Prasanna

MP Board Class 7th Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Light Intex Questions

Question 1.
Paheli wants to know, what makes things visible to us? Boojho thinks that objects are visible only when light reflected from them reaches our eyes. Do you agree with him?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 2.
Boojho noted in his notebook: Is it not surprising that my image is of the same size as me whether the mirror is small or large?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 3.
Paheli made a note in her notebook: In a plane mirror the image is formed behind the mirror. It is erect, of the same size and is at the same distance from the mirror as the object is in front of it?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 4.
Boojho saw an ambulance on the road. He was surprised to see that the word ‘AMBULANCE’ in front was written in a strange manner?
Answer:
When the driver of a vehicle ahead of an ambulance looks in her/his rear view mirror, he/she can read ‘AMBULANCE’ written on it and give way to it. It is the duty of every one of us to allow an ambulance to pass without blocking its way.

Activities

Activity – 1
Write down the letters ABC on a piece of paper with sketch pen and look at its image in a plane mirror. Then find out which letters look the same as on the paper and which letters look different (fig.) Try to write these letters as seen in the mirror
Answer:

Activity – 2
Take a red book and allow white light to fall on it (fig)
Answer:
The color of the book is due to the red color which gets reflected from the book, i.e., it reflects only red color while it absorbs all the other colours of white light. A rose is red because it reflects only red light.

Light Text Book Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. An image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called ………………………..
2. Image formed by a convex ……………………….. is always virtual and smaller in size.
3. An image formed by a …………………….. mirror is always of the same size as that of the object.
4. An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a ………………………….. image.
5. An image formed by a concave ………………………. cannot be obtained on a screen.

Answer:

1. Virtual image
2. Mirror
3. Plane
4. Real
5. Lens

Question 3.
Match the items given in of Column I with one or more items Column II:

Answer:

1. (a) – (v)
2. (b) – (ii)
3. (c) – (i)
4. (d) – (iii)
5. (e) – (vi)

Question 4.
State the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror?
Answer:
The characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are:

1. It forms an erect image.
2. It forms a virtual image.
3. It forms the image behind the mirror.
4. The size of the image is same as that of the object.
5. It forms the image at the same distance behind the mirror as the object stands infront of it.

Question 5.
Find out the letters of English alphabet or any other language known to you in which the image formed in a plane mirror appears exactly like the letter itself. Discuss your findings?
Answer:
Letters like A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, and W.

Question 6.
What is a virtual image? Give one situation where a virtual image is formed?
Answer:
The image which cannot be taken on a screen is called a virtual image. For example, when some object is placed very close to the concave mirror we do not get any image of that object on the white screen placed behind the mirror. This type of image is known as virtual image.

Question 7.
State two differences between a convex and a concave lens?
Answer:
Convex lens:

1. These are thick at middle and thin at edge.
2. They can form magnified image.

Concave lens:

1. These are thin at middle and thick at edge.
2. The image formed by these lens are always diminished in size.

Question 8.
Give one use each of a concave and convex mirror?
Answer:
Use of convex mirror:
It is used in vehicles as rear view mirror.

Concave mirror:
It is used by dentists to examine is used in vehicles as rear view mirror.

Question 9.
Which type of mirror can form a real image?
Answer:
Concave mirror.

Question 10.
Which type of lens forms always a virtual image?
Answer:
Concave lens.

Choose the correct option in questions 11 – 13:

Question 11.
A virtual image larger than the object can be produced by a –

1. Concave lens
2. Concave mirror
3. Convex mirror
4. Plane mirror

Answer:
2. concave mirror

Question 12.
David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between the mirror and his image is 4 m. If he moves 1 m towards the mirror, then the distance between David and his image will be –

1. 3 m
2. 5 m
3. 6 m
4. 8 m.

Answer:
3. 6 m

Question 13.
The rear view mirror of a car is a plane mirror. A driver is reversing his car at a speed of 2 m/s. The driver sees in his rear view mirror the image of a truck parked behind his car. The speed at which the image of the truck appears to approach the driver will be –

1. 1 m/s
2. 2 m/s
3. 4 m/s
4. 8 m/s.

Answer:
3. 4 m/s

Extended Learning – Activities and Projects

Question 1.
Play with mirror? Write your name with a sketch pen on a thin sheet of paper, polythene or glass. Read your name on the sheet while standing infront of a plane mirror. Now look at your image in the mirror?
Answer:
Do yourself

Question 2.
A burning candle in water? Take a shoe box, open on one side. Place a small lighted candle in it. Place a clear glass sheet Fig- Candle burning in water (roughly 25 cm x 25 cm) infront of this candle (Fig.). Try to locate the image of the candle behind the glass sheet. Place a glass of water at its position. Ask your friends to look at the image of the candle through the sheet of glass. Ensure that candle is not visible to your friends. Your friends will be surprised to see the candle burning in water. Try to explain the reason?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 3.
Make a rainbow?
Try to make your own rainbow. You can try this project in the morning or in the evening. Stand with your back towards the sun/ Take a hosepipe or a water pipe used in the garden. Make a fine spray in front of you. You can see different colours of rainbow in the spray?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Visit a laughing gallery in some science centre or a science park or a village mela. You will find some large mirrors there. You can see your distorted and funny images in these mirrors. Try to find out the kind of mirrors used there?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 5.
Visit a nearby hospital. You can also visit the clinic of an ENT specialist, or a dentist. Request the doctor to show you the mirrors used for examining ear, nose, throat and teeth. Can you recognise the kind of mirror used in these instruments?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 6.
Role play?
Here is a game that a group of children can play. One child will be chosen to act as object and another will act as the image of the object. The object and the image will sit opposite to each other. The object will make movements, such as raising a hand touching an ear, etc. The image will have to make the correct movement following the movement of the object. The rest of the group will watch the movements of the image. If the image fails to make the correct movement, she/he will be retired. Another child will take her/his place and the game will continue. A scoring scheme can be introduced. The group that scores the maximum will be declared the winner?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Light Additional Important Questions

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct alternative:

Question (a)
Formation of shadows suggests that light travels in –
(a) vacuum
(b) straight lines
(c) dark rooms
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) straight lines

Question (b)
A smooth polished surface which can return back the rays of light into the same medium is called –
(a) mirror
(b) lens
(c) prison
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) mirror

Question (c )
The phenomenon of bouncing back of the rays of light into the same medium is called –
(a) reflection
(b) refraction
(c) scattering
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) reflection

Question (d)
If the image cannot be taken on the screen, it must be –
(a) real
(b) virtual
(c) real or virtual
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) virtual

Question (e)
A spherical mirror with its reflecting surface on the outside is a –
(a) plane mirror
(b) convex mirror
(c) concave mirror
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) convex mirror

Question (f)
The mirror which is used as rear – view mirror in cars and scooters is, by nature –
(a) plane
(b) convex
(c) concave
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) convex

Question (g)
An image that can be obtained on a screen is –
(a) virtual
(b) real
(c) both real and virtual
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) real

Question (h)
The image produced by a plane mirror is –
(a) small
(b) real
(c) inverted
(d) equal size virtual and erect.
Answer:
(d) equal size virtual and erect.

Question (i)
In the formation of rainbow the altitude of the sun should be between or less than –
(a) 40° to 42°
(b) 42° to 44°
(c) 41° to 43°
(d) 0° to 40°.
Answer:
(a) 40° to 42°

Question (j)
White light comprises of ……………………… colours?
(a) 7
(b) 5
(c) 3
(d) 8.
Answer:
(a) 7

Question (k)
Which of the following can be used to prove that light consists of seven colours?
(a) plane mirror
(b) convex lens
(c) Newton’s disc
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Newton’s disc

Question (l)
If the speed of rotation of Newton’s colour disc is fast enough, the various colours would blend and produce –
(a) white light
(b) red light
(c) no light at all
(d) green light.
Answer:
(a) white light

Question (m)
Primary colours are –
(a) red, blue, yellow
(b) red, yellow, magenta
(c) red, blue, green
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) red, blue, green

Question (n)
Which color is produced by mixing of blue and green?
(a) cyan
(b) magenta
(c) yellow
(d) blue.
Answer:
(a) cyan

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The surface of water can act like a mirror and change the path of …………………………
2. An image formed by a plane mirror is erect and of the same size as the ……………………
3. The curved shining surface of a spoon acts as a ……………………
4. The inner surface of the cut ball is called and the outer surface is called ………………………
5. Concave mirrors are also used by dentists to see an enlarged image of the ………………………
6. The reflectors of tourches, headlights of cars and scooters are ……………………….. in shape.
7. The magnifying glass is actually a type of a ……………………………..
8. A convex lens is also called ………………………….. lens.
9. A concave lens is also called ……………………….. lens.
10. The rainbow has ………………………… colours.
11. The process of splitting up of white light into different colours is called ……………………
12. In a common rainbow the …………………………. colour is observed in the inner fringe and ………………………. on the outer fringe.

Answer:

1. Light
2. Object
3. Mirror
4. Concave, convex
5. Teeth
6. Concave
7. Lens
8. Converging
9. Diverging
10. Seven
11. Dispersion of light
12. Violet, red.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

1. A shining stainless steel’spoon or plate can change the direction of light.
2. In a plane mirror only sides are interchanged.
3. The common example of a curved mirror is a spherical mirror.
4. The reflecting surface of the bell is convex.
5. Convex mirrors can form images of objects spread over a large area.
6. The lenses are not transparent.
7. A concave lens always forms erect, virtual and smaller image than the object.
8. A rainbow is seen as a large arc in the sky with many colours.
9. The sunlight consists of five colours.
10. The white light is composed of seven colours.

Answer:

1. True
2. Ture
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. True

Light Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the names of four different sources of light?
Answer:
The four different sources of light are:

1. Sun
2. Stars
3. Moon
4. Firefly.

Question 2.
How does light travel from one point to the other?
Answer:
Light travel from one point to the other in straight line.

Question 3.
How can we change the direction of the light?
Answer:
We can change the direction of light by the phenomenon called reflection.

Question 4.
What is refraction?
Answer:
Bending of light when it travels from one medium to another is called refraction.

Question 5.
Define concave mirror?
Answer:
In a spherical mirror, of the reflecting surface is on the inside, it is called a concave mirror.

Question 6.
Define convex mirror?
Answer:
In a spherical mirror, if the reflecting surface is on the outside, it is called a convex mirror.

Question 7.
Define reflection of light?
Answer:
The phenomenon of turning back of light into the same medium on striking a polished surface is called reflection of light.

Question 8.
Define real image?
Answer:
An image that can be captured on a screen is called a real image.

Question 9.
Define virtual image?
Answer:
An image which cannot be captured on a screen is called a virtual image.

Question 10.
Define plane mirror?
Answer:
A plane polished surface capable of reflecting light regularly is known as a plane mirror.

Question 11.
How is the word AMBULANCE written on an ambulance?
Answer:

Question 12.
What happens when light falls on a mirror?
Answer:
The mirror reflects the direction of light that falls on it.

Question 13.
Why is the sky blue?
Answer:
The blue color of the sky is the result of the white light from the sun being separated into different colours.

Question 14.
Where do the different colours come from?
Answer:
All Colours came from light.

Question 15.
Define dispersion?
Answer:
The branching of white light into various colours is called dispersion of light.

Question 16.
How rainbows are formed?
Answer:
Rainbows are formed by sunlight falling on rain drops.

Question 17.
Have you ever seen a rainbow in the sky?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 18.
Does the white light consists of seven colours?
Answer:
Yes.

Light Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the four features of the image formed by a plane mirror?
Answer:
The four features of the image formed by a plane mirror are:

1. The image formed by a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
2. It is virtual.
3. It is exactly of the same size and shape.
4. It is erect but laterally inverted.

Question 2.
What is the real image of an object?
Answer:
Real image is that image where the rays of light actually pass hence, it can be taken on the screen and is always inverted.
For example: image formed by pinhole camera, convex lens and concave mirror etc.

Question 3.
Name two situations in which the real image of an object is formed?
Answer:

1. When the object is at infinity.
2. When the object is at centre of curvature.

Question 4.
Give one use each Of concave and convex mirrors?
Answer:
Use of concave mirror:

1. They are used in reflected of car, head-lights and search lights.
2. They are used as shaving mirrors.
3. They are used in telescopes.

Use of convex mirrors:

1. They are used in automobiles by the drivers for seeing the erect images of the traffic.

Question 5.
What is virtual image? Give one example of virtual image?
Answer:
Virtual image is that image where the rays of light appear to intersect hence, it can only be seen, but it cannot be taken on the screen and is always erect. For example, image formed by plane mirror convex mirror and concave lens etc.

Question 6.
State two uses of concave mirror?
Answer:
The two uses of concave mirror are :

1. Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in car head-lights, search lights, torches and table lamps.
2. Concave mirrors are used by doctors to concentrate light on nose, ear, eyes etc.

Question 7.
Mention some of the uses of plane mirror?
Answer:
Uses of plane mirror are:

1. In hair cutting saloons, shops and at home.
2. For constructing periscope.
3. For constructing kelodoscope.

Question 8.
How will you come to know that the mirror given to you is a concave or convex?
Answer:
In the concave surface the polish is done on its outer surface and the inner surface is shining. If we bring it closer to our face the later will look very big. In a convex mirror the polish is done on the inner surface and then outer side is shining. In this mirror our face will always appear to be shorter.

Question 9.
Draw a ray diagram to explain the formation of a virtual image of a point source of light in a plane mirror?
Answer:
The image of a point object formed by a plane mirror.

Question 10.
In figure, complete the image of the coin after reflection at the surfaces of both the mirrors?

Fig. A ray diagram for formation of image by a pair of inclined mirrors.

Question 11.
Differentiate between real and virtual image formed by mirrors?
Answer:
Difference between real and virtual image:
Real image:

1. It can be obtained on a screen.
2. It is inverted.
3. It is obtained on the same side of mirror as the object.
4. Rays converge at a point to form the image.

Virtual image:

1. It cannot be obtained on a screen.
2. It is erect.
3. It is formed always behind the mirror.
4. Rays appear to diverge from a point where the image is formed.

Question 12.
Draw concave and convex mirrors?
Answer:

Question 13.
Draw convex and concave lens?
Answer:

Question 14.
Differentiate between reflection and refraction?
Answer:
Differences between reflection and refraction:
Reflection:

1. The speed of light remains the same.
2. The incident ray and the reflected ray travel in the same media.
3. In reflection the ray of light gets reflected back into the same medium.

Refraction:

1. The speed of light varies as it travels from one medium to another.
2. The incident ray and the refracted ray travel in different media.
3. In the refraction the ray of light bends at the surface of separation between the two media.

Question 15.
Define mixing of colours? What is the color of the object as the red and green glasses?
Answer:
When two colours mix or overlap, a third color is produced. Thus, red + green = yellow; red + blue = magenta; red + blue + green = white and so on. In fact, any color can be obtained by the combination of red, green and blue which are called the primary colours. The colours so produced. From them are called secondary colours. The mixing of colours can be shown with the help of the diagram given in fig.

Light Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the image formation in plane mirror?
Answer:
A mirror with a plane surface is called a plane mirror. The ordinary mirror we use is a plane mirror. Formation of image is one of effects on reflection of light. The image is seen behind the mirror and it is of the same size as the object. The distance from the object to the mirror and the distance between the mirror and the image are equal. In the plane mirror the right side of the object appears to be left side of the image, and the left side of the object appears to be the right side of the image. This inversion of sides is known as lateral inversion.

Question 2.
Define Newton’s experiment?
Answer:
Newton’s Experiment:
The idea that sunlight consists of several colours was first put forward by Sir Isaac Newton. He passed a narrow beam of light into a prism. The light that emerged from the prism was found to be coloured as in a rainbow. He gave the name spectrum to this coloured patch of light. The spectrum was seen to consist of seven colours of light – violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. The various colours found in white light can be easily remembered as VIBGYOR. The process of splitting up of white light into different colours is called dispersion of light.

Question 3.
Explain rainbow?
Answer:
Rainbows are formed by sunlight falling on rain drops. The rainbow is always observed with the back towards the sun. The rainbow is formed when rain drops owing to refraction and internal reflection produce deviation and dispersion into seven colours of the sunlight falling on them. The rainbows are visible only when the altitude of the sun is less than 42°.

A full rainbow can be seen from an aeroplane flying at higher altitudes. It is a matter of common observation that when one looks at a spray of water on which sun shines, rainbows are seen. When you look at the water falls with the sun shining at your back, a circular rainbow will be seen. In a common rainbow (primary rainbow) the violet color is observed in the inner fringe and red on the outer fringe.

