about two to eight days.

Question 7.
Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of a flower.
Answer:

Longitudinal section flower.

Question 8.
What are the different methods of contraception?
Answer:

Many ways have been devised to avoid pregnancy. These contraceptive methods fall in a number of categories. One category is the creation of a mechanical barrier so that sperm does not reach the egg. Condoms on the penis or similar coverings worn in the vagina can serve this purpose.

Another category of contraceptives acts by changing the hormonal balance of the body so that eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur. These drugs commonly need to be taken orally as pills. However, Since they change hormonal balances, they can cause side effects too. Other contraceptive devices such as the loop or the copper-T are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Again, they can cause side effects due to irritation of the uterus. Surgery can also be used for removed of unwanted pregnancies.

Question 9.
How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Answer:
In unicellular organisms, reproduction occurs by the division of the entire cell. The modes of reproduction in unicellular organisms can be fission, budding etc. whereas in multi cellular organisms, specialised reproductive organs are present. Therefore, they can be reproduced by complex reproductive methods such as vegetative propagation, spore formation etc. In more complex multicellular organisms such as human beings and plants, the mode of reproduction is sexual reproduction.

Question 10.
How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?
Answer:
Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals of the same species by existing organisms of a species. So, it helps in providing stability to population of species by giving birth to new individuals as the rate of birth must be at par with the rate of death to provide stability to population of a species.

Question 11.
What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
Answer:
Contraceptive methods are mainly adopted because of the following reasons:

• It prevent unwanted pregnancies.
• It control rise in population and birth rate.
• It prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Additional Important Questions

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
All individuals produced by an organism are:
(a) Genetically similar
(b) Non-identical
(c) Fission
(d) Moneociuos
Answer:
(a) Genetically similar

Question 2.
Sexual reproduction is completed by _______ division:
(a) Mitotic
(b) Meiotic and mitotic both
(c) Meiosis
(d) Mitotic at some stages .
Answer:
(c) Meiosis

Question 3.
In yeast cell, division results in:
(a) Offspring
(b) Bud
(c) Clone
(d) Branch
Answer:
(b) Bud

Question 4.
Which of the following organisms undergo multiple fission?
(a) Paramecium
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Amoeba
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) Plasmodium

Question 5.
Hydra reproduces asexually through:
(a) Budding
(b) Binary fission
(c) Multiple fission
(d) Vegetative propagation
Answer:
(a) Budding

Question 6.
In which plant, the site of origin of new plants is node?
(a) Potato tuber
(b) Onion bulb
(c) Rhizome ginger
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 7.
In which of the following, asexual reproduction takes place through binary fission?
(a) Amoeba
(b) Yeast
(c) Plasmodium
(d) Leishmania
Answer:
(b) Yeast

Question 8.
Which of the following is in human beings?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) (a) and (b)
(d) Fallopian tube
(e) (a), (b) and (d)
Answer:
(e) (a), (b) and (d)

Question 9.
The anther, a part of male flower have:
(a) Sepals
(b) Ovules
(c) Carpel
(d) Pollen grains
Answer:
(d) Pollen grains

Question 10.
The information for making proteins is provided by:
(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(b) DNA
(c) Hormones
(d) Enzymes
Answer:
(b) DNA

Question 11.
Nature of gametes are usually:
(a) Haploid
(b) Diploid
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Haploid

Question 12.
With the help of which tissues embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood?
(a) Zygote
(b) Uterus only
(c) Placenta
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Placenta

Question 13.
Which of the following is not a part of the male reproductive system in human beings?
(a) Testes
(b) Uterus
(c) Vas deferens
(d) Urethra
Answer:
(b) Uterus

Question 14.
Binary fission in some organisms occurs in definite orientation in relation to the cell structures. One such organisms is:
(a) Leishmania
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Amoeba
(d) Bacteria
Answer:
(c) Amoeba

Question 15.
Plants that have lost their capacity to produce seeds, reproduce by:
(a) Spores
(b) Vegetative propagation
(c) Fission
(d) Regeneration
Answer:
(a) Spores

