MP Board Class 7th Special English Grammar
Some Parts of Speech
(1) NOUN: A noun is the name of a person, place or thing.
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдкреНрд░рд╛рдгреА, рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рдХреЛ Noun (рд╕рдВрдЬреНрдЮрд╛) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
Kinds of Noun
- Proper Noun : Gita, Ram, Agra, Ganges.
- Common Noun : boy, girl, book, city, chair.
- Collective Noun : class, army, crowd, flock.
- Material Noun : gold, silver, iron, stone, wood.
- Abstract Noun : honesty, truth, poverty, childhood.
(2) PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Noun рдХреЗ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╢рдмреНрдж Pronoun (рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдирд╛рдо) рдХрд╣рд▓рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Personal Pronoun : I, me, my, we, our, us, you, your, thou, thine, thy, he, him, his, she, her, it, its, they, them, their.
- Demonstrative Pronoun : this, that, these, those, such.
- Interrogative Pronoun : who, what, which, whom.
- Relative Pronoun : who, which, that, whose, whom.
- Reflexive Pronoun : himself, myself, yourself, themselves.
(3) ADJECTIVE: An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun.
Noun рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ Pronoun рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛ рдмрддрд▓рд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХреЛ Adjective (рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдг) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
- Adjective of Quality : poor, rich, clever, foolish, honoured, red, good.
- Adjective of Quantity : some, much, little, enough,
- Adjective of Number : ten, eight, many, some
- Demonstrative Adjective: this, that, those, these, such.
- Interrogative Adjective : what, whose, which.
(4) VERB: A verb is a word which shows something done.
рдЬрд┐рд╕ рд╢рдмреНрдж рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХреЗ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрд╕реЗ Verb (рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

Kinds of Verb
1. Transitive Verb : This kind of verb shows an action which passes over from the subject to the object.
Examples :
- Prem opens the door.
- The cow eats grass.
2. Intransitive Verb: This kind of verb shows an action which stops with its subject. It does not require object to complete its sense.
рдпрд╣ Verb рдЕрдкрдиреЗ Subject рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рджреЗ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕реЗ Object рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред
Examples :
- Kamla Sings.
- The sun rises in the east.
3. Linking Verb: This verb takes another word (complement) to complete its sense.
рдпрд╣ рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреНрдп рдкреВрд░рдХ рд╢рдмреНрдж (Complement) рд▓реЗрддреА рд╣реИред
Examples:
- Ravi is a boy.
- Meghna was beautiful.
4. Adverb: An adverb is a word which modifes an adjective, verb or another adverb.
рдЬреЛ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдг, рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдг рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛ рдмрддрд▓рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛-рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдг рдХрд╣рд▓рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Kinds of Adverb
- Adverb of Time : now, then, when, before, always, never, again, late, soon, etc.
- Adverb of Place : here, there, where, everywhere, above, below, under, in, out, far, near, up, etc.
- Adverb of Number: once, twice, thrice, often, always, never, frequently, thirdly, etc.
- Adverb of Manner : well, thus, slowly, so, wisely, etc.
- Adverb of Degree of Quantity : much, more, most, little, wholly, enough, etc.
- Adverb of Reason: so, therefore, hence, accordingly, etc.

The Number
Number рджреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
(1) Singular Number (рдПрдХрд╡рдЪрди) Noun рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рд░реВрдк рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдгреА рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рд╣реЛред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-man, boy, girl, chair, etc.
(2) Plural Number (рдмрд╣реБрд╡рдЪрди) Noun рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╣ рд░реВрдк рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдгрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдЯ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
man, boys, girls, chairs, etc.
Formation of Plurals
(рдмрд╣реБрд╡рдЪрди рдмрдирд╛рдирд╛)
Singular рд╕реЗ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдирд┐рдпрдо рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
1. Singular number рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘рдб’ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдХрд░-

2. рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘g’, ‘sh’, ‘ss’, ‘ch’ рдпрд╛ ‘x’ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘es’ рдЬреЛрдбрдХрд░

3. рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘y’ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ ‘y’ рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ Vowel рд╣реЛ, рддреЛ рдЙрдирдХрд╛ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП ‘y рдХреЗ рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд╛рддреН ” рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

4. рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘y’ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ y’ рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ Consonant рд╣реЛ, рддреЛ рдЙрдирдХрд╛ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП y’ рдХреЛ ” рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ ‘es’ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

5. рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘o’ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЙрдирдХрд╛ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ ‘es’ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

6. рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ Fрдпрд╛ ‘fe’ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрдирдХрд╛ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП ‘ рдпрд╛ ‘fe’ рдХреЛ ‘V’ рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ ‘es’ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

7. рдХреБрдЫ Nouns рдХрд╛ Plural рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП Singular рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрджрд░ рдХрд╛ Vowel рдмрджрд▓ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

8. рдХреБрдЫ Nouns рдХреЗ Singular рдФрд░ Plural рдПрдХ-рд╕реЗ (рд╕рдорд╛рди) рд╣реА рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

9. рдХреБрдЫ Nouns рд╕рджреИрд╡ Singular рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

10. рдХреБрдЫ Nouns рд╕рджреИрд╡ Plural рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред


EXERCISE
- рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд Nouns рдХреЛ Plural рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓реЛ
Baby, branch, bush, wolf, army, loaf, face, wife, child, buffalo, ox, goose, potato, chair, chief, woman, eye, fairy, monkey.
- рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд Nouns рдХреЛ Singular рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓реЛ
Benches, machines, cities, houses, flies, nice, tomatoes, taxes, calves, lives, bamboos, men.
The Gender
рдкрд░рд┐рднрд╛рд╖рд╛-Noun рдХреЗ рдЬрд┐рд╕ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╣ рдкрддрд╛ рдЪрд▓реЗ рдХрд┐ Noun рдкреБрд░реБрд╖ рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рдпрд╛ рдмреЗрдЬрд╛рди (рдирд┐рд░реНрдЬреАрд╡) рд╣реИ, рдЙрд╕реЗ Gender рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
Gender рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
- Masculine Gender (рдкреБрд▓реНрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ)-рд╡реЗ рд╕рдВрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдПрдБ рдЬреЛ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖ рдЬрд╛рддрд┐ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзрд┐рдд рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ Masculine (рдкреБрд▓реНрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-man, dog, boy, horse рдЖрджрд┐ред
- Feminine Gender (рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ)-рд╡реЗ рд╕рдВрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдПрдБ рдЬреЛ рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рдЬрд╛рддрд┐ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзрд┐рдд рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ Feminine (рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ) рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-women, bitch (рдХреБрддрд┐рдпрд╛) girl, mare (рдШреЛрдбрд╝реА) рдЖрджрд┐ред
- Common Gender (рдЙрднрдпрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ)-рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рд╕реЗ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, Common Gender рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-child, friends, pupil, (рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдп) enemy рдЖрджрд┐ред
- Neuter Gender (рдирдкреБрдВрд╕рдХрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ)-рдЬрд┐рди Nouns рд╕реЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрдЬреАрд╡ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд╡реЗ Neuter Gender рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-chair, table, book, house рдЖрджрд┐ред
рдиреЛрдЯ-Commmon рддрдерд╛ Neuter Gender рдХрд╛ рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
CHANGE OF GENDER
(рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди)
Masculine рд╕реЗ Feminine рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдиреАрдЪреЗ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВред
1. Singular number рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ” рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдХрд░

2. Masculine рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘ess’ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░Masculine

3. Masculine рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдердо рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдЕрдиреНрддрд┐рдо рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХреЛ рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ред


EXERCISE 2
рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд Nouns рдХреЗ Opposite Gender рд▓рд┐рдЦреЛред
(a) Cow, poet, land-lord, lad.
(b) Misterss aunt, hero, horse, king.
(c) Princess, brother, mother, girl, actor, man.
Degrees of Comparison
Adjective on to Degrees in
- Positive Degree
- Comparative degree
- Superlative Degree
Comparative рддрдерд╛ Superlative рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдо
1. Positive Degree рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ ‘er’ рдФрд░ ‘est’ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░ред


2. Positive Degree рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдм ‘e’ рдЕрдХреНрд╖рд░ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддреЛ’ рдФрд░ ‘st’ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░

3. Positive Degree рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рдпрджрд┐ ‘ рд╣реЛ рддреЛ y’ рдХреЛ ‘ рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ рдЙрд╕рдореЗрдВ ‘err рдФрд░ ‘est’ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░ред

4. Positive degree рдХреЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ more рдпреЛ most рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░

5. рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдирд┐рдпрдо рдХреЗред


EXERCISE 3
Write the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives :
- Wise, tall, long, good, bad, old, happy, little.
- Rich, young, big, strong, ugly, holy.
- Kind, up, able, safe, dry, useful.
EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of adjectives given in the brackets.
- Pen is ……………………………… than sword. (might)
- Shyam is ……………………………… than Ram (tall)
- Kolkata is the ……………………………… city in India. (busy)
- Shimla is ……………………………… than Delhi. (cold)
- He is the ……………………………… of all the brothers. (wise)
- Shipra is the ……………………………… of all the sisters. (pretty)
- Rohit is ……………………………… than Mohit. (Clever)
The Preposition
A Preposition is a word which is placed before a Noun or ├е Pronoun to show its relation with other words.
рдЬреЛ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХрд┐рд╕реА Noun рдпрд╛ Pronoun рдХреЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЬреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдз рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╢рдмреНрджрд╛ рддреЗ рдмрддрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, Preposition рдХрд╣рд▓рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ :
The pen is on the table.
рдЗрд╕ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ ‘on’ Preposition рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ pen рдХрд╛ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдз table рд╕реЗ рдмрддрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Some Important Prepositions – At, on, in, to, by, with, for, from, out, of, up, under, upon, about, before, behind, between, beneath, within, without.
Use of Some Prepositions
1. At, In: At рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред In рдмрдбрд╝реЗ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- He lives at Bhopal.
- We live in India.
2. In, Into : In рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ Into рдЧрддрд┐ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рдХрд░рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- All the boys are in the classroom.
- We bought the tickets and went into the hall.
3. With, By : with рдпрдВрддреНрд░ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ by рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- We cut the apple with the knife.
- The snake was killed by the farmer.
4. Since, For : Since рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде (рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рджрд┐рди рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдпрд╛ рддрд┐рдерд┐ рдЖрджрд┐) рдФрд░ For рд╕рдордп рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдзрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- He has been ill Since Monday.
- Raj Kumar has been absent for three days.
5. Between, Among : Between рджреЛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ Among рджреЛ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- Divide these mangoes between Raj and Ravi.
- The gentlemen divided his property among his four sons.
6. On, Upon : On рдЧрддрд┐рд╣реАрдирддрд╛ рддрдерд╛ Upon рдЧрддрд┐рд╢реАрд▓рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
- The cat is sitting on the table.
- The dog sprang upon the table.
7. In, Within : In рд╕рдордп рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдзрд┐ рдХреА рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрддрд┐ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рдХрд░рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ Within рд╕рдордп рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдзрд┐ рдХреЗ рднреАрддрд░ рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдз рдХрд░рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- I shall come back in a week. (рдПрдХ рд╕рдкреНрддрд╛рд╣ рдХреА рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрддрд┐ рдкрд░)
- I shall come within a week. (рдПрдХ рд╕рдкреНрддрд╛рд╣ рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрдд рд╣рд╛рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡)
8. Below, Beneath : Below рдкрдж рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ рдФрд░ Beneath рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- Your brother is below my rank.
- The lion sat beneath a tree.
9. Beside, Besides : Beside рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рд╣реИ-рдкрд╛рд╕ (by the side of) рдЬрдм рдХрд┐ Besides рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рд╣реИ-рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрддред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- The boys stood beside the teacher’s chair.
- Besides the Principal other teachers spoke in the prayer assembly.
10. With, Without : With рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рд╣реИ-рд╕рд╛рде рдФрд░ Without рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рд╣реИ-рдмрд┐рдирд╛ (рд░рд╣рд┐рдд)ред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
- Come to me with your brother.
- Come to the field without anything.

EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blank with suitable prepositions given in bracket :
- I went to Indore …………………………….. May. (on, in, at)
- She bought this pen …………………………….. ten rupees. (with, of, for)
- The monkey jumped …………………………….. the rive. (in, into, on)
- He ran …………………………….. the thief. (before, after, with)
- He started …………………………….. six …………………………….. the morning. (in, on, at)
- Kan─▒la plucked an apple …………………………….. the tree. (from, on, at with)
- The teacher beat him …………………………….. a cane. (by, with, from)
- I do not agree …………………………….. you. (on, by, with)
Conversion of Sentences
(1) Statements into Questions
- I see a bird – Do I see a bird ?
- He did his work. – Did he do his work ?
- The boy is writing a letter. – Is the boy writing a letter ?
- The teacher has taught the boys. – Has the teacher taught the boys ?
- She will come here. – Will she come here?
EXERCISE 7
Change the following setences from Statement into Questions :
- She is a good girl.
- The dog has a bone.
- The teacher is beating the boy.
- She will be reading the newspaper at this time.
- The horse was running.
- My mother had cooked food before 4 O’clock.
- The patient could not move.
(2) From positive into Negative
- Positive : I have a book.
Negative : I have not a book.
- Positive : The girl is singing a song.
Negative : The girl is not singing a song.
- Positive : He loves me.
Negative : He does not love me.
- Positive : I bought a book yesterday.
Negative : I did not buy a book yesterday.
- Positive : You will do this work today.
Negative : You will not do this work today.
- Positive : I have done my work.
Negative : I have not done my work.
- Positive : I play daily.
Negative : I do not play daily.
EXERCISE 9
Change the following sentences from Positive to Negative :
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a great leader.
- My grand-father was a rich man in the village.
- She has a good doll to play with.
- I have three brothers and two sisters.
- You had a good time in Kashmir.
- The boys play hockey in the evening.
- Children like sweets.
Change of Voice
Voice рджреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ
- Active Voice,
- Passive Voice.
Active Voice: рдЬрдм Verb рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ Subject рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдЙрд╕реЗ Verb in the Active Voice рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ Subject рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Passive Voice : рдЬрдм Verb рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ Object рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдЙрд╕реЗ Verb in the Passive Voice рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
- His work was done by him.
Subject рддрдерд╛ Object рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирддрд╛ рд╕рдордЭрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рджреАрдЬрд┐рдП :
- Active Voice : The cat killed the rat.
- Passive Voice : A rat was killed by the cat.
рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ Subject, Cat рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ, рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ (рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рдд рдЪреВрд╣реЗ рдХреЛ рдорд░рд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛)ред рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ Rat рдХреЛ рдЬреЛ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ Object рдерд╛ Subject рдмрдирд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
Active Voice рд╕реЗ Passive Voice рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдо
- Active Voice рдХреЗ Object рдХреЛ Passive Voice рдореЗрдВ Subject рдмрдирд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Active Voice рдХреЗ Subject рдХреЛ Passive Voice рдореЗрдВ Object рдмрдирд╛ рдХрд░ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Passive Voice рдореЗрдВ Main Verb рд╕рджреИрд╡ рдЕрдкрдиреА Third Form рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Main Verb рдХреА Third Form рдХреЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ Tense рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред

Tense рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛
1. Present Indefinite Tense : Is, are, am.
- Active Voice : He writes a letter.
- Passive Voice : A letter is written by him.
- Active Voice :The girl sings songs daily.
- Passive Voice : Songs are sung daily by the girl.
- Active Voice : Harish helps me.
- Passive Voice : I am helped by Harish.
2. Past Indefinite Tense : Was, were.
- Active Voice : The boy wrote a letter.
- Passive Voice : The letter was written by a boy.
- Active Voice : The boy wrote two letters.
- Passive Voice : Two letters were written by the boy.
3. Future Indefinite Tense : Will be, shall be.
- Active Voice : He will write a letter.
- Passive Voice : A letter will be written by him.
- Active Voice : She will help me.
- Passive Voice : I shall be helped by her.
4. Present Continuous Tense : Is being, are being, am being.
- Active Voice : A letter is being written by him.
- Passive Voice : A Letter is being written by him.
- Active Voice : He is praising me.
- Passive Voice : I am being praised by him.
5. Past Indefinite Tense : Was being, were being.
- Active Voice : The man was selling eggs.
- Passive Voice : Eggs were being sold by the man.
- Active Voice : He was reading a book.
- Passive Voice : A book was being read by him.
6. Present Perfect Tense : Has been, have been.
- Active Voice : The boy has written an essay.
- Passive Voice : An essay has been written by the boy.
- Active Voice : The boy has eaten ten mangoes.
- Passive Voice : Ten mangoes have been eaten by the boy.
7. Past Perfect Tense : Had been.
- Active Voice : She had done her work.
- Passive Voice : Her work had been done by her.
8. Future Perefect Tense : Will have been, shall have been.
- Active Voice : The teacher will have taught the lesson.
- Passive Voice : The lesson will have been taught by the teacher.
EXERCISE 9
Change the Voice :
- The boy writes a letter.
- The cat killed two rats.
- The teacher will beat me.
- Hari has killed a snake.
- He is plucking mangoes.
- He was not obeying his mother.
- Raj will have written the essay.
- The train had left the station before I reached there.

The Articles
A, An рдФрд░ The рдХреЛ Articles рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдпреЗ рднреА Noun рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛ Adjective рдХреА рднрд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдмрддрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред Articles рджреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
1. Indefinite Article : ‘a’ рддрдерд╛ ‘an’ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ Indefinite Articles рд╣реИрдВ, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпреЗ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХреА рдУрд░ рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
- A dog bit a boy.
- I saw an owl on an apple tree.
рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд- ‘An’ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдЙрди Nouns рдХреЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ Vowel рд╕реЗ рдЖрд░рдореНрдн рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗAn eye, an angel, an inkpot, an umbrella.
2. Definite Article : рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ The definite article рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХреА рдУрд░ рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ
(i) My father met the Principal.
(ii) Arun went to see the Taj which stands on the right bank of the Jamuna.
EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks with a, an, and the
- Hindi is …………………………………………. easy language.
- …………………………………………. English defeated …………………………………………. Germans
- …………………………………………. horse is …………………………………………. useful animal.
- He bought …………………………………………. camel …………………………………………. ox and …………………………………………. bullock.
- Give him …………………………………………. orange.
- …………………………………………. rose is …………………………………………. king of flowers.
- …………………………………………. hint to …………………………………………. wise is enough.
- She returned after …………………………………………. hour.
Direct and Indirect Narration
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╣реА рд╣реБрдИ рдмрд╛рдд рд╣рдо рджреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд┐рдЦрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ-
(1) рдХрд╣рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдореВрд▓ (рдЕрд╕рд▓реА) рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рддреНрдпреЛрдВ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ред рдЗрд╕реЗ Direct Speech рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдпрд╣ рд╕рджреИрд╡ Inverted Commas тАЬ…….тАЭ рдореЗрдВ рд░рдЦреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
- Kamal says, тАЬI am going.”
(2) рдХрд╣рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ред рдЗрд╕реЗ Indirect Speech рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
- Kamal Says that he is going.
рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд-Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ Inverted Commas рдирд╣реАрдВ рджрд┐рдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
Direct Speech рдХреЗ рджреЛ рднрд╛рдЧ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
- Inverted Commas рдХреЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рднрд╛рдЧред рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдХреЛ рдЖрд░рдореНрдн рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕реЗ Reporting Verb рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЙрдкрд░реНрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ Kamal says, Reporting Verb рд╣реИрдВред
- Inverted Commas рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрджрд░ рд▓рд┐рдЦреЗ рд╣реБрдП рд╢рдмреНрджред рдЗрд╕реЗ Reported Speech рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЙрдкрд░реНрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдореЗрдВ “I am going”, Reported Speech рд╣реИред
Direct Speech рдХреЛ Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдирд┐рдпрдо
- Reported Speech рдХреЗ Inverted Commas рдХреЛ Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
- Reporting Verb рддрдерд╛ Reported Speech рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдХреЗ Comma рдХреЛ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Reported Speech рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдердо рдЕрдХреНрд╖рд░ рдЬреЛ рд╕рджреИрд╡ Capital рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ Small letter рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Reprorting Verb рддрдерд╛ Reported Speech рдХреЛ that рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- Reported Speech рдХреА рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ (рдЬрдм Reporting Verb, Past Tense рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ) Past Tense рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓ рджреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред
- Pronoun рдХрд╛ Person рдмрджрд▓ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
- рд╕рдореАрдкрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдмрджрд▓ рдХрд░ рджреВрд░реА рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдмрди рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдиреЛрдЯ- рдЕрдиреНрддрд┐рдо рддреАрди рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдХреБрдЫ рдирд┐рдпрдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬрд┐рдирдХрд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдЖрдЧреЗ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред
Rules For
The Change Of Tenses
Rule 1. рдпрджрд┐ Reporting Verb, present рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ Future Tense рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ Reported Speech рдХреЗ Verb рдХрд╛ Tense, Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрджрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИред


Example :
Direct : He says, тАЬMohan is a good boy.тАЭ
Indirect : He says that Mohan is a good boy.
Direct : She is saying, тАЬThe teacher went away.”
Indirect : She is saying that the teacher went away.
Direct : He will say, тАЬThe school will be closed.
тАЭIndirect : He will say that the school will be closed.
2. рдЬрдм Reporting Verb, Past Tense рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ Reported Speech рдХреЗ Verb рдХрд╛ Tense, Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ-
Present Indefinite – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Indefinite рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Present Imperfect – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Imperfect рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Present Perfect – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Perfect рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Present Continuous – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Continuous рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Past Indefinite – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Perfect рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Past Imperfect – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Perfect рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Past Imperfect – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Past Continuous рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Shall – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Should рдпрд╛ would рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Will – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Would рдпрд╛ Would рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
May – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Might рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Can – рдмрдВрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Could рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Do not a does not – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Did not рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Did not – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Had not рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Is done u are done – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Was рдпрд╛ were done рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Was done – рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ – Had been done a To do (Infinizive) рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрджрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
EXAMPLES :
Direct’: Ram said, “Shyam runs.”
Indirect : Ram said that Shyam ran.
Direct : I said, “He is running.”
Indirect : I said that he was running.
Direct : I said, “He ran.”
Indirect : I said that he had run.
Direct : I said, тАЬThey will go.”
Indirect : I said that they would go.
Direct : I said, “He wants to go.”
Indirect : I said that he wanted to go.
3. рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБ рдпрджрд┐ Reported Speech, рдХреА рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╕рджреИрд╡ рд╕рддреНрдп рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рддрдереНрдп рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдЖрджрдд рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ Indirect рдореЗрдВ рднреА рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рди рдХрд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рддреА рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Direct : He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect : He said that the sun rises in the east.”
Direct : He said, тАЬRam takes exercise daily.”
Indirect : He said that Ram takes exercise daily.
Rules For The Change Of Pronouns
1. Direct Speech at Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рддреЗ рд╕рдордп Reported Speech рдореЗрдВ First Person рдХреЗ Pronoun рдмрджрд▓рдХрд░ Reporting Verb рдХреЗ Subject рдХреЗ Person рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Direct : I said “I am going.тАЭ
Indirect : I said that I was going.
Direct : You said, тАЬI am going.тАЭ
Indirect : You said that you were going.
Direct : He said, тАЬI am going.тАЭ
Indirect : He said that he was going.
2. Reported Speech рдХреЗ Second Person рдХреЗ Pronouns, Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓ рдХрд░ Reporting Verb рдХреЗ Object рдХреЗ Person рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ,
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Direct : My father said to me, тАЬYou are a good boy.тАЭ
Indirect : My father told me that I was a good boy.
Direct : My father said to you, тАЬYou are a good boy.”
Indirect : My father told you that you were a good boy.
Direct : My father said to him, тАЬYou love your sister.”
Indirect : My father told him that he loved his sister.
3. Direct Speech of third person & Pronouns, Indirect Speech sf third person en
Direct : She said, “He has gone back.тАЭ
Indirect : She said that he had gone back.
Direct : He said, “They went to Africa.”
Indirect : He said that they had gone to Africa.
4. Reported Speech рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдм ‘We’ рдХрд╣рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рддрдерд╛ рд╕реБрдирдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЖрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддреЛ Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рднреА We рд╣реА рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Direct : I said to him, тАЬWe are friends.”
Indirect : I told him that we are friends.
3. Rules For The Change Of Words Showing Nearness
Direct Speech рдХреЛ Indirect Speech рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рддреЗ рд╕рдордп Reorted Speech рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдХрдЯрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджреВрд░реА рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдмрджрд▓ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-
Examples :
Direct : He said, тАЬMohan will come now.”
Indirect : He said that Mohan would go then.
Direct : He said, тАЬHe is here todayтАЭ.
Indirect : He said that he was There that day,

EXERCISE 11
Turn the following into Indirect narration :
- I said, тАЬI am sick.тАЭ
- You said, тАЬI shall write a letter today.тАЭ
- Hari said, тАЬI broke my slate yesterday.”
- Raj said to Hari, тАЬYou are in the wrong on this point.тАЭ
- I said to hin, “You will go to the market now.тАЭ
- The teacher said to Radhey, тАЬYou have brought bad name to your school.”
- The teacher said, тАЬEverybody knows that the earth is round.тАЭ
- The man said, тАЬThis is my house and that is yours.тАЭ
Opposite Words
(Antonyms рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрддрд╛рд░реНрдердХ рд╢рдмреНрдж)





Exercise :
Give the antonyms (opposites) of the following :
Cold, beautiful, light, pure, narrow, small, difficult, careful, export, friend, high, cool, day, white, timid. easily, happy, fine, near.