Question 4.
How will you show that combining seven colours, we get white light?
Answer:
Take a circular cardboard disc of about 10 cm diameter. Divide this disc into seven segments. Paint the seven rainbow colours on these segments as shown in Fig. (a). A small hole is made at the center of the disc. Fix the disc loosely on the tip of a refill of a ball pen. Ensure that the disc rotates freely [Fig.(a)]. Rotate the disc in the daylight. When the disc is rotated fast, the colours get mixed together and the disc appears to be whitish [Fig. (b)]. This disc is popularly known as Newton’s disc.

MP Board Class 7th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions Chapter 13 Why do we Fall Ill

Why do we Fall Ill Intext Questions

Why do we Fall Ill Intext Questions Page No. 178

Question 1.
State any two conditions essential for good health.
Answer:
Two conditions essential for good health are:

1. Balanced diet and good nutrition.
2. Good social surrounding and economic wellness.

Question 2.
State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Answer:
Two conditions essential for being disease – free are:

1. Personal and community hygiene.
2. Proper diet and economic growth.

Question 3.
Are the conditions essential for maintaining good health and being free of diseases same or different? Why?
Answer:
Yes, to some extent they are the similar, because if the conditions that are essential for good health are maintained, then the chances of getting a disease will be minimized. But at the same time, we can say that they are different because being health or good health means physical, mental and social well-being while being disease-free means not suffering from a particular disease.

Why do we Fall Ill Intext Questions Page No. 180

Question 1.
List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Answer:
Common symptoms which indicate sickness are:

1. Headache
2. Cough
3. Dysentery

If only one of these symptoms is present, we usually do not visit a doctor. This is because such symptoms do not have much effect on our general health and ability to work. However, if a person is experiencing these symptoms for quite sometime, then he needs to visit a doctor for proper treatment.

Question 2.
In which of the following case do you think the long – term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant?

1. If you get jaundice
2. If you get lice
3. If you get acne.
   Why?

Answer:
Jaundice is a disease that can cause long – term effects on our health. It is a chronic disease that lasts for a long period of time. Jaundice does not spread rapidly, but it develops slowly over a period of time.

Why do we Fall Ill Intext Questions Page No. 187

Question 1.
Why are we normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Answer:
When we are sick, the normal body functions get disturbed. In such a situation, food that is easily digestible and contains adequate nutrients are required for the speedy recovery. Thus, bland and nourishing food is given during sickness.

Question 2.
What are the different means by which infectious diseases spread?
Answer:
The different modes of transmission of infectious diseases are:

1. Through Air: Certain disease – causing micro – organisms are expelled in air by coughing, sneezing, talking etc. These micro-organisms can travel through dust particles or water droplets in air to reach other people. For example, tuberculosis, pneumonia etc. spread through air.
2. Through Water: Sometimes causal micro – organisms get mixed with drinking water and spread water borne diseases. Cholera, for example is a water borne disease.
3. Through Sexual Contact: Sexual act between two people can lead to the transfer of diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, AIDS etc.
4. Through Vectors: Certain diseases spread by animals called vectors. For example, mosquitoes spread malaria.

Question 3.
What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Answer:
Precautions to reduce incidence of infectious diseases are:

1. Staying away from the infected person.
2. Covering mouth or nose while coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of disease.
3. Drinking safe water.
4. Keeping the school environment clean to prevent multiplication vectors.

Question 4.
What is immunisation?
Answer:
Immunisation is defined as protection of the body from communicable diseases by administration of some agent that mimics the pathogen.

Question 5.
What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality? Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Answer:
The immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre are DPT (Diphtheria, Pertusis, and Tetanus), polio vaccine, hepatitis B, MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella), jaundice, typhoid etc. Of all these diseases, jaundice and typhoid are major health problems.

Why do we Fall Ill NCERT Textbook Exercises

Question 1.
How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?

1. Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses.
2. Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of / most of the above illnesses.

Answer:
The illness was 2 – 3 times common – cold, occurred in a year:

1. One change I would make in my habits in order to avoid the above illness is that I would take proper diet rich in vitamin C and would avoid too cold food.
2. The surroundings should be neat and clean.

Question 2.
A doctor / nurse / health – worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she / he avoids getting sick herself / himself.
Answer:
The following precautions must be taken by a doctor / nurse / health – worker:

1. Wearing a mask when in contact with a diseased person.
2. Keeping yourself covered while moving around an infected place.
3. Drinking safe water.
4. Eating healthy and nutritious food.
5. Ensuring proper cleanliness and personal hygiene.

Question 3.
Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
Answer:
Common diseases are dysentry, malaria, viral fever / jaundice. Preventive Measures:

1. Cleanliness of surrounding neighbourhood i.e, removal of garbage from the streets / house and storage in a covered place till it is disposed off. Proper cleaning of drains and proper disposal of sewer water.
2. Removal of breeding places of mosquitoes like ditches with stagnant water.
3. Ensure supply of safe drinking water.

Or
Periodical programmes to educate people about prevention of disease.

Question 4.
A baby is not able to tell her / his caretakers that she / he is sick. What would help us to find out

1. that the baby is sick?
2. what is the sickness?

Answer:

1. The baby is sick can be determined by his / her behavioural changes such as constant crying of baby, improper intake of food, frequent mood changes etc.
2. The sickness is determined by symptoms or indications that can be seen in the baby. The symptoms include vomiting, fever, loose motion, paleness in the body etc.

Question 5.
Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick?
(a) when she is recovering from malaria.
(b) when she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken – pox.
(c) when she is on a four – day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken – pox. Why?
Answer:
(c) A person is more likely to fall sick when she is on a four day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone who is suffering from chicken pox. This is because she is fasting during recovery and her immune system is so weak that it is not able to protect its own body from any foreign infection. If she is taking care of someone suffering from chicken pox, then she has more chances of getting infected from chicken pox virus and will get sick again with this disease.

Question 6.
Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick?
(a) when you are taking examinations.
(b) when you have travelled by bus and train for two days.
(c) when your friend is suffering from measles. Why?
Answer:
(c) You are more likely to fall sick when your friend is suffering from measles. This is because measles is highly contagious and can easily spread through respiration i. e., through air. Thus, if your friend is suffering from measles, stay away from him otherwise you might easily get infected with the disease.

Why do we Fall Ill Additional Questions

Why do we Fall Ill Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Community health is related to:
(a) Social health
(b) Physical health
(c) Mental health
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question 2.
Every disease have particular:
(a) Body weight
(b) temperature
(c) Sign
(d) Appearance change.
Answer:
(c) Sign

Question 3.
Condition for good community health is by maintaining:
(a) Cleanliness
(b) Pollution less atmosphere
(c) Economic growth
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question 4.
Malaria is caused by:
(a) Vibrio cholerae
(b) Plasmodium vivax
(c) Andies
(d) H. pylori.
Answer:
(b) Plasmodium vivax

Question 5.
Vibrio cholerae is a:
(a) Agent
(b) Host
(c) Vector
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) Agent

Question 6.
Which one of the following is water born infectious disease?
(a) Common cold
(b) Peptic ulcers
(c) Cholera
(d) AIDS.
Answer:
(c) Cholera

Question 7.
Which one among the following is a viral disease?
(a) AIDS
(b) Cholera
(c) TB
(d) Typhoid.
Answer:
(a) AIDS

Question 8.
Which one among the following is a chronic disease?
(a) Cold
(b) Malaria
(c) Elephantiasis
(d) None.
Answer:
(c) Elephantiasis

Question 9.
In malaria disease, which one of the following is vector?
(a) Plasmodium vivax
(b) Mosquito
(c) Human
(d) Dog.
Answer:
(b) Mosquito

Question 10.
Which one of the following is mechanical cause of disease?
(a) Injury
(b) Microbes
(c) Heat
(d) All.
Answer:
(a) Injury

Question 11.
HIV – AIDS is transmitted by:
(a) Microbes
(b) Sexual contact
(c) Water
(d) All.
Answer:
(b) Sexual contact

Question 12.
Main factors which can help in public health hygiene:
(a) Availability of safe drinking water.
(b) Availability of clean environment.
(c) Spacious condition for living.
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question 13.
Penicillin is a / an:
(a) Antigen
(b) Antibody
(c) Pathogen
(d) Host.
Answer:
(a) Antigen

Why do we Fall Ill Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write symptoms of a disease.
Answer:
Discomfort pain and tiredness is symptoms of a disease.

Question 2.
Is mental discomfort a disease?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 3.
When a part of body is hurt, can it affect all body? Why?
Answer:
Yes, because all body parts are connected internally.

Question 4.
Write name of two diseases caused by virus.
Answer:
AIDS, common cold.

Question 5.
Write name of two diseases caused by worms.
Answer:
Elephantiasis, intestine infection.

Question 6.
Write name of two deficiency diseases.
Answer:
Beri – Beri, Rickets.

Question 7.
What is a vector?
Answer:
Organism which transfer a disease is called a vector.

Question 8.
What is a host?
Answer:
Organism which bear disease and their causative agents is called host.

Question 9.
Name one genetical disorder.
Answer:
Haemophilia.

Question 10.
How malaria and dengue are spread?
Answer:
By species of mosquito.

Question 11.
Name two communicable diseases.
Answer:

1. AIDS
2. cold.

Question 12.
What become vector for a communicable disease?
Answer:
Host itself.

Question 13.
What kind of disease is AIDS?
Answer:
AIDS is a fatal viral disease.

Question 14.
Name two air born diseases.
Answer:

1. Influenza
2. pneumonia.

Question 15.
Name a disease against which vaccines are available.
Answer:
Typhoid.

Why do we Fall Ill Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define congenital diseases. Give some examples of such disease.
Answer:
Diseases or abnormalities present since birth are called congenital diseases. It is due to gene mutations (genetic factor) or environmental factors.
Examples:

• Colour blindness
• Cleft lip or palate.

Question 2.
Name the agent and vector which cause rabies.
Answer:
The causative agent of rabies is rabies virus (RV). The animals included humans can be infected and all of them can spread the disease.
Causes:

• Dogs
• rats
• cats
• monkeys
• squirrels
• cattle
• wolves
• racoons
• bears etc. can spread this disease.

Question 3.
What are acquired diseases?
Answer:
The diseases which develop after birth are called acquired diseases. It is categorized into

• Communicable Diseases(Infectious Diseases): malaria, influenza etc. and
• Non – Communicable Diseases: diabetes, scurvy, high blood pressure.

Question 4.
Write some common signs and symptoms of a disease if a brain is affected.
Answer:
Headache, fits, vomitting, unconsciousness etc.

Question 5.
What are infectious agents?
Answer:
The microorganisms which spread the disease from one person to other are called infectious agents.

Question 6.
Define ‘germ theory of disease’?
Answer:
Louis Pasteur proposed ‘germ theory of disease’ also called pathogenic theory of medicine. He stated that micro – organisms are the causes of many diseases.

Question 7.
What happen when kidneys of a person do not filter urine properly?
Answer:
If the kidneys of a person do not filter urine properly then the toxic substances which disturbs metabolism could be fatal.

Question 8.
Is skin, hairs, saliva form the first line of defence against diseases? If yes, then how?
Answer:
Yes, skin, nose hairs, saliva act as the first line of defence.

• Skin: It prevents the entry of microbes.
• Hairs: These prevent the entry of dust particles and germs.
• Saliva: It washes away bacterial growth from teeth and mouth.

Question 9.
What is immunity?
Answer:
Immunity refers to ability of the body to be resistant towards injury, poison or harmful pathogens. It is part of the defence reaction in the body. There are two types of immunity – natural or innate immunity and acquired or specific immunity.

Question 10.
Why are kids and elderly people more vulnerable to cold / flu?
Answer:
Kids are more vulnerable to cold and flu because their immune systems haven’t fully developed. Elderly people also more prone to catch a cold because of their poor health.

Question 11.
Define antibiotic. Explain how it is able to control bacterial infections but not viral infections.
Answer:
Antibiotics (anti means against and biotic means living) are types of medications which slows and destroy the growth of bacteria. They commonly block biochemical pathways important for bacteria. Many bacteria, for example, make a cell – wall to protect themselves. The antibiotic penicillin blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell wall. Thus, bacteria fail to build their cell – wall, stop multiplying and die out.

Question 12.
Name infectious diseases that are spread through air.
Answer:
Infectious diseases that spread through air are – sneezing, coughing, open pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles, SARS, chicken – pox.

Question 13.
How infectious diseases are spread through water? Give two examples.
Answer:
Open defecation, consuming contaminated water, inadequate hand washing causes infectious diseases through water. Water – borne diseases are cholera, typhoid etc.

Question 14.
Give few examples of direct and indirect contact diseases.
Answer:

1. Direct Contact Diseases: Examples of diseases spread by direct contact are common cold, tuberculosis, chicken pox, warts etc. Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD) are Syphilis, AIDS, gonorrhoea.
2. Indirect Contact Diseases: Examples of diseases spread by indirect contact are Flu, TB, Chickenpox, urinal infections etc.

Why do we Fall Ill Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Becoming exposed to or infected with an infectious microbe does not necessarily mean developing noticeable disease. Explain.
Answer:
Infected with a microbe does not mean developing a disease because an infectious microbe is able to cause a disease only. If the immune system of the person is weak but a person with strong immune system normally fights off microbes. We have cells which are specialised to kill the pathogenic microbes. These cells are active when infecting microbes enter the body and if they are successful in removing the pathogen, we remain disease – free. So, even if we are exposed to infectious microbes, the person will not catch the disease.

Question 2.
Give any four factors necessary for a healthy person.
Answer:
Factors necessary for a healthy person are as follows:

1. A clean environment with proper public health services.
2. Personal hygiene prevents infectious diseases.
3. A proper balanced diet and sufficient nourishment are necessary for good immune system of our body.
4. Immunisation / vaccination against severe diseases.

Question 3.
Why is AIDS considered to be a ‘Syndrome’ and not a disease?
Answer:
AIDS is considered a syndrome and not a disease because AIDS causing virus – HIV comes into the body via the sexual organs or any other means like blood transfusion and spread to lymph nodes all over the body. The virus damages the immune system of the body and the body can no longer fight off many minor infectious. Instead, every small cold can become pneumonia, or minor get infection can become severe diarrhoea. The effect of disease becomes very severe and complex, at times killing the person suffering from AIDS. Hence, there is no specific disease symptoms for AIDS but it results in a complex disease and symptoms.

Question 4.
(a) The signs and symptoms of a disease depend upon the tissues or organ the microbe targets. Explain giving any two examples.
(b) How does the immune system work against microbes?
(c) Name two diseases against which vaccines are available.
Answer:
(a) Disease – causing microbes enter the body through different means. These disease – causing micro – organisms are tissues specific or we can say that they target a specific organ.  If these microbes enter the body via the nose, the lungs are target and the symptoms are:

1. cough
2. breathlessness.

This is seen in the bacteria causing tuberculosis. If brain is targetted by these microbes, the symptoms will be headache, vomitting, fits or unconsciousness. This is seen in the bacteria causing meningitis.

(b) Immunisation is most important and effective way to raise resistance against the disease. Immunity may be two types:

1. Active immunity
2. Passive Immunity (artificial).

In active immunity, the body responds against disease – causing microbes and produces antibodies. The antibodies attack organ and kill the disease – causing microbes. In passive immunity, prepared antibodies are used against disease – causing microbes.

(c) We have vaccine against polio and tuberculosis.

Why do we Fall Ill Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

Question 1.
Why we cannot destroy virus?
Answer:
Virus attacks our body and consume proteins and RNA only. They do not have any metabolic pathway while other pathogens have their metabolic pathways. Our medicines stops the metabolic activity of pathogens and hence they get destroyed, but it is not possible in case of virus.

Question 2.
How vaccine stops disease while it is, itself a low dose of similar causative agent?
Answer:
Our body has a very strong immune system and it develops antigen to subside the effect of any new high quantity antibody entering in the body. Presence of chemical in small harmless quantity initiate development of antigen in body and when actually agent enters in the body, antigen fights easily with it.

Why do we Fall Ill Value Based Questions

Question 1.
Anya got vaccination, she told her friend Sakshi. Sakshi got scared and doubted if it was safe as it contains weakened pathogens which cause diseases. Later, Anya explained her the concept of vaccination and immunity. Answer the following questions:

1. What did Anya explain Sakshi?
2. What values did Anya possess?

Answer:

1. Anya explained that vaccine or weakened pathogen are not harmful to the body. Rather, they boost the person immunity against the same pathogen when it is actually encountered by the body is attacked by it leading to its destruction.
2. Anya possess the values of helpfulness and intelligence. She is practical.

Question 2.
Akash found in a blood test that his brother was HIV positive. His brother, due to this was expelled from the job. Only after intervention of NGO, he got it back.

1. Which disease is his brother suffering from?
2. Write its modes of transmission.
3. Write your views about the NGO and the organization where his brother worked.