Question 16.
A stamen consists of two parts namely:
(a) Anther and style
(b) Anther and filament
(c) Stigma and style
(d) Filament and style
Answer:
(b) Anther and filament

Question 17.
A bisexual flower contains:
(a) Stamens only
(b) Carpels only
(c) Either stamens or carpels
(d) Both stamens and carpels
Answer:
(d) Both stamens and carpels

Question 18.
Germinated seeds do not contains:
(a) Sepals
(b) Cotyledon
(c) Plumule
(d) Radicle
Answer:
(a) Sepals

Question 19.
A feature of reproduction that is common to amoeba, spirogyra and yeast is that:
(a) they reproduce asexually
(b) they are all unicellular
(c) they reproduce only sexually
(d) they are all multicellular
Answer:
(a) they reproduce asexually

Question 20.
Which of the part of flower ripens to form a fruit?
(a) Ovule
(b) Ovary
(c) Carpel
(d) Egg cell
Answer:
(b) Ovary

Question 21.
The testes perforin the following function/functions:
(a) Produce testosterone
(b) Produce sperms
(c) Produce male gametes and hormone
(d) Produce sperms and urine
Answer:
(b) Produce sperms

Question 22.
Where does fertilisation take place in human beings?
(a) Uterus
(b) Vagina
(c) Cervix
(d) Fallopian Tube
Answer:
(d) Fallopian Tube

Question 23.
Condom is a method of control that falls under the following category:
(a) Surgical method
(b) Hormonal method
(c) Mechanical method
(d) Chemical method
Answer:
(c) Mechanical method

Question 24.
The common passage for sperms and urine in the male reproductive system is:
(a) Ureter
(b) Seminal vesicle
(c) Urethra
(d) Vas deferens
Answer:
(c) Urethra

Question 25.
In sperm, which part dissociates after fertilization?
(a) Acrosome
(b) Tail
(c) Head
(d) Middle piece
Answer:
(b) Tail

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which life process is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism but important for the survival of species?
Answer:
Reproduction.

Question 2.
How a species can get a danger of being extinct?
Answer:
If individuals of any species stops reproducing, then that species can get a danger of being extinct.

Question 3.
How an individual is able to make a copy of itself?
Answer:
DNA copying is a process at cellular level which enables an individual to make copy of it self.

Question 4.
Write the name of process by which Hydra reproduces.
Answer:
Budding only.

Question 5.
Generally, how many individuals are involved in asexual reproduction?
Answer:
One.

Question 6.
Write the name of some common method of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation and spore formation.

Question 7.
Which type of flower is called unisexual flowers?
Answer:
A flower which have either male or female reproductive parts is called unisexual flowers.

Question 8.
What is pollination?
Answer:
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or of another flower of the same kind is known as pollination.

Question 9.
What do you understand by term fertilisation?
Answer:
The fusion of male and female gametes is termed as fertilisation.

Question 10.
How seed is dispersed?
Answer:
Seed dispersal takes place by means of wind, water and animals.

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does plasmodium undergo fission?
Ans.
Plasmodium divides into many daughter cells through multiple fission.

Question 2.
How spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation?
Answer:
An individual spirogyra breaks up into many smaller pieces, each fragment grows into new individual.

Question 3.
Which cells are responsible for budding in hydra?
Answer:
Regenerative cells.

Question 4.
Name the structure into which following develops: the plumule and radicle?
Answer:
Plumule develops to shoot while radicle form root of a plant.

Question 5.
On which plant can you find buds on its leaves?
Answer:
Bryophyllum.

Question 6.
Write the scientific name of the bread mould.
Answer:
Rhizopus.

Question 7.
Where are the testes located in human beings?
Answer:
In abdominal cavity, in scrotum.

Question 8.
For what specific reason have the testes specific location?
Answer:
As testes, requires lesser temperature, to produce sperm than of abdominal cavity.