Answer:

1. AIDS (caused by HIV).
2. • Mother to child (during pregnancy).
   • Using infected syringes.
   • Blood transfusion.
   • Sexual contact with infected person.
3. NGO has taken correct step and has helped Akash in fighting for injustice. While, organisation was wrong in its step as it does not spread by touching or by working with the infected person.

MP Board Class 9th Science Solutions

MP Board Class 7th General English Grammar

Artticle (आर्टिकल)
उपपद

Article तीन हैं – (1) a, (2) an,(3) the.
a तथा an का प्रयोग एकवचन के लिए होता है। the का प्रयोग एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों के लिए होता है।
(1) A का प्रयोग – Consonant (व्यंजन) से प्रारम्भ होने वाले एकवचन की जातिवाचक संज्ञा के पूर्व होता है। जैसे-a book, a man, a dog, a cat आदि।
(2) An का प्रयोग – vowels (a, e, i, 0, u) स्वर से प्रारम्भ होने वाले एकवचन की जातिवाचक संज्ञा के पूर्व होता है।
जैसे – An apple, an eye, an inkpot, an orange, an umbrella आदि।
(3) The का प्रयोग-किसी खास वस्तु, अनोखी वस्तु, नदी, पहाड़, प्रसिद्ध ग्रन्थ, अखबार के नाम आदि के पहले होता है। जैसे-The sun, The earth, The Ganga, The Indian Ocean, The Taj, The East आदि। किसी खास या पूर्व परिचित वस्तु का बोध कराने के लिए भी The का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-The girl in blue is my sister.

Exercise

Fill in the following blanks with a, an or the as required

1. ……….. train was ………. hour late.
2. Srilanka is ………. island.
3. He is ……….. honest man.
4. It is ………… large egg.
5. ……….. umbrella is ……. use full thing.
6. ………… rose is ………. loveliest of all flowers.
7. He is ……… M. A. from Allahabad university.
8. …… Gita is ………. holy book of Hindus.

Answer:

1. The, an
2. an
3. an
4. a
5. An, a
6. The, the
7. an
8. Thea, the.

The Pronoun (द प्रोनाऊन)
सर्वनाम

Pronoun वह शब्द है जिसका प्रयोग संज्ञा (Noun) के स्थान पर होता है। जैसे –
Hari is my friend. He lives in Delhi.
यहाँ He, सर्वनाम (Pronoun) है। यह Noun-Hari के स्थान पर आया है।

Kinds of Pronoun (सर्वनाम के प्रकार)

1. Personal Pronouns (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Me, Us, Him, Her, Them, Mine, Ours, Yours आदि।

2. Reflexive Pronouns (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – Myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves.

3. Demonstrative Pronouns (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – this, that, these, those.

4. Interrogative Pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – Who, which, whom, whose, what.

5. Relative pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That, What, आदि।

6. Indefinite Pronouns (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – anybody, somebody, nobody, someone, one, none, all, mony, few.

7. Distributive Pronouns (प्रत्येकवाच सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – each, either, neither.

8. Reciprocal Pronouns (पारस्परिक सर्वनाम)
ये दो pronouns से मिलकर बनते हैं और केवल दो हैं – each other, one another.

9. Possessive Pronouns (अधिकार वाचक सर्वनाम)
उदाहरण – mine, yours, hers. आदि।

Exercise

Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences :
(निम्न वाक्यों में से सर्वनाम छाँटिए।)

1. I know him very well.
2. She has a pretty doll.
3. They are playing cricket.
4. I shall beat you.
5. The boy who made a noise was punished.
6. The man whose bag was stolen has come.
7. Where is the pen which I gave you.
8. Why do you abuse one another ?
9. These are nice girls.
10. They decided to help each other.

Noun (नाऊन)
संज्ञा

Countable and uncountable
संज्ञाओं (Nouns) को उनके गिने जाने के आधार पर दो प्रकार में बाँटा गया है –

(1) Countable Nouns – (गिने जाने योग्य संज्ञाएँ)
जैसे-dog, pen, country, table, road आदि।

(2) Uncountable Nouns – (नहीं गिने जाने योग्य संज्ञाएँ)
जैसे – butter, juice, sugar, hatred, love, sickness. आदि।

The Adverb (एडवर्व)
क्रिया-विशेषण

Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण) वह शब्द है जो किसी Verb (क्रिया), Adjective (विशेषण) या Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण) की विशेषता बताता है। जैसे

The milk is very hot. Sarita ran fast but could not win the race.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों में very और fast क्रिया-विशेषण हैं।

Kinds of Adverbs

(1) Adverbs of Time (काल-वाचक)
उदाहरण-now, always, never, already, shortly, today, tomorrow आदि।

(2) Adverbs of Place (स्थान-वाचक)
उदाहरण-here, there, in, below, hence, thence, inside आदि।

(3) Adverbs of Manner (रीति वाचक)
उदाहरण-quickly, fast, well, easily, bravely आदि।

(4) Interrogative Adverbs (प्रश्नवाचक)
उदाहरण-when, where, how, why, how much आदि।

(5) Relative Adverbs (सम्बन्ध वाचक)
उदाहरण-when, where, how, why आदि।

(6) Adverbs of Degree (परिणामवाचक)
उदाहरण-very, much, quite, wholly, exactly आदि।

(7) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation (स्वीकार वाचक एवं निषेध वाचक)
उदाहरण-yes, no, not, certainly, indeed आदि।

(8) Adverbs of Number (संख्या वाचक)
उदाहरण-once, twice, first, again आदि।

(9) Adverbs of Reason (हेतु वाचक)
उदाहरण-therefore, so, hence.

Exercise

Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences :
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से क्रिया-विशेषण छाँटिए)

1. The soldiers fought bravely.
2. You can stay here.
3. He went far into the forest.
4. Tell me quickly as you can.
5. Do you know why he came here ?
6. Have you ever been to Mathura ?
7. Why do you not work carefully ?
8. Come inside.
9. This shirt is too loose for me.
10. I went there only once.

Voice (वाइस)
वाच्य

Voice (वाच्य) क्रिया का वह रूप है जो यह बताता है कि subject (कर्ता) कार्य का करने वाला है या उसके प्रति कोई कार्य किया गया है।
Voice दो प्रकार के होते हैं –

(1) Active Voice और Passive Voice
जैसे – The hunter killed a lion-Active
शिकारी ने शेर को मार डाला।
The lion was killed by the hunter-Passive
शेर शिकारी के द्वारा मार डाला गया।

यहाँ, पहले वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) hunter कार्य करने वाला है इसीलिये verb “killed” Active voice में होगा। जबकि दूसरे वाक्य में subject lion’ के प्रति कार्य हो रहा है इसीलिये verb ‘was killed’ passive voice में होगा।

Active से Passive बनाना

(1)Active से Passive में बदलने के लिए ‘to be’ क्रियाओं का प्रयोग किया जाता है। सबसे पहले Object (कर्म) को Subject (कर्ता) के स्थान पर रखते हैं। इसके पश्चात् tense के अनुसार क्रिया ‘to be’ को फिर मुख्य क्रिया (verb) की 3rd form को रखते हैं और अन्त में कार्य करने वाले (doer) को शब्द by के बाद रखते हैं।

‘To be’ क्रियाएँ आठ हैं। बिना इनके passive नहीं बन सकता है।
Verb to be’.- is, are, am, was, were, be, been,being.
केवल transitive verb को passive voice में बदलते हैं क्योंकि उसका object होता है।

निम्न वाक्यों को पढ़ें –

Active – We like mangoes.
Passive – Mangoes are liked by us.
Active – The dog cought the rat.
Passive – The rat was cought by the dog.
Aetive – He is flying a kite.
Passive – A kite is being flown by him.

कभी-कभी कुछ nouns के दो objects होते हैं। Passive Voice में उनमे से किसी को भी Subject बनाया जा सकता है परन्तु अधिकतर Indirect Object को Subject की तरह प्रयोग करते हैं।

उदाहरण –
Active – He gave me a book.
Passive – I was given a book by him.
Or
A book was given (to) me by him.
Active – Ram told me stories at night.
Passive – I am told stories at night by Ram.
Or
Stories are told me at night by Ram.

Change of Tense (काल में परिवर्तन)

Exercise

Change the following sentences into Passive Voice :

1. The teacher teaches us English.
2. The peon rings the bell.
3. The Police arrested the thief.
4. The servent had beaten Ram.
5. The carpenter was making a table.
6. They had finished the work before the teacher came.
7. Our team will win the match.
8. The postman will help us.
9. He will visit me tomorrow.
10. Have you broken the cup ?

The preposition (द प्रिपोजिशन)
सम्बन्धसूचक अव्यय

परिभाषा – वे शब्द जो किसी Noun या Pronoun से पूर्व प्रयोग में आये हों और उनका सम्बन्ध वाक्य के किसी अन्य Noun या Pronoun के साथ स्थापित हो, Prepositions कहलाते हैं।
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show the relation of the person or thing denoted by it.

Relations expressed by Prepositions

1. Preposition of Time – कुछ Prepositions समय सूचक होते हैं, जैसे-

1. He came at seven.
2. I study for seven hours daily.
3. She is absent from class for five days.

2. Preposition of Place – कुछ Prepositions स्थान सूचक होते है, जैसे-

1. He was in his room.
2. They are coming home from the school.
3. I stood before him.

3. Prepositions of Movement – Prepositions गतिसूचक/साधन सूचक होते हैं, जैसे-

1. I travelled by train.
2. I came by car.
3. We went there on his bike.

Use of some other Prepositions

1. At, In – At छोटे स्थान के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है
In बड़े स्थान के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –
(i) He lives at Bhopal.
(ii) We live in India.

2. In, into – In स्थिति को बताता है और Into गति का बोध करता है। जैसे –
(i) All the boys are in the classroom.
(ii) We bought the tickets and went into the hall.

3. With, by – With यन्त्र के साथ प्रयोग होता है और by कार्य करने वाले के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –
(i) We cut the apple with the knife.
(ii) The snake was killed by the farmer.

4. Since, for-Since निश्चित समय के साथ (जैसे दिन का नाम या तिथि आदि) और For समय की अवधि के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –
(i) He has been ill since Wednesday.
(ii) Raj has been absent for three days.

5. Between, among-Between दो व्यक्तियों तथा Among दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-
(i) Divide these mangoes between Ram and Ravi.
(ii) The gentleman divided his property among his four sons.

6. On, upon-On गतिहीनता तथा Upon गतिशीलता के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –
(i) The cat is sitting on the table.
(ii) The dog sprang upon the table.

7. In, within-In समय की अवधि की समाप्ति का बोध कराता है और Within समय की अवधि के भीतर का बोध कराता है। जैसे –
(i) I shall come back in a week. (एक सप्ताह की समाप्ति पर।)
(ii) I shall come within a week. (एक सप्ताह समाप्त होने से पूर्व।)

8. Below, beneath-Below पद के सन्दर्भ में और Beneath स्थान के सन्दर्भ में प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे –
(i) Your brother is below my rank.
(ii) The lion sat beneath a tree.

9. Beside, besides-Beside का अर्थ है-पास (by the side of) जबकि Besides का अर्थ है-अतिरिक्त जैसे –
(i) The boys stood beside the teacher’s chair.
(ii) Besides the principal other teachers spoke in the prayer assembly.

10. With, without-With का अर्थ है-साथ और without का अर्थ-बिना (रहित)। जैसे –
(i) Come to me with your brother.
(ii) Come to the field without anything.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions :

1. She is looking ……….. a job. (to, for)
2. I have invited him ……… dinner. (to, for)
3. Your sister is angry ……… you. (with, from)
4. Your letter is full ……….. mistakes. (of, by)
5. I met him ………. chance. (by, in)
6. They came here …….. Monday.(on, at, since)
7. She prefers tea ………. coffee. (to, thanong)
8. Distribute these sweets ………. the children. (between, an jong)
9. The frog jumped ………. the pond. (in, into)
10. The book is ………. the table. (on, in, over)

Answer:

1. For
2. to
3. with
4. of
5. by
6. on
7. to
8. among
9. into
10. on.

Direct and Indirect Narration
(डाइरेक्ट एण्ड इन्डाइरेक्ट नरेशन)

Direct Narration में बोलने वाले के कथन को ज्यों का त्यों ही दोहरा दिया जाता है। परन्तु Indirect Narration में उस कथन का भाव प्रकट किया जाता है।
जैसे-He said to me, “I weep to see you.” (Direct)
He told me that he wept to see me. (Indirect)

निर्देश :
(1) Said को Told में बदल देते हैं। Inverted Commas को हटा देते हैं तथा Persons में परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित रूप में करते हैं।

(2) Ist Person के Pronoun (I, we, us, our) का परिवर्तन Direct speech के Subject (कर्ता) के Person के अनुसार होता है। IInd Person के Pronoun (you, your) का परिवर्तन Object के Person के अनुसार होता है तथा IIIrd person के Pronoun में कोई भी परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।

(3) निकटता प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित रूप से किया जाता है –

(4) Tense (काल) में परिवर्तन – (1) Reporting Verb के Present या Future Tense में होने पर Reported Verb के Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। (2) Reporting Verb के Past Tense में होने पर
Reported Verb के Tense में परिवर्तन होता है –
(i) Simple present का Simple past हो जाता है –
Direct – He said, “She works hard.”
Indirect – He said that she worked hard.

(ii) Present Continuous का Past Continuous हो जाता है –
Direct-He said, “She is reading a book.”
Indirect-He said that she was reading a book.

(iii) Present perfect का Past perfect हो जाता है-
Direct-He said, “She has done her work.”
Indirect-He said that she had done her work.

(iv) Present Perfect Continuous का Past Perfect Continuous हो जाता है-
Direct-He said, “She has been reading a book for two hours.”
Indirect-He said that she had been reading a book for two hours.

(v) Simple past का Past Perfect हो जाता है-
Direct-He said, “She wrote a letter.”
Indirect-He said that she had written a letter.

(vi) Past Continuous का Past Perfect Continuous हो जाता है-
Direct-He said, “She was writing a letter.”
Indirect-He said that she had been writing a letter.
Shall का should, may का might, can का could हो जाता है तथा सदा सत्य और ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों का Tense नहीं बदला जाता।

Interrogative (Questions)

Direct-Rahul said to Rama, “Is it easy to ride a bicycle ?”
Indirect-Rahul asked Rama if it was easy to ride a bicycle.
Direct-The bird said to the Prince, “Why are you weeping ?”
Indirect-The bird asked the Prince why he was weeping.

Command and Orders

Direct-“Get some sleep”, his father said.
Indirect-His father told him to get some sleep.
Direct-“Don’t stay up late,” his mother said.
Indirect-His mother told him not to stay up late.
Direct-“Please help me,” Hari said to me.
Indirect-Hari requested me to help him.

Exercise

Rewrite the following sentences in indirect form of narration :

1. The farmer said, “The rain is useful for crops.”
2. Ram said to sheela, “I am your brother.”
3. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
4. Akshay said, “Who is running on the roof ?”
5. His brother said to me, “Where do you go daily at this time?”
6. She said to you, “When do you go for a walk?”
7. Anu said to me, “From where have you bought this shawl ?”
8. Rohan said to the boy, “Why did you not take medicine ?”

Answers :

1. The farmer said that the rain is useful for crops.
2. Ram told Sheela that he was her brother.
3. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
4. Akshay asked who was running on the roof.
5. His brother asked me where did I go daily at that time.
6. She asked you when you went for a walk.
7. Anu asked me from where I had bought that shawl.
8. Rohan asked the boy why he had not taken medicine.

Degrees of Comparison
(डिग्रीज़ ऑफ कम्परिजन),

गुण या दोष की अधिकता या कमी बताने के लिए Adjective की तीन अवस्थाएँ होती हैं-
(1) Positive degree
(2) Comparative degree
(3) Superlative degree.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word given in brackets :

1. He is ………… than other boys in the class. (stronger, strong)
2. Sita is …………. than Gita. (rich, richer)
3. Ram is not as …………. as Shyam. (poor, poorer)
4. Of the three mangoes this is the …………. (sweet, sweetest)
5. Ravi is …………. than his brother. (clever, cleverer)
6. Iron is the …………. of all the metals. (hardest, harder)
7. She is not so …………. as her sister. (intelligent, more intelligent)
8. It is the ……….. among all books I have ever read. (good, better, best)

Answer:

1. stronger
2. richer
3. poor
4. sweetest
5. cleverer
6. hardest
7. intelligent
8. best.

Complex Sentences
(मिश्रित वाक्य)

Complex sentence में एक Principal Clause (प्रधान उपवाक्य) तथा शेष. Subordinate Clause होते हैं। इस तरह clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं – (1) Principal Clause, (2) Subordinate Clause (आश्रित उपवाक्य) तथा (3) Co-ordinate clause (समानपदीय उपवाक्य)।

Subordinate Clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –
(1) Noun Clause
(2) Adjective Clause
(3) Adverb Clause.

Adjective Clause
(एडजेक्टिव क्लॉज़)

Adjective clause यदि एक वाक्य (sentence) में आये हुए Noun या Pronoun के लिए दूसरे वाक्य में कोई बात कही गई है तो दूसरे वाक्य को Adjective clause बना देते हैं।
जैसे –
1. I saw a cat. The cat was lying on the road.
Answer:
I saw a cat who was lying on the road.

2. I gave her a pencil. The pencil was very cheap.
Answer:
I gave her a pencil which was very cheap.

3. The girl is wearing a red sweater. She is Savita.
Answer:
The girl, who is wearing a red sweater, is Savita.

4. Arif is wearing a blue shirt. He is the tallest boy in the class.
Answer:
Arif, who is the tallest boy in the class, is wearing a blue shirt.

5. Seema is in class ten. She is going to play in the national team.
Answer:
Seema, who is going to play in the national team, is in class ten.

6. Mohan is a swimming champion. He is going to teach his friends to swim.
Answer:
Mohan, who is a swimming champion, is going to teach his friends to swim.

7. Asma helped the boy. He is blind.
Answer:
Asma helped the boy, who is blind.

Interrogative Sentences
(प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)

निर्देश-Simple Positive वाक्यों को Interrogative बनाने के लिए सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary verb), मुख्य क्रिया (Main verb) तथा प्रश्नवाचक शब्दों (Question words) की सहायता लेते हैं। जैसे-

(1) उसके पास नई कार है।
She has a new car. (Positive)
Has she a new car? (Interrogative)

(2) राम एक अच्छा लड़का है।
Ram is a good boy. (Simple)
Is Ram a good boy? (Interrogative)

Change the following sentences into Interrogative one :

1. मीनू शिमला जा रही है।
Meenu is going to Shimla.
Is Meenu going to Shimla ?

2. वह यहाँ आ सकता है।
He can come here.
Can he come here?

3. राम एक पत्र लिख चुका है।
Ram has written a letter.
Has Ram written a letter?

4. वह एक पत्र लिखती है।
She writes a letter
Does she write a letter ?

5. उसने एक गीत गाया।
She sang a song.
Did she sing a song ?

6. यह एक पुस्तक है।
This is a book.
What is this?

7. वह हॉकी खेल रही है।
She is playing hockey.
What is she playing?

8. वह एक कार चला रहा है।
He is driving a car.
What is he doing?

9. मैं अपने भाई से प्रेम करता हूँ।
I love my brother.
Whom do you love ?

10. मैं ने लता को एक पुस्तक दी।
I gave a book to Lata.
Who did you give a book to ?

11. मुझे भोपाल में रहना पसन्द हैं।
I like to live in Bhopal.
Where do you like to live ?

12. शाहजहॉ ने ताजमहल बनाया।
Shahjahan built the Taj.
Who built the Taj ?

Exercise

Remove ‘too’ in the following sentences :

1. He is too weak to walk.
2. She spoke too slowly for us to hear.
3. It is too cold for us to go out.
4. The boy ran too slowly to catch the bus.
5. The question is too difficult for us to solve it.
6. The room is too dark for us to work in it.
7. The tea is too hot for me to drink.
8. The fruits are too sour for us to eat them.

Transformed sentences

1. He is so weak that he cannot walk.
2. She spoke so slowly that we could not hear.
3. It is so cold that we cannot go out.
4. The boy ran so slowly that he could not catch the bus.
5. The question is so difficult that we cannot solve it.
6. The room is so dark that we cannot work in
7. The tea is so hot that I cannot drink it.
8. The fruits are so sour that we cannot eat them.

Use of Idioms and Prepositional Phrases

1. Worn out (पुराना, फटा हुआ) –
Use – My coat is really worn out.

2. Well dressed (अच्छे कपड़े पहने हुए)-
Use-He was well-dressed.

3. Poor dressed (ख़राब वस्त्र पहने हुए)-
Use-Mohan was seen poorly dressed in the party.

4. Highly priced (बहुत कीमती)-
Use-Meena bought a highly priced dress.

5. Out of danger (खतरे से बाहर)-
UseRavi had a heart attack but he is out of danger now.

6. In the middle of (बीच में,मध्य में)
Use-In the middle of the session, he fell ill.

7. In the lead (प्रारम्भ में आगे)-
Use-Mohan started his race in the lead.

8. Win someone’s heart (दिल जीत लेना)
Use-Prakash won everyone’s heart with his performance.

9. Afraid of (भयभीत)-
Use – He did his hard work but was afraid of being failed.

10. At the end of (अन्त में)-
Use-At the end of the race, he reached the point first.

11. In a bad state (ख़राब दशा में)-
Use-He continued his studies in a bad state of his health.

12. In good order (अछि दशा में)-
Use-I found my machines in the factory in good order.

13. To visit (अवलोकन करना)-
Use-Many people from other countries come to visit the Taj.

14. By the light (रात तक)-
Use-Dr. Dass was reading his book by the light of a small lamp.

15. Dressed in (कपड़े पहने)-
Use-He was dressed in white.

16. Head to foot (सिर से पैर तक)
Use-His body was covered with mud from head to foot.

17. Pull off (खींच डालना)
Use-He pull the curtain off.

18. Run away (भाग जाना)-
Use-In the end of the function, everyone runs away.

19. Go away (चले जाओ)-
Use-Go away from here.

20. Drive away (खदेड़ देना)-
Use-Robbers were driven away.

21. Got away (भाग गया)-
Use-The servant got away though his master treated him well.

22. Walk away (पीछे हटना)-
Use-we should not walk away when we find someone in need.

23. Look into (जाँच करना)-
Use-He looked into the box.

24. Look for (खोजने की कोशिश करना)-
Use-Are you still looking for a job?

25. Look upto (गणना करना)-
Use-He is looking upto him as a good soldier.

26. Look forward to (आशा करना,कामना करना)-
Use-We are looking forward to see you again.

27. Empty vessels make much noise (यथा चना बाजे घना)-
Use-Persons without perfect skill are empty vessels which make much noise.

28. Slow but steady (परिश्रमी होना)-
Use-Mohan will get success because it is true that he is slow but steady.

29. Burn the midnight oil (मेहनत करना)-
Use-These days students are burning the midnight oil.

30. Born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (धनि परिवार में जन्म लेना)-
Use-Jawahar Lal Nehru was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.

31. Three piece (तीन भागों का)
Use-I have three piece blue suit.

32. Board a bus (बस में सवारी करना)-
Use-We have to board a bus at Pipariya to go to Panchmarhi.

33. Get lost (बिछुड़ जाना)-
Use-The child held his mother’s hand tightly so that he may not get lost.

34. Find out (खोजना)-
Use-Find out the correct solution of this sum.

35. Joy rides (प्रसन्नता देने वाली सवारियाँ)-
Use-There were many joy rides at the fair.

36. Broke down (रुक जाना)-
Use-My scooter broke down, when I was going home.

37. Keeping a watch (रखवाली करना)-
Use-Moti, the dog is keeping a watch on all the people going inside the gate.

38. Go round (चक्कर मारना)-
Use-The Principal like to go round the school to see the classes.

39. The ship of the desert (रेगिस्तान का जहाज)-
Use-The Camel is known as the ship of the desert.

40. Lame excuse (बहाना बनाना)-
UseRamesh has not done his homework so he made a lame excuse of falling sick.

41. Fool proof (पक्की सुरक्षा)-
Use-No security can be called fool proof.

42. To work hard (कठिन परिश्रम करना)-
Use-Shyam is supposed to work hard to secure good marks.

43. To turn a blind eye (आँखें मूँद लेना)-
Use-The Police turned a blind eye when they saw the thief was running away.

44. To leave one’s footprints (पदचिह्न छोड़ना)
Use-If you leave your footprints on the sand at a beach, the sea is sure to wash them away.

Homophones
(समानोच्चारीत शब्द)

उच्चारण में समान लगने वाले परन्तु अर्थ में भिन्न शब्दों को Homophone (समानोच्चारीत शब्द) शब्द कहते हैं।

I. (1) See-sea
(2) Sale-sail
(3) Sell-cell
(4) Knew-new
(5) There-their
(6) Peace-piece
(7) Check-cheque
(8) Blue-blew
(9) Heard-herd
(10) Right-write.

Use (1) See – I see a snake in the garden.
Sea – The ship is sailing on the sea

(2) Sale – National Herald has the largest sale.
Sail – The ship sails on the sea.

(3) Sell – He sells newspaper.
Cell – He lives in a small cell.

(4) Knew – He knew his address.
New – New plants are planted.

(5) There – There are four students in the class.
Their – They help their friends.

(6) Peace – There was peace in the forest.
Piece – A piece of bread was given to the dog.

(7) Check – Teacher checks the exam copy.
Cheque – Payment can also be made through cheque.

(8) Blue – He is wearing a blue shirt.
Blew – The wind blew hard.

(9) Heard – I heard a great noise.
Herd – A herd of cows was grazing.

(10) Right – Give right answer to the questions.
Write – I write a letter.

II. (1) Tire-tyre
(2) Hare-hair
(3) Quiet-quite
(4) Plain-plane
(5) Hear-here
(6) Fair fare.

Use –
(1) Tire – He is tired of hard labour.
Tyre – Tyre is a rubber covering on wheels.

(2) Hare – Hare.runs in the garden.
Hair – Hair grow on our head.

(3) Quiet – You must be quiet in the class.
Quite – We waited for quite a long period.

(4) Plain-He is a man of plain thinking.
Plane-He had to fly by a plane to Mumbai.

(5) Hear-We hear with our ears.
Here-He came here.

(6) Fair-Mohan went to a fair with his friends.
Fare-What is the fare from Bhopal to Indore ?

III.(1) Ate-He ate fruits only.
Eight-Eight boys are playing.

(2) Bye-He said goodbye to his friends.
Buy-You should buy books of good writers

(3) Weak-He is weak in English.
Week-I go to Agra twice a week.

(4) One-One thing at one time.
Won-Rana Pratap won many battles.

(5) I-i – live in Bhopal.
Eye-We see with our eyes.

IV.
(1) Bee (बी) = मधुमक्खी
Be (बी) = होना

(2) One (वन) = एक
Won (वन) = जीत

(3) Sea (सी) = समुद्र
See (सी) = देखना

(4) Eight (एट) = आठ
Ate (एट) = खाया

(5) Idle (आइड्ल्) = सुस्त,
Idol (आइड्ल) = मूर्ति।

(6) Hour (आवर्) = समय,
Our (आवर्) = हमारा।

(7) Too (टू) = भी,
Two (टू) = दो।

Antonyms (विलोम)

विरोधी अर्थ वाले शब्द Antonyms (विलोम) कहे जाते हैं।

Singular/Plural
(एकवचन/बहुवचन)

संज्ञा के दो वचन होते हैं –

1. Singular number-एकवचन (एक के लिए)
2. Plural number-बहुवचन (एक से अधिक के लिए)

(1) कुछ शब्द ऐसे होते हैं जिनका एकवचन और बहुवचन ‘एक-सा होता है। जैसे –

(2) कुछ शब्दों के अन्त में s या es लगाकर बहुवचन बनाते हैं। जैसे –


(3) कुछ शब्दों के अन्त में y हटाकर ies लगाकर बहुवचन बनाते हैं। जैसे –

(4) कुछ शब्दों के अन्त में f या fe हो तो उसे हटा कर ves लगाकर बहुवचन बनाते हैं। जैसे –

(5) कुछ अन्य शब्द जिनके बहुवचन बनाने के विशेष नियम नहीं हैं। जैसे –

Prefix and Suffix
(उपसर्ग तथा प्रत्यय)

Prefix-Primary word से पहले जोड़े गये शब्दांश Prefix कहे जाते हैं जो Primary word के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं –


Suffix – Primary word के बाद जोड़े गये शब्दांश Suffix कहे जाते हैं जो Primary word के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं –
जैसे – agree + able = agreeable.
Primary Word + Suffix


Sounds of Animals (पशुओं की आवाजौ)

1. Dogs – bark
2. Cats – mew
3. Rats – squeak
4. Lions – roar
5. Pigs – grunt
6. Horses – neigh
7. Bees – buzz
8. Goats/Sheeps – bleat
9. Cocks – crow
10. Snakes – hiss
11. Ducks – quack
12. Donkeys – bray
13. Frogs – croak
14. Birds – chirp
15. Crows – caw
16. Hens – cackle

Animals and their Homes
(पशु व अनेक घर)

Cows live in cowshed.
Lions live in den.
Dogs live in kennel.
Birds live in nest.
Pigs live in sty.
Horses live in stable.

Animals and their Young ones
(पशु और उनके बचे)

Punctuation
(पंक्चुएशन)

Punctuation का अर्थ होता है किसी वाक्य में full stop, comma आदि विराम चिन्ह का प्रयोग करना। इनके प्रयोग इस प्रकार हैं-

1. Full stop (.) हिन्दी के पूर्ण विराम (|) के स्थान पर अंग्रेजी में full stop (.) का प्रयोग होता है। इसका प्रयोग होता है।
(i) Affirmative, Negative site Imperative वाक्यों के अन्त में। जैसे –
She is playing Please, come here. She is not coming.

(ii) Abbreviations (संक्षिप्त शब्दों) तथा नामों के प्रारम्भ में। जैसे –
M.A., A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

2. Comma (,) – Comma (अर्द्धविराम) का प्रयोग निम्न दशाओं में होता है –
(i) एक ही Part of Speech के कई शब्दों को एक-दूसरे से पृथक् करने के लिए;
जैसे – He can read, write and sing well.

(ii) And से जोड़े गये एक से अधिक शब्द समूहों को पृथक् करने के लिए;
जैसे – The minister addressed all, men and women, old and young.

(iii) Yes और No के बाद; जैसे –
Yes, I will do it.
No, I can’t do this.

(iv) Reported speech से शेष वाक्य को पृथक् करने के लिए; जैसे –
He said, “It is true.”

(v) Noun या Phrase in apposition को पृथक् करने के लिए; जैसे –
Milton, the great poet, was blind.

(vi) दिन, दिनांक या वर्ष को पृथक् करने के लिए;
जैसे – Monday, 6th June, 2007.

3. Question Mark (?) – प्रश्न चिन्ह (?)
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों के अन्त में लगाया जाता है; जैसे –
What is the time ?

4. Exclamation Mark (!)
इस चिन्ह का प्रयोग –
(i) Interjection के बाद में होता है; जैसे – Oh ! Alas!

(ii) इस चिन्ह का प्रयोग उन वाक्यों के अन्त में भी होता है जो गहन संवेग को व्यक्त करते हैं; जैसे –
What a beautiful picture !

5. Inverted Commas (“….”) – Direct Speech में किसी के कहे गये यथार्थ शब्दों को शेष वाक्य से पृथक् करने के लिए Inverted Commas आदि और अन्त में लगाये जाते हैं; जैसे –
He said, “I shall win.”

6. Apostrophe (‘) – इसका प्रयोग होता है।
(i) अक्षरों के लोप को प्रकट करने के लिए
Don’t, Won’t, Can’t

(ii) Possessive case बनाने के लिए Sita’s pen.

(iii) अक्षरों तथा संख्याओं का बहुवचन बनाने के लिए –
Add three 4’s and two 3’s.

Capital Letters – Capital letters का प्रयोग होता –

(i) वाक्य के प्रथम शब्द का प्रथम अक्षर लिखने के लिए।
He is my son.

(ii) Proper Nouns और उससे बने हुए Adjectives के प्रथम अक्षर को लिखने के लिए –
Asha, Delhi, Indian.

(iii) Pronoun I को लिखने के लिए …..
I am a teacher.

(iv) God, Almighty, Lord शब्दों के लिए प्रयुक्त Pronouns के प्रथम अक्षर लिखने के लिए।

Exercise

Punctuate the following sentences

1. he sits next to his friend sonu his father teaches geography.
2. come here sonam i have a rupee for you said rajan.
3. is this your final decision asked ramesh.
4. during our journey to delhi we slept read and played cards.
5. don’t worry said akash i will give the pen to him.

Answer:

1. He sits next to his friend, Sonu. His father teaches Geography.
2. “Come here, Sonam. I have a rupee for you,” said Rajan.
3. “Is this your final decision ?” asked Ramesh.
4. During our journey to Delhi, we slept, read and played cards.
5. “Don’t worry”, said Akash, “I will give the pen to him.”