Question 9.
Correlate the rate of general body growth and maturation of reproductive tissue during puberty.
Answer:
When reproductive tissues (organs) begin to mature, body growth rate slows down.

Question 10.
Where does the zygote get implanted in human beings?
Answer:
In the wall of uterus.

Question 11.
Which two important substances are delivered to developing embryo through placenta?
Answer:
Glucose and oxygen.

Question 12.
How change in hormonal balance prevents pregnancy?
Answer:
It prevents the release of eggs.

Question 13.
Name the tissue in mother’s body that provides nutrition to developing embryo?
Answer:
Placenta provides nutrition to developing embryo.

Question 14.
Write one side effect of loop placed in uterus.
Answer:
It may cause permanent irritation and excessive and prolong bleeding in uterus.

Question 15.
Which structures need to be blocked in males and females respectively to prevent pregnancy?
Answer:
Vas deferens in male (vasectomy), fallopian tube in female (tubectomy).

Question 16.
Why is children sex ratio alarmingly declining in our country.
Answer:
Abortions based on sex selections.

Question 17.
Name the chemical methods of preventing pregnancy.
Answer:
Morning over oral pills.

Question 18.
Name some of the devices used as mechanical method for preventing pregnancy.
Answer:
Loop, copper T, condoms.

Question 19.
Name the only mammal(s) which lays eggs.
Answer:
Echidna and duck-billed platypus.

Question 20.
What is parthenogenesis?
Answer:
Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction. In this case, embryo development takes places without fertilisation. A few species of insects, bees, wasps, birds and lizards (e.gKomodo dragon lizard) reproduce this way.

Question 21.
Give an example of an organism which reproduces by:
(a) Fragmentation
(b) Spore formation
(c) Stems
Answer:
(i) Spirogyra.
(ii) Bacteria, fungi (rhizopus), moss, algae.
(iii) Plants like potato (tuber), onion (bulb) reproduce by vegetative propagation of stems.

Question 22.
Discuss various artificial vegetative propagation techniques.
Answer:
Various artificial vegetative propagation techniques are:

1. Cutting
2. Layering
3. Grafting
4. Tissue culture

Question 23.
What is grafting? What are different types of grafting techniques?
Answer:
In grafting, one part of a plant is inserted into another plant in a way that both of them will unite and grow together as a single plant. Different methods of grafting are:

• Approach grafting
• Cleft grafting
• Bud grafting
• Tongue grafting

Question 24.
Name some:

1. Plants which are reproduced by vegetative propagation.
2. Plants which have unisexual flowers.
3. Plants which have bisexual flowers.
4. Plants with self-pollination.
5. Plants that do cross-pollination.

Answer:

1. Rose, sweet potatoes, bryophyllum.
2. Coconut, papaya, watermelon.
3. Lily, rose, sunflower.
4. Beans, peas, tomatoes.
5. Grasses, catkins, maple trees.

Question 25.
What is germination?
Answer:
The seed contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions. This process is known as germination.

Question 26.
What is cross-pollination?
Answer:
Cross-pollination is the process of transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species or closely related species.

Question 27.
Explain hormonal pills of contraception.
Answer:
Oral contraceptives: In this method, tablets or drugs are taken orally by females to check pregnancy These contain small doses of hormones in forms of pills that prevent the release of eggs and thus, fortilisation cannot occur.

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why simply copying of DNA in a dividing cells not enough to maintain continuity of life?
Answer:
Copying of DNA preserve and pass specific characters of a generation to next generation offsprings. In reproduction, it is very important to create DNA copy. It determines the body design of an individual. But variation in genotype is also important,, because sometimes existing genotype don’t find its potential to survive in changing surroundings. So, genotype must have some alterations which are caused by variations only. Hence, simply copying of DNA in a dividing cells is not enough to maintain continuity of life.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the fragmentation mode of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
Fragmentation: Many lower organisms, use fragmentation mode of asexual reproduction for its growth e.g., algae. When water and nutrients are available in sufficient amount algae grow and multiply rapidly by fragmentation. An algae breaks up to multiple fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into new individuals.