MP Board Class 7th English Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.3

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 159-160

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये प्रत्येक चित्र में छायांकित भागों के लिए भिन्न लिखिए। क्या ये सभी भिन्न तुल्य हैं ?
हल :
(a) (i) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)
(ii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{2}{4}=\frac{2 \div 2}{4 \div 2}=\frac{1}{2}\)
(iii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{3}{6}=\frac{3 \div 3}{6 \div 3}=\frac{1}{2}\)
(iv) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{4}{8}=\frac{4 \div 4}{8 \div 4}=\frac{1}{2}\)
चूँकि \(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2}{4}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{4}{8}\)
अतः सभी भिन्नै तुल्य हैं।

(b) (i) छायाकित भाग = \(\frac{4}{12}=\frac{4 \div 4}{12 \div 4}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(ii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{3}{9}=\frac{3 \div 3}{9 \div 3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(iii) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{2}{6}=\frac{2 \div 2}{6 \div 2}=\frac{1}{3}\)
(iv) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)
(v) छायांकित भाग = \(\frac{6}{15}=\frac{6 \div 3}{15 \div 3}=\frac{2}{5}\)
चूँकि \(\frac{4}{12}=\frac{3}{9}=\frac{2}{6}=\frac{1}{3} \neq \frac{2}{5}\)
सभी भिन्नै तुल्य नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
पाठ्य-पुस्तक में दिये गये छायांकित भागों के लिए भिन्नों को लिखिए और प्रत्येक पंक्ति में से तुल्य भिन्नों को चुनिए
हल :
आकृतियों द्वारा दर्शायी गयी भिन्न

उत्तर-तुल्य भिन्न
(a) → (ii),
(b) → (iv),
(c) → (i),
(d) → (v),
(e)→ (iii).

प्रश्न 3.
निम्न में से प्रत्येक में __ को सही संख्या से प्रतिस्थपित कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 4.
\(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) के तुल्य वह भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका
(a) हर 20 है।
(b) अंश 9 है।
(c) हर 30 है।
(d) अंश 27 है।
हल :

प्रश्न 5.
\(\frac { 36 }{ 48 }\) के तुल्य वह भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका
(a) अंश 9 है।
(b) हर 4 है।
हल :

प्रश्न 6.
जाँच कीजिए कि निम्न भिन्ने तुल्य हैं या नहीं

हल :
(a)∵ 5 x 54 = 270
और 30 x 9 = 270
∴ 5 x 54 = 30 x 9
अत: \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 30 }{ 54 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

(b)∵ 3 x 50 = 150
और 10 x 12 = 120
∴ 3 x 50 ≠ 10 x 12
अतः \(\frac { 3 }{ 10 }\) और \(\frac { 12 }{ 50 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें नहीं हैं।

(c)∵ 7 x 11 = 77
और 13 x 5 = 65
∴ 7 x 11 ≠ 13 x 5
अतः \(\frac { 7 }{ 13 }\) और \(\frac { 5 }{ 11 }\) तुल्य भिन्नै नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को उनके सरलतम रूप में बदलिए

हल :
(a) \(\frac { 48 }{ 60 }\)
48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 .
∴ 48 और 60 का म. स. = 12

(b) \(\frac { 150 }{ 60 }\)
150 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 5
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
150 और 60 का म. स. = 30

(c) \(\frac { 84 }{ 98 }\)
84 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7
98 = 2 x 7 x 7
84 और 98 का म. स. = 14

(d) \(\frac { 12 }{ 52 }\)
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
52 = 2 x 2 x 13
12 और 52 का म. स. = 4

(e) \(\frac { 7 }{ 28 }\)
7 = 1 x 7
28 = 2 x 2 x 7
7 और 28 का म. स. = 7

प्रश्न 8.
रमेश के पास 20 पेंसिल थीं। शीलू के पास 50 पेंसिल और जमाल के पास 80 पेंसिल थीं। 4 महीने के बाद रमेश ने 10 पेंसिल तथा शीलू ने 25 पेंसिल प्रयोग कर ली और जमाल ने 40 पेंसिल प्रयोग कर लीं। प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंन्सिलों की कौन-सी भिन्न प्रयोग कर ली ? जाँच कीजिए कि प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंसिलों की समान भिन्न प्रयोग की है।
हल :
रमेश द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 10 }{ 20 }\)
शीलू द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 25 }{ 50 }\)
जमाल द्वारा प्रयुक्त की गयी पेंसिलों की भिन्न = \(\frac { 40 }{ 80 }\)


अतः प्रत्येक ने अपनी पेंसिलों की समान भिन्न प्रयोग की।

प्रश्न 9.
तुल्य भिन्नों का मिलान कीजिए और प्रत्येक के लिए दो भिन्न और लिखिए

हल :
(i)→ (d),
(ii)→ (e),
(iii)→ (a),
(iv)→ (c),
(v) → (b).

अन्य भिन्न-

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 161

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
आप जूस की बोतल का \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) वाँ भाग प्राप्त करते हैं और आपकी बहन को उस बोतल का एक-तिहाई भाग मिलता है। किसकों अधिक जूस मिलता है ?
हल :

अत: बहन को अधिक जूस मिलता है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 162

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी भिन्न बड़ी है?

ऐसी भिन्नों की तुलना करना क्यों सरल है ?
हल :
∵हर समान होने पर जिस भिन्न का अंश बड़ा होगा, वह भिन्न बड़ी होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्न को आरोही क्रम में लिखिए और साथ ही अवरोही क्रम में भी लिखिए

हल :
(i) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{3}{8}, \frac{5}{8}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}, \frac{1}{8}\)

(ii) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{7}{5}, \frac{11}{5}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{11}{5}, \frac{7}{5}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{1}{5}\)

(iii) अरोही क्रम- \(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{7}{7}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{13}{7}\)
अवरोही क्रम- \(\frac{13}{7}, \frac{11}{7}, \frac{7}{7}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{1}{7}\)

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 164

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को आरोही और अवरोही क्रमों में व्यवस्थित कीजिए

(c) उपर्युक्त प्रकार के तीन और उदाहरण लिखिए तथा उन्हें आरोही और अवरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए।
हल :
हम जानते हैं कि भिन्नै जिनका अंश बराबर हो, उनमें हर जितना बड़ा होगा उस भिन्न का मान उतना ही छोटा होगा। अतएव

(c) तीन अन्य उदाहरण

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 12 घातांक और घात Ex 12.1

प्रश्न 1.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) 3^-2
(ii) (-4)^-2
(iii) (\(\frac{1}{2}\))^-5

हल:

प्रश्न 2.
सरल कीजिए और उत्तर को धनात्मक घातांक के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए –

(i) (-4)⁵ + (-4)⁸9
(ii) (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2^{ 3 } } \))²
(iii) (-3)⁴ x \(\frac{5}{3}\)⁴
(iv) (3^-7 ÷ 3^-10) x 3 ^-5
(v) 2^-3 x (-7)^-3

हल:

प्रश्न 3.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) (3⁰ + 4^-1) x 2²
(ii) (2^-1 x 4^-1) ÷ 2²
(iii) (\(\frac{1}{2}\))^-2 + (\(\frac{1}{3}\))^-2 + (\(\frac{1}{4}\))^-2
(iv) (3 ^-1 + 4^-1 + 5^-1)⁰
(v) \(\left\{\left(\frac{-2}{3}\right)^{-2}\right\}^{2}\)

हल:

प्रश्न 4.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

(i) \(\frac{8^{-1} \times 5^{3}}{2^{-4}}\)
(ii) (5^-1 x 2^-1) x 6^-1

हल:

प्रश्न 5.
m का मान ज्ञात कीजिए जिसके लिए 5^m ÷ 5^-3 = 5⁵.
हल:
5^m ÷ 5^-3 = 5⁵
या 5^m ÷ \(\frac { 1 }{ 5^{ 3 } } \) = 5⁵
या 5^m x 5³ = 5⁵
या 5^m+3 = 5⁵
या m + 3 = 5 (घातों की तुलना करने पर)
m = 5 – 3 = 2

प्रश्न 6.
मान ज्ञात कीजिए –

हल:

प्रश्न 7.
सरल कीजिए –

हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 206

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न तथ्यों का अवलोकन कीजिए –

1. पृथ्वी से सूर्य की दूरी 149,600,000,000 m है।
2. प्रकाश का वेग 300,000,000 m/s है।
3. कक्षा VII की गणित की पुस्तक की मोटाई 20 mm है।
4. लाल रक्त कोशिकाओं का औसत व्यास 0.000007 mm.
5. मनुष्य के बाल की मोटाई की परास 0.005 cm से 0.01 cm होती है।
6. पृथ्वी से चन्द्रमा की दूरी लगभग 384,467,000 m है।
7. पौधों की कोशिकाओं का आकार 0.00001275 m है।
8. सूर्य की औसत त्रिज्या 695000 km है।
9. अन्तरिक्ष शटल में ठोस राकेट ब्रूस्टर को प्रेरित करने के लिए शटल का द्रव्यमान 503600 kg है।
10. एक कागज की मोटाई 0.0016 cm है।
11. कम्प्यूटर चिप के एक तार का व्यास 0.000003 m
12. माउण्ट एवरेस्ट की ऊँचाई 8,848 m है।

उपर्युक्त तथ्यों के आधार पर बहुत बड़ी और बहुत छोटी संख्याओं की पहचान कीजिए और संगत सारणी में लिखिए।
हल:

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 207

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 12.4)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न संख्याओं को मानक रूप में लिखिए –

1. 0.000000564
2. 0.0000021
3. 21600000
4. 15240000

हल:
1. 0.000000564 = \(\frac{564}{1000000000}\)
= \(\frac { 5.64×100 }{ 10^{ 9 } } \) = 5.64 x 10^2-9
= 5.64 x 10^-7

2. 0.0000021 = \(\frac{21}{10000000}\) = \(\frac { 21 }{ 10^{ 7 } } \)
= \(\frac { 2.1×10 }{ 10^{ 7 } } \)
= 2.1 x 10^1-7
= 2.1 x 10^-6

3. 21600000 = 216 x 100000
= 2.16 x 100 x 100000
= 2.16 x 10⁷

4. 15240000 = 1524 x 10000
= 1.524 x 1000 x 10000
= 1.524 x 10⁷

प्रश्न 2.
दिए गए तथ्यों को मानक रूप में लिखिए।
हल:
पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या 206 पर अंकित तथ्य हैं –
1. पृथ्वी से सूर्य की दूरी 149,600,000,000 m
= 1.49 x 102.1 x 10¹¹ m

2. प्रकाश का वेग 300,000,000 m/s
= 3 x 10⁸ m/s

3. कक्षा VII की गणित की पुस्तक की मोटाई 20 mm
= 2 x 10¹ mm

4. लाल रक्त कणिकाओं का औसत व्यास
0.000007 mm = 7 x 10^-6 mm

5. मनुष्य के बाल की मोटाई की परास 0.005 cm से
0.01 cm = 5 x 10^-3 cm से 1 x 10^-2 cm

6. पृथ्वी से चन्द्रमा की दूरी लगभग 384,467,000 m
= 3.84467 x 10⁸ m

7. पौधों की कोशिकाओं का आकार 0.00001275 m
= 1275 x 10^-5 m

8. सूर्य की औसत त्रिज्या 695000 km = 6.95 x 10⁵ km

9. अन्तरिक्ष शटल में ठोस राकेट बूस्टर को प्रेरित करने के लिए शटल का द्रव्यमान 5,03,600 kg =5-036 x 10⁵ kg

10. एक कागज की मोटाई 0-0016 cm = 1.6 x 10^-3 cm

11. कम्प्यूटर चिप के एक तार का व्यास 0.000003 m
= 3 x 10^-6 m

12. माउण्ट एवरेस्ट की ऊँचाई 8848 m = 8.848 x 10³ m

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 6th General English Solutions Revision Exercises 3

1. Fill in the blanks using words from the list given below:
(नीचे लिखी सूची से शब्दों का प्रयोग कर रिक्त स्थान
(favour, attacked, soldiers, himself, save, battle, house, cave.)
Answer:
Once a neighbouring kind attacked his country. Luck did not favour him. He lost the battle. Many of his soldiers were killed and others ran away to save their lives. The King himself had to hide in a cave.

2. Give opposite word of the following:
(निम्न शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें:)
Answer:
dark – light
beautiful – ugly
night – day
unhappy – happy
strong – weak

Grammar in Use
(व्याकरण प्रयोग)

1. Make plurals of the following:
(निम्न शब्दों के बहुवचन बनाएँ:)
Answer:
Calf – calves
leaf – leaves
branch – branches
key – keys
sheep – sheep

2. Make nouns from the following words:
(निम्न शब्दों के से संज्ञा:)
Answer:
teach – teacher
play – player
clean – cleaner
think – thinker
write – writer
bowl – bowler

3. Change the bold verbs into simple past tense.
(नीचे लिखे काली स्याही में छपी क्रियाओं को साधारण भूतकाल में बदलो।)
Answer:
i. He likes his grandmother.
He liked his grandmother.

ii. My father wakes up early in the morning.
My father woke up early in the morning.

iii. Girls run a race.
Girls ran a race.

iv. Like Gandhi he speaks truth.
Like Gandhi he spoke truth.

v. Arjun shoots at the right eye of the bird.
Arjun shot at the right eye of the bird.

4. Dictation of a paragraph from Lesson 1, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 12 each.
(पाठ 1, 3, 4, 9, 10 और 12 से एक परिच्छेद का शुतलेख लिखे।)
Answer:
Students should do themselves.

5. Write 5 sentences on ‘A Cow’ or “your family”.
(गाय अथवा अपने परिवार पर 5 वाक्य लिखो।)
Answer:

1. A cow is a useful domestic animal.
2. She is four footed.
3. She eats grass, leaves, corn and hay.
4. She gives us milk.
5. Curd, butter and ghee are made from her milk.

Comprehension Questions
(बोध प्रश्न)

1. Answer the following questions:
(निम्न प्रश्नों के उतर लिखें:)

Question 1.
What did Denu do?
Answer:
Denu accepted King’s challenge and stood in the cold water of Yamuna the whole night.

Question 2.
Why did the boy keep his breakfast on the bookshelf?
Answer:
The beggar did not turn up for some days so the boy kept his share on the bookshelf.

Question 3.
What did Dhania make for the fairies?
Answer:
Dhania made five bright colorful pair of clothes for the fairies.

Question 4.
Why were all the students on the playground?
Answer:
The Annual Sports Day is being celebrated in the school so all the students have assembled in the play ground.

Question 5.
What do we need to be successful in life?
Answer:
We need to keep our eyes focused only on the goal. Then alone, we can be successful in life.

2. Say true of false.
(सही व गलत बताएँ।)

1. Yudhisthir was a Kaurav Prince.
2. Denu made clothes for the fairies.
3. The kind boy was later known as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
4. The boy kept the breakfast in the bookshelf because the beggar refused to take it.
5. The elephant was wide ears.
6. Gandhiji spelt kettle correctly.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False.

3. Write a letter to your friend describing the picnic you had last Sunday.
(पिछले रविवार को हुई पिकनिक का वर्णन करते हुए अपने मित्र को एक पत्र लिखो।)
Answer:
20, Tansen Nagar
Gwalior
10 June, 20 ……..

Dear Amit,
I am quite well here and hope the same for you. Today I will tell you about the picnic we had last Sunday.

Last week I went to Agra to my uncle’s place. There we decided to go for a picnic to Sikandra. I, with my three cousins, went to Sikandra last Sunday. We took some fruits, bread and other eatables with us. We reached Sikandra at 9 a.m. in the morning. It is Akbar’s tomb there. It is made of red stone.

There were lots of monkeys. We gave them nuts to eat. There were also deer and peacocks. After seeing the whole place we sat down to eat the eatables that we had. We sang songs and told stories. We enjoyed a lot. At 2 p.m. we thought of returning home. We reached home in a happy mood and felt quite fresh. I missed you there a lot. Rest is fine.

Yours affectionately,
Pawan

MP Board Class 6 English Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Miscellaneous Questions 2

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the Copper – Stone Age?
Answer:
The period in which copper and stone were simultaneously used by human being is called the Copper stone Age or Chalcalithic Age.

Question 2.
What is Indus – valley civilization?
Answer:
The Indus Valley civilization is also called as the Harrappan civilization because:

1. Most of the artifacts of this civilization are discovered from this side.
2. It extended over a bigger area than any of other side of this civilization.

Question 3.
Write the characteristics of the cities of Harappa?
Answer:
Harappan cities and their town planning:

The cities of Mohan – jo – daro and Harrappa were well – planned. They were divided in two parts. The upper part built on raised platforms is known as citadel. The lower part where majority of population lived had to take refuse sometimes in the citadel. The roads in the cities were straight and intersected each other perpendicularly.