Question 3.
Explain budding in yeast.
Answer:
The yeast is a single-celled organism. The small bulb-like projection come out from the yeast cell in favourable time and is called a bud. The bud gradually grows and gets dettached from the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells.

Question 4.
Describe the process of implantation.
Answer:
A week after the sperm fertilizes the egg, the fertilized egg (zygote) undergo development and become a multicelled blastocyst. The blastocyst fix itself into the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. The hormone estrogen causes the endometrium to become thick and rich with blood. Progesterone and other hormone released by the ovaries, keeps the endometrium thick with blood so that the blastocyst can absorb nutrients from uterus. This process is called implantation.

Question 5.
Explain the following.

1. Hermaphrodites
2. Unisexual
3. Syngamy

Answer:

1. Hermaphrodites are bisexual organisms which possess both male and female reproductive organs. Examples: earthworm, leech, starfish.
2. Animals which have different male and female individuals as birds, mammals etc.
3. The process of fusion of male gamete with female gamete is called syngamy.

Question 6.
What is contraception? Discuss natural and barrier method of contraception.
Answer:
Contraception or birth control methods include: condoms, the diaphragm, the contraceptive pill, implants, IUDs (intrauterine devices), sterilization and the morning after pill and many more some of best methods are given below:

• Natural method: It involves avoiding the chances of meeting of sperms and ovum. In this method, the sexual intercourse is avoided by the couple from day 10th to 17th of the menstrual cycle of female as in this period, ovulation is expected and therefore, the chances of fertilisation are very high.
• Barrier method: In this method, the fertilisation of ovum and sperm is checked out with the help of artificially developed barriers. Barriers are developed for both males and females. Most common barrier available in market are condoms.

Question 7.
Describe implants and surgical methods of contraception
Answer:
Contraceptive devices are also developed as the loop or copper-T to prevent pregnancy. Surgical methods are also used to block the gamete transfer. It includes the blocking of vas deferens to prevent the transfer of Sperms known as vasectomy. Similarly, tubectomy in the fallopian tubes of the female can be blocked so that the egg will not reach the uterus.

Question 8.
Discuss fertilization in flowering plants.
Answer:
There are two main procedures of completing fertilization in flowering plants, which are:
(i) Pollination
(ii) Fertilisation

(i) Pollination: Pollination is a very important part of the life cycle of a flowering plant which results in seeds that grow into new plants. It is part of the sexual reproduction process of flowering plants. Flowers are the structures of flowering plants that contain all the specialized parts needed for sexual reproduction. Plants have gametes, which contain half the normal number of chromosomes for that plant species. Male gametes are found inside tiny pollen grains on the anthers of flowers. Female gametes are found in the ovules of a flower. Pollination is the process that brings these male and female gametes together. The wind or animals, especially insects and birds, pick up pollen from the male anthers and carry it to the female stigma. Flowers have to encourage animals to pollinate them.

(ii) Fertilisation: After pollination, when pollen has landed on the stigma of a suitable flower of the same species, various process occurs in the making of seeds. A pollen grain on the stigma grows a tiny tube, all the way down the style to the ovary. This pollen tube carries a male gamete to meet a female gamete in an ovule. In a process called fertilization, the two gametes join. The fertilised ovule form a seed, which contains a food store and an embryo that grow into a new plant. The ovary develops into a fruit to protect the seed.

Question 9.
Inside womb, how does a child receive food, oxygen and water? Discuss.
Answer:
As a mother eats something the nutrient like glucose, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc. are absorbed into the mother’s blood by the small intestine. The nutrients flow to the placenta, and then transferred to the baby’s bloodstream through the umbilical cord. The baby’s waste products (like CO2) are disposed of in the mother’s blood stream as well. In the placenta, the mothers blood flows into a network of blood Vessels and capillaries. Molecules in the mother’s blood like glucose, proteins, fats, oxygen etc. flow out of the mother’s blood supply and are absorbed into another network of blood vessels and capillaries containing the baby’s blood supply. The baby’s blood then flows through the umbilical cord back to the baby. It is the complete process of baby’s nutrition inside womb.

Question 10.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantage of autogamy or self¬pollination.
Answer:
Advantages of autogamy:

It is a sure method of seed formation. Scent and Nectar are not needed by the flower to attract insects. Parent characteristics are preserved in off spring’s. Small quantity of pollen is required for pollination. Flowers need not be large or attractive. Disadvantages of autogamy plants lose their vigor in their future generations due to repeated self-pollination. Since, there is no variation, no genetic improvement occurs in offsprings. Weak characteristics of the plant are inherited by the next generations.

MP Board Class 10th Science Chapter 8 Textbook Activities

Class 10 Science Activity 8.1 Page No. 129

• Dissolve about 10 gin of sugar in 100 mL of water.
• lake 20 mL of this solution in a test tube and add a pinch of yeasl granules to it.
• Put a cotton plug on the mouth of the test tube and keep it in a warm place.
• Alter 1 or 2 hours, put a small drop of yeast culture from the test tube on a slide and cover it with a coverslip.
• Observe the slide under a microscope.

Observations:

• Formation of yeast cells can be seen. Some of them, shows chain budding.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.2 Page No. 129

• Wet a slice of bread, and keep it in a cool, moist and dark place.
• Observe the surface of the slice with a magnifying glass.
• Record your observation for a week.

Observations:

• A layer of while cottony mass is seen over the surface of slice. These inercase in size and number and after a week, the layer turns black show ing formation of spores or sporangia.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.3 Page No. 129

• Observ e a permanent slide of Amoeba under a microscope.
• Similarly observe another permanent slide of Amoeba show-ing binary fission.
• Now, compare the observation of both the slides.

Observations:

• The permanent slide of amoeba shows normal cytoplasm and nucleus. Nucleus can be seen dividing and construction in cytoplasm can also be seen. The binary fission with two daughter cells is observed in the other slide.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.4 Page No. 129

• Collect water from a lake or pond that appears dark green and contains filamentous structures.
• Put one or two filaments on a slide.
• Put a drop of glycerin on these filaments and cover it with a coverslip
• Observe the slide under a microscope.
• Can you identify different tissues in the Spimgyra filaments.

Observations:

• Spirogyra filament consists of many cells which are attached linearly to form a filament.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.5 Page No. 132

• Take a potato and observe its surface. Can notches be seen?
• Cut the potato into small pieces such that some pieces contain a notch or bud and some do not.
• Spread some cotton on a tray and wet it. Place the potato pieces on this cotton. Note where the pieces with the buds are placed.
• Observe changes taking place in these potato pieces over the next few days. Make sure that the cotton is, kept moistened.
• Which arc the potato pieces that give rise to fresh green shoots and roots.

Observations:

• The,potato undergoes various changes in few days. The buds in notches show growth of young shoots and roots. The pieces which do not have eye buds do not show any growth.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.6 Page No. 132

• Select a money-plant.
• Cut some pieces such that they contain at least one leaf.
• Cut out some other portions between two leaves.
• Dip one end of all the pieces in water and observe over the next few days.
• Which ones grow’ and give rise to fresh leaves?
• What can you conclude from your observations ?

Observations:

• The leaves at the nodes show formation of fresh leaves. The formation of branch from axillary buds axil of leaf is also observ ed.
• The leaves that undergo photosynthesis show tendency to grow into a new plant through vegetative propagation.

Class 10 Science Activity 8.7 Page No. 135

• Soak a few seeds of Bengal gram (chana) and keep them overnight.
• Drain the excess water and cover the seeds with a wet cloth and leave them for a day. Make sure that the seeds do not become dry.
• Cut open the seeds carefully and observe the different parts.
• Compare your observations with the Fig. 8.2 and sec if you can identify all the parts.

Observations:

• The parts identified includes- cotyledon which stores food, plumule which is a future shoot radicle that is a future root.

Germination.

MP Board Class 10th Science Solutions