Grainaries were the most impressive buildings in the citadel of Harrappa. They were neatly laid out in rectangles and lay close to the river. These granaries used to be full to meet out the demands of city dwellers. Some palace-like buildings have also been found. A building having a big hall has also been found. The best known of the building is citadel is called Great Bath.

The Great Bath resembled a large swimming pool. Houses in the Mohen – jo – daro were carefully planned. They were built of brick and had thick, strong walls, which were plastered and coloured. The roofs were flat. Their doors and windows were made of wood. The kitchen had a fireplace and large jar of pottery.

The main points of Harrappan’s cities:

1. The use of fired bricks in building was the speciality of the Harrappan Civilization. These were not used in the contemporary Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
2. The Harrappan people were the first to develop planned cities with a network of streets and drainage system.

Question 4.
Write the name of the life giving river in Harappa?
Answer:
Indus river.

Question 5.
Write the main characteristics of the craft and technical knowledge in the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Harrappan civilization belong to the Bronze Age. Bronze is made by mixing zinc or tin with copper. Bronze is stronger than copper. The things found in excavations. prove that the people of this civilization had well developed the art of melting, moulding Their doors and windows were made of and mixing metals.

The artisans were proficient in making earthern untensils, rasp and toys. They also made ornaments of silver, gold and precious stones. The statue of a dancer in bronze is the best example of the Harappans Sculpture.

Question 6.
Write the difference between Janpada and Mahajanpada?
Answer:
Aryans were organised into Tribe or Janas. The territory where the tribe or janas had settled was known as Janpad. In the beginning only the people of particular class lived in Janpad. The big and powerful Janpada are called Mahajanpada. Most of the Mahajanpadas were to the north of the Vindhyas and spread from the western border area to Bihar.

Question 7.
Which Janpadas were there in Madhya Pradesh in 600 B.C.?
Answer:
Avanti and Chodi.

Question 8.
Write about the food habits of the Vedic people?
Answer:
All the food grains known today were grown in the Vedic Period. Similarly they also knew about all the animals. People cooked rice, wheat flour and pulses for food. The use of milk, butter and ghee was common. Fruits, vegetables, pulses and meat were included in the meals. They also took honey and the in toxicating drink Sura. Som was drunk during religions festivals. The drinking of Sow and Sura was discouraged as these instigated people to inelegant behaviour.

Question 9.
Which metal was used to make equipments in the beginning of the Vedic period? What difference occurred in these equipments in the post vedic period?
Answer:
Only copper was used to make equipments in the beginning of the vedic period. Later when the metal iron was Renown, copper was called the red iron and iron was called the black iron.

Question 10.
What was ‘Shreni’?
Answer:
“Shreni” sasthe ossociationof artisans.

Question 11.
What did Selucas do after his defeat with Chandra Gupta Maurya?
Answer:
After the defeat Selucus got his daughter married to Chandragupta Maurya and sent Megashtnese as his Ambassador to Patliputra.

Question 12.
Where was the Ashoka pillar with four lions found in Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
The pillar of Ashoka on which four lions are inscribed is now in Sanchi museum. These pillars were found at Sanchi and Barhat.

Question 13.
How many years did Emperor Ashoka stay in Ujjain?
Answer:
Ashoka worked as the governer of Avanti (Ujjain) for 12 years.

Question 14.
Describe the functions of the village Education Committee?
Answer:
The following committees are working at the village and city levels:

1. Village/ward education committee:
The task of this committee is to help in giving elementary education to children. It also participates in the management of schools.

2. Village/Ward security committee:
This committee looks after the security matters of the people in the village or ward or city. It also helps the police to prevent crime.

3. Parent – Teacher’s Association:
Presently in Madhya Pradesh a Parent – Teachers Association has been formed in every Government Primary and Middle School. This association works for cent percent enrollment of children in schools, their regular presence in schools, arrangement of mid – day meal for children in schools, educational achievement of children, taking measures to make teachers available for schools.

Question 15.
What is meant by Scheduled Tribes?
Answer:
Only those communities are called the scheduled tribes which have been scheduled in the constitution by the Government.

Question 16.
What should be the proportion of length and breadth in the National Flag?
Answer:
The shape of the National Flag is rectangular. The length and breadth of the flag are 3:2 proportion.

Question 17.
Name the national animal of India?
Answer:
The National Animal is Tiger. It is a large and powerful animal. Its hunting is a punishable crime.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reasons of the expansion of the Magadha Empire?
Answer:
The three main reasons of expansion of Magadha empire were:

1. The land was fertile enough to produce crops.
2. The area of Magadha had ample amount of iron, which was used to make weapons and equipments.
3. Trade through boats was done in the Ganga river, so the merchants could go abroad through the ports.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Harappan Civilization? Give the reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
The Indus Valley civilization is also called as the Harrappan civilization because:

1. Most of the artifacts of this civiliation are discovered from this side.
2. It extended over a bigger area than any of other side of this civilization.

The following reasons have been attributed to the probable decline of the Harrappan civilization on the basis of the evidences found so far:

1. The river Indus have changed its route due to earthquake causing great landslides which buried the cities under earth.
2. Some historians believe that the civilization was destroyed by Aryan invasion.
3. The scarcity of rain in this area and the increase in the desert land adversely affected agriculture and animal rearing which caused the decline of the civilization.
4. Some people presume that the civilization declined due the flood in the river Indus.

Question 3.
Describe the social and economic life in the Vedic Period?
Answer:
The Aryans society was divided into four castes. They were: Kshatriyas, Brahmans, Vaishyas and Surdas. At first, these castes were based on occupations and activities in society. For instance, a boy could choose whatever occupation he liked.

The king and his warriors were called Kshatriyas. Those who performed the religious ceremonies were called Vaishyas. Those who served all the above three castes were called Shudras. But later on sons began to do the same work as their fathers. So birth became the basis of caste.

The economic life of the people depended on agriculture, art, handicrafts and trade in the Vedic Period. The bulls and oxen were used for farming and pulling vehicles. Chariots were drawn by horses. The main occupations at the initial stage were making utensils, weaving cloth, carpentry, metallurgy, etc.

Question 4.
Throw light on the economic political and religious life in the Magadha Empire?
Answer:
Magadha had the following natural advantages which made it to grow strong And rich kingdom:

1. Large deposits of Iron:
Magadha had large deposits of iron ore in the present Chhota Nagpur region. This newly discovered metal was very value about at the time for both weapons and implements. That was why people wanted to buy it. This made Magadha rich and powerful.

2. Control over Ganga Valley:
In those days much of the trade in the Ganga plain was carried on by boats on the river. Bimbisara conquered the kingdom of Anga. The important river – port of Champa was in the kingdom of Anga from which ships sailed down to the delta of the Ganga and then along the east coast of India. This trade of Magadha made it both wealthy and powerful.

3. Fertile Plain of Ganga:
Ganga plain was very fertile. It made Magadha very rich and powerful.

Question 5.
Throw light on the relation between people participation and community development?
Answer:
Public Participation is very importance for the development of the community. For example, if basic human facilities like drinking water, hospital or education is not locally alternative resources. So they can solve their problems independently is fostered among the public.

Public participation encourages the people to improve their condition, the work of the state and central governments are distributed to the people by public participation.

Question 6.
State the physical divisions of India. Describe any one of them?
Answer:
Physically India has been divided into five parts. These are:

1. North Indian Mountain – ranges
2. North Indian Plains
3. Deccan Plataeu
4. Eastern and Wester Ghats
5. Coastal Plains and Groups of Islands.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 2 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Harappan people did not know about –
(a) gold
(b) silver
(c) copper
(d) iron
Answer:
(d) iron

Question 2.
Where in Madhya Pradesh was seal of the Harappan Civilization found –
(a) Maheshwar
(b) Nagda
(c) Kutwar
(d) Kaitha
Answer:
(d) Kaitha

Question 3.
The Avanti Mahajanpada was ruled by –
(a) Bimbisara
(b) Ajat Shatru
(c) Udayan
(d) Pradyot
Answer:
(b) Ajat Shatru

Question 4.
Punch marked coins were used in the –
(a) Harappan period
(b) Period of Janpadas and Mahajanpadas
(c) Vedic period
(d) Stone age.
Answer:
(b) Period of Janpadas and Mahajanpadas

Question 5.
Jana – gana – mana is –
(a) The National song
(b) The National Anthem
(c) A Provincial song
(d) A National Symbol
Answer:
(b) The National Anthem

Question 6.
Bhils belong to the –
(a) scheduled casts
(b) Scheduled tribes
(c) other backward classes
(d) general category.
Answer:
(b) Scheduled tribes

Question 7.
In which part of Asia is India situated?
(a) Eastern
(b) Western
(c) Northern
(d) Southern
Answer:
(d) Southern

Question 8.
Which country is in the South of Asia?
(a) Nepal
(b) Pakistan
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Srilanka
Answer:
(d) Srilanka

Question 9.
In which state is the place with maximum railfall situated?
(a) Assam
(b) Meghalaya
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Tripura.
Answer:
(b) Meghalaya

Fill in the blanks:

1. The Indus Valley civilization is also known as the …………….
2. The copper age of the Harappan civilization is also known as ……………….
3.  ………………. occupied the throne of Magadha after Ajat shatru.
4. The ancient name of Ujjain is …………………..
5. The founder of the Nanda Dynasty was ……………………..
6. Shishu Naag was the ruler of ………………. province
7. The 24th Tirthankar of the Jain religion was ……………………
8. Gautam Buddha was known as in ……………….. childhood.
9. Ashoka changed after the ……………. war.
10. The book ‘Indica’ was written by ……………..
11. Shunga dynasty was founded by ………………….
12. India ranks ………………. in the worlds in area.
13. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands is …………………
14. The climate of India is ………………….

Answer:

1. Harappan Civilization
2. Chakolithic
3. Udyan
4. Avanti
5. Nandivardhan
6. Kashi
7. Vardhaman Mahavir
8. Sidharth
9. Kalinga
10. Magesthoese
11. Agnimitre
12. Seventh
13. Port Blair
14. Monsoon

Pick the odd one out:

1. Euphrates and Tigris, Indus, Nile, Kalibangan
2. Lothal, Kalibangan, Dhaulabira, Bhopal
3. Rishi, Shreshthi, Mukhiya, Police
4. Brahman, Vaishya, Ksntriya, Sunar
5. Bharat, Avanti, Magadha, Kbsala,
6. Kashi, Vasa, Anga, Ajatshatru
7. Bhil, Bhagoriya, Sahariya, Pithora
8. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Agartala, Punjab
9. Himadri, Himachal, Aravalli, Shivalik

Answer:

1. Kalibangan
2. Bhopal
3. Police
4. Sunar
5. Bharat
6. Vatsa
7. Pithora
8. Agartala
9. Himachal

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions Chapter 25 The Main Crops of India

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Question (a)
What is the importance of agriculture in India?
Answer:
India is an agricultural country. 70% of the population lives in villages. They depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The country’s economy is also based on agriculture. Agriculture provides raw material to many industries. These industries based on agriculture contribute to the national income and it has immense possibilities of providing employment.

Question (b)
Why did agriculture develop rapidly after Independence?
Answer:
Before independence our villagers were extremely backward. India was under the rule of British Government and British Government paid little attention to the upliftment of villages. Before Independence our agriculture was extremely backward. The following were the causes of its backwardness.

1. The villages did not have modern facilities of irrigation. Most of fields were watered by the Persian wheel and wells. There were almost no electric water pumps.
2. Our farmers did not know anything about improved seeds and manure.
3. Our farmers were illiterate, fatalists and superstitious.
4. Our fields were cultivated with traditional tools and our farmers did not have a scientific outlook.
5. The owners of the land were big zamindars. They paid no heed to the improver tent of the land and charged high rent from the tenants.

Question (c)
Write the names of two crops respectively for Kharif, Rabi and Summer crops?
Answer:
Kharif crops:
These are sown in June and July.
Example: Jowar (Sorghum), Maize, Urad, Moong, Soyabeen Groundnut etc.

Rabi crops:
These are sown between October and December.
Example: Wheat, Gram, Barley, Sweetpeas, Mustard and Barseem etc.

Summer crops:
These are sown between February and March.
Example: Water melon, Bitter gourd, Snakegourd.

Question (d)
The names of some crops are given below. Classify them as pulses and oil – seeds:

Answer:

Question 2.
Pick out the odd one according to foodgrain, oil seed and pulses.

1. paddy, maize, wheat, millet, sugarcane.
2. gram, linseed, cotton, mustard.
3. moong, urad, soyabean, matar, tuar.

Answer:

1. sugarcane
2. cotton
3. soyabeen

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Chapter 25 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 3.
Describe the types of soil found in India and the crops that are grown in them?
Answer:
The different types of the soils are:

1. Alluvial soil:
This soil is formed by the silt that comes with the flow of rivers. It is one of the most fertile soils on earth. It is found on the North Indian Plains and Deltas of Rivers in the Indian peninsula.
Example: wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc. are grown

2. Black soil:
This soil is made of volcanic rocks. It can keep moisture for a long time. It is found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and in some parts of Gujarat.
Example: It is best for growing crops like cotton, wheat, etc.

3. Red soil:
It is made of igneous rocks. It is found in the hot and dry parts of southern and eastern parts of the Indianpeninsula. This soil is not very fertile but with the help of fertilizers good crops can be yielded.

4. Laterite soil:
This type of soil is found in Western Ghats, Plateau of chhota Nagpur and hilly areas of North – Eastern states where the climate is not and much rainfall occurs.

5. Mountainuous soil:
In the hilly areas of the Himalayas the layer of soil is very thin whereat in the valleys it is thick. In the valleys, crops like, tea, rice are grown.

Question 4.
Show the states producing rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and jute in the map of India?
Answer:
See in your text – book.

MP Board Class 6th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 भिन्न Ex 7.2

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 154

प्रश्न 1.
संख्या रेखा खींचिए और उस पर निम्नलिखित भिन्नों को बिन्दु रूप में दर्शाइए

हल :
(a)

संख्या रेखा पर भिन्नों में \(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{3}{4}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 4 }\) को क्रमशः A, B, C और D द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

(b) संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{2}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\) और \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 }\) को क्रमश: A, B, C और D द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

(c) संख्या रेखा पर \(\frac{2}{5}, \frac{3}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 5 }\) को क्रमश: P, Q, S और R द्वारा दर्शाया गया है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित को मिश्रित भिन्न के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए

हल :

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित को विषम भिन्नों के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए

हल :

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 155

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
क्या \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac{2}{7} ; \frac{2}{5}\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तथा \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं ? कारण दीजिए।
हल :
(i) \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\)

यहाँ, आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतियों का बराबर भाग नहीं दर्शाता है। इसलिए \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्न नहीं हैं।

(iii) \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\)

यहाँ, आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतिओं का समान भाग नहीं दर्शाता है। इसलिए \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) और \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) तुल्य भिन्नै नहीं हैं।

(ii) \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 27 }\)

ये आकृतियाँ समान आकार की हैं तथा रेखांकित हिस्सा आकृतिओं का बराबर हिस्सा दर्शाता है। .
इसलिए \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 27 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
चार तुल्य भिन्नों का एक अन्य उदाहरण दीजिए।
हल :

इन आकृतियों का समान आकार है तथा रेखांकित भाग आकृतियों का बराबर भाग दर्शाता है। अतः \(\frac{1}{4}, \frac{2}{8}, \frac{3}{12}\) और \(\frac { 4 }{ 16 }\) तुल्य भिन्नें हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रत्येक भिन्न को पहचानिए। क्या ये भिन्नै तुल्य

हल :
(i) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 6 }{ 8 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(ii) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 9 }{ 12 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(iii) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 12 }{ 16 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

(iv) दी गई आकृति भिन्न \(\frac { 15 }{ 20 }\) प्रदर्शित करती है।

अतः दी हुई आकृतियाँ तुल्य भिन्न प्रदर्शित करती हैं।

प्रश्न a.
रजनी कहती है कि \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) की समतुल्य भिन्नें हैं

इत्यादि।
क्या आप उससे सहमत हैं? कारण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए।
हल :
हाँ, तुल्य भिन्नों की संख्या काफी होती है, क्योंकि यह दी गई भिन्न के अंश और हर को समान संख्या से गुणा करके प्राप्त की जाती हैं। चूँकि प्राकृत संख्याएँ असीमित होती हैं। अतः तुल्य भिन्नों की संख्या भी असीमित है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 156

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक की पाँच तुल्य भिन्न ज्ञात कीजिए

हल :
(i)

∴ \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{4}{6}, \frac{6}{9}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{10}{15}\) और \(\frac { 12 }{ 18 }\) है।

(ii)

∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{2}{10}, \frac{3}{15}, \frac{4}{20}, \frac{5}{25}\) और \(\frac { 6 }{ 30 }\) है।

(iii)

∴ \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{6}{10}, \frac{9}{15}, \frac{12}{20}, \frac{15}{25}\) और \(\frac { 18 }{ 30 }\) है।

(iv)

∴ \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\) की पाँच तुल्य भिन्नै \(\frac{10}{18}, \frac{15}{27}, \frac{20}{36}, \frac{25}{45}\) और \(\frac { 30 }{ 54 }\) है।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 157

प्रश्न 1.
दी हुई सारणी को पूरा कीजिए। पहली दो पंक्तियाँ पूरी कर दी गयी हैं।
हल :

प्रश्न 2.
उपर्यक्त सारणी से आप क्या निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं ?
हल :
यदि पहली के अंश और दूसरी के हर का गुणनफल दूसरी के अंश और पहली के हर के गुणनफल के बराबर हो, तो भिन्न तुल्य होती हैं।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 159

प्रयास कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
निम्न को सरलतम में लिखिए

हल :
(i) \(\frac { 15 }{ 75 }\)
15 = 1 x 3 x 5
∵ 75 = 1 x 3 x 5 x 5
∴ 15 और 75 का म.स. = 15

\(\frac { 15 }{ 75 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\)

(ii) \(\frac { 16 }{ 72 }\)
16 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
∵ 72 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
∴ 16 और 72 का म. स. = 8

\(\frac { 16 }{ 72 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\)

(iii) \(\frac { 17 }{ 51 }\)
17 = 1 x 17
∵ 51 = 1 x 17 x 3
∴ 17 और 51 का म. स. = 17

\(\frac { 17 }{ 51 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\)

(iv) \(\frac { 42 }{ 28 }\)
42 = 2 x 3 x 7
∵ 28 = 2 x 2 x 7
∴ 42 और 28 का म. स. = 14

\(\frac { 42 }{ 28 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)

(v) \(\frac { 80 }{ 24 }\)
80 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5
∵ 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
∴ 80 और 24 का म. स. = 8

\(\frac { 80 }{ 24 }\) का सरलतम रूप = \(\frac { 10 }{ 3 }\)

प्रश्न 2.
क्या \(\frac { 49 }{ 64 }\) अपने सरलतम रूप में है?
हल :
∵ 49 = 1 x 7 x 7
64 = 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
यहाँ उभयनिष्ठ गुणनखण्ड 1 है अर्थात् 49 और 64 का 1 के अतिरिक्त कोई उभयनिष्ठ गुणनखण्ड नहीं है।
∴ \(\frac { 49 }{ 64 }\) सरलतम रूप में है।

MP Board Class 6th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Medieval India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Mahmood Ghazani was the ruler of –
(a) Multan
(b) Ghazni
(c) Bahmani
(D) Iraq.
Answer:
(b) Ghazni

Question 2.
The founder of the Slave dynasty was –
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Mohammad Ghori
(c) Qutub-ud-din Aibak
(d) Balban.
Answer:
(c) Qutub-ud-din Aibak

Question 3.
Who injured Ghori in the 1^st battle of Tarain –
(a) Prithiviraj
(b) Krishnaraya
(c) Govindraj
(d) Deepakraj.
Answer:
(a) Prithiviraj

Question 4.
Which empire did Harihar and Bukka found –
(a) Bahmani Empire
(b) Vijayanagar Empire
(c) Delhi Sultanate
(D) Mohammad Nagar.
Answer:
(b) Vijayanagar Empire

Question 5.
Who killed Afzal Khan –
(a) Shivaji
(b) Raja Ram
(c) Sahu
(D) Tarabai.
Answer:
(a) Shivaji

Fill in the blank:

1. The ancient chola rulers have been described in the …………….
2. The founder of the Parmor Dynasty was ……………….
3. Mahmood Chaznavi made ……………… successful attacks.
4. Balban followed the policy of …………………. for regulating his administration.

Answer:

1. Sangam literature
2. Upendra Raj
3. 17
4. blood and iron.

True or False:

1. The name of Shivaji’s mother was Jijabhi.
2. The battle of Haldighati was between Akbar and Rani Durgawati.
3. After Jehangir, Shahjahan became the emperor.
4. Humayun was the elder son of “Babur”.
5. Krishna Dev Rai had write a bok named “Jambvanti Kalyanam. “

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many times did Mohammad Ghaznavi attack India?
Answer:
Mohammad Ghaznavi attacked India seventeen times.

Question 2.
Who laid the foundation of Mughal Empire in India?
Answer:
Babur laid the foundation of Mughal Empire in India.

Question 3.
Who founded the Vijayanagar Empire?
Answer:
Two brothers Harihar and Bukka founded the Vijayanagar Empire.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Bahmani Empire?
Answer:
The Bahmani Empire was founded by the Muslim Amirs.

Question 5.
Who started the religion “Din-e-Illahi”?
Answer:
Akbar.

Question 6.
Who was Guru Go-bind Singh?
Answer:
Guru Go-bind Singh was the tenth Guru who organized the Sikhs into a military organization to fight against the Mughal Empire.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Iltutmish? How did he overcome his difficulties?
Answer:
Iltutmish was one of the most efficient rulers of the Slave dynasty. He was an Ilbari Turk. There were many difficulties in front of Iltutmish after coming to the throne. But he was a great diplomat. He formed a union of the Turks to overcome his difficulties, fie saved Delhi from the attacks of the Mongols.

Iltutmish attacked Ranthambor, Mandor, Nagod, Sambhar, Nayana, Jalore and Gwalior to curtain the rising Rajput power. He won the Gwalior fort in 1232 A.D. Then, due to his foresightedness and diplomacy he overcome all his difficulties.

Question 2.
What was the market policy of Allaudin?
Answer:
Allaudin implemented market control in Delhi. He make goods available to common people on less prices. He also implemented the rationing system. He made Government granaries. Keeping in view the sudden change in the weather, he fixed the rates of goods not on the basis of one’s wishes but in accordance to the cost of production. Excessive taxes were imposed on farmers, traders and Hindus. Taxes were collected strictly.

Question 3.
How did the Tughlaq dynasty establish power over the Delhi Sultanate? Examine.
Answer:
In 1320 A.D. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq removed the last ruler of the Khilji dynasty. Nisir-ud-din Khusro and became the Sultan of Delhi. He led military campaigns to Warangal, Orissa and Bengal after becoming the Sultan. After Ghiyasuddin, his son Muhammad – bin Tughlaq became the Sultan of Delhi. Firozshah Tughlaq became the next Sultan. After coming to the throne Firoz made successful attacks on Bengal, Jainagar, Nagarkot, Thatta etc.

Question 4.
Write the contribution of Shershah’s administrative organisation in Indian History.
Answer:
Shershah ruled for a brief period, no doubt, but it has an important place in Indian history. It was because he rekindled the old administrative system with fundamental reforms which proved to be foundation stones for future. Sher Shah gave out most importance to the welfare of the people and laid the foundation of a strong administration, the advantage of which went to the Mughals.

He started many works in the field of military administration, judicial system and land revenue system which was later adopted by Akbar. Shershah divided his empire into Sarkars and Sarkars into Parganas. He made reforms in the currency system.

Question 5.
Write the contribution of Prithviraj Chauhan in Indian history.
Answer:
Prithviraj Chauhan was an able, brave, valiant and powerful emperor. He had a fine army and army commanders. He faced Ghori in 1191 A.D. on the plains of Ta-rain and made him flee. Ghori managed to escape. But again attacked India the very next year. There was another battle in 1192 in which Prithviraj fought valiantly and compelled the forces of Ghori to retreat.

Question 6.
Describe why Maharana Pratap is famous in Indian history.
Answer:
Maharana Pratap’was the brave son of the Rana Udai Singh of Mewar. When all Rajput princes accepted Akbar’s suzerainty, Maharana Pratap did not do so. After the death of Rana Udai Singh, Maharana Pratap fought against Akbar to defend his state.

A very fierce battle was fought on the plains of Haldi Ghati in 1577 A.D. but Rana Pratap was defeated. He fled away from the battle – field. He wandered from forest to forest, ate bread made of grass, but he did not submit to Akbar. He did not accept Akbar’s dominance. This made Maharana Pratap famous in Indian History.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the objectives of Mahmood Ghaznavi’s and Mohammed Ghori’s attack on India. Write the causes of their success.
Answer:
The objectives of Mahmood Ghaznavi’s attack on India:
Mahmood was an ambitious ruler of a small principality of Western Asia. He needed money for his army. He had heard many legends about Indian wealth. In order to plunder India’s wealth, he invaded many parts of northern India from about 1000 to 1027 A.D. Mahmood made seventeen attacks on India. He destroyed many religious places and looted and carried immense wealth to Ghazni.

The Objectives of Muhammad Ghori’s attack on India:
Muhammad Ghori was a ruler of a small principality. Ghori in Afghanistan in the north-west India. Taking advantage of the mutual conflicts of the Indian rulers Ghori first invaded India in nearly 1175 A.D. and brought Multan and Sindh under his domination. The objective of Muhammad Ghori’s invasion on India was acquiring wealth and propagating Islam.

The Causes of their successes:
Both of them were ambitious ruler. They needed money which they acquired by plundering India. After having huge wealth they did what they wished and got wonderful success. They also took advantage of the mutual conflicts of hie contemporary rulers. These rulers lacked political unity which ultimately paved the way to Mahmood Ghaznavi and Muhammad Ghori and they remained successful in achieving their goal.

Question 2.
Describe the administrative organization of King Krishna DavRai and its impact on the people.
Answer:
The most efficient ruler of Tulva dynasty was Krishna DevRai. He was the cousin brother of Veer Narsihma. He was a brave soldier, successful military commander and able administrator. He – established peace in his Kingdom and paid attention towards economic progress.

He crushed the revolts and by defeating the neighboring states made his frontiers secure. He waged successful wars against Bahmani states Orissa, Golconda and Bijapur. He established friendly relations with the Portuguese for political reasons and promotion of trade.

He was an admirer of know Ladge. and art. His court had eight finest poets and artists. Portuguese traveler Peida has praised him a lot. Krishna DevRai himself was a great learner of Telugu and Sanskrit. Pie wrote many books of which Ayukta Malyad and Jambvanti Kalyanam are available even today. Due to his admiration of literature he is also called the ‘Bhoja of Andhra’.

He got Mandaps and Gopurams with hundred pillars constructed in various parts of his Empire. He got Vijay Bhavan, Hazarram temple and Vitthal temple constructed. He also founded a city called Naglapur. Krishna DevRai wanted his people to be happy. He wanted to improve agriculture and promote trade. People were very happy with their ruler. They were satisfied and led a contented life.

Question 3.
Examine the Rajput and religious policy of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar’s Rajput Policy:
When Akbar had captured Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa he came in close contact with the Rajput kingdoms. He was so far-sighted that he saw clearly that he could rule permanently over India, if he made the Rajputs his friends. So he embarked on a definite policy towards the Rajputs. He entered into marriage alliances with many powerful Rajput kingdoms.

Bhara Mai, the ruler of Amber married his younger daughter. He sent his infant prince Dauyal to Amber to be brought up by Bhara Mai’s wives. He gave mans-ab to Bhara Mai and his son. He treated Bhara Mai with great respect and when he dashed to Gujarat in 1572 he placed Bhara Mai in charge of Agra.

Akbar entered into matrimonial relations with a number of other Rajput kingdoms. But he never insisted upon matrimonial relations as a precondition. He gave very high favor to Hadas of Ranthambhore though he did not enter into any matrimonial relations with him.

Akbar’s Rajput policy was combined his religious policy. The Rajput princesses that he married were given full freedom to profess their own religion. The Rajputs who became so related to him became his trusted friends, advisers and his loyal comrades in the battlefield. Bhagwandas and Man Singh were his Rajput generals.

Akbar’s Religious Policy:
Akbar followed a policy of broad religious toleration. He gave full religious freedom to the people. In 1564 he abolished the Jizyah which was used by the Ulema to humiliate the non-Muslims. He abolished the pilgrim’s tax. He gathered at his court a band of talented people and in his Ibadat Khana,

people of all religions:
Christian, Zoroastrians, Hindus, Jains even atheists gathered. He did not like Mullahs who wrangled, shouted, abused each other. He himself read Khutba. He used a royal order called Majhar. He set up a new religion which consisted of many existing religions Hinduism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism etc. This new religion was known as Din-e-Illahi.
By the policy of religious toleration that Akbar followed, he formed a national state in India.

Question 4.
Who were the Indian Kings and rulers who resisted the Mughal power in India and what role did they play? Describe.
Answer:
Babur had laid the foundation of Mughal empire in India in 1526 A.D. by defeating Ibrahim Lodi. The Mughal empire established in 1526 A.D. continues till 1707 A.D. From 1707 A.D.- 1857 A.D. Mughal empire was only nominal in Delhi. From 1526 to 1707 A.D. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb followed all methods and tactics, diplomacy and war, friendship ‘ and alliances in order to keep entire India under their sovereignty.

Kings from different parts of India kept challenging them. In order to deal with the problems of the state Hindu Rajput kings had two options Surrender like other Rajput kings in front of Akbar, and become a part of Mughal organization and live a dependent life. Second option was to maintain their independence and defend the glory of their nation.

For following this policy they had to be prepared for fierce wars and leave the pleasures and family life. To protect their values, thoughts and respect of India some Rajput kings decided to’ fight against the Mughals. They gave tough challenge to the Mughal rulers with bravery. The prominent among them were the rulers of Mewir Ran. Sanga, Maharana Pratap, Rani Durgawati of Gond la, Maratha ruler Shivaji, and Sikh leader Govind Singh.

The Ruler of Mewar Maharana Pratap:
Rana Sanga gave stiff resistance in the plains of Khanna. Unfortunately Rana Sanga was defeated. After Rana Sanga Mughal power was resisted by Maharana Udai Singh. After Udai Singh’s death in 1572 A.D. his son Rana Pratap became the ruler of Mewar. He gave a tough challenge to Akbar till he lived.

Rana Pratap started organizing Mewar to give Mughals a fight. He organised feudal lords (Samants) and Bheels. He shifted his residence from Kumbhalgarh to Gogunde so that Akbar could not attack it easily. Through public relations he created awareness against Mughal power.

These efforts brought unity and the entire Mewar rose against the Mughal power. Akbar never liked the independence of Mewar. But Rana Pratap was not ready to accept the suzerainty, friendship or entering into a matrimonial alliance with Akbar. As a result war started between the two. Akbar’s armies conquered Gogunde. But Rana Pratap did not accept defeat. He carried on war against the Mughals and managed to win back many of the lost areas.

Rani Durgawati:
She was a valiant warrior of medieval history. When Akbar heard about the economic prosperity of the Kingdom of Gorha, he sent Asif Khan with a big army to attack on Gorha state for extending his empire. Rani Durgawati decided to fight than surrendering. She bravely fought against the forces of Asaf Khan but in the end she was wounded seriously. When she lost all hopes of winning the battle, she ended her own life.

Chhatrapati Shivaji:
The strongest opposition to the Mughal Empire, was given by Maratha’s under the leadership of Shivaji. Aurangzeb made several plans to trap Shivaji but was not successful. He sent the famous military commander Raja Jai Singh against Shivaji. But nothing happened in the favor of Aurangzeb. When Shivaji went to meet Aurangzeb with Raja Jai Singh, Aurangzeb treacherously imprisoned him. But, Shivaji managed to escape from there which made Aurangzeb extremely angry.

Sikh:
The Sikh also resisted the Mughal power. Guru Govind Singh, the tenth Guru, organized the Sikhs into a military organization to fight against the Mughal armies. He started the practice of prefixing the word ‘Singh’ among Sikhs. Sikh community put challenges in front of the Mughal Empire.

Question 5.
Write down the causes responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Mughal Empire, the foundation of which was laid by Babur, its decline could be seen from the period of Aurangzeb. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 Mughal power declined rapidly. The chief causes of decline of this massive empire were as follows:

Aurangzeb’s Empire, his Policies and War:
Aurangzeb’s responsibility can be placed prominently as a chief of Mughal empires decline. His religious – orthodox policy and anti-Hindu policy was one of the chief cause. Due to his policy of oppression he made Jats, Rajputs, Maratha’s, Sikhs etc. as his enemies.

He oppressed the Hindus due to which he stopped getting the support of the Rajputs. Marathas and Jats gave severe blows to his empire, due to which Mughal Empire declined. To bring the kingdoms of the south under his subordination Aurangzeb fought for 25 years with the different states of South India, in which he had to face severe loss of men and money. These wars shook the foundation of the empire.

Excessive Taxes:
Mughal rulers imposed heavy taxes on the people for their pleasures and wars, paying which became impossible for the people. There were voices of revolt among the common man.

Vastness of Empire:
The vastness of Mughal Empire in and outside India also became a cause of decline of Mughal Empire. A vast Empire could have only been regulated through a centralized authority. Due to weak central authority the Mughal Empire also started breaking up. Akbar had saved the Empire by his diplomacy but his successors were not successful in this.

Revolts of Chieftains and Princes:
Revolts of Loyal Chieftains and Princes also helped in the decline of Mughal Empire. The revolts of royal leaders like Salem, Khusro, Shahjahan and /uirangzeb also gave a blow to the unity of the Empire.

War of Succession:
The war of succession for power also gave a deep wound to the Mughal Empire. There was no certain rule of succession in Muslim royal power. There were many claimants to tire throne due to which the successor was decided on the bayonet point. The war of succession between the sons of Jahangir and among the sons of Shahjahan for power aided the decline of Mughal Empire.

Moral Decline of Mughal Rulers:
Early Mughal rulers were loyal and virtuous towards their state. But the Mughal rulers after Jahangir were pleasure seeking and com-placement.

Religious Policy:
The religious policy of the Mughals was bias. Most of the rulers were staunch followers of Islam. They supported the spread and growth of Islam, whereas harmed other religions and other religion followers, due to which Mughal Empire could not get their support. Rise of Hindu Powers: The rise of new Hindu powers also played a role in the decline of Mughal Empire. Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs etc.

reorganized themselves and rose against the Mughal empire which had struck Hindu culture. Continuous wars, autocratic rule decline of military power, moral decline of Amirs (Nobles), groupism and other reasons also aided the decline of Mughal Empire.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Other Important Questions

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Pallavo Kings ruled for nearly –
(a) 500 years
(b) 600 years
(c) 700 years
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 500 years

(ii) Which one is not a rulers of the Chalukya dynasty?
(a) Pulakesin – I
(b) Pulakesin – II
(c) Vishnuwardhan
(d) Aparajit Varman.
Answer:
(d) Aparajit Varman.

Question 2.
The capital of Pandya Kingdom was –
(a) Mankhet
(b) Trivendrum
(c) Madurai
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Madurai

Question 3.
Humayun sat on the throne in –
(a) 1530 A.D.
(b) 1540 A.D.
(c) 1630 A.D.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) 1530 A.D.

Question 4.
Khurram was the son of –
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Babur.
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

Fill in the blank:

1. In Mughal Empire ………………. got the land measured.
2. Mahmood Ghaznavi attacked India ……………… times.
3. TajMahal was built by …………….
4. The first battle of Panipat was faught in …………….
5. The ruler of Mewar was ………………

Answer:

1. Sher Shah Suri
2. 17
3. Shahjahan
4. 152(A.D.)
5. Maharana Pratap.

True or False:

1. The founder of the slave dynasty was Qutab-ud-Din Aibak.
2. The first battle of Ta-rain was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan.
3. Qutab Minor is in Agra.
4. Guru Govind Singh started an organization called Khaisa.
5. Jaziya Tax was levied on Hindus.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which period is referred to as the medieval period?
Answer:
The period between the ancient and modern’ period is referred to as the medieval period.

Question 2.
What happened after the death of Harshavardhan?
Answer:
After the death of Harshavardhan there came a political vacuum in India.

Question 3.
Where did the Chalukya dynasty rule in India?
Answer:
The Chalukya dynasty ruled in southern India.

Question 4.
Name the two Rashtrakuta rulers.
Answer:
Navajo and Dantidurga.

Question 5.
Where was the capital of Rashtrakutas?
Answer:
The capital of Rashtrakutas was at Mankhet.

Question 6.
Who was Atikeshari Marvarman?
Answer:
Atikeshari Marvarman was a famous Pandya ruler.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat?
Answer:
Moolraj was the founder of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat.

Question 8.
Which dynasty later came to be known as the Chauhan dynasty?
Answer:
The Chauhan dynasty later came to be known as the Chauhan dynasty.

Question 9.
Why did Iltutmish appoint his daughter Razia as his successor?
Answer:
The sons of Iltutmish were incapable but his daughter Razia was able Hence Iltutmish appointed her as his successor.

Question 10.
Who established the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Sultan Jalal – ud – dirv Khilji established the Khilji dynasty.

Question 11.
What do you know about Sangam dynasty?
Answer:
Vijayanagar was established by two brothers Harihar and Bukka. Their father’s twine was Sangam. Therefore their dynasty came to be known as Sangam dynasty.

Question 12.
What is Tuzukh-i-Baburi?
Answer:
Tuzukh-i-Baburi is a book written by Babur.

Question 13.
Under whose guardianship did Akbar rule in the beginning?
Answer:
In the beginning Akbar ruled under the guardianship of Bairamkhan.

Question 14.
What do you know about Jazia?
Answer:
Jazia was a tax levied on non – Muslims.

Question 15.
Who abolished Jezia tax?
Answer:
Akbar abolished Jezia tax.

Question 16.
Why were there continuous revolts in Aurangzeb’s Kingdom?
Answer:
Aurangzeb made Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs and Maratha’s his rivals due to which there were continuous revolts in his kingdom.

Question 17.
Who led Akbar’s armies against Rana Pratap?
Answer:
Man Singh led Akbar’s armies against Rana Pratap.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the sources of medieval Indian history.
Answer:
We have adequate archaeological and literary sources to study the history of medieval history.

Literary Sources:

1. Rajtarangini
2. Tuzukh-i-Baburi
3. Prithvi Raj Raso
4. Padmavat
5. Akbarnama etc.

Archaeological Sources:

1. Monuments
2. Coins
3. Copper plates
4. Statues
5. Temples, Mosques, Miners, Forts
6. Paintings and Fresco.

Question 2.
Describe the political vacuum in India after the death of Harshavardhan?
Answer:
After the death of Harshavardhan there was a political vacuum in India. The forces of decentralization led to rise of feudal powers which destroyed the political unity of India. There was rise of new ‘dynasties during this period. For example, Gurjar Pratihars, Pala dynasty, Chalukyas, Parmars and Chauhans in the northern India were the chief dynasties. In southern India Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas were the chief kingdoms.

Question 3.
Describe the characteristics of Chola administration.
Answer:
The characteristics of Chola administration were:

• King was the highest official of the State.
• Administration was done with the help of Council of Ministers.
• Empire was (divided into provinces, Mandalams, Vala nadus (districs).
• The smallest unit of administration was the Grama and this important unit Grama was divided into 3 parts (assembly of the common people), Sabha (intellecuals) Brahmin, Nagaram (trades, shopkeepers, sculptors). There were several committees for the administrative organization of the Grama.
• Agriculture and trade was well-developed.
• The chief source of states income was land revenue and tax on trade.
• Trade and means of communication were developed’ and there was foreign trade too.

Question 4.
Describe the ups and downs that came during the reign of Raziva Sultan.
Answer:
The sons of litutmish were incapable therefore he appointed his able daughter Razia as his successor. Raziya sat in the court and lead the wars. Crowning a daughter instead of a son was a novel step’m medieval history – In the whole of medieval period history. Raziya was the first and only Muslim woman Sultan of Delhi Amir Turk Sardars could not tolerate a won’.an Sultan and started conspiring against her and revolting.

The most powerful among the revolts was the one led by Altunia of Bhatinda, Raziya attacked Lahore to crush the revolt. In the war her military commander Yakut was killed and Raziya was murdered. After Raziya Bahram Shah, Alauddin Masood Shah and Nasiruddin Mahmood became the name sake rulers of Delhi Sultanat, while the real power was in the hands of Amir Sardras.

Question 5.
Describe the rise and fall of Bahmani kingdom.
Answer:
After the establishment of Delhi Sultanat in the north, the various states of south remained independent. Due to the difficulties in communication and being located in distant regions the Sultans of Delhi remained away from the politics of south. Alauddin Khilji was the first Sultan of Delhi who established his supremacy over the southern states through force.

‘But after his death Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq established his supremacy over the southern states, but within a short span of time he had to face continuous revolts. During Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign the Muslim Amirs of south revolted and the Bahmani Kingdom was founded. Bahmani Kingdom emerged as a powerful Muslim state.

The foreign Muslim Am/s of south India became angry with the policies, oppression and plans of the Delhi Sultan Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq and revolted. The amies of Sultan were unsuccessful in crushing the revolt. The revolting people established their control over Devgiri.

In about 1357 A.L Hasan Gangu Kohsan Abdul Muzzafar sat on the throne with the name of Alludin Bahman Shah. Bahmani Kingdom remained in south India from 1347 to 1526 A.D, The inefficiency of Sultans, and torture of the people, continuous wars with the neighboring states, struggle between the southern and foreign Amirs, murder of Mahmood Gavan differences between Amirs and other causes hastened the decline of Bahmani kingdom.

Question 6.
‘Aurangzeb’s reign was full of turmoil Justify it.
Answer:
Aurangzeb’s reign was full of turmoil. Aurangzeb made, Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs and Marathas his rivals due to which there were continuous revolts in the Kingdom. Smvaii encountered him due to his anti-Hindu policy and laid the foundation of an independent Maratha Kingdom.

Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur was killed after torture. After this Guru Gobind Singh organized the Sikh army (Khalsa) to face Aurangzeb. Rajputs like Durgadas Rathor challenged Aurangzeb. Tarabai gave a tough resistance to Aurangzeb for independence of Marathas. Aurangzeb died in 1707 A.D. and with him the decline of Mughal empire also started.

Question 7.
Who were the Sikhs? Write a short account of their emergence as a political power.
Answer:
The Sikhs were the followers of Guru Nanak Dev By the seventeenth century, Sikhism new religion had become the religion of the peasants and artisans in many parts of the Punjab. After Guru Nanak Dev, there were other nine Sikh Gurus. The earlier Gurus concentrated mainly on Sikhism.

But the later Gurus became the military leaders of the Sikhs also. To curb the growing power and strength of .he Sikhs. Aurangzeb ordered the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1673 A.D. This enraged the.Sikh.

As a result, the tenth and last Guru Govind Singh organised the Sikhs as soldiers and prepared them for a long battle against the Mughals. Like Marathas, the Sikhs; carried out raids in various places, but unlike Marathas, they could not establish an independent state during the reign of Aurangzeb.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the invasions of Mahmood Ghazni and Mohammad Ghori.
Answer:
Invasions of Mahamood Ghaznavi:
Mahmood was an ambitious ruler of a small principality of Western Asia. He needed money for his army. He had heard many legends about Indian wealth. In order to plunder India’s wealth, he invaded many parts of northern India from about 1000 to 1027 A.D, Mahmood made 17 (seventeen) successful attacks on India.

Punjab, Multan, Bhatinda, Nagarkot, Narainpur, Kashmir, Thanesar, Mathura, Kalinjar and Somnath were prominent centres of invasion. Look at the above places on the given, map. Ghaznavi destroyed many religious places and looted and carried immense wealth to Ghazni.

The famous writer Alberuni who came to India with Mahmood Ghaznavi has written about the carnage of Mahmood’s destruction. His attacks led to great economic and cultural loss to the country. The contemporary Hindu rulers faced Mahmood Ghaznavi but were unsuccessful due to lack of political unity. Mahmood Ghaznavi died ir. 1030 A.D. (approx.)

Mohammad Ghori’s invasion:
After 150 years of Mahmood Ghajnavi’s invasion, Mohammad Ghori ruler of a small principality Ghor in Afghanistan in the north-west India; taking advantage of the mutual conflicts of the Indian rulers Ghori first invaded India in nearly 1175 A.D. and brought Multan and Sindh under his domination.

The objective of Mohammad Ghori’s invasion on India was acquiring wealth and propagating Islam. During this time, Hindu states in northern India included – Chauhan state of Delhi and Ajmer Solanki Kingdom in Kannauj, Sena Kingdom in Bengal-Bihar, and Chandel kingdom in Bundelkhand. In southern India Devgiri and Warangal and Hoysal were prominent states.

Question 2.
Describe the rise of Vijayanagar Kingdom. How did this Kingdom come to an end?
Answer:
The credit for the establishment of Vijayanagar goes to two brothers Harihar and Bukka. Their fathers name was Sangam. Therefore their dynasty is also known as Sangam dynasty. When Muhammed Tughlaq had attacked Warangal and won it, both the brothers were imprisoned and sent to Delhi.

The Sultan was impressed with their ability and service and took them in his army. Both the brothers were sent to South India to crush the revolt. Here they came in contact with the famous Saint Madhav Vidyaranya of South India. Here they were also inspired to protect Hindu Culture. In 1336 A.D; Harihar laid the foundation of Hampi-Hastinavati Kingdom on the southern banks of river Tungabhadra. The city was named Vijayanagar, which later took the form of a big Empire.

Harihar – I:
The first ruler of Vijayanagar was Harihar. He ruled with the help of his brother Bukka and expanded his Empire. In a short span of time he extended his Empire from Krishna river in the north to Kaveri river in the south and till the sea coast in the east and the west. He established a firm administration.

Bukka:
After the death of his brother Harihar he became the ruler of Vijayanagar. Traditional rivalry with Bahmani Kingdom started with Bukkas period. Bukka won the Muslim state of Madurai and expanded his Kingdom to Rameshwaram in farthest-most south.

He did a lot of work for the protection of Hindu culture and took the title of ’Vedmarg-Pratisthan. He gave religious freedom to the believers of Jainism, Buddhism and Islam. He encouraged Telugu literature and centralized administration. He had also sent his ambassador to China.

Harihar – II:
Harihar II became the ruler in about 1377 A.D. He took the title of ‘Maharajadhiraj’. He won the cities of Mysore, Kanijivaram, Chingalpur, Trichnopoly etc. He fought a battle with the Bahmani Kingdom. He invested most of his time in proper organization of administration and religious works.

He got many Hindu temples constructed and donated liberally. Sayan the famous scholar was his Prime Minster. After the death of Harihar II in 1406 A.D. there was a war of succession among his sons Virupaksha – I, Bukka II and Devraya became the rulers. After this Ramchandra and Veer Vijay became the King.

Devraya – II:
Devraya II was the most efficient ruler of Sangam dynastv. There were two terrible wars with Bahmani Kingdom during Devrava’s period in which Vijayanagar had to face severe losses. Devraya attacked Lanka and collected taxes. He promoted sea trade. He patronized literature and Shaivism.

End of Sangria Dynasty:
After Devraya – II Malikarjun (1446-.1465 A.D:) and Virupaksha II (1465-1485 A.D.) were weak rulers. In the end, the feudal leader of Chandragiri Narsingh Sulva in around 1486 A.D. established his control over the Kingdom and laid the foundation of Sulva dynasty” in Vijaynagar.

Question 3.
Describe the administrative organization of Vijayanagar.
Answer:
The form of administration of Vijayanagar Empire was despotic monarchy. Tire powers of the king were uncontrolled and unlimited. The basis of the state was Hindu religion. The administration of Vijayanagar was divided into Central, provincial and local administration. In the Central administration of Vijayanagar the Emperor, minister Council, Kings assembly, Prince played an important role.

The Emperor had the chief position in the State and was called the Raja, All powers of the state were concentrated in his hands. He himself administered the state. Declaration of war and treaty, appointment of officers and workers organization of law and justice etc. were in his hands. There was a central secretariat for the administration of the state in which there were various departments – Chairman, secretaries and officers.

The officials and workers of the state received land in lieu of salaries. This arrangement was called the Naykat arrangement. Military officials were also given cultivable land. Military officers were called Nayak and the land that was given was called Amaram. The king was the highest judge for the administration of justice. He himself appointed the judges. Provincial officers (Prantapati) in the provinces and Panchayats in the village administered justice.

No delay was done in the administration of justice. Hindu code of justice was prevalent. The laws of criminal cases (Faujdari) were severe. Amputation of hands feet and death punishment were mostly given. The state made,efforts for the development of agriculture and irrigation. Spices were exported. The state encouraged irrigation work.

The construction of canals and ponds was considered to be a noble deed. The land revenue was determined according to the fertility of the land. Land revenue was not uniform throughout the state. Grazing tax, marriage tax, property tax, tax on trade, garden tax, tax on handicrafts were improved by the State. The subjects were happy in spite of heavy taxation.

Provincial Administration:
The Empire was divided into Provinces. Provinces were divided into Kottans or Valanadus. Kottam was a district which was divided into Nadus. Nadus were divided into cities. Village was the smallest unit of the state.The responsibility,of the province was in the hands of a member of the royal family or powerful feudal lord.

Local Administration:
The smallest unit of administration was the village. There was representative body (Pratinidhi Sabha) for the administration of the village which had the representatives of the village. The Pradhan (Chief) of the Gram Panchayat was called Iyengar. He was also given some powers of justice and punishment. He also collected royal taxes. Gram Sabha could donate or sell the land under it. Gram Sabha was given the power to decide some diwani (revenue) and Faujdari (criminal) cases.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions