Class 11

MP Board Class 11th Special English Writing Short Composition

1. Srishti has been asked to write an information brochure for her classmates who plan an excursion to Fatehgarh in summer. She has made the following notes. Use these notes together with your own ideas and write the brochure in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.

What to see : Places, waterfalls, temples, gardens Palaces : Maharani’s Palace includes Wax Palace—540 AD —Whispering galleries, Sculptures—ancient ru1ers—limb missing in a few. Waterfalls : Varsha—500 feet, stream on the outskirts Gardens : Rose gardens—Orchards—Vineyards

Answer:
This summer, as usual, we have planned an excursion for the class a visit to FATEHGARH which is not only beautiful but also has a historical significance.

Fatehgarh lies in the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is art eight-hour journey by bus. On reaching Fatehgarh we will be lounged in a Government Guest House. From there we shall proceed to visit the most famous place in Fatehgarh, the Maharani’s Palace, which includes the Wax Palace. It was built in 540 A.D. and it is known for its whispering galleries and the beautiful sculptures of ancient rulers. These sculptures are ancient so it is not surprising that the limbs of a few rulers in some of these sculptures may be found missing. This palace is indeed one of the few examples of ancient Indian art and gives us a peep into the glorious, rich cultural art of ancient Indian history.

To cool you in the summers we shall visit the Varsha waterfalls which fall from a height of 500 ft. It is a splendor to watch the water as it lashes down on to the ground and presents the most delightful sight. We also plan a visit to a stream which lies on the outskirts of Fatehgarh. Besides this our excursion will include a visit to the beautiful rose gardens, fruit orchards and vineyards to view the flowers and the fruits in their full bloom. It promises to be an excursion which should not be missed and I can assure you that our visit to Fatehgarh will be most exciting and informative.

2. Sumit lives in a village. The entire village is worried about the degradation of Nila Lake in the village. He writes an article for publication in the local newspaper highlighting various factors responsible for the degradation of the lake. Use the information given below and write the article in not more than 100-125 words.

Construction of roads and bridges	Deforestation of catchment area	Illegal occupation	Pollution
1. Flooding	1. decrease in water level	1. Blockage of canals	1. Loss of water organisms
2. Disturbing the natural drainage	2. increase in the growth of weeds	2. flooding	2. fewer visiting birds
	3. reduction of fish	3. shortage of drinking water

Answer:
I am being compelled to write this article to voice the concern of our entire village, Rampur, regarding the degradation of Nila Lake. This lake has been a part and parcel of our lives for numerous years and so it is very natural that out entire village, as a whole, is concerned about its degradation.

To provide an easy access to our village the construction of numerous roads and bridges has been taken up in recent years. Unfortunately this has led to flooding almost every year during the rainy season and has also disturbed the natural drainage system. Due to deforestation of a large portion of the catchment area around the lake the water level of the lake has decreased and there has been an increase in the growth of weeds. There is also a considerable amount of reduction of fish in the lake. Illegal occupation of land around the lake has led to blockage of canals and shortage of drinking water. The lake water has become, very polluted and there is a loss of water organisms. The number of migratory birds visiting the area has decreased. So, it is indeed pathetic to see this slow but sure degeneration of Nila Lake which has been a major source of sustenance of our entire village.

We sincerely hope that after going through this article in your esteemed newspaper concerned environmentalists will surely come forward to save Nila Lake from total degradation and effective measures will be taken up to improvise upon the present situation.

3. David of class IX A is not coming to school because he is suffering from fever. He wants you to write an application to the Principal to excuse his absence from school for a week, Write this letfer on his behalf taking help from the following notes. Your letter should not exceed 100-125 words.

Notes Suffering – unable to even write – taking medicine/will take about a week – grant leave – will make up – friends’ help – home work – class work – thanks.

Answer:
The Principal
Sr. Sec. School
XYZ Block
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xx

Sir,
I am a student of your school. My name is David and I am studying in class IX-A. I am writing this letter to you to inform you that I have been unable to attend school from 17 Dec. 20xx as I have been suffering from typhoid fever. I have been taking strong medicines to relieve myself of the misery but it will still take me about one more week to get well. At present I am unable to even write, so my friend is writing this application on my behalf.

Please grant me one week’s leave. I will make up for the classes I will be missing with the help – of friends and keep my class-work and home-work up-to-date am sure you will understand my plight and grant me leave.

Thanking you.

Yours sincerely
David,
IX-A

4. Nitin of 8, Napier Town, abalpur is not happy with the , sanitary conditions of his locality. He decides to write a letter to the Local Sanitary Inspector of the town to look into the sorry state of affairs. Using the following notes, write out a letter in about 100-125 words.

Notes No sweepers, heaps of garbage, drainages blocked, people careless, no use of dustbins, suggested supply of big polythene litter bags, regular visits of the authorities, meetings of the residents, water logging, breeding of mosquitoes.

Answer:
The Sanitary Inspector
Jabalpur Municipal Corporation
a Jabalpur
27 Nov. 20xx

Sir,
It is indeed appalling and unfortunate that the local civic bodies have remained indifferent towards the cleaning of our town. Our town presently is in a sorry state of affairs.

There are no sweepers to clear the heaps of garbage that lie unattended and start emitting foul smell. The garbage also attracts street dogs and pigs who scatter this garbage on the road. The drains of our-locality are perpetually blocked and this creates totally insanitary and unhygienic conditions. Installation of dust- bins in the locality has not really helped to improve the situation because even if people make use of these dust-bins to dispose of garbage, these dust-bins are rarely emptied. It is advisable to supply big polythene litter bags, instead of dust-bins, which make disposition of garbage easier. The water logging in the locality has proved an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes. The need of the hour is to have regular visits of officials from your department to inspect the locality and to have meetings with the residents of the locality in order to make our locality a better and hygienic place to live in.

I hope you will personally supervise this situation and we hove to hear from you soon.

Yours sincerely
Nitin

8; Napier Town
Jabalpur

5. You are required to write an article for your school magazine on ‘Importance of music in life/ Write it with the help of these notes in about 100-125 words.

Notes Fine Art – Vocal – Instrumental – All age groups – Natural gift – food for soul – Great musician – Western, – Oriental – Classical – Pop – Light – Concerts – Competitions – Suggestions – School to provide facilities.

Answer:
Music, be it vocal or instrumental, has indeed assumed a place of importance in our complicated and hectic lives. If acts as a stimulant that activates our body and mind. Music is also regarded as a fine art which attracts people of all age-groups to pursue it not only as a hobby but also as a profession. A person endowed with musical capabilities regards this attribute as a natural gift ivhich provides food for his soul. Some of the great musicians are held in very high esteem irrespective of the kind of music they propagate, whether Western, Oriental, Classical, Pop or Light. These musicians organise their concerts which attract people from all walks of life. These concerts can also be of great benefit to the children, who are interested in pursuing music as a hobby or career in their lives to receive musical training at the school level itself. By receiving training in music from a very young age the basics of music will be instilled in a child and he will be able to relate to music very easily at a later-stage in life. Therefore each school should have the facilities needed to give proper musical training to children. It is true that life these days is full of tension and worries at every age. If there is no stimulating diversion in the form of music for a person, his life will become dismal and monotonous.

6.ohn writes a page of his diary recording his first experience, of a public examination. Below are listed his experiences. Using these notes write out a page of his diary in about 100-125 words.

Notes Nervous feeling – praying to God – lots of noises around – students rushing towards examination hall – finding the correct seats – condition of the examination hall – receiving the question paper – instructions from the examiner – reading of the paper – beginning to write – revising – rewriting – finishing in time.

Answer:
5 March 20xx,
2 P.M.

On entering the examination hall to appear for my first public examination, the Science Olympiad, I had an extremely nervous feeling. The examination hall presented a rather dreary look. The only saving grace, in my opinion, was a beautiful and enchanting portrait of the Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus in her arms, hung inside the examination hall, to invoke a sense of confidence in the students and to remind us that we had the guidance and blessings of the Lord. I prayed to pod fervently uncaring about the noise around me. The other students were rushing towards the examination hall and were busy in finding the correct seats in a hall that looked huge and overwhelmingly frightening. Once everyone had been seated, the examiner gave us some instructions regarding What we were required to do and what we were strictly prohibited from doing.

Then I received the Question Paper and I sat thoughtfully reading and reflecting on it. After I had given a thorough reading to the Question Paper, I began to answer it keeping in mind the fact that I had three hours to complete the paper. I managed to complete the paper fifteen minutes before the .stipulated time and then began revising my paper. I spotted and corrected the few silly mistakes and errors that I had made and rewrote some lines. After being totally satisfied with all that I had written, I finished my paper, took God’s name for yet another time and finally submitted it to the examiner.

John

7. Gopal of 12, Raja Mandi, Agra wants to express his displeasure to the Newspaper Editor regarding the news that the bus stand near the railway station is being shifted to a new location. He feels that this would cause great hardship to the passengers. He made these notes for writing a letter to – the Editor, The Times of India, New Delhi. Using these notes ‘ write a letter in about 100-125 words.

Notes The existing-bus Stand – convenient – travelers by train – travelers by bus – poor people to spend extra – wastage of time, money and energy – an inconvenience to shopkeepers near the bus stand – closeness to the market also for visitors – suggested to add one more at a distance – if urgent.

Answer:
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
19 Dec. 20xxy

Sir,
Through the medium of this letter I wish to express my displeasure at the news that the bus stand, which is near the railway station, is being shifted to a new location.

This- will indeed be a cause of great hardship to the passengers who are commuting daily by bus and train. The present location of the bus stand is very convenient for the people who have to travel by train from their homes to their place of work. These daily commuters find it extremely easy to board a bus from near the railway station where they disembark from the train. If the bus stand is shifted, the common man will be forced to waste his time, energy and money unnecessarily. Many shops have also come up in the vicinity of the bus stand. These shopkeepers will also lose their earnings if the bus stand is shifted because their regular clients are those people who commute daily by bus and the tourists who come to visit Agra in order to see one of the Wonders of the world; The Taj Mahal. Even the commuters have an easy access to the market from where they can purchase the goods for their daily needs easily.

I suggest a solution to this problem. If the urgency is felt, it is advisable to add one more bus stop at a distance instead of shifting the present bus stand to a new location and causing a great deal of inconvenience to all.

Yours sincerely
Gopal

12, Raja Ki Mandi
Agra

8. Special repairs are required in your rented house. You have to write a letter to your landlord asking him to undertake the repair work immediately. Take the help of these notes and write your letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Notes Roof leaking – Wall plaster came out – Window panes were broken – Floor has potholes – Switches lose – White washing – Paints on the doors and windows – Can share the cost – to be deducted from the rent – Urgent attention requested

Answer:
A-394, XYZ Colony ABC Block
June, 20xx

Dear Mr. Dev,
I had written to you earlier also to get some repair work done in your house, which you have rented to me.

Now since the rainy season is at the onset, I reiterate my request -to you to undertake this repair work immediately. The roof is leaking at various places and the wall plaster has also come off. Not only this, the floor has pot-holes which cause a lot of inconveniences. The window panes of three windows are broken making the house an easy prey to the warm winds and dust from outside. The switches too are loose and there is a danger of short circuits. The premises also need white-wash and paint on the doors and windows. The house is indeed in a pathetic and appalling state and requires urgent repairs. I am willing to share the cost of the repairs with you. With your permission, I can get the repairs done myself and the expenditure can be later deducted in the rent in monthly installments.

I request you to give priority attention to this matter and hope to hear from you at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
ABC

9. You had sent a Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36 Tagore Gardens, Kolkata as per the details given below, But it has not reached theirs to date. The details are : Money Order Registration’ No. 119 dated 2-l-20xx. Your address is 11, Teachers’ Colony, Naraingarh, (Punjab).
Write a letter of complaint to the Post Master in about 100125 Chords.
Answer:
The Post Master
Naraingarh (Punjab)
31anuary, 20xx

Sir,
I would like to give in a written complaint regarding a misplaced Money Order that I had sent from your Post Office to Kolkata.

The Money Order Registration No. is 119 dated 2ndanuary 20xx. I had sent this Money Order of Rs. 100 to M/s Subroto Publishing House, 36, Tagore Gardens, Kolkata for a book that I needed urgently. On enquiring from them yesterday I found out that they had not dispatched the book because they have not yet received the required payment, whereas 1 have already sent Rs. 100 through a Money Order to them almost one month ago. Due to some negligence on the part of the Post Office Department, my Money. Order has not yet reached them. I need the book urgently to prepare for my exams scheduled to start in the middle of March. So, it is my earnest request to you to look personally into the matter and make sure that my Money Order is received in Kolkata as soon as possible.

I hope you will ensure that my complaint is attended to at the earliest.

Thanking you.

Sincerely yours
XYZ

11, Teachers’ Colony Naraingarh
(Punjab)

10. Gauri saw the following information about an exciting discovery. She is thrilled to read about it and decides to write a letter to her friend in the country-side, on the advancement in Science and Technology. Write a letter using the information from the newspaper article. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.

DOWNSIZING TRANSMITTERS A radio transmitter, as small as a cigarette package that could be used to replace gigantic mobile telephone masts that are thought by some to spoil the country-side, has been developed by Michael Roberts, an electronics expert at Leeds University, England.

Answer:
A -394 A Palam Colony
New Delhi
11th February, 20xx

Dearest Vandana,
I am writing this letter to you to discuss the immense change that our whole life has undergone with the advancement of Science and Technology as a result of which we are able to bring a drastic change in our lifestyle.

Various new scientific discoveries and inventions in every sphere of life have brought people of the world closer. I read an article about an exciting discovery lately of downsizing transmitters through which a radio transmitter as small as a cigarette package could be used to replace gigantic mobile telephone masts-This device has been developed by Michael Roberts, on electronics expert at Leeds University, England. But some environmentalists feel that the installation of these transmitters will act as a foil to the naturalness and serenity of the country-side. Since you too live in the country-side, do write to me with your opinion about this matter in your next letter. I am sure you are in a better position to realize the intensity of this drastic change made by the advancement of Science and Technology because even though you are living in the country-side you are connected amazingly well with the city through the excellent means of communication modern gadgets have indeed made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for growth of knowledge and added to the power of man to a great extent.

To conclude this letter I would just add that it now seems possible to conceive that man can actually triumph over and shape even his physical environment.

Yours lovingly
Gauri

11. Recently Geetha saw an advertisement in the newspaper that read “How to look young”. After reading it she feels strongly about the use of synthetic creams and dyes to make people look young, and writes a letter about it to the Editor of the newspaper “The Herald” on ‘How to keep fit and be young’.

Write this letter in about 100-125 words, using information from the newspaper advertisement together with your own ideas. ,
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
22nd March 20xx

Sir,
I had a chance of going through an advertisement in the newspaper about a certain cream that the advertisers claimed could make people look young. was indeed astonished that in this day and age of modernization there are people who are able to make a complete fool of others. I am writing this letter to you to express my opinion about the use of’ synthetic creams and dyes that claim to have the ability to make a person look young. I strongly condemn the use of these creams and dyes which, contain extremely harmful chemicals which can cause very severe adverse side-effects. Aging is a slow and gradual process and one must face it gracefully and should not be misled by false claims offered in the form of synthetic creams and dyes which do more harm than good.

The real way to remain fit and healthy is to do regular exercise, eat balanced and the right kind of nutritious food and live a tension-free and happy life. This is the actual key to a fit and healthy life. The use of artificial products to look young on the contrary makes one look like a fool. We should always remember that these products contain many harmful ingredients that could possibly cause some severe allergic reaction.

Yours sincerely
Geetha

12. You feel that facilities for tourists could be improved in India.
Write a letter to the Secretary, Department of Tourism in your State, highlighting the need for improving facilities for tourists to promote tourism in your region. Also, suggest what facilities you would like to be extended to the tourists in your region. Your answer should not exceed 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Secretary
Department of Tourism
Uttar Pradesh
Date: 17an. 2Oxx

Sir,
Recently, on reading an article about the tourist traffic to India and especially to our State which has one of the wonders of the world, I was quite perturbed to look at the figures. We are not getting enough tourists as we should get. To get more tourists. We will have to develop the infrastructure and make the facilities world-class. A pleasant stay and easy’access to tourist spots are two major factors that attract tourists to a city. So, the tourism department should endeavor to improve upon the facilities provided by its lodges and bungalows and make access to these tourist spots from these lodges convenient. Furthermore, the tourist spots should be kept clean and a specific amount of money should be sanctioned for their maintenance. Last, but not least, each ana every one of us should make a sincere effort to keep our city clean, as a beautiful and clean city beckons the tourists.

By making these simple, but significant things possible, I am sure, tourism in our city can be improved.

Yours faithfully.
XYZ

13. In an inter-school debate, you have to speak in favor of the motion ‘Modem Gadgets have made us slaves to machines’, write a speech in favor of this motion. Write the speech in your answer sheet in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
Modern gadgets have made us slaves to machines without which we are certain that out lives will come to a standstill. They have made the world jump forward with a leap, built up a glittering civilization, opened up innumerable avenues for the growth of knowledge, and added to the. power of man to such an extent that it is possible to conceive that man could triumph over and shape his physical environment. Through the astonishing discoveries of these modern gadgets, man has been able to give a definite fOrjri to his imagination. It is indeed a fact that as a result of the invention modern gadgets the tone and temper of life has changed beyond recognition. Through wireless telegraphs and fax machines, messages can now be easily sent to any part of the world. Modem gadgets incorporate all the comforts and highest standards in engineering innovation and reliability that have greatly contributed to man’s welfare. New equipment for navigation, data-processing, computer-controlled radar system providing information on a variety of new products for use at construction sites are only some of the advantages of modern gadgets. They have also greatly contributed to our entertainment as radios, televisions, compact discs both audio and visual—are now no longer considered as luxury items but have assumed the status of being referred to as necessities. Indeed the advantages of these gadgets are so many that they appear to have revolutionised every phase of life:

14. Anita Johari of class X has just returned from a visit to Ooty which is in the grip of a severe water crisis. She finds that her hometown is also facing the same problem. She had picked up the following pamphlet from her hotel room and wants it to be publicised.

Water is life:

Washing hands and face	✓ DOS Half fill basin – 2 litres	✗ DONTS Wash under running tap for 3 minutes – 27 litres
Brushing teeth	Use a glass of water – reuse – 1/2 litre	Let tap run for 5 minutes – 45 litres
Showering	Turn off tap before soap­ing then rinse down – 20 litres	Let tap run while soaping – 90 litres
Bathing	Take a shower instead	Fill bath tub – 110 litres
Leaky tap	Get it repaired	Let it drip Slow drip – 400 litres a day Fast drip – 3000 litres a day

She decides to write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper highlighting ways apd means of saving water. Write this letter in your answer sheet using information from the pamphlet together with your own ideas in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
13, Baird Road
Pune (Maharashtra)
The Editor
National Herald
Pune
11une 20xx

Sir,
I have returned from a visit to Ooty recently, which was in the grip of a severe water crisis. On returning to Pune, I found that the water problem is equally pathetic here. So, I would like to suggest certain measures to save water. I had picked up a pamphlet from the hotel where we were staying at Ooty which highlighted ways to save water and 1 want it to be publicised through your esteemed newspaper. Washing our hands and face under a running tap for only two minutes wastes about 27 litres of water whereas a half filled basin can do this work with only 2 litres of water. While brushing our teeth if we let the tap run for five minutes we waste 45 .litres of water but if we use a glass of water, we consume only half a litre of water. If we turn off the tap while soaping our body before bathing we use only 20 litres of water, whereas if we let it run we waste about 90 litres. We should avoid using bath-tubs as a filled bath tub wastes 110 litres of water. A leaky tap must be repaired immediately because if the tap is allowed to leak slowly it wastes 400 litres of water a day and a fast drip wastes 3000 litres of water a day.

If each and every one of us understands it and decides to follow this simple but very important rule, we are sure to remedy our present water crisis to a great extent.

Yours sincerely
Anita john

15. Read the following extra from an article in a magazine and then using your own ideas as well, write an article for your school magazine on the Delights and Usefulness of Walking. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

‘Walking has its own delights. Sadly, in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. “If you have a car why’walk?” asked the professor, revving up his Fiat for the few metres from his house to the college building. Pavements and pedestrians get second class treatment.’
Answer:
The saying aptly goes, ‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’. So, it is imperative for each one of lis to keep good health if we want our mind to be alert. In today’s hectic and busy life it may at times seem difficult to devote time for activities that keep us fit. This is where walking proves to be the most useful and easy activity.

Walking not only keeps our body healthy by the circulation of blood but Also provides a delightful respite for us by the sheer delight it gives. But, it is indeed a pity that some people who are most interested in walking refrain from it because in India walking is associated with deprivation and poverty. Their false pride and wrong thinking make them travel by car for even the shortest of distance. They would prefer to miss out on the delights of walking and prefer not to care about the good it would do to their health so as not to endanger their false prestige. It is high time that the educated lot of Indians put aside these petty notions and live their life for themselves and live it according to what they feel is best for them. Walking does not indicate deprivation and poverty and it is only the thinking of certain narrow-minded people who have categorised the people walking or pedestrians as second class people.

Walking should be enjoyed as it gives pleasure and provides a wonderful opportunity for us to be in direct contact with nature, unlike at times irksome and suffocating journey in a closed vehicle.

16. Read the following summary of a study conducted titled The Impact of Television Advertising on Children. Then based on the information in the summary and your own ideas on the subject, write an article for the school magazine titled Children and T.V. Advertising. Write your answer in about 100-125 words.

One Year Out Of Ten Is Spent
Watching Tv

• On an average, children in Delhi watch 17 hours of TV every week. Children spend more time in front of the small screen than on hobbies and other activities, including home work and meals.
• The average 8-year old spend about 68 hours ‘ every month, 30 days (of 24 hours each) every year, and one\ entire year out of 10 exclusively on watching television.
• Seventy five percent of children said they loved watching ads on TV.
• Children below eight like advertisements better than the programs and see them as pictures with storylines. Only older children understand the ad’s intention on sell.

Source : The Impact of Advertising on Children by Namita Unnikrishnan and Shailaja Bajpai.
Answer:
Children And Tv Advertising
Television has become a very popular mode of entertainment which is unfortunately also making children more and more addicted to watching it. The television programmes pose to dominate their daily routine and many a time children do not even hesitate to ignore their studies because of their passion to stay glued to the television sets.

Almost seventy-five percent of the children, who watch television most eagerly, are essentially interested in seeing the advertisements on the television. Children in the younger age group, below ten years of age, view the advertisements with more interest and enthusiasm than they watch any other programme on television. This is so because they see these advertisements as wonderful and short pictures with story lines. Their impatient nature is able to endure these short ad films with a lot of patience. These young children are totally taken in by the vibrant and glorious world shown in the various ad films.

It is only the older and mature children who understand that the ad films’ mere intention is, to lure the consumer into buying their products by elevating their goods to a high scale where they appear most appealing and attractive. So, it is our moral responsibility to make sure that the young children’s innocent and ignorant minds are not impressed by what the ad films have to offer, but they view them solely for their entertainment.

17. Maria of 7, Gandhi Road, Jaipur, is very interested in sports and concerned about the state of sports in the country. She decides to write a letter to the editor of The Herald, Jaipur, on Why can’t we win an Olympic Gold? She made some notes .for her letter. Using, the notes and your own ideas, write out the letter in not more than 100-125 words.

Ho sports ‘culture’ – not enough emphasis on sports in schools – facilities for training and coaches lacking – funds/sports scholarships very few – talented do not get sponsors jobs – public, selectors and trainers not interested enough – plenty of talent in the nation – only we are unable to spot and nurture it.
Answer:
The Editor
The Herald
Jaipur 12 Sept. 20xx

Sir,
I write this letter to you as a concerned sports enthusiast to express my anguish at the poor state of sports in our country as a result of which we have been unable to win a gold medal in the Olympic Games held so far.

I fepl that there is ho sports culture in our country, in general, and so we are not) able to nurture and groom the plenty of talent that our nation has. When the sportspersons of our country have to play and compete with international players in the World Olympics, their training and coaching should Mso match to that available to their international counterparts. Whereas in our country, the facilities for training and coaching are lacking and to a certain extent expenditure to enhance these facilities is sometimes considered as not necessary. We may fail to realize the importance of coaching centers in our day to day life but our inability to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games so far should make us realize the importance of training centres. It is also very unfortunate that the funds and sports scholarships available to budding sportspersons are very few. Political intervention at the time of selection also at times prevents the selectors in selecting the better players to play at the international level. Last but not the least the public in general and the selectors and trainers in particular do not seem to be affected by the lack of this ‘sports culture’ in our country.

Through your esteemed newspaper I wish to appeal to the people in general and especially the sports enthusiasts to give the sports culture in our country the boost and enhancement that has been long due.

Yours sincerely
Maria

7, Gandhi Roadaipur

18. Vijay witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and was hurt quite badly. Many people were standing around but did not know what to do. Finally, someone who had a car quickly took him to hospital. However, Vijay felt that at least some of the students should have been able to render first-aid. He decided to write a letter to the .editor about the importance of knowing first-aid. Using your own ideas write out Vijay’s letter in not more than 100-125 words.
Answer:
The Editor
News Week
17th October, 20xx

Sir,
Last week, I witnessed an accident near the school gate where a child fell down and hurt himself badly. The people standing around were unable to do anything except look on helplessly. It was at this ‘moment that I realized the importance of knowing first-aid.

I feel that it is imperative for students especially and the people in general to at least have the basic knowledge of rendering first-aid in case of an emergency. The use of first-aid often helps us to sustain a life till proper medical aid is available. The knowledge of first-aid will prove helpful not only in case of an accident, but also to treat a burn victim, help a drowned casualty and at times just to stop one from bleeding. The importance of first-aid should be instilled into the minds of children at the school stage itself so that they do not panic in an accidental situation but cautiously and sensibly put their knowledge about rendering first-aid to the person who requires it into practice. Nothing is more precious to a person than his life and if timely use of first-aid can help someone till the time professional medical help is available, it can prove to be the life-saving remedy.

Sincerely yours
Vijay

19. Gaurav. read the following in a newspaper article:
At the heart of the literacy campaign is the volunteer, who as instructor, resource person or local organiser, gives freely of her or his time and puts in enormous effort to make the campaign succeed.

He decided to speak at the school assembly on the experience of students who volunteer to take literacy classes. Using your own ideas write out his speech in about 100-125 words.
Answer:
Illiteracy is one of the major problems that confront our country. This problem assumes alarming proportions because of the democratic rule
in our country. Democracy, which postulates enlightenment, is by and large a blessing, and illiteracy, which implies ignorance, is therefore a curse.

To eradicate illiteracy to some extent, various students volunteer to take literacy classes and feel proud to help their unfortunate countrymen who have been deprived of the privilege of being educated. These voluntary Workers, after receiving certain incentives and being provided with the requisite facilities ensure better results in the social arena. They have adopted new paths and motivated a large section of masses towards their literacy classes. This voluntary service on the part of students has proven to be an effective measure for reaching out to the uneducated masses and thereby further helped the illiterate persons to eradicate their constant exploitation and humiliation at the hands of society. The students have helped these people to become aware as to why they have been deprived and motivated them to move towards change.

By undertaking this creditable, but the herculean task, these students feel, a sense of pride in being able to make their contribution to take their country on the path of fast growth and progress.

20. You are required to speak on ‘Pollution’ in the school morning assembly. Prepare your speech taking help from the following points. You may use ideas contained in the quit ‘Environment’. Write your speech in not more than 100-125 words.

Points : Environment – air-water – noise Sources of pollution – traffic – garbage Ecological balance – felling of trees – the building of dams – congested localities Suggestions – Plantation – pooling – shifting of factories and mills.

Answer:
Environment
Environmental pollution is one of the major hazards that are threatening the ecological balance. The air that we inhale is polluted, the water we drink is contaminated and noise pollution has managed to take away the calmness and serenity from our otherwise hectic and tense lives. One of the main sources of pollution is the heavy and congested traffic which causes a concentration of smoke and harmful particles in the atmosphere which is a permanent or chronic cause of various respiratory disorders. The incessant felling of trees, building of dams and the upcoming unplanned congested localities have disturbed the ecological balance to an alarmingly high level. To remedy this situation the urgent need of the hour is to plant as many trees wherever possible and to shift the factories and mills to places cohere their effect on pollution of the environment is minimized. To control traffic, carpools must be made so that the emission- levels from vehicular traffic can be reduced to the desired levels.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Special English Essay Writing

1. Introduction
Essay is an attempt which gives expression to one’s thought on a given subject. It is a written composition in well-arranged paragraphs. It deals with one particular subject. Students at school level are, not required to write elaborate essays in which great learning and loftiness of language is required. It is enough if they can write English in a clear, simple and correct style.

2. Style
Remember the following rules to acquire good style :

1. Simplicity. It means the expression of thoughts in simple language and simple words. High sounding words and complex sentences have no place in their expression.
2. Clarity Ideas are to be expressed in such a clear language that it can easily convey the meaning to the reader.
3. Originality. The language must consist of original English words and structure of sentences. Foreign words, Latinised style, colloquial phrases and slang in expressions must be avoided.
4. Accuracy. Words and phrases should be exact. Wrong words and inaccurate expression give wrong or different meanings. Generally, they mislead the readers.
5. Brevity. Brevity means to use the least number of words in expressing the ideas. Conciseness makes the language idiomatic and forceful.
6. Unity. The sentence of a paragraph should have only one main idea. Unnecessary details must be left out. It saves the time of the reader as well as yours.
7. Order. Clauses and sentences should have proper connection with one another. Loose phrases of sentences destroy the beauty of the style arid add to its ugliness.

3. Hints for Essay Writing

Following hints should be kept in mind while writing an essay :

• Use short sentences and write short paragraphs. They should vary in length.
• Be vivid in your description of anything. For this purpose comparisons and contrasts may be used. They dd not destroy the beauty of your description.
• Say everything that is necessary on the subject. Always keep your aim clear before you. Never write vague things. Vagueness corrupts our habit of writing to the point.
• Be clear and concise in your remarks.
• Write a neat and legible hand, ft is the key to success.

4. How to Write an Essay

When you are asked to write an essay on some particular subject, begin as follows :

1. Understand the Subject fully. Have a clear idea of what you are going to write. Do not set to work before you understand the particular aspect of the subject.
2. Collection of the Material. By putting intelligent questions to yourself upon the subject, collect material for your essay in hand. Note down the ideas as they strike you. After writing them to arrange them in order.
3. Planning. Having collected ideas, begin preparing the outline. Group together the allied ideas and reject the unnecessary ones. Arrange them under a few main headings and’draw up a scheme.
4. Having written the outline, begin writing the essay. Divide your essay in a few paragraphs. Each paragraph should deal with one healing.

5. Structure of an Essay
An essay can be divided into three parts :

1. The Introduction.
2. The Body.
3. The Conclusion.

The Introduction. The introduction of the essay should be brief. A short quotation or a proverb serves a good purpose. The first sentence should be striking and interesting. It should be a keynote.

The Main Body : The beginning should lead naturally to the main body. We should deal with the necessary and relevant facts. The body is the longest and the most important part of the essay. It should be split up into suitable paragraphs of different lengths. The end of one paragraph should prepare the reader for the next paragraph.

Conclusion : The end of the essay must be as strking and interesting as the introduction. The least sentence should strike the attention of the reader, ft should leave a lasting impression on his mind. The end should be natural and not abrupt.

6. Errors to be Guarded Against

Avoid the following errors while writing an essay :

• Definitions/except in the case of any elaborate essay.
• Introductory remarks by way of showing one’s humility and thus exacting the sympathy of the examiner,
• Quotations, except from very familiar authors,
• Use of too many metaphors and similes.
• Repetition of words and ideas.
• Colloquial phrases of slang expression,
• Foolish abbreviations.
• High sounding words.

Now let us see the examples of essays.

1. A Visit to a Historical Place

I had a great desire to see the Taj Mahal, the most peaceful and matchless tomb at Agra. So I made use of the kind invitation sent to me by my dear friend in the summer vacation, ! had heard much about the beauty of the Taj Mahal anti had heard of how Mughal Emperor, Shahjahan had, at great cost built the world-famous tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaj Mahal, as a token of his great love for her. It is said that it took twenty years to build it, and that twenty thousand men were employed to complete it.

I, with my friend, reached the Taj in the evening just before sunset. We went into the beautiful garden to enjoy its straight walks, tall dark cypress trees, smooth green lawns; beds of glowing flowers and its flashing fountains. There rose up before us the wonder of the world, I found it all of white marble; I enjoyed the sight of a splendid white dome rising up in the middle with four tall white marble minarets around it, one at each corner of the raised platform on which the peat tomb stood.

At a little distance, the Taj Mahal looked small and delicate like a fairy palace; but as I got nearer I saw how large and stately it really was. When we went up the marble steps the dome seemed to soar high up into the blue sky and the clouds which were red and gold with sun-set light. It stands on the bank of blue river Yamuna. The water of the river was all gold In the sunset glow and made the building look more beautiful than ever.

We went inside. We saw the marble tomb within, They were decorated with precious stones, and the beautiful screens of carved marble. There we thought of the beloved queen whose body lay below, and the great love of the King who had spent his wealth in putting up lovely memorial to her. The real tomb of the queen lies in a small room which one can reach by descending some steps.

This hall is charming for its most beautiful patterns of marble work. The pavement is made with the squares of white and black marble. Everything in this hall, i.e. walls, screens and tombs, are all covered with inscriptions from the Quran. There are also flower designs in laid with beautiful precious stones of different colours.

When it was full moon, I persuaded my friend to take me again to see the Taj. We enjoyed the wonderful moon. It looked like a building of pearl, or a palace made of silver. It looked to be made of white cloud. The shining white marble, the black shadows, the soft moonlight, the silence and the sweet-scented garden all made it a sight never to be forgotten.

The Taj has been described variously by the poets. It has been described as “Poem in Marble” or a “Dream in Marble”. The late world-famous and Nobel Prize Winner poet, Tagore wrote many poertis on the Taj Mahal, which are very excellent. No photographic description or portrait can describe its full beauty.

It is no wonder if visitors come from far and ne^r to have a look at the Taj Mahal in thousand every year. It is indeed one of the seven wonders of the world.

2. Terrorism
Or
The Menace of Terrorism
Or
My Views on Terrorism

Terrorism is the most talked-about news item in today’s life.

Every morning we come across sensational news and reports of acts of terrorism committed by terrorism in the world. Sometimes it is a murder of an eminent politician, sometimes it is the kidnapping » of an envoy by terrorists in order to blackmail a government to concede to their just or unjust demands. The highjacking of airplanes is a common phenomenon nowadays. Bomb explosions taking place \ in crowded areas is yet another criminal act of the terrorists.

These are many other forms of these anti-social or anti-national, inhuman activities. Fish plates are removed from the railway tracks, the wells or water tanks are poisoned by the terrorists.

These anti-social or anti-national activities are performed by the terrorists in order to call the attention of the National /Government or the world community on a certain problem and to get their just or unjust demands fulfilled.

Terrorism is an international problem which has clouded our lives and made them insecure. We do not know at what moment we may be the victims of a bomb explosion or a railway accident or the highjacking of aeroplane. No one has forgotten the Bombay bomb-blasts, the Godhra incident, Akshardham attack, WTC attack and very recently Russian Massacre.

We may classify terrorism into two categories : positive and negative. Positive terrorism is one in which the aims are good. For example, a number of Indian patriots took to terrorism against the British government to force it to grant freedom to India. The terrorism of South Africa and North Ireland etc. may be included in this category. This type of terrorism is understandable since its aims are good for mankind. But w^ would not recommend such means for even right ends. In order to secure the achievement of noble ends, right means must be employed, as Mahatma Gandhi did.

Negative terrorism is one in .which an. unsatisfied section of a community holds the entire community to ransom in order to get its unacceptable demands fulfilled.

Terrorism has no boundaries nor any caste, creed or culture. It can occur anytime anywhere in, the world sometimes without any intention. Terrorists have no human heart. They spare none not even the innocent little children.

No doubt terrorists are the person who has been created by our society. It is the misguided zeal of a few genius who are spreading it in the world. We must handle them with care otherwise the whole world will be doomed. There is a need to spread a public conscience. The whole world should fight against it unitedly.

3. Dowry—A Social Evil

Since the dawn of civilization dowry system has been prevalent in our society in one or the other form. It is one of the biggest evils of our society. It is an insult to the sacred institution of marriage. Parents pay huge sums of money so that their daughter may live a happy married life. The groom’s parents try to get the maximum from bridegroom’s parents. Unreasonable demands have been made by the groom’s parents and sometimes, the marriage ceremony is abruptly stopped in the absence of sufficient dowry. Fabulous amount of cash, refrigerators, cars, coloured television sets, scooters,and even houses are demanded in dowry. The parents of the girls, have to incur heavy debts in order to meet the demands of the greedy in-laws of their daughter. No wonder then the birth of a daughter is not liked by any Indian parents.

Giving a dowry ii a vary old custom. Even in the past, the parents of the girl have been giving dowry in the form of gifts. Its supporters give a number of arguments to justify it. According to them, it is a fine method of setting up an establishment for their newly-weds. Another argument given in support of dowry is that when the girl’s parents are quite choosy about the educational qualification, social status of their would-be son-in-law, why should they not share the expenses incurred in achieving the social status, because ultimately, it is their daughter who is going to be the beneficiary, Additionally, a daughter-in-law who brings adequate dowry with her commands a better respect from her in-laws. On the other hand, a bride without sufficient dowry feels insecure and uneasy, All these are absurd arguments and cannot, in any way, justify this social evil, There is point no setting up one establishment by upsetting the establishment of the bride’s parents.

Modem girls are educated and in many cases are not dependent upon their husbands for their upkeep. In their case, it is foolish to insist on dowry as the regular earnings are no less than dowry, A girl can gain confidence only from her merits and not from the dowry, It is duty of all enlightened citizens of our country to fight out this evil. We must rid our society of this curse. Anti-dowry Act has been enforced but if the people do not co-operate, the evil of dowry cannot be eliminated, As a matter of fact, all dowry seekers and givers shpuld be boycotted socially. Educated boys and girls should bow not to marry the sons or daughters of those who demand dowry,

4. Corruption In India
Or
Corruption—A Cancer of Society

Corruption is a deep-rooted menace, that has eaten into the vitals of our society. There is hardly any sphere of social, economic, political and religious activity that is free from the corruption of some kind. Corruption has become so common that most of people have come to accept it as part of their life.

Bribery and corruption has increased greatly after 1947. The growth of democracy and industry, the system of licenses and permits for setting up enterprises, securing quotas of law materials, imports and exports and expansion of trade and commerce is responsible for the increase in corruption. Stringent laws against corruption have proved to be effective in curbing this evil.

Corruption flourishes as long as there are people who are prepared to give bribe and others who are prepared to accept it, directly or indirectly. Each one of us has a weakness for easy money. People are prepared to do anything or stoop to any extent of taking graft in order to maintain their so-called standards of living^ People who indulge in corruption maintain a double standard. On the one hand they accept a bribe and on the other they urge people to be honest and pure. Such hypocrisy compounds the offense. It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption generally breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days when people who joined politics were fired by the spirit of serving the nation. Those who suffered for the sake of getting their country freed from the foreigners, knew only how to make sacrifice. They had never expected any compensation for their sacrifices. Those were the times when only the selfless people joined politics. But unfortunately, the present-day politics has become a business like any other business. The modem politicians are no longer motivated by any lofty ideals. In order to win elections, they spend huge sums of money with the hope that after they are elected, they would recover much more than what they had spent. When the people in power indulge in unscrupulous practices, a common man also indulges freely.

Government after government have made promises to root out corruption from our public life but this evil has persisted of , course, there are honest officials but they are in minority. Let us as a nation contemplate seriously as to what will happen when our public life is loaded with corruption. A certain amount of introspection by those who are in power can only initiate the process of minimising the evil of corruption in our country. If the public in general is indifferent, corruption would continue to grow us like cancer.

5. My Favourite Game
Or
Your Favourite Game

Game is a part of my life. Right from my childhood I have been a good player. I take part in all the outdoor games. Everyone has his or her own choices. Some like hockey, other like football, while many other consider cricket to be their best game. The game which I like most is football. I have my own reasons for liking this game.

Now you can ask me why I prefer football to any other game. Well, it can be easily explained. The main object of all games is to give us some exercise. This is one reason why football is my favourite game. It helps our body to grow. It brings a sense of discipline and a habit of endurance in us. A good football player is sure to succeed in any walk of life. He can make a great soldier to defend his country. He can be a clever statesman to run the government. He can continue to be a good sportsman if he is dedicated to his game. He can be anything because his endurance, sense of discipline has taught him to be himself and be independent of his mind.

But is there no other game which gives hard exercise? Surely none other except perhaps hockey. But hockey carries many risks for the life of a player. It also makes the player quarrelsome. He uses ‘stick as his weapon. On the other hand, in football, no such , risk is involved. One can go on playing without hitting anyone seriously.

Another reason of my choice is that it is very economical. It does not require elaborate and costly equipment. A ball and a well- leveled ground is all that is required to start our game. And then . it is easy to pick up its rules. We do not require any special coach for if is learned so easily by boys that they begin to play it a very young long before they are to play hockey or cricket. lt would not be an exaggeration to say that football is a game which one learns ^ at a very early stage of one’s life.

Like hockey or cricket, football is played by two teams of eleven boys. A team consists of five forwards, three half backs, two full-backs and one goal keeper. The player kicks the ball with his feet. But he may touch it wifh any other part except, of course his hands. The goal keeper, however, can use his hands as well. As a player may be tempted to push an opponent or go for a head of the ball near the opposite goal. So pushing and off side are regarded as a foul play. The penalty for a foul is a risk by a player of the opposite team. The fewer fouls you make, the more chance you have to win the game easily.

The game of football gives us good exercise. We have to keep vigilant and alert. It encourages team spirit. It gives a very good exercise to all the limbs of our body. It keeps us fit for all the times. No wonder then I have a special preference for my favorite game football.

6. A Cricket Match

Cricket is one of the most popular games of the present century. Of late it has become quite popular in our country. Go where you may when the cricket match is on, people are glued to their transistors or television, sets. It appears as if the entire machinery of the Government has come to a standstill and people are concentrating as to the performance of our national heroes, the cricketers.

Cricket has introduced in India a long time ago. Previously this game was played only by a few aristocrats. The Rajas and Maharajas only could afford this costly game.

In the last spring holidays, a friendly cricket match was played between the filmstars team and the cricketer’s team. It was played on the Indira Gandhi Stadium. A large number of spectators gathered there to witness the match. I am also very fond of this game. I also went to see the match.

The match started at 10 A.M. Messrs Derby and Dick acted as umpires. The cricketers plus team won the toss and began to bat. Their captain sent in Rohan and Chetan, two good opening batsmen to face the bowling Govinda and Rakesh.

They had a good start. Rohan could not face the strong and, sharp bowling of Govinda. He was bowled before the score was ten. In the next fifteen minutes Chetan was also caught in the slips.

The batsman who followed them played a steady game. Soon one of them opened his account with a boundary. He punished loose balls. He squares cut the off-balls beautifully to the boundary. He did not take liberty with the straight balls. But he delighted the spectators by hitting hard the loose ones. The bowlers tried their best to, dismiss the players. They kept good length and line of the ball. The batsmen remained at the crease till they had scored 60 runs. Rohan had caught one of them at the corner. The second wicket also fell quickly. After this our bowlers had an easy time. Our opponents could not stand against our hard hitting balls. There was a regular going in and coming out of the players. There were no less than five ducks. The rot did not stop till the whole team was out for a paltry 100 runs.

The second innings started with a new zeal after the interval. Our opening pair hit up 29th when one of them was caught in the slips. Rohan filled up vacancy and scored five boundaries. He was raising the score steadily when his companion went forward to hit a slow ball. He lost his balance. And he was stumped by the wicket-keeper.

Our next player was a good hitter. He sent the ball over the boundary thrice and scored a dozen runs quickly. The score went up to 70. Runs came in boundaries and occasional singles were also cleverly stolen between the players. Zafar and Ajay hit out powerfully between them and the score increased rapidly. It was a fine performance indeed. They were well set when one of the deliveries bumped dangerously high and Zafar, in trying to hit, gave an easy catch to the wicket-keeper. Ajay was also caught in the slips. The rest were easily dispersed off. And when the game came to an end, Film Plus team won by ten runs and three wickets. It was hard-fought victory for four players and the team should in praise of the team. We returned home clapping our hands and jumping merrily.

7. Science And Civilisation

Science has been the wonderful phenomenon for mankind. It has considerably altered the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. Revolutionary changes have been brought about which could not have taken place in the absence of science. It is science that produced and developed human civilisation. The process of science and development of human civilisation have run parallel. Science has been a potent factor to shape the history of man’s civilisation on earth. Our forefathers lived a primitive life, and we are now living in an atomic age. This long leap from the jungle to the atomic civilisation could be possible only through science.

The concept of civilization is different from that\of culture. Civilisation includes the physical development while culture signifies the inner growth. All the industrial, agriculture and technological developments, are the essential parts of a developing civilisation.

We are now living in a world of dazzling glitter. Machines have reduced much of the human labour and suffering. They are serving humanity like faithful servants. Ours is a push-button civilisation, which depends upon tools, implements and machines. There are specific features that make a civilisation full. The entire structure of civilisation stands on some solid factors. The first condition for a true civilisation is that it must include the fulfilment of the primary human necessities just as food, clothing and housing. It is a matter of proud privilege that the present generation is enjoying better living conditions. We have better clothes to wear, better and nourishing food to eat and a better house to live in than our ancestors. In this respect, we can assume an easy superiority over them. There is no denying the fact that it is science v which has made our living conditions better. We must be grateful to science for its many benefits.

The other factor which makes a civilisation meaningful and s useful is leisure. If a civilisation cannot provide leisure to the people, it is not a civilisation of human beings but of brutes. If a person is busy filling his belly from morning to evening, he -does nothing different from what an animal does. The poor fellow struggles for his survival throughout his whole life and this is what the people of hunting and pastoral age did.

Science has bestowed numerous gifts on mankind. Means of transport and communications, medical facilities, electricity, agriculture machinery, recreational facilities etc. are such gifts of science to man. The blessings of science have made human life smooth and easy. Unfortunately the gifts of science have not been shared by all human beings equally. No civilisation is complete unless the gifts of science are enjoyed by all. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened. This has hampered the uniform development of our civilisation.

Science has invited lethal weapons which can destroy mankind in a twinkling of an eye. The atomic weapons have multiplied. Science can take away from us in a moment what it has given to us during the last several ages.

The terror of war is always hanging upon our heads like the / Sword of Democles. The survival of humanity is facing a horrible peril. The future of our civilisation is uncertain if the^tomic weapons spark the Third World War. If science has made civilisation strong on one hand, it has made it weak on the other. If the gifts of science are not properly used, time is not far when we shall see the end of human civilisation.

8. Democracy in India

India is said to be the largest democracy in the world in terms of numbers. Democracy is the form of government in which people’s will is supreme. Since in the present day big countries, it is not possible for the entire population of a country to gather at one place and deliberate and control the whole affairs. Government is therefore, carried by the elected representatives of the people. Of all the political forms of governments democracy is considered to be all best. Democracy is therefore, the most cultured and civilised political institution.

Democracy is the temple in which there is only idol to be worshipped and that is the idol of the people. Democracy provides, to its people, freedom of thought, speech and action. Elections are held after a certain specified number of years. General Elections have been held in India for several times. It shows that the foundations of democracy here are stable. In comparison, in most of the neighbouring countries, like Pakistan, Bangladesh, sudden overthrow of Governments have been witnessed. Army rule has been imposed in those countries and people enjoy less freedom as we do in India.

It is not mere holding of elections that is important, but people in India have developed matureudgements. When they found that a particular political party failed to represent their feelings, people of India have voted that party out. In 1977, the Congress (I) was defeated at the polls. Within two and half years, when the Indian people felt that theanata Government was unable to deliver the good, they brought back Congress again. In the recent past, also many surprising political changes have been witnessed in the State elections. In Haryana and Punjab, the Congress was defeated at the elections. This is despite the fact that majority of the electorate is still not very highly educated. But by and large, people in India have developed matureudgement which is imperative for the success of democracy. The Indian electorate has once again voted the Congress out of power in the recent general elections. Very recently a new trend of governance has emerged in the sense that no political party could gain majority which resulted in the formation of coalition government continuously for two consecutive terms, – first by the NDA and second by of UPA.

It is a matter of serious concern that many drawbacks have crept into our democratic structure. Majority of the political leaders in our country have become corrupt and self-seeking. At times, one finds that democracy in our country is no longer the government of the people, for the people and by the people. It is only a handful self-seeking leaders who are ruling the country without any regard to the public welfare which should be the important aspect of any democracy. Once elected, the ruling party forgets the voters and starts filling up their own coffers. This is certainly not healthy for the continuance of democracy. When we compare Indian democracy with that in England, we wonder at our public morality. The I politicians here feel reluctant to leave their seats of power once voted by the people. For the success of democracy in our country, what we require is clean public life of the politicians. The recent scandals about the Fairfax and Bofors have given a shock to the democratic setup in India. If the people of our country are vigilant, only then there lies some hope for the future of democracy in India.

9. Problem of Unemployment In India
Or
The Burning Problem Of India

Unemployment has emerged as a major national issue during the last many decades it has been increasing day by day. It is the burning question of the day. We find long queues before the Employment Exchanges. This problem of unemployment has been baffling our planners ever since we attained freedom. The population of India has already crossed the danger mark of 1000 million. Such an abnormal growth of population has belied all calculations and plans.

There are several factors or reasons that are responsible for the large-scale unemployment in the country. First, the population ! is increasing very rapidly. Employment opportunities have not increased with the rise in population. The rise in population must ! be controlled in order to end unemployment.

Education has reached the remotest villages of India. Educated persons run to the cities in search of jobs. We find many graduates and matriculates running after white-collar jobs. They do not like to work in factories and mills or in the fields. This has given rise to unemployment.

With the advent of automatic machines, employment opportunities in offices have declined. Moreover, educated persons do not like to work in the villages. To end this tendency factories should be set up in the villages. The young men would then stop coming to cities.

India is predominantly an agriculture country. There is no dearth of raw materials in India. We must make India an industrial country if we wish to control the mounting pressure of unemployment.

Most of the women too have taken up employment in offices and factories. This has decreased employment opportunities for the menfolk. The Government must plan in such a way that men are also gainfully employed.

Our system of education is not employment oriented. There is no vocational training in our schools or colleges. Most of the people do not like to work with their own hands. Small scale or rural industries have been badly neglected. Cottage industries can absorb most of our unemployed youth. Had we taken to rural V industrialisation, cottage and small scale industries instead of establishing big multi-crore industrial projects, the problem of unemployment would have been solved to a large extent.

Our Government is fully alive to the serious results of unemployment problem. New Education Policy lays stress on vocationalisation and the de-linking of degrees from jobs. Small scale industries are being set and educated youth are being given all possible encouragement to set up their own enterprises.

10. Educational Value of Television
Or
Television and Education

Television is a wonder to our life gifted by science. It has become a craze in the present day world. I has both advantages as well as demerits. Educational importance of television cannot be underestimated. In all .the developed and developing countries of the world, television is increasingly being made an important aid to education. Its audio-visual quality makes education programmes more effective and interesting. Schools are making full use of its potential for imparting education. In our country, television is as yet confined only to the cities but slowly it is gaining popularity among the affluent villagers. In most of the schools in Delhi, television is being freely used as a useful means of education.

Everyone would acknowledge that television is the most effective means of imparting scientific education. The best teachers can teach the largest number of students in the most effective way at a particular given time. In subjects like science and geography, there are many things which can be shown on television rather than taking the students to these actual places. For example,‘the student can have the actual glimpse of snow-fall, on the mountains through the use of television. This demonstration of the real things is sure to have a lasting impression on the minds of the students, rather v than merely telling them about those things. Scientific experiments can be shpwn to the students with the help of the television, I Students can be shown the celebration of important national events like the celebration of Independence Day and Republic Day.

The students can listen to the important speeches of the national leaders on television. The actual scene along with the particular gestures of the leader will be remembered more vividly by the students.

Physical education is becoming an important aspect of modem education. Certain games can be taught with the help of television. Expert physical instructors can demonstrate the various body movements in various physical exercises. The popular T.V. programme presented by famous cricketers Sunil Gavaskar has become very popular among the budding cricket players. The Delhi Doordarshan makes it a point to show the direct telecast of all
important national and international sports events. Test Matches on T.V. virtually hold the entire nation’s work for the duration of the match.

Television can be very useful in imparting technical education to the students. Hence one can’t deny the fact that Television serves a major role in the field of education effectively.

12. Importance of Games and Sports

The real education is one which can make a student intellectually sharp, physically strong and morally sound. It develops and strengthens the three aspects of our personality-mind, body and soul. In this sense games and sports are the basic need of life. Unless the development of the mind and body goes hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would prove to be a poor, lop-sides affair. Therefore, games and sports, must form an integral part of the education of our youth.

So far physical education has been neglected in our educational system. Games and sports have been woefully neglected in our schools and colleges. Our education has been concerned only with earning degrees and diplomas. No wonder then our youngmen have started hating physical labour. Our graduates who come our of out universities with gold medals are physical wrecks. It darkens their future completely.

Hence there is a need to change our attitude towards games and sports. Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working. They consider them only as amusement like the cinema or ^adio, such things, they think are harmful for the studies of a strident who must at all times continue to stuff his brain with facts and figures. In fact, however> sports and games are of great value, especially to students who work with their brains Tnost of the day.

Sports and games make oilr bodies strong and keep us healthy. Little brairr work can be done by an ailing person. A sound mind resides only in a sound body. Physical exercise is essential for health. Every nerve, every sinew and everyoint of the body gets strengthened through games. But a good health is not the only thing we get through them. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, for instance, our eyes see the ball coming,udge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain has then to decide what to do, and to send its order to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully.

Sport and games are also very useful for character training. In their lessons at college, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, discipline and love of one’s country. But what is learnt in books cannot have the same deep effect on a person’s character as what is learned by experience. Game inculcate in the ! players the habits of teamwork, discipline is being guided by a captain obedience to the rules of the game as interpreted by the referee or umpire and spirit of sportsmanship in taking the defeats along with victories with a smile. If we want a disciplined nation, we must give due encouragement to games and sports in our schools and colleges.

Recreational value of sports and games cannot also be denied. After a tiring day in the class room, in the laboratory or at your desk, there is nothing more refreshing than an hour in the field. A hot game of hockey, or a fast match of football and an exciting cricket takes off our fatigue. One feels fresh once again for any amount of work.

Games and sports thus must be compulsory for all students. Colleges and schools should have proper equipment and facilities- % for the students. The’ teams may win or lose, games play their wonderful role of making students active and agile in their life.

13. Computer that changed Our Life

Science has gifted us so many wonderful things that have affected our style of living and made life easy going Computer is one of- them that has played an important role in improving the conditions of advanced nations. We can effectively realise our dreams 1 through proper use of computers.

India declared its computer policy in November 1984. It has Opened, a new beginning of computer revolution in the history of India. The first computer in India was built in 1966 by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. After a while Bhabha Atomic Research Centre added to computers in a series. Computers are now manufactured on a commercial basis. This has given a further momentum to the computer revolution in India. The establishment of the Electronics Corporation of India was a momentous event. r The use of electronics will not accentuate the problem of v unemployment. On the other hand, it will provide employment to a lot of people. Electronics can be safely and carefully made use of in agriculture, weather-forecasting and soil testing.

The ruling party made use of computer in the last Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. Computer played a great and important role in the analysis of election results.

The Government has established National Information Centre in New Delhi under Electronics Commission which is fitted with the most advanced and accurate computers.

The use of computer has proved to be very beneficial in banks. There are plans to fit computers at the main branches of all the nationalised banks.
The computer is being increasingly used in transport system. The international alirline have already got it.

Its use in Post and Telegraph, military corporate houses will revolutionise the working of these departments. The computer has been found of immense use in the statistical department for the purpose of data analysis.

Indeed advantages of the use of computers are many. They make calculations much faster and more accurately than in all industrial countries of Europe and USA, on a large scale: If data are correctly fed into a computer than it can check and correctly examine answer book at much faster rate. That is why computers are in use of practically all the educational institutions of the developed countries of the world, and developing countries like India are making increasing use of them.

14. Wonders of Science

Science is a tremendous concept. It has worked, wonders for us. It has gifted a number of wonderful objects. There are reasons to consider science to be blessing. Science has helped men to conquer the forces of nature. It has added new comforts to the life of men. It has made men superior to all other creatures.

It has made the rulers powerful because of gun powder. The life during the dark ages was unsafe. In those days looting and murders were common after sun set.

Faster modes of travelling and improved means of communication have established order and security. Today we can take lunch in India and supper in London. It has conquered distance. Similarly telephone, telegraph and wireless have helped us to save time .and send ‘messages at any moment. Through its devices it helps us and save time from kitchen to fields. Now man has a greater amount of lesiure.

Science has brought success in every field of our life. Man has almost conquered diseases. He has checked polio and plague. Surgery can now show miracles. By applying science to industries men have been able to raise the living standard of common people. Most of the people were naked. They were very poor. They had no food to fill their bellies. Like cats and rats died due to starvation, cold and over work. Science has now made large scale production. Almost every one is provided with common necessities of life.

As a matter of fact, a scientific invention cannot be blamed for the tragedy of man. After all an atom bomb does not prepare itself or explode on it own account. A discovery of science is lifeless, obviously, it can never control man. Seeing in this light, Science can * never turn out to be a master it is always a slave.

Men should always think of both the positive and negative aspects of discoveries of science. When man loses the moral values in life then he thinks of destroying innocent people. He also becomes one of its victims. No body should be slave to science” and an enemy to human civilization. Science should always be used for peaceful purposes. Science must be tackled wisely because any sort of mishandling can bring a doom to our life. Its devasting aspect is almost beyond control.

15. The Problem of India’s Increasing Population

Indian life has turned to be critical there are so many problems that have made us panicky. Increase in population is one of them. Famines, floods, earthquakes and riots often occur. The government is doing its best to solve these problems. But the population problem is the most dangerous. The population explosion has ‘taken a rapid stride in India. According to the Census of 1971, the population of India was 54.8 crores. It became 68.4 crores in 1981 and 84.4 crores in 1991. It has crossed 100 million according to the 2000 census report. This presents a horrible situation. The explosion of population has complicated the problems of poverty, illness, unemployment and marty others.

The population in India is growing rapidly. The advancement and expansion of medical science has resulted in the lower death rate. Along with it, the illiterates of our country give no thought to the national problems created by this rapid growth of population. The children are thought to be God gifted.

The population explosion in India has brought about many severe consequences. The health of the mother runs down and that results in the rearing or weakening, which make a weak, dull, illiterate and poor nation. Therefore, for the welfare of the family and the nation as a whole, it is very necessary to check the growth of population. Every citizen of India should try to limit his family. For this ‘Family Planning’ or ‘Family Welfare’ is needed.

Growth of population may be prevented by observing celibacy and self-control. But in the present day atmosphere, it is rather impossible. So the negative check have been chalked out by the government. Loops, Nirodh and contraceptive tablets have been invented. The government is making a vigorous propaganda for it.

People are being encouraged to go under vasectomy or tubectomy operations Family Welfare Centres have been set up in all parts of the country where ‘Nirodh’ and contraceptives are sold on nomial charges Or distributed freely. Operations are also managed there.

We should realise that the children are product of choice, not of chance or god gift. ‘We two and ours two’ slogan should be maintained by every citiien. We should be watchful for the future progress and prosperity oftfljihe nation and observe ‘Family Welfare’ programme. People should be educated to be wise to control this situation. There is a need for public conscience which alone can solve this problem otherwise a time will come when there will be no place even to stand on Indian land and nothing to eat for anyone in India.

16. India Ushering into the Twenty-First Century

Our young and dynamic late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had promised to take India right into the 21st century. The tremendous progress that our country has made after getting independence gives us an optimistic picture of our country. If we compare the progress of these four decades with the country that sjndia was at the close of the 19th century, we would wonder at thfe difference. The present century has witnessed far reaching advances in politics, economics, trade, industry, education and science. We were a primitive nation of snake charmers and grass cutters at the close of the last century. Now we are a free nation and have our place in the comity of nations. Our economic growth rate is at par with that of many advanced countries of the world. Our scientists have acquired great name in the world of science and in no way inferior to the top-ranking scientists that the world has today. We have come to assume the role of a ‘big brother’ in the South East Asian Region and have earned a big name in the non-aligned countries of the world. Ours is the biggest democracy in the world. These are no mean achievements.

The Indian Government has launched ambitious plants and if these are sincerely implemented one can jolly well hope that in the twenty-first century things are going to improve still further. Indian economy has already shown significant growth rate of 5 percent per annum in a sustained fashion.

No doubt we have not been able to check the ever increasing numbers of our population but there are indications that educated couples are increasingly taking to the advantages of small family. If we are able to educate more and more people we can certainly hope to curb the, increasing trend of our population in the years to come. Once we are able to tame the monster of population problems, we shall be able to make our economic programmes more meaningful.

India is no more a large undernourished country of 1000 million. It is now a country which is more than self-sufficient in food- production due to vast irrigation project, a local fertiliser industry ‘ and green revolution. We have to take appropriate measures to meet the challenge posed by the frequent drought in some parts of our country. Such unforeseen calamities often push the wheel of progress backward. Our scientists are competent enough to find out a satisfactory solution to the continued dry spell occurring quite frequently. If only we are able to provide our laborious farmers with adequate means of irrigation, they can do wonders in the realm of agriculture. We can eliminate our dependence upon foreign countries in the matter of foodgrains.

Indian can boast of one of the best armed forces in the world. Equipped with the latest weapons, our soldiers are second to none in the world and they can defend the frontiers of our country ably. Ourawans have already shown their valour in the wars fought more than twice in free India. High technology is being used both in the civilian iand military sectors. We are self-sufficient in nuclear energy. Today India builds its own power reactors, heavy water and reprocessing plants and plans to add 22 reactors within the next 15 years to the 6 already in operation. The day is not far off when it will become second to none in Asia.

India is an industrial giant among developing countries. With an ever-growing internal market of 1000 million people, her industrial product have reached markets across the seven seas. It has also developed a technology appropriate for the needs of the third world. The performance of India’s private industrial sector has been exemplary and is still growing. If the industrial growth continues at this rate we will witness in the coming century as India which will be at par with many advanced nations of the west.

Indian villages are no longer the same as these were forty years ago. Government of India has been giving ‘top priority to rural development. All the Five Year Plans have been geared to improve the lot of the villagers. The schemes like Integrated Rural Development Programme are basically aimed at making our backward villages modern. Schools and hospitals are being opened in the villages to improve the lot of the villages and spread literacy among them. The. New Education Policy recently launched by the Government envisages opening of Navodaya Vidyalas at district centres. These schools would impart the most modern education to the village children who have hithertofore been ignored from such sophisticated schools.

India no doubt has shown the way of progress. Now it has attracted the attention of the-whole world as a largest world market. Even the USA has been trying to develop its good relation with India. It is our great achievement.

17. Value of Discipline

Discipline is a way which follow the order. No nation can be great unless its people are disciplined. Discipline in life leads to success. No country, school, college or home without discipline can function properly. Thus, it is necessary in all walks of life.

Discipline starts from home. Respect the authority is the base of discipline. Children must obey their parents and elders. Parents to love them and guide them properly.

Discipline is very necessary for the continuance of a well regulate and orderly life. It is needed and orderly life. It is needed in every shape of life. Its Importance in our country today is Very great. The freedom of the nation can be safe only when we Iedrn the lesson of discipline. Discipline is required for the progress and betterment of individual in his life. It is the guide and the guardian of a man’s life. All the great men risen to heights of success and glory by ordering discipline in their lives. Loose discipline in farmily, in the classroojn, in the army and field will lead to the path of ruin.

An indisciplined army is unmanageable. It will suffer defeat in the battle-field. Whereas a disciplined army fights unitedly and comes out victorious. The discipline of Indian army is well-known all over the world.

In a classroom no teacher can teach his or her students. It is for the class to maintain discipline. One learns discipline first at home and then in school. To obey set rules is discipline. In a family, the head can’t run it smoothly if the members don’t maintain discipline. In an assembly all the members must observe discipline if they want to do any goodob successfully and in time.

Discipline should be the way of life without which we will face complete chaos. We will make no progress at . all. It provides an order and perfection to our life. If there is no discipline in any field of life, there will be no progress. Even in family if we lack discipline it is sure to be doomed. Hence we need to discipline our life.

Infact discipline is very essential in all walks of life. In its absence there will be utter diorder, confusion and chaos. No nation can progress in its absence. It is the key to success. Hence, it must be followed by all.

18. Indian Politics Todajr
Or
Politics of Coalition

At present Indian politics is under the process development. Although right from the time of freedom movenlent the processes on but during the last twenty years these have been a lot of changes. Due to selfish motto of political parties, the aim of getting power to rule things have gone the worst.

Indian politics has lost the real component of fair practice in politics. The means should be right and pure to achieve the object but in our country now the attraction of power is so much that no body cares for the means. For example, for winning the election they adopt all those malpractices which are immoral in our society. After election horse-trading goes on to capture power. Minister, officials and leaders of political parties adopt immoral ways and means to earn money.

After 1985 many cases of corruption were defected in public life in which leader, Government officials, servants, contractors, brokers and antisocial elements were involved. the fashion and tradition of commission increased the corruption in all Walk of life. During the last ten years there were a lot of scandals in which so many ministers, secretaries, directors, government officers and servants are found involved. The cases of share scandal, hawala, urea and chara are the worst which have opened the new chapter of corruption in public life. Though these scandals are mere examples, there are a lot such scandals which are still to be brought into light. Indeed there is a lot of corruption in our public life. Bribery has become a courtesy. No work is done without it. Almost all the measures adopted to control it have failed head long, because most of our leaders, political workers, government officers, public servants, contractors, brokers, businessmen, traders, industrialists are directly or indirectly involved in the cases of corruption. Some of them have been caught while the others are still beyond reach.

At present even the representatives of people such as some of the MLAs, MP’s and ministers, government officers and servants are following the path of corruption and they are making hay while the sun shines. The whole system has become so spoiled and corrupt that it needs well planned serious efforts.

As now-a-days no party is getting absolute majority at the centre so the politics of coalition is going on. It is giving us weak government moreover the country has to fall to mid term polls due to coalition politics. This new trend now seems to be the way of Indian politics. In coalition form of govt, no single party gets majority. Many of the parties form the govt. It becomes very critical for one to run the govt, and control the parties of different ideas.

For example two successive govt, had ruled India—one the NDA and now the UPA. This trend is not at all good to nation.

19. Communal Harmony

Amity between the communities in the country, and absence of any friction and tension among them is known as communal harmony. , In countries like India, it is very important, being a pre-condition to internal peace, which is essential for progress and development of the country. As we know, India has got multiplicity of religions and very nature of the culture is composite. But religion has never been a source of conflict between the comm.unities in Indian society. Mutual tolerance and high regard for other religions is an age-old tradition of the country. Still the vested interest has always been active to create disharmony between them. There were, however, not a single instance some years back where obstruction in religious performance has been a cause of communal riots. This phenomenon in the Indian context is politically motivated and has always been engineered by vested interests. It were there at thb time of the foreign rule as well as ih post-independence era.

Communal harmony as such is highly sensitive an issue and, cannot be soft-pedaled any more in view of our traditional values, composite cultural heritage and secular character of our state. But the main problem is how to maintain communal harmony at administrative and social levels. There is lack of political consciousness among the common people due to illiteracy. Secondly, antisocial and professional criminals have been playing a key role in communal riots and flare-ups as agents of vested interests and their hirelings. Finally, there is need of an effective mechanism to deal with it. Present mechanism is not so smooth. It lacks coordination and people’s involvement. The intelligence agencies report in advance to the District and State authorities about the communal tension and the element actively associated with growing tension and potentials of disturbances etc. But generally no action is taken and authorities wait for the riots. It is only thereafter that police move in for action and curfew is clamped to control the situation. During curfew arrests are made for violations.

For the last ten years Ramanambhoomi-Babri Masjid issue is a major root of communal disharmony. Muslims and Hindus are face to face with each other on this issue. In the earlier the communal riots on this issue have taken many lives in Gujarat. Three bogies of a train in which Ramsevaks were returning from Ayodhya were burnt by a mob of 2000 Muslim fundamentalists at Godhra railway station. In which 58 persons were burnt alive. Suddenly in reaction of it, Hindus started burning the properties and men and women in different areas of Gujarat.

To begin with, therefore, the first thing is to have a fresh look at it and amend our approach accordingly. Foremost in the process thus is resolute toil on the part of government to protect the foundation pillar of the Indian state. We must tackle the situation wisely.

With fresh approach to the problem fresh measures are also to be taken to deal with it effectively. The measures would include suitable amendments in the existing applicable law, pertaining to apprehension of breach of peace and criminal conspiracy against the state and people of India. A new mechanism involving individuals and social organisations on different levels to watch vigil over the situation replacing existing local peace committees will have to be evolved to help the administrative machinery in taking preventive and follow-up action in cases of attempts and conspiracy of breach of communal harmony. This will lead our country to the path of glory.

20. The Role Of Opposition Parties in a Democracy

In a parliamentary system of government the party or the group of parties commanding majority forms the government and remains in power as long as it enjoys the confidence of popularly elected’ house. Regarding seating arrangement, the house is divided into two wings. On the right-hand side of the speaker the ruling party or the parites are allotted seats and in parliamentary terminology these are called as treasury benches. While on the left hand side of the speaker, the opposition party members or parties are allotted seats. Parties and group on either side have their own elected leaders. The Prime Minister is also the leader of the House while the leader of the largest opposition party enjoys the status of the leader of opposition in the House. There is a prescribed procedure for this and they are accorded recognition of their status by the Speaker as per rule and regulations and establishment norms in respect thereof .”The government is free to determine the policies and programmes and make decision, so long as it retains power that is again subject to the approval of the House in a prescribed manner.

The opposition parties play very significant role in a democracy as representatives of the people who have returned them to the House to safeguard their interests. With this view, they criticise government in case the later ignore them or conceal facts and they resort to protestation in the House and at the public level. It counts very much for awareness among the people over the specific issues of national importance and raises levels of political consciousness among them.

Most impressive and dominant role of the opposition in a democracy is that of a ‘watch dog’ of the system. In such countries where there is a two-party system in vogue, the opposition party forms a ‘shadow cabinet’ to exercise vigil over the performance of the government. This is truer in case of United Kingdom. Two-party system is also in vogue in United States of America. Since there is no parliamentary system of government, the opposition party in the House of Representatives of the US Congress (the lower House of the Parliament) forms as many committees as the ruling party does and present their views over the policies and performance of the US administration in National and International. Affairs before the official committeesoint committees are also formed on important subjects or issues.

In countries where there is multiparty system in vogue including, India, the opposition parties try to cooperate among Mhemselves over particular issues. Arbitrary and despotic behavior of the government is checked by the opposition parties demanding information and debate in the House.” It is the opposition in the Parliament that has a very important hole of check and balance to play in the larger public interest and correct democratic practices.

Members of the opposition parties are also included in the advisory committees attached to the respective ministries. All the measures of the government connected with the respective ministries are discussed and finalized by them. Opposition plays a significant role in it through its recommendations.

Therefore, in shaping of the legislative measures, opposition has a say, or at least influences it. Still, if their recommendations are ignored, they have another chance when the bill is introduced in the House and debated.

Opposition in Parliament enjoys a good status and the members of the House have a privilege of raising such issues that are more relevant to the cause of public; more particularly when the government overlooks them or conceals the facts related to them. It is very clear, therefore, that the role of opposition parties is more vital to the healthy growth of democracy and in the larger public interest.

In extreme cases of confrontation, if the government is all powerful to crush the opposition, the later is potent enough to make a stir against the former and force them to exit by means of mass movement and agitation. Only then they can save democracy. Plato has rightly said, “The punishment of wise man who refuses to take part in the affairs of the government, is to live under the government is to live under the government of unwise men.”

Though the real role of the opposition parties is to appreciate the govt, in its progressive works and to oppose and control its negative role. But now the concept seems to have changed completely. Only to oppose the govt, has become their prominent role. It mars the progress of the nation.

21. Pollution: Need For Environmental Consciousness

The unsustainable life styles and consumption patterns of the industrialized countries have led to the worst environmental degradation. As far back as in 1992, Earth Summit at Rio deaniero highlighted the facts adding that poverty is the main setback in controlling and reforming of environmental pollution for the poor and developing countries. It called for a global partnership for environmental protection. Agenda 21 adopted at Reo deniers addressed the pressing problems of the day with over 2500 recommendations for action in social and economic areas, such as combating poverty, changing patterns of production and consumption, conserving and managing natural resources, protecting the atmosphere, oceans and biodiversity, preventing deforestation and protecting sustainable agriculture.

The major problems of the environment are recognised as global climatic change, ozone depletion, water and air pollutions, deforestation and resource, degradation. 23 billion tones of carbon dioxide is released in the air by burning fossil fuels causing Greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse gases are mainly contributed by the industrialized nations. By the middle of 21st century, earth’s temperature at present level of heat emission would go up by one to three degrees Celsius and the sea level would rise between 30 to 100 centimeters.

India has witnessed alarming environmental degradation in the last two decades. It is the sixth-largest and the second-fastest producer of Greenhouse gases. The key environmental pollutions related to industries in India are water pollution, soil erosion, ground water contamination and deforestation. Indian rivers are also suffering from high level of pollution due to enormous municipal wastes, industrial effluents and agricultural run-offs. According to expert findings, 70 percent of India’s surface water is severely polluted. As per government statement in 1992, 3/4 of the total waste water generation is due to municipal waste which is one half of the total pollution load.

Consequent to it, fresh water resources are depleting very fast and water-borne diseases are on the increase that account for 2/3rd of the total illness in India. Air pollution in India is the highest by vehicular sources to the extent of 64 percent, by thermal power 16 percent, by industry 13 percent and by climatic sector 7 percent. The average level of suspended particular matter, in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi is very high and these are included in the list of 10 metropolitans of the world in respect thereof. These cities have reached critical level while Kanpur, Nagpur and Ahmedabad are hitting the same. Chennai is found moderate.

In respect of land pollution, it is disposal of solid and toxic municipal and industrial wastes. The per capita solid waste generation average in India is to the order of 360 to 400 gms per day. This waste counts for affliction of respiratory diseases.

In case of pollution control of environmental reform it is very important to note that a partnership of highly industrialized nations with the poverty stricken and developing countries is,a must for sustainable development. It implies the help of the farmer to the latter which includes transfer of latest non-pollution technology.

This has been the main stress in the Rio-Declaration. Inune 1997, Earth plus five summit was held in New York to review the programme adopted in ‘Agenda 21’. The conference concluded that the targets were not achieved—annual emission of carbon dioxide, blamed for global warming, continued to rise, fresh water scarcity remained, and depletion of forest cover was not being checked. In another conference, held in Japanese resort, Kyoto, in December 1997, to check global warming, participants agreed to meet binding targets between 2008 and 2012.

The steps to control pollution in India include environmental clearance for major industrial activities based to impact assessment before site selection. Introduction of unleaded petrol, low-sulphur diesel and higher emission norms throughout the country in a phased manner is the second significant step. Beside this, efforts are to be intensified further to control pollution in 22 industries in various towns and cities that are critically polluted. The industries are to comply with such emission and effluent standards as may be notified in a time-bound manner.

22. Forest and Human Life

Man is an important part of the biosphere. He has an intricate relationship with forests and trees. The biosphere and ecosystem are self-sustaining. Nature maintains a balance in land, water, air and all the living organisms in the world. Any imbalance in the tine biosphere is called environmental pollution.

The grand industrial development, the green revolution, the transport expansion, the rapid growth of cities and accidental management of natural resources have badly affected environmental balance. The pollution of air and water will soon reach a point when no place on the earth will remain safe. Due to large scale industrial and human settlements on grand scale many rivers have become gloomy and dark. The large scale industrial waters, and oil poured in the sea have started killing marine life.

Undoubtedly the modem technological development has been the main cause of polluting our air, ocean and rivers etc. It is a matter of great importance that our rivers are becoming dark. Fishes are rotting on the sea shores. Trees are withering and cities are filled with foul air. Toxic chemicals are finding their way into our food. When the normal composition of air is changed, air becomes polluted.

The main causes of air pollutions are

1. combustion,
2. manufacturing processes,
3. agriculture activities,
4. use of solvent and
5. nuclear energy programs.

Combustion can be described in three types—
(i) Fuel-burning, transportation and refuse burning. All these three kinds of combustion release several types of gases. These gases pollute air. They also cause pollution. Chemical plants, metallurgical plants and plants for waste recovery come under this category. The polluted things released from these processes make the air unfit for human consumption. Agriculture activities are another source of air pollution. The use of chemical fertilizers and manures and burning of field waste pollute the atmospherical air.

Several types of solvents are used in spray-painting, polishing of furniture, dyeing, printing and dry cleaning. The solvents produce hydrocarbons which pollute air.

Various measures may be adopted to control pollution To trap smoke particles chambers should be made. Lofty smoke stakes should be built. Gases should be discharged through exhaust pipes higher in the air. Chemical industries should not be allowed to be set up on the banks of rivers. Waste materials should be subjected to anti-pollution treatment.

In view of the great danger to mankind, many countries in the world have passed laws to prevent pollution. But it has been seen that anti-pollution laws are not being obeyed everywhere.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 1 Sounds in English

1.1 Sounds in English

See Workbook Page-2

Exercises

A. The vowel sounds in English

See Workbook Page-2

Question 1.
Listen and repeat the following words in pairs.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 2.
Listen and repeat the following words in triplets and pairs.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 3.
Listen and repeat the given words in pairs.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 4.
Listen and repeat the following words in pairs:

Answer:
For self attempt

B. The Consonant Sounds.

See Workbook Page-3

Exercises

Question 1.
Listen and repeat the following words in pairs:

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 2.
Given below are words which have different sounds. Listen carefully and repeat them.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 3.
Repeat the following more than once. These are tongue twisters that will help you in making your pronunciation better.
1. Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry
2. Mr. Smith’s fish sauce shop
3. Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.
4. Fat frogs flying past fast
5. Which-witch wished which wicked wish?

6. Swim, Swam, Swin!
Swan swam back again
Well swum, swan.

7. Once one was a race horse
two-two was one, too.
When one-one won one race
Two-Two won one too.

8. Betty Botter bought some butter.
But the butter was too bitter.
So Betty Botter bought some better butter
To make the bitter butter better.
Answer:
For self attempt

Reductions :

See Workbook Page-6

Exercises

Question 1.
Now read the following sentences aloud as instructed.
A- Which one you want? This one?
(pronounce ‘do’ reduced)
B : No.
A- Well, Which one you want?
(Pronounce ‘do’ strong)
B : one (Pronounce ‘that’ strong)
A : Which one?
B- The one I’m pointing to?
(Pronounce ‘that’ strong)
C- Why don’t you try rm stop? (reduced ‘to’)
D- I’ve tried rm (strong ‘to’)
E- I’m surprised find driving so difficult.
(reduced ‘you’)
F- Well, how did stop? (strong ‘you’)
When structure words begin with “h” e.g. her, his, him etc. the initial “h” often disappears.
Answer:
For self attempt

Question 2.
Practice saying the following without pronouncing “h”

1. Did ( )e go?
2. Give (f)im the pen.
3. Is (h)e there?
4. Leave (f)er alone.
5. When did (f)e go there?
6. Who did (f)e talk to?
7. Have you talked to (f)im yet?
8. Did you ask (f)im?
9. “What did (f)e say?
10. Did you ask (f)im who (f)e was with?

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 3.
Read aloud and learn these rhyming proverbs.

Haste makes waste.
Love many, trust few always paddle your own canoe.
If you snooze you lose.
A stitch in time saves nine.
Two in distress make trouble less.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Finders, keepers; losers, weepers.
Early to bed, early to rise makes a person healthy, wealthy and wise.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Trouble comes double.
A friend in words and not in deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
When money talks nobody walks.
When the cat’s away the mice will play
No pain no gain
Answer:
For self attempt

1.2 Word Stress

See Workbook Page-9

Exercises

Point out the number of syllables in the following words.
Take the help of a dictionary.

1. register – three
2. degree – two
3. vitamin – three
4. attempt – three
5. exercise – four
6. sudden – two
7. vocabulary – five
8. twelfth – three
9. gypsy – three
10. universal – three
11. exchange – three
12. bottle – two
13. collective – four
14. ask – two

Stress in words

See Workbook Page-9

Exercises

Question 1.
Look up a dictionary and mark the stress and pronounce the words aloud.
airport, ship wreck, selfish, appointment, economy, economical, beginning, aimless, exposure, introduce, introduction, celebrate development, beautiful, answer, careless, remember, credit, realize, realization, reply, waiting, lazy, laziness, perhaps.
Answer:
For self attempt

Question 2.
Mark the stress and pronounce the following words as nouns/ adjectives with accent on the first able and as verb with accent on the second syllable.

1. absent – accent
2. addict – conduct
3. content – contract
4. convict – decrease
5. desert – export
6. frequent – increase
7. perfect – present
8. record – import

Answer:
For self attempt

1.3 Intonation

See Workbook Pages-11-13

Exercises

Question 1.
Try and say the following utterances in a falling tone:

1. ‘Sit ‘down.
2. ‘Thanks.
3. ‘Tell him a ‘story.
4. ‘Do it ‘now.
5. It’s ‘nine.
6. ‘What are you ‘doing?
7. ’She is ’beautiful.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 2.
Try and say the following utterances in a rising tone :

1. ’What is his, name?
2. Good, morning.
3. ‘Are you, going?
4. ’When shall we, meet?
5. ‘Go and, do it.
6. ‘Will you answer the call?

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 3.
Listen carefully and mark each sentence with correct stress and intonation.

1. Don’t ask foolish questions.
2. What a marvelous idea!
3. Where are you going?
4. It’s impossible.
5. You must learn how to do it.
6. Place it on the table.
7. Wasn’t that gracious of him?
8. How extraordinary!
9. Take it back.
10. He is wearing a cap.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 4.
Listen carefully and mark each sentence with correct stress and intonation.

1. Good morning.
2. You are a scientist, aren’t you?
3. Is he present?
4. I can buy you the gift (if I get the money)
5. Put it on the desk.
6. Where can we meet?
7. Don’t disturb the child.
8. How old are you?
9. It was my mistake.
10. Pass the salt please!

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 5.
Listen carefully and mark with correct stress and intonation. (Combined tones.)

1. I think it’s quite clear, on the whole.
2. Will you be staying there for long?
3. What he meant by it, I can’t imagine.
4. He was right nevertheless.
5. I’d buy a new one, if I could afford it.

Answer:
For self attempt

Question 6.
Try to say these sentences in a falling rising tone.

1. You are slow (though I understand your point of view).
2. It’d be better to try (even if you don’t succeed).
3. I would love to go (If I can get the permission).
4. It is very short (we like tall shapes).
5. I like playing (but I don’t get the occasion).
6. I love knitting, (but I can’t sew).

Answer:
For self attempt

Verb with Prepositions

See Workbook Page-23-24

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. You must concentrate on your studies.
2. The teacher said. “Boys, listen to me”
3. I was marveled at his sense of humour.
4. The hakim cured him of his disease.
5. The workers are protesting against the cut in their wages.
6. I am waiting for your reply.
7. She invited me to dinner.
8. Don’t compare me with my brother.
9. Refrain him from taking any rash action.
10. We take pride of our heritage.

(b) Fill in the blanks in this story :

Shravan is an orphan who came to Delhi from his village in Bihar in search of work. His father kept a shop, but was tricked of it by a deceitful uncle. Despair drove him to alcohol and gambling, and he died of a stroke soon after.

Shravan worked in a tea shop in his village for a while. He moved for the more lucrative environs in Delhi, where his elder brother Gopal had preceded him. Following a brief spell of unemployment and a short shell as an assistant in a car park, he joined a tea shop.

c) Put an appropriate preposition after the verb in each sentence.
Then use your own ideas to complete each sentence. One is done for you.

1. I broke her glasses and she made me pay
2. I am excited because I am going to play
3. He was not paying attention and crashed
4. I have to stay home tonight and prepare
5. All the furniture in the room belongs
6. Whether or not we go out depends
7. There was so much noise that I could not concentrate rm
8. In my opinion, an ideal breakfast consists of
9. It was an awful hotel and we complained
10. We only had one sandwich, so it was divided

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 3 Reading

3.1 Passages-1

See Workbook Page-119

Exercises

Read the following passages carefully and answer the question given below each passage :

A. Answer these questions :

1. Why did the man wander all over the world?
   Man wandered all over the world in search of riches.
2. What and where did he find what he wanted?
   He found precious stones in the backyerd of his house.
3. What principle should one follow to maintain peace of mind? To maintain peace of mind those must be minimum distance between one another to avoid provocation and yet not so much distance as to experience a feeling a cold isolation.
4. List the best things of life which are free.
   Beauties of nature and of the animal kingdom sunrise and sunset and some of the best things of life which are free.
5. Give a suitable, title to the above passage.
   Life’s Glory

B. (i) Pick out the words from the passage that mean the same as :

• unimportant vain
• unreasonable dislikes or preferences for a person-or a group prejudice
• rewards bounties
• rich affluent

(ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable words :

• For peace of mind it is necessary to be physically mentally and spiritually well tuned.
• Petty irritations, prejudices and ideas should not’dog the mind.

Passage 2

See Workbook Page-120-121

An Answer these questions :

1. Why did India lose her glory?
   The never-ending onslaught of invasions and infishting led India lose her glory.
2. How has the country been transformed during the last 50 years?
   The country has been transformed from being servivors to thought leaders.
3. What kind of growth does the author envisage for the country?
   The author envisages the balanced inclusive growth rather than a skewed development.
4. What are our policy makers emphasizing on for economic growth?
   Our policy makes are emphasizing agriculture and rural development along side information technology and biotechnology and other high tech sectors.
5. What is needed to sustain growth in the economy? Generating knowledge and managing it effectively is needed to sustain growth in the economy.
6. Why does the author say “Economic development by itself means’ nothing”?
   Because more than that India needs to invest and commit to social responsibility and cultural development which will contribute to a larger picture.
7. What is meant by “surviving community” in the passage? It means the people of India.
8. Give a suitable title to the passage.
   India and its prospects.

(B) Find out words or phrases in the passage which mean :

• Development directed towards a particular group in a way that may. not be fair Skewed
• Making use of an opportunity to get an advantage for oneself Survive
• Start to do something new or difficult Embark
• Provide enough of what is needed to survive or exist contribute

Passage-3

See Workbook Page-122-123

A. Give brief answers to the following questions :

1. What should be the relationship between means and end? Means justifies the end.
2. What is the secret of success?
   The secret of success in to pay much attention to the means as _ to the end.
3. Who is more blessed, the giver or the receiver or both? Both are equally blessed.
4. Why should we be thankful to God?
   Because we have been allowed to exercise our power of benevolence and mercy in the world and thus become pure and perfect.
5. What is the ultimate result of all actions?
   Finally truth presents over falsehood and good prevails over evil.
6. What is the ideal condition of human life?
   Doing good or being good is the ideal condition of human life.
7. Who can serve humanity in the best possible manner? One who works is a selfless manner without notice or desire for name fame or wealth can serve humanity in the best possible manner.
8. How would you characterize a great man if he makes ’sacrifices for his own good?
   He is a selfish and mean fellow.
9. What is the impact of the great deeds performed by great men?
   Mankind gets benefited from it.
10. Give a suitable title to the above passage.
    Virtue of humanity.

B. i. Make sentences with the following words in the context of their meaning in the passage :
Means, end, key, blessed, renounce Means-He has no proper means to live a happy life. End-The end of an evil way is always tragic. Key-Honesty is the key feature of his personality. Blessed-God has blessed us with all super characteristics. Renounce-We must renounce the good virtues.

ii. Locate the synonyms of the following words in the passage :
Kindnesses, untruth, accepted, recollect, recipient, incidents Benevolence, foul, adopted, Senitinze, Benefited, Events.

iii. Locate the antonyms of the followings words in the passage:
evil, failures, malevolence, locally, forget, Good, Rewards, Benevolence, universally withhold.

iv. Find the odd words in the following groups of words:

• success, achievement, acquisition, rspkmgj turmoil
• means, resources, income unwell
• doing, performing, pcj vgle argle relaxing
• own, jgcl private, personal alien.

Passage-4

See Workbook Page-124-125

A. Answer these question :

1. How did the young girl react to the admiration of the relatives? She become even more boastful.
2. How did the young girl’s heart differ from that of the woman?
   The young girl’s heart was pretty but not a beautiful one as that of the woman.
3. Why did the old woman say that the young girl’s heart was pretty but not beautiful?
   The old woman said this because she had sacrificed her life for others.
4. What did the open wounds on the old woman’s heart signify? The open wounds signified that people couldn’t give her a piece ‘ of their heart in return of her sacrifice.
5. How did the girl make her own heart beautiful?
   She cut a piece of her heart and filled up one of the empty spaces of the old woman’s heart.

B. Give one word each for the following from the passage.

1. The feeling of liking or loving admiring
2. To change the shape, appearance or sound distort
3. The act of giving up sacrifice
4. To keep a pleasant feeling in mind for a long time memoir.
5. Become aware of a fact or situation realize

C. Complete the following forms :

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
Beauty	beautify	beautiful	beautifully
Representation	represent	representative	……….
Strength	………	strong	Strongly
Love	love	lovable	lovingly
Realization	realize	realized	……….

Passage-5

See Workbook Page -126 -127

A. Answer the Questions :

1. Why does the author call India as “many countries rolled into one?”
Because it provides an infinite variety in every sphere of life.
2. What, according to the author, is the serious problem India is facing at present?
The division of people on the lines of caste and religion and popula¬tion explosion are the serious problems India is facing at present.
3. What stimulates thinkers and sociologists to write about India? The contrasts, contradictions, and ironies in Indian society stimulate them to write about India.
4. Our young men and women writers are moving to western countries because-

• They find those countries interesting.
• They find better prospects there.
• They find a lot of subjects to write there.
• They don’t want to stay in India.

5. What sort of India does the author dream of?
He dreams of a casteless secular society and adequate space for trees to flourish.
6. What made India less clean after seventies?
The implanned industrialization and continuous discharge of wastes in the rivers have made India less deam after serventies.
7. What attracted Western philosopheres to India?
The intellectual atmosphere of India had attracted philsophers to India. They came here in search of spiritual knowledged.
8. What, according to the author, is the most striking feature of India?
Its warmth and fellow feeling that people have for one another Is, the most striking feature of India.
9. Give a suitable title to the passage.
India’s Glory,

B. Find out the words in the passage, which mean the following:

1. Left in its original condition pristine
2. A description that makes something larger, better, worse or more important than it really is exaggeration
3. An aggressive and unreasonable belief that your caste or religion is better than others mind-blowing
4. Make somebody interested and excited about something fascinate

Passage-6

See Workbook Page-128-129

A. Encircle the correct spellings of the following words :

1. advicor, advisar, advisir, btgqcp
2. dmpk jjw. formelly, formaly, farmally
3. pleij, njcbec. plej, plege
4. setilite, satelite, q rcjjgrc satilite

B. Fill in the blanks with one word each :

1. Dr. Kalam taught Just for a year at Annamalai University.
2. The largest gathering Dr.Kalam addressed was 50,000 students in Adichunchanagiri, Karnataka.
3. Dr. Kalam has set out with the task of Teaching with a million students.
4. Dr. Kalam especially interacts with students belonging to the underprivileged sections of the society.
5. Dr. Kalam makes children pledge to achieve global peace.
6. ‘Penguin India’ says that Dr. Kalam’s books are runaway bestsellers.
7. Dr. Kalam wants that the textbooks should be relevant to the 21st century.
8. Dr. Kalam sharply focuses on the utility of education and its developmental values.
9. The translations of Dr. Kalam’s books in regional languages .have brisk sales.
10. Dr. Kalam’s gift to Africa was a satellite, which would link 53 countries and provide distance education.

C. Find the words for the following meanings in the text :

1. to communicate with somebody while you work interact
2. to give attention to one particular subject focus
3. an important moral, social or political idea target
4. a serious promise pledge
5. usefulness utility

D. On the basis of your reading the passage answer the following questions :

1. What task did Dr. Kalam take-up after his retirement as Chief Scientific Adviser to the government of India?
   Dr. Kalam took up the task of interesting with a millions of students.
2. Students from which sections of the society does Dr. Kalam especially address?
   Dr. Kalam especially addresses the students from under priviledges sections of the society.
3. What is the ambition towards which Dr. Kalam wants students to work?
   Dr. Kalam wants student to work towards the ambition to achieve glabol peace.
4. Who does Dr. Kalam admire as a universal teacher?
   Dr. Kalam admires St. Augustine as a universal teacher.
5. What is the opinion of Penguin India about Dr. Kalam’s books?
   Penguin India says that Dr. Kalam’s books are runaway bestsellers.
6. What does Dr. Kalam expect from educationists, Principals . and teachers?
   Dr. Kalam expects from them to produce books relevant to 21st- century to reach to the poor in slums and to adopt modern technology to teach children
7. What was the purpose of gifting a satellite to Africa? The purpose was to link 53 countries and provide distance education.
8. Give a suitable title to the passage.
   Dr. Kalam : A visionary Man.

Passage-7

See Workbook Page-131-132

A. On the basis of your reading the passage answer the following:

1. Which is the most important aspect of our constitution? Secularism is the most important aspect of our constitution.
2. What, according to the author, is secularism?
   Secularism, as per the author is the belief that one’s religion should not intrude in matters which are public or political unit.
3. How is equality spelt out in our constitution?
   In our country everyone enjoys the same equal constitutional right and privilege despite any difference of class, caste, religion or anything else.
4. How can we achieve the objective of a secular state?
   We ought to have secular spirit and secular outlook in order to promote secularism
5. What, according to the author, is true religion?
   True religion is that when you are dealing with public affairs with civic matters and with questions of policy, your approach should be as an Indian and not as a member of a particular community.
6. Why did the author’s friend say “there were so few Indians in this country?
   Because he was too harsh in his criticism.

B. Look for words or phrases in the test which are similar in meaning to the expressions given below :

1. an area of a city where many people of the same race or religion liVe, separately from the rest of the population ghettos
2. not connected with spiritual or religious matters secular
3. connected with the people living in towns or cities intimate
4. without considering some or being influenced by it irrespective.

Passage-8

See Workbook Fase-133-134

A. On the basis of your reading the passage, answer the following questions:

1. What did the man, carrying the cattle, expect to get by sacrificing the cattle?
   The man would be blessed with a sqn by sacrificing the cattle.
2. Who was the man to question the man,taking the cattle to sacrifice?
   Swami Dayanand was the man to question the man taking the cattle to sacrifice.
3. What did Swami Dayanand begin after acquiring the knowledge contained in the Vedas?
   Swarjti Dayanand began his erusade against-those who were fooling the illiterate masses in the name of religion, What was the orthodox view regarding the study of the Vedas ’ before Swami
4. Dayanand discovered the knowledge of Vedas? The orthodox view was that the study of the vedas by women and the debts was not allowed.
5. What was the condition of women before Swami Dayanad revealed the true knowledge of the Vedas?
   The condition of women was deplorable. They were not given any right to education or public life.

B. Given below are the meanings of some words in the text. Find those words.

1. to forbid or prevent prohibit.
2. in the way of a straight line passing through a circle diamerically.
3. exceeding bad deplorable.
4. fundamental truth or personal code of conduct Scriptures
5. to go beyond the range of human experience transcend
6. lofty or noble tutelage
7. following the tradition in the matters of life, religion and morals crusade.
8. religious songs in praise of God hymns.

C. Say whether the following statements are true or false :

1. Dayanand Saraswati invented the Vedas. false
2. The guru of the man, carrying the cattle, was a scholar of
   the Vedas. false
3. Dayanand Saraswati taught Vedas to Swami Virjanand. false
4. The Vedas prohibit their study to women and dalits. false
5. The Vedas permit equal status to all irrespective of caste, faith or geography. True

Passage-9

See Workbook Page-135-136

A. On the basis of your reading the passage, answer the following questions :

1. When were the first modern Olympic Games held.?
   The first modern Olympic games were held 15,000 years ago.
2. Who pioneered the idea of modem Olympic Games?
   Baron Pierrede coubertin pioneered the idea of modern Olympic Games.
3. Who was persuaded to fund first modem Olympic Games? George Averoff a wealthy Greek philanthropist was persuaded to fund it.
4. Which stadium was repaired to host the first Onympic Games? What was its capacity?
   The Pan-Athenaic stadium of Herodis was repaired to host the first Olympic games. Its capacity was 70,000 spectators.
5. When did Greece become independent from Turkey? Greece become independent from Tukey on April 16, 1822.
6. How many nations particpated in the first modern Olympic Games?
   13 nations particpated in the first modern Olympic games.
7. Where and when was a congress of nations convened to organize the first modern Olympics?
   A congress of nations was convened in 1894 at sorbanne is paris to organize the first modern Olympics.
8. Why did the first modern Olympic Games have periods of sheer farce.?
   Because theme was no considesable achievenment now were the participants well equipped.

B. Look for the words or phrases in the text, similar in meaning to the expressions given below :

1. an event so badly organized that it becomes ridiculous force
2. the fact of being more interested in money than in the quality of things dapper
3. a person who takes part in sports or other activities for enjoyment, not as a job or career amateur
4. a date that is exact number of years after the date of an important event anniversary

Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B as used in the text.

Column A – Column B

1. epic – (a) currency of Greece
2. commemorative – (b) a Sunday in March/April when Christians remember the death of Christ and his return to life.
3. track – (c) honouring an important person or remembering an event in the past
4. Drachmas – (d) very great and impressive
5. Easter – (e) a piece of ground with a special surface for running.
6. Philanthropist – (f) a rich person who helps’ by donating money.

Answer :
1 (c), 2. (d), 3. (e), 4. (a) 5. (b), 6. (f)

Passage-10

See Workbook Page-137

A. On the basis of your reading the passage answer these questions :

1. How did Vishwanath Dutt provide for his family? Vishwanath Dutt commanded a very good practice and prodigally spent all that he earned to surround his wife and children with every kind of comfort and luxury.
2. What qualities does the author attribute to Swami Vivekanand as a child?
   Swami Vivekanand was extremely naughty child yet very loving and devoted.
3. Give some examples to prove that Narendranath was generous. Narendranath gave whatever he had be it a dhotitor a gold ornament-to wandering Sadhus.
4. What was Narendranath’s favourite pastime in this childhood?
   Narendranath’s favourite pastime was to worship the clay images of Rama and Krishna, Shiva and Kali.
5. Which God did he like in the beginning? Which God became his favourite later on and why?
   In the beginning Rama was his favourite but later he was replaced by Shiva.
6. Which sentence in the passage proves that Narendranath believed in palmistry?
   Narendranath used to ask his friends “See this line of my palm”

B. Find out the words in the passage which have the following meanings :

1. extravagantly – prodigally
2. feeling of ease – comfort
3. of religious worship – ascetic
4. God or Goddess – deify
5. a thing experienced in mind and not in reality – imagination

C. Say whether the following statements are true or false :

1. Swami Vivekanand’s father was not a rich man. – false
2. Narendranath was headstrong in his childhood. – false
3. He disliked sadhus. – false
4. He was extremely generous. – true

3.2 Poems-1

Read the poems given below and answer the questions:

A. Answer these Questions

1. What lines in the poem show the poet’s sensitiveness towards the feeling of frogs?
   The Lines are—”Be kind and tender to the frog”/”No animal will more repay”
2. Pick four names from the poem that describe the frog and write the explanation pointing out why the poet says that we should not call the frog by these names.
   The names are “Slimy Skin”, “Polly wog”, “ugly James”, “gap a grin “, The poet says so because there names show insensitiveness and harshness.
3. Why does the poet say that the frog will repay more than any other animal and how does he do this?
   Because he finds the frog justly sensitive.
4. According to the poet what type of people are extremely rare? The people who keep a frog are extremely rare.
5. What qualities of frogs are most appealing to you and why? Write at least two.
   Its colour and its jump appeal me for they are very funny but attractive.

B. Use the Following expression in sentences of your own:

1. be kind We should be kind to all animals.
2. tended have a tender feeling for small birds.
3. justly sensitive He is justly sensitive to dogs.
4. kind and fair Be kind and fair in your treatment with animals.

Poem 2

See Workbook Page-140-141

A. On the basis of your reading the poem answer these question

1. In the first stanza of the poem there are two asides. What do they refer to?
   They refer to a garden full of flowers and a mango tree laden with richness of fruit. One dry out before they bloom while the other were eaten up by parasite long ago.
2. The poet describes flowers is the first two stanzas. Write about the flower mentioned there in. Why does the poet refer to them as ‘crossbred sweetpeas’ and ‘grafted roses’? The flowers dry up before they bloom. They cluster together patches of colours splashed all over, They are crossbred sweetpeas and grafted roses.
3. What does the poet say about the fruit tree?
   The bark of the mango tree is peeled. One a few remain. Sun shines through the Layers of the tree.
4. What are the things that the poet can see from his backyard window?
   The poet can see a garden of flowers and a mango tree laden with fruits.

B. Explain the following two expressions:

1. man made fetters on God made land fetters are men made artificial while land is god gifted man makes alterations
2. The temptation of killing time in sight seeing.
   As nature has provided a lot of beautiful sights for us to enjoy we can’t resist our temptation for sight seeing.

C. Note the use of words.’web’ and ‘water’ as verbs in the following lines:
‘Spider web over thorny bushes’ ‘who waters it all’
Now write sentences using following words as verbs and nouns: people, dust, stare, gutter

1. People (V) The auditorium was peopled by men from all over the world.
   People (N) We are proud to be people of India
2. Dust : (V) Dusting is necessary once a week.
   Dust : (N) Dust is the main course of allergy in big cities.
3. Stare (V) Don’t stare at me like this.
   Stare (N): His stare was very ferocious.
4. Gutter : (N) He has guttered all his old works.
   gutter : (N) most of the gutter are open in our town.

D. Write the central idea of the poem.
there the pot focuses on the ways how and what god has given to us and what do we do with them, man distorts the gifts of god, his own self. It makes the world troublesome

Poem 3

See Workbook Page-142-143

A. On the basis for your reading the poem answer the questions given below:

1. Who is “We” referred to in the first line of the poem? “We” refer to the palanquin bearers.
2. What is ‘palanquin’ compared to in the poem? Find at least four comparisons (Similies).
   Palanquin is compared with foam of stream, laughs from the lips of a dream a pearl on an string, brow of the tide.
3. The poetess says ‘ in the wind of our songs’ Here ‘winds’ and ‘song’ are compared without using the word like. Find four such expressions form the poem. Other such expressions are on the foam of a stream, the lips of a dream, in the dew of our song, on the brow of the tide.
4. Question No. 2 and 3 are based on two figures of speech Simile and Metaphor. Read the explanation for these and write two examples of each one.
   Simile: He fights like a tiger. I was hanging like a swing.
   Metaphor: He was a ball of fire with anger, our soldiers where hunger lions is the battlefield.

B. Use the following words in sentences of your own to bring out their meaning as used in the poem.
sway, skim, float, glide, hang, spring

1. Sway—My kite swayed in the air.
2. Skim—She skimmed in her bed.
3. Float—My boat was floating on water.
4. Glide—He won a medal for gliding.
5. Hang—Don’t hang like this on this beam.
6. Spring—The baby was springing on the bed of foam.

Poem 4

See Workbook Page-145

A. Now on the basis of your reading the poem answer the questions:

1. What are the cloths of heaven referred to by the poet? The night and light and the half light are referred to as the cloths of heaven.
2. What does golden and silver light refer to?
   The golden and silver light refers the bright and dim light.
3. Why does the poet think that he is poor?
   Because he has no such cloths.
4. Why does the poet say ‘tread softly on’.?
   Because dreams are extremely tender.
5. What do you think are the poets dreams?
   The poets dreams are his wishes to comfort his beloved.

B. (i) Write sentences using the following words.
enwrought His clothes are enronght. with lightened pearls, enrich He was enriched by some hidden treasures, enthrall I was enthralled by my sons success, encourage Encourage your child always. engulf Our city was engulfed by a sudden flood, encircle The is always encircled by his psychophants.

(ii)find out the difference in the meaning of these pairs of words and use them in separate sentences:

• cloths/clothes
• breath/breathe
• teeth/teethe

1. cloths—These cloths are sold 50 Rs per metre.
clothes—My clothes are dirty now.
2. Breath—Hold yours breath for a few seconds.
Breathe—Now breathe easy.
3. Teeth—My front teeth were damaged.
Teethe—Teethe them out.

Poem 5

See Workbook Page-146-147

A. Now on the basis of your reading the poem answer the question that follow:

1. What ‘baby show’ is the poet referring to?
   ‘Baby show’ refers to the kittens of a cat.
2. How is the fall to leaves described?
   Withered leaves fall one by one from the old lofty fifty tree.
3. Write out the stages of die kitten’s movement as described by the poet. The cat crouches, stretches and paws and darts. It attacks is prey like a tiger. I work hard. It shout and stare. It is playful and enjoys all happiness.

B. (i) Explain the following expressions in your own words.

• Tiger leap tiger leap indicates the cat’s attack on its prey like a tiger.
• Indian conjuror It indicates the India labour
• feats of Art variety of action.
• standers-by one who works
• Withered leaves the leaves that are faded anyway.

(ii) For which words does the poet use the phrases given below and why?
lofty elder, calm and frost, bright and fair.

• lofty elder — trees,
• calm and first — air
• bright and fair — morning

Poem 6

See Workbook Page-148-149

A. One the basis of your reading the poem, answer the questions given below:
(a) Why does the poet call the poem ‘encroachment’?
Because sprig, twigs and eggs are spread inside his mailbox a bird has occupied it. So it is a case encroachment.
(b) Why does the bird encroach the mailbox?
Because its is not in regular case. Its is an abandoned place.
(c) Does the poet think that human beings are responsible for this encroachment? Support your answer by quoting the relevant lines from the poem.
A nos one drops or sends any message from anywhere to the poet the poet feels them responsible for this encroachment. The line is messages and letters from now where.
(i) The following words have been used as verbs by the poet. They can be used as nouns also, use them in sentences of your own as nouns.

• nest The bird has built nest in my courtyard.
• balance try to maintain a balance between your income and expenditure.
• wreck This wreck did our ship to an unknown island.
• nail His nails are very dirty.
• head he has a head injury.
• encounter A dreaded animal” was killed in this encounter.

(ii) Choose the words from the poem that match with the.meanings given below:
search for groping graceless incongnious.
vague Clumsy displeasure Annoyed

(iii) The poet says ‘balancing in its yellow beak’. The word yellow describes the word beak. Can you find some more phrases like this from the poem, incongnious nest, Slender sticks, heavy showers escaped prosecution, slow prosecution.

C. Read the poem and fill in the gaps to bring out the central idea of the poem.
Answer:
The poet was groping in the mailbox. He found some sprig twigs and eggs. He was annoyed at this and cleared it all. Later in the day there was a maina in the garden and the poet saw the bird trying to rebuild the nest. This conveyed’ the message that we have encroached the habital of birds leaving for them to nest except in wooden mailboxes.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Physics Solutions Chapter 5 गति के नियम

गति के नियम अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 5.1.
निम्नलिखित पर कार्यरत नेट बल का परिमाण व उसकी दिशा लिखिए:

1. एकसमान चाल से नीचे गिरती वर्षा की कोई बूँद।
2. जल में तैरता 10 g संहति का कोई कार्क।
3. कुशलता से आकाश में स्थिर रोकी गई कोई पतंग।
4. 30 km h^-1 के एकसमान वेग से ऊबड़ – खाबड़ सड़क पर गतिशील कोई कार।
5. सभी गुरुत्वीय पिण्डों से दूर तथा वैद्युत और चुंबकीय क्षेत्रों से मुक्त, अंतरिक्ष में तीव्र चाल वाला इलेक्ट्रॉन।

उत्तर:

1. न्यूटन के प्रथम नियमानुसार कोई नेट बल नहीं लगता है।
2. न्यूटन के प्रथम नियमानुसार कोई नेट बल नहीं लगता है।
3. न्यूटन के प्रथम नियमानुसार कोई नेट बल नहीं लगता है।
4. न्यूटन के प्रथम नियमानुसार कोई नेट बल नहीं लगता है।
5. चूँकि यह वैद्युत चुम्बकीय एवम् गुरुत्वीय बल उत्पन्न करने वाली भौतिक एजेंसियों से काफी दूर है। अत: कोई बल कार्य नहीं करता है।

प्रश्न 5.2.
0.05 kg संहति का कोई कंकड़ ऊर्ध्वाधर ऊपर फेंका गया है। नीचे दी गई प्रत्येक परिस्थिति में कंकड़ पर लग रहे नेट बल का परिमाण व उसकी दिशा लिखिए:

1. उपरिमुखी गति के समय।
2. अधोमुखी गति के समय।
3. उच्चतम बिंदु पर जहाँ क्षण भर के लिए यह विराम में रहता है। यदि कंकड़ को क्षैतिज दिशा से 45° कोण पर फेंका – जाए, तो क्या आपके उत्तर में कोई परिवर्तन होगा? वायु – प्रतिरोध को उपेक्षणीय मानिए।

उत्तर:
चूँकि उपरोक्त तीनों स्थितियों में, वायु के प्रभाव को नगण्य मानते हुए कंकड़ पर केवल एक ही बल (गुरुत्व बल) 0.5 न्यूटन ऊर्ध्वाधरतः, अधोमुखी लगता है यदि कंकड़ की गति ऊर्ध्वाधर की ओर नहीं है तब भी उत्तर अपरिवर्तित रहता है। कंकड़ उच्चतम बिन्दु पर विराम में नहीं है। इसकी समस्त गति की अवधि में इस पर वेग का एकसमान क्षैतिज घटक कार्यरत रहता है।

प्रश्न 5.3.
0.1 kg संहति के पत्थर पर कार्यरत नेट बल का परिमाण व उसकी दिशा निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में ज्ञात कीजिए:

1. पत्थर को स्थिर रेलगाड़ी की खिड़की से गिराने के तुरन्त पश्चात्।
2. पत्थर को 36 km h^-1 के एकसमान वेग से गतिशील किसी रेलगाड़ी की खिड़की से गिराने के तुरन्त पश्चात्।
3. पत्थर को 1ms^-2 के त्वरण से गतिशील किसी रेलगाड़ी की खिड़की से गिराने के तुरंत पश्चात्।
4. पत्थर 1 ms^-2 के त्वरण से गतिशील किसी रेलगाड़ी के फर्श पर पड़ा है तथा वह रेलगाड़ी के सापेक्ष विराम में है। उपरोक्त सभी स्थितियों में वायु का प्रतिरोध उपेक्षणीय मानिए।

उत्तर:

1. स्थिर रेलगाड़ी की खिड़की से गिराने पर, पत्थर पर एक मात्र बल उसका भार नीचे की ओर कार्य करेगा। पत्थर पर बल (mg) = 0.1 x 10 = 1 न्यूटन नीचे की ओर।
2. इस स्थिति में गाड़ी से गिराने के पश्चात् गाड़ी की गति का उस पर कार्य करने वाले बल पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होगा तथा पत्थर पर बल उसका भार नीचे की ओर कार्य करेगा। अतः पत्थर बल पर = 1 न्यूटन नीचे की ओर।
3. इस स्थिति में (b) के समान बल नीचे की ओर कार्य करेगा।
4. पत्थर रेलगाड़ी के सापेक्ष विरामावस्था में है।

∴ पत्थर पर त्वरण = रेलगाड़ी का त्वरण = 1 मीटर/सेकण्ड
∴ पत्थर पर गाड़ी की त्वरित गति के कारण नेट बल।
F = ma = 0.1 x 1 = 0.1 न्यूटन क्षैतिज दिशा में।

प्रश्न 5.4.
l लंबाई की एक डोरी का एक सिरा m संहति के किसी कण से तथा दूसरा सिरा चिकनी क्षैतिज मेज पर लगी खूटी से बँधा है। यदि कण ” चाल से वृत्त में गति करता है तो कण पर (केंद्र की ओर निर्देशित) नेट बल है:

1. T
2. T – \(\frac { mv^{ 2 } }{ l }\)
3. T + \(\frac { mv^{ 2 } }{ l }\)
4. 0

T डोरी में तनाव है। (सही विकल्प चुनिए)
उत्तर:
विकल्प

1. सही है।

प्रश्न 5.5.
15 ms^-1 की आरंभिक चाल से गतिशील 20 kg संहति के किसी पिण्ड पर 50 N का स्थाई मंदन बल आरोपित किया गया है। पिण्ड को रुकने में कितना समय लगेगा?
उत्तर:
दिया है:
u = 15 मीटर/सेकण्ड,
m = 20 किग्रा, मंदन बल,
F = 50 न्यूटन,
v = 0, समय (t) = ?
गति के द्वितीय नियम से,
a = \(\frac{F}{M}\) = \(\frac{50}{20}\) = 2.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
सूत्र, v = u + at से,
0 = 15 + ( – 2.5) x t
∴t = \(\frac{15}{2.5}\)
= 6 सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.6.
3.0 kg संहति के किसी पिण्ड पर आरोपित कोई बल 25 s में उसकी चाल को 2.0 ms^-1 से 3.5 ms^-1 कर देता है। पिण्ड की गति की दिशा अपरिवर्तित रहती है। बल का परिमाण व दिशा क्या है?
उत्तर:
दिया है:
m = 3 किग्रा,
µ = 2 मीटर/सेकण्ड,
t = 25 सेकण्ड,
v = 3.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड, बल का परिणाम
F = ?, बल की दिशा = ?
न्यूटन के गति विषयक द्वितीय नियम से,
पिण्ड पर लगा बल, F = संवेग परिवर्तन की दर
\(\frac{mv – mu}{t}\) = \(\frac{m(v – u)}{t}\)
= \(\frac{3(3.5 – 2)}{25}\) = \(\frac{3 x 1.5}{25}\)
= 1.8 न्यूटन
बल पिण्ड की गति की दिशा में ही लगेगा।

प्रश्न 5.7.
5.0 kg संहति के किसी पिण्ड पर 8 N व 6 N के दो लंबवत् बल आरोपित हैं। पिण्ड के त्वरण का परिमाण व दिशा ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है: m =5 किग्रा,

F1 = 8 न्यूटन
F2 = 6 न्यूटन
त्वरण = ?, त्वरण की दिशा = ?
बलों के समान्तर चतुर्भुज नियम से,
पिण्ड पर लगने वाला परिणामी बल,
F = \(\sqrt { F_{ 1 }+F_{ 2 } } \)
= \(\sqrt { 8^{ 2 }\quad +\quad 6^{ 2 }\quad } \)
=10 न्यूटन
परिणामी बल द्वारा F, से बना कोण,
θ = tan^-1 \(\frac { F^{ 2 } }{ F_{ 1 } }\)
= tan^-1 \(\frac{6}{8}\)
= 37°
पिण्ड पर त्वरण,
a = \(\frac{F}{M}\) = \(\frac{10}{5}\)
= 2 मीटर/सेकण्ड²

प्रश्न 5.8.
36 km h^-1 की चाल से गतिमान किसी ऑटो रिक्शा का चालक सड़क के बीच एक बच्चे को खड़ा देखकर अपने वाहन को ठीक 4.0s में रोककर उस बच्चे को बचा लेता है। यदि ऑटो रिक्शा बच्चे के ठीक निकट रुकता है, तो वाहन पर लगा औसत मंदन बल क्या है? ऑटो रिक्शा तथा चालक की संहतियाँ क्रमशः 400 kg और 65 kg हैं।
उत्तर:
दिया है: ऑटो रिक्शा की प्रा० चाल, u = 36 किमी/घण्टा =10 मीटर/सेकण्ड
ऑटो रिक्शा की अन्तिम चाल v = 0, t = 4 सेकण्ड औसत मंदन बल, F = ?
कुल द्रव्यमान = ऑटो रिक्शा का द्रव्यमान + चालक का द्रव्यमान
= 400 + 65 = 465 किग्रा
समी० u = y + at से,
θ = \(\frac{v – u}{t}\) = \(\frac{0 – 10}{4}\)
= -2.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
अतः मंदन बल, F = ma = 465 x 2.5
= 1.16 x 10³ 1.2 x 103 न्यूटन

प्रश्न 5.9.
20,000 kg उत्थापन संहति के किसी रॉकेट में 5 ms^-2 के आरंभिक त्वरण के साथ ऊपर की ओर स्फोट किया जाता है। स्फोट का आरंभिक प्रणोद (बल) परिकलित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है:
रॉकेट का द्रव्यमान, m = 20,000 किग्रा त्वरण, a = 5 मीटर/सेकण्ड2 माना रॉकेट पर ऊपर की ओर लगने वाला आरम्भिक प्रणोद F है।
यहाँ रॉकेट पर दो बल लगते हैं –

1. प्रणोद (F) ऊपर की ओर तथा
2. रॉकेट का भार (mg) नीचे की ओर

चूँकि रॉकेट ऊपर उठ रहा है। अतः रॉकेट पर ऊपर की ओर लगने वाला बल,
F₁ = F – mg, F₁ = ma
∴ ma = F – mg
∴ F = mg + ma
= m (g + a)
= 20,000 (10 + 5)
= 20,000 x 15
= 300,000 x 3 x 10⁵ न्यूटन।

प्रश्न 5.10.
उत्तर की ओर 10 ms^-1 की एकसमान आरंभिक चाल से गतिमान 0.40 kg mg संहति के किसी पिण्ड पर दक्षिण दिशा के अनुदिश 8.0 N का स्थाई बल 30 s के लिए आरोपित किया गया है। जिस क्षण बल आरोपित किया गया उसे t =0, तथा उस समय पिण्ड की स्थिति x = 0 लीजिए। t = – 5 s, 25 s, 100 s पर इस कण की स्थति क्या होगी?
उत्तर:
दिया है: प्रारम्भिक वेग, u = 10 मीटर/सेकण्ड, उत्तर दिशा की ओर
आरोपित बल F = 8 न्यूटन, दक्षिण की ओर
m = 0.4 किग्रा, t = 30 सेकण्ड
t = 0 तथा x = 0 पर बल आरोपित किया जाता है।
t = – 5 सेकण्ड पर,
चूँकि t = 0 से पूर्व पिण्ड पर कोई बल आरोपित नहीं था।
अतः इस समयान्तराल में पिण्ड एकसमान वेग से गतिशील होगा।
सूत्र x = x₀ + µ_x + \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 0 x ( – 5)²
= – 50 मीटर
अतः t = – 5 सेकण्ड पर, पिण्ड x = – 50 मीटर पर है।
t=25 सेकण्ड पर,
चूँकि t = 0 से t = 30 सेकण्ड तक पिण्ड पर बल आरोपित है। अतः पिण्ड त्वरित गति में होगा।
चूँकि बल की दिशा प्रारम्भिक वेग से विपरीत है अतः यह मंदन, उत्पन्न करेगा।
सूत्र F = ma से,
मंदन, a = \(\frac{F}{M}\) = \(\frac{8}{0.4}\) = 20 मीटर/सेकण्डर²
अतः (x)_{t = 25} = 0 + 10 x 25 x \(\frac{1}{2}\) (- 20) x (25)
= – 6000 मीटर = – 6 किमी पर है।
अतः t = 2.5 सेकण्ड पर, पिण्ड x = – 6 किमी पर है।
t = 100 सेकण्ड
x_t = 30 = 0 + 10 x 30 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) (-20) x 30²
= – 8700 मीटर
30 सेकण्ड पश्चात् वेग,
v = u + at = 10 + (-20) x 30
= – 590 मीटर/सेकण्ड
t = 30 सेकण्ड बाद F = 0 है। अतः t = 30 सेकण्ड बाद पिण्ड आगे के 70 सेकण्ड तक नियत चाल से चलेगा।
∴ S = vt = – 590 x 70 = – 41300 मीटर
∴t = 100 सेकण्ड पर,
x = (x)_t = 30 + x_t = 70
= – 8700 – 41300 = – 50000
= – 50 किमी।
अतः t = 100 सेकण्ड पर पिण्ड x = – 50 किमी पर है।

प्रश्न 5.11.
कोई ट्रक विरामावस्था से गति आरंभ करके 2.0 ms ^{– 2} के समान त्वरण से गतिशील रहता है। t = 10s पर, मीटर/सेकण्ड ट्रक के ऊपर खड़ा एक व्यक्ति धरती से 6 m की ऊँचाई से कोई पत्थर बाहर गिराता है। t = 11s पर, पत्थर का (a) वेग, तथा (b) त्वरण क्या है? (वायु का प्रतिरोध उपेक्षणीय मानिए।)
उत्तर:
दिया है:
u = 0, a = 2 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
सूत्र v = u + at से,
v_t = 10 = 0 + 2 x 10 = 20 मीटर/सेकण्ड (क्षैतिज दिशा में)

इसी समय व्यक्ति ट्रक पर पत्थर छोड़ता है।
पत्थर छोड़ने के पश्चात् ट्रक का त्वरण पत्थर पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं डालता है। लेकिन इस क्षण तक ट्रक तथा पत्थर का वेग समान होगा। इस दशा में पत्थर गुरुत्वीय त्वरण के अधीन मुक्त गति करेगा।
माना पत्थर बिन्दु P पर छोड़ते हैं। बिन्दु P से जाने वाली क्षैतिज एवम् ऊर्ध्वाधर रेखाओं को क्रमश: x व y – अक्ष माना, जबकि P मूल बिन्दु है।
∴u_x = 20 मीटर/सेकण्ड, a_x = 0
व u_y = 0, a_y = – g मीटर/सेकण्ड²
∴x – दिशा में वेग, त्वरण शून्य है। इस प्रकार 1 सेकड़ परचाथ क्ष दिशा मे वेग, u^x = 20 मीटर/सेकण्ड
∴पत्थर छोड़ने के 1 सेकण्ड बाद वेग,
v = \(\sqrt { u_{ x }^{ 2 }+u_{ y }^{ 2 } }\)
= \(\sqrt { 20^{ 2 }+10^{ 2 } }\)
= \(\sqrt { 500 }\)
= 22.3 मीटर/सेकण्ड
अत:
(a) गति प्रारम्भ के बाद t = 11 सेकण्ड पर पत्थर का वेग = 22.3 मीटर/सेकण्ड
(b) 11 सेकण्ड पर पत्थर का त्वरण, a = g =10 मीटर/सेकण्ड²

प्रश्न 5.12.
किसी कमरे की छत से 2m लंबी डोरी द्वारा 0.1 kg संहति के गोलक को लटकाकर दोलन आरंभ किए गए। अपनी माध्य स्थिति पर गोलक की चाल 1ms ^{– 1} है। गोलक का प्रक्षेप – पथ क्या होगा यदि डोरी को उस समय काट दिया जाता है जब गोलक अपनी –

1. चरम स्थितियों में से किसी एक पर है, तथा –
2. माध्य स्थिति पर है?

उत्तर:

1. चरम स्थिति पर गोलक की चाल शून्य है। अब डोरी काट दी जाए तब वह ऊर्ध्वाधर अधोमुखी गिरेगा।
2. माध्य स्थिति पर गोलक में क्षैतिज वेग होता है। जब डोरी काट दी जाए तब वह किसी परवलयिक पथ के अनुदिश गिरेगा।

प्रश्न 5.13.
किसी व्यक्ति की संहति 70 kg है। वह एक गतिमान लिफ्ट में तुला पर खड़ा है जो:

1. 10 ms ^{– 1} की एकसमान चाल से ऊपर जा रही है –
2. 5 ms ^{– 2} के एकसमान त्वरण से नीचे जा रही है –
3. 5 ms ^{– 2} के एकसमान त्वरण से ऊपर जा रही है तो प्रत्येक प्रकरण में तुला के पैमाने का पाठ्यांक क्या होगा?
4. यदि लिफ्ट की मशीन में खराबी आ जाए और वह गुरुत्वीय प्रभाव में मुक्त रूप से नीचे गिरे तो पाठ्यांक क्या होगा?

उत्तर:
दिया है: m=70 किग्रा

1.  चूँकि लिफ्ट एकसमान वेग से गतिमान है। अतः त्वरण a=0
तुला के पैमाने का पाठ्यांक,
R = mg = 70 x 9.8 = 686 न्यूटन

2. लिफ्ट का त्वरण, a = 5 मीटर/सेकण्ड² (नीचे की ओर)
∴तुला के पैमाने का पाठ्यांक,
R = m (g-a)
= 70 x (9.8 – 5) = 336 न्यूटन

3. लिफ्ट का त्वरण, a = 5 मीटर/सेकण्ड (ऊपर की ओर)
∴ तुला के पैमाने का पाठ्यांक,
R = m (g + a)
= 70 ( 9.8 + 5) = 1036 न्यूटन

4. चूँकि लिफ्ट गुरुत्वीय प्रभाव में मुक्त रूप से गिरती है।
∴ a = g
∴ तुला के पैमाने का पाठ्यांक,
R = m (g – a)
= 70 x 0 = 0

प्रश्न 5.14.
चित्र में 4 kg संहति के किसी पिण्ड का स्थिति – समय ग्राफ दर्शाया गया है।
(a) t < 0; t > 4s; 0
(b) t = 0 तथाt = 4s पर आवेग क्या है?

(केवल एकविमीय गति पर विचार कीजिए)
उत्तर:
(a) t < पर, स्थिति – समय (n – t) ग्राफ समय अक्ष के साथ सम्पाती है। अतः पिण्ड पर आरोपित बल शून्य है। t > 4 सेकण्ड के लिए, x – t ग्राफ समय अक्ष के समान्तर सरल रेखा है। अतः पिण्ड विरामावस्था में है तथा पिण्ड पर कार्यरत बल शून्य है।
0 < t < 4 सेकण्ड के लिए, x – t ग्राफ एक झुकी हुई सरल रेखा है अर्थात् इस काल में पिण्ड की मूल बिन्दु से दूरी नियत दर से लगातार बढ़ रही है अर्थात् इस दौरान नियत है व त्वरण शून्य है। अतः पिण्ड पर आरोपित बल शून्य है।

(b) t=0 से पहले पिण्ड का वेग v ₁ = 0
t = 0 के पश्चात् पिण्ड का वेग
V₂ = ग्राफ OA का ढाल
= \(\frac{3}{4}\) मीटर/सेकण्ड
अतः t = 0 पर, आवेग = संवेग परिवर्तन की दर
= mv₂ – mv₁
= 4 x \(\frac{3}{4}\) – 4 x 0
= 3 किग्रा मीटर/सेकण्ड
पुनः t = 4 सेकण्ड के ठीक पहले,
वेग v₁, = मीटर/सेकण्ड
t = 4 सेकण्ड के ठीक बाद, वेग v₂ = 0
∴t = 4 सेकण्ड दर, आवेग = संवेग परिवर्तन
= mv₂ – mv₁
= – 3 किग्रा मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.15.
किसी घर्षणरहित मेज पर रखे 10kg तथा 20kg के दो पिण्ड किसी पतली डोरी द्वारा आपस में जुड़े हैं। 600 N का कोई क्षैतिज बल।

1. A पर
2. B पर डोरी के अनुदिश लगाया जाता है। प्रत्येक स्थिति में डोरी में तनाव क्या है?

उत्तर:
दिया है: F = 600 न्यूटन

1. माना पिण्ड A पर बल आरोपित करने से दोनों पिण्ड त्वरण a, से चलना प्रारम्भ करते हैं एवम् डोरी में तनाव T है। पिण्ड A पर बल F आगे की ओर एवम् तनाव T पीछे की ओर लगेगा।
अतः इस पिण्ड पर नेट बल,
F = F – T
न्यूटन के गति विषयक द्वितीय नियम से,
F₁ = m₁a
∴m₁a = F – T
या 10a = 600 – T
पिण्ड B पर एकमात्र बल, डोरी का तनाव (T) आगे की ओर लगेगा।
∴ T = m₂ = 20a
समी० (2) से T का मान समी0 (1) में रखने पर,
10a = 600 – 20a
या 10a + 20a = 600
∴30a = 600
या a = \(\frac{600}{30}\) = 20 मी/सेकण्डर²
a का यह मान समी० (2) में रखने पर,
T = 20 x 20 = 400 न्यूटन

2. इस स्थिति में, पिण्ड B पर नेट बल F₂ = F₂ – T होगा।

F – T = m₂a
या 600 – T = 20a
पिण्ड A पर नेट बल T आगे की ओर होगा।
∴ T = m, a
= 10a
(4) समी० (4) से T का मान समी० (3) में रखने पर,
600 – 10a = 20a
∴ a = \(\frac{600}{30}\) = 20 मीटर/सेकण्डर²
600 = 20 मीटर/सेकण्ड
a का यह मान समी० (4) में रखने पर
T = 10 x 20
= 200 न्यूटन

प्रश्न 5.16.
8 kg तथा 12 kg के दो पिण्डों को किसी हल्की अवितान्य डोरी, जो घर्षणरहित घिरनी पर चढ़ी है, के दो सिरों से बाँधा गया है। पिण्डों को मुक्त छोड़ने पर उनके त्वरण तथा डोरी में तनाव ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
माना घर्षण रहित घिरनी पर हल्की अवितान्य डोरी से द्रव्यमान m₁ व m₂ लटकाएँ गए हैं।
∴ m₁ =8 किग्रा, m₂ = 12 किग्रा
माना डोरी में तनाव T व त्वरण a है। यह त्वरण m₂ पर नीचे की ओर तथा m₁ पर ऊपर की ओर है। m₂ की गति की समी० निम्न होगी
F = 12g -T (नीचे की ओर)
गति के नियम से,
F = m₂a = 12a

∴ 12g – T = 12a
इसी प्रकार m के लिए,
8g – T = – 8a.
∴ ‘समी० (2) को (1) में से घटाने पर,
4g = 20a
∴  a = \(\frac{4 x 10}{20}\)
= 2 मीटर/सेकण्डर²
∴ समी० (1) से डोरी में तनाव,
T = 12 (g – a) = 12 (10 – 2)
= 12 x 8 = 96 न्यूटन

प्रश्न 5.17.
प्रयोगशाला के निर्देश फ्रेम में कोई नाभिक विराम में है। यदि यह नाभिक दो छोटे नाभिकों में विघटित हो जाता है, तो यह दर्शाइए कि उत्पाद विपरीत दिशाओं में गति करने चाहिए।
उत्तर:
माना विरामावस्था में नाभिक का द्रव्यमान = m विरामावस्था में नाभिक का प्रा० वेग, \(\vec { u } \) = 0
माना विघटित नाभिकों के द्रव्यमान m₁ व m₂ तथा इनके वेग क्रमश: \(\vec { P_{ i } } \) व \(\vec { P_{ t } } \)  है।
माना विघटन से पूर्व तथा बाद में संवेग क्रमशः
\(\vec { P_{ i } } \) व  \(\vec { P_{ t } } \)

समीकरण (3) से स्पष्ट है कि \(\vec { V_{ 1 } } \) तथा \(\vec { V_{ 2 } } \) विपरीत दिशा में हैं। अतः विघटित नाभिक विपरीत दिशाओं में गति करेंगे।

प्रश्न 5.18.
दो बिलियर्ड गेंद जिनमें प्रत्येक की संहति 0.05 kg है, 6 ms^-1 की चाल से विपरीत दिशाओं में गति करती हुई संघट्ट करती हैं और संघट्ट के पश्चात् उसी चाल से वापस लौटती हैं। प्रत्येक गेंद पर दूसरी गेंद कितना आवेग लगाती है?
उत्तर:
गेंदों का द्रव्यमान m₁ = m₂ = 0.05 किग्रा
माना पहली गेंद धनात्मक दिशा में चलती है।
∴u₁ = 6 मीटर/से
v₁ = – 6 मीटर/सेकण्ड
u₂ = – 6 मीटर/सेकण्ड
v₂ = 6 मीटर/सेकण्ड
सूत्र आवेग = संवेग परिवर्तन से, पहली गेंद का दूसरी गेंद पर आवेग,
= m₁v₁ – m₁u₁
= 0.05 x (-6) – 0.05 x 6
= – 0.6 किग्रा मीटर/सेकण्ड
तथा दूसरी गेंद का पहली गेंद पर आवेगा,
=  m₂v₂ – m₂u₂
= 0.05 x (-6) – 0.05 x – 6
= 0.6 किग्रा मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.19.
100 kg संहति की किसी तोप द्वारा 0.020 kg का गोला दागा जाता है। यदि गोले की नालमुखी चाल 80 ms ^{– 1} है, तो तोप की प्रतिक्षेप चाल क्या है?
उत्तर:
दिया है: तोप का द्रव्यमान, m₁ =100 किग्रा
गोले का द्रव्यमान m₂ = 0.02 किग्रा
गोले की नालमुखी चाल, v₂ = 80 मीटर/सेकण्ड
तोप की प्रतिक्षेप चाल v₁ = ?
प्रश्नानुसार विस्फोट से पूर्व तोप एवम् गोला दोनों विरामावस्था में थे।
संवेग संरक्षण के निकाय से,
विस्फोट से पूर्व संवेग = विस्फोट के बाद संवेग
∴m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = 0
∴v ₁ = \(\frac { -m_{ 2 }v_{ 2 } }{ m_{ 1 } }\)
= \(\frac{-0.02 x 80}{100}\) = – 0.016 मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.20.
कोई बल्लेबाज किसी गेंद को 45° के कोण पर विक्षेपित कर देता है। ऐसा करने में वह गेंद की आरंभिक चाल, जो 54 km/h-1 है, में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करता। गेंद को कितना आवेग दिया जाता है? (गेंद की संहति 0.15kg है)
उत्तर:
दिया है:
गेंद का द्रव्यमान, m₁ = 0.15 किग्रा
प्रा० वेग, u = 54 किमी/घण्टा
= 54 x \(\frac{5}{18}\) = 15 मीटर सेकण्ड
अन्तिम वेग, v = 15 मीटर/सेकण्ड जो कि 4 से 45° के कोण पर है।
माना प्रारम्भिक तथा अन्तिम संवेग क्रमश: \(\vec { P_{ i } } \) व \(\vec { P_{ t } } \)
हैं।

सूत्र आवेग = संवेग परिवर्तन से
\(\vec { I } \) = \(\vec { P_{ t } } \) – \(\vec { P_{ i } } \)
= \(\vec { P_{ t } } \)+ \(\vec { P_{ i } } \)
अतः आवेग दोनों संवेगों का परिणामी है।
∴ \(\vec { I } \) का परिमाण

= 172 न्यूटन सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.21.
किसी डोरी के एक सिरे से बँधा 0.25 kg संहति का कोई पत्थर क्षैतिज तल में 1.5 m त्रिज्या के वृत्त पर 40 rev/min की चाल से चक्कर लगाता है? डोरी में तनाव कितना है? यदि डोरी 200N के अधिकतम तनाव को सहन कर सकती है तो अधिकतम चाल ज्ञात कीजिए जिससे पत्थर को घुमाया जा सकता है।
उत्तर:
दिया है: पत्थर का द्रव्यमान, m = 0.25 किग्रा
पत्थर के पथ की त्रिज्या, r = 1.5 मीटर
पर विक्षेपित घूर्णन आवृत्ति, u = 40 चक्कर/मिनट
= \(\frac{40}{60}\)
= \(\frac{2}{3}\) चक्कर/सेकण्ड
माना डोरी में तनाव T है।
जब पत्थर को वृत्ताकार पथ में घुमाते हैं तो आवश्यक अभिकेन्द्र बल डोरी के तनाव T से प्राप्त होता है।
∴ T = mrω² = mr(2πv)²
डोरी का अधिकतम तनाव, T_max = 200 न्यूटन
पत्थर की अधिकतम चाल = ?
सूत्र T = \(\frac { mv^{ 2 } }{ 2 } \) से,
v²max = \(\frac { T_{ max\quad }\times \quad R }{ m } \)
= \(\frac{200 x 1.5}{0.25}\)
= 1200
v_max = \(\sqrt { 1200 } \)
= 34.6 = 35 मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.22.
यदि अभ्यास 5.21 में पत्थर की चाल को अधिकतम निर्धारित सीमा से भी अधिक कर दिया जाए, तथा डोरी यकायकं टूट जाए, तो डोरी के टूटने के पश्चात् पत्थर के प्रक्षेप का वर्णन निम्नलिखित में से कौन करता है:

1. वह पत्थर झटके के साथ त्रिज्यत: बाहर की ओर जाता है।
2. डोरी टूटने के क्षण पत्थर स्पर्श रेखीय पथ पर उड़ जाता है।
3. पत्थर स्पर्शी से किसी कोण पर, जिसका परिमाण पत्थर की चाल पर निर्भर करता है, उड़ जाता है।
4. क्रिकेट का खिलाड़ी गेंद को लपकते समय अपने हाथ गेंद के साथ पीछे को खींचता है।

उत्तर:

1. चूँकि दिक्स्थान से घोड़ा-गाड़ी निकाय पर कोई बाह्य बल कार्यरत नहीं है। घोड़ा तथा गाड़ी के मध्य पारस्परिक बल (क्रिया प्रतिक्रिया के नियम से) निरस्त हो जाता है। अत: फर्श पर, निकाय व फर्श के बीच सम्पर्क बल (घर्षण बल) घोड़े व गाड़ी को विराम से गति में लाने का कारण होते हैं।

2. यात्री के शरीर का जो भाग गद्दी के सीधे सम्पर्क में नहीं है वह जडत्व के कारण गतिमान, बस के यकायक रुकने पर आगे की ओर हो जाता है परिणामस्वरूप यात्री गिर जाते हैं।

3. घास मूवर को किसी कोण पर बल आरोपित करके खींचा या धकेला जाता है। जब हम धक्का देते हैं तब ऊर्ध्वाधर दिशा में सन्तुलन के लिए, अभिलम्ब बल उसके भार से अधिक होना चाहिए जिसके परिणामस्वरूप घर्षण बल बढ़ जाता है। इस प्रकार मूवर को चलाने के लिए अधिक बल आरोपित करना पड़ता है जबकि खींचते समय इसके विपरीत होता है। इसी कारण लॉन मूवर को खींचना आसान होता है।

4. क्रिकेट का खिलाड़ी गेंद को लपकते समय अपने हाथ गेंद के साथ पीछे को ओर इस कारण खींचता है कि ताकि खिलाड़ी संवेग परिवर्तन की दर को घटा दे तथा इस प्रकार गेंद को रोकने के लिए आवश्यक बल को कम करने के लिए हाथ को पीछे की ओर खींचता है।

गति के नियम अतिरिक्त अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 5.24.
चित्र में 0.04 kg संहति के किसी पिण्ड का स्थिति-समय ग्राफ दर्शाया गया है। इस गति के लिए कोई उचित भौतिक संदर्भ प्रस्तावित कीजिए। पिण्ड द्वारा प्राप्त दो क्रमिक आवेगों के बीच समय – अंतराल क्या है? प्रत्येक आवेग का परिमाण क्या है?

उत्तर:
दिया गया ग्राफ दो समान्तर ऊर्ध्वाधर दीवारों के मध्य एक समान चाल से क्षैतिज गति करती गेंद का ग्राफ हो सकता है जो बार – बार दीवार से टकराकर 2 सेकण्ड बाद दूसरी दीवार से टकराती है। यह प्रक्रिया निरन्तर चलती रहती है अर्थात् प्रत्येक 2 सेकण्ड के पश्चात् पिण्ड का वेग बदलता है।
∴दो क्रमिक आवेगों के बीच समयान्तराल = 2 सेकण्ड
t = 2 सेकण्ड से पहले, वेग v₁ = ग्राफ का ढाल
= \(\frac{2}{2}\) = 1 सेमी/सेकण्ड
t = 2 सेकण्ड के बाद वेग V₂ = ग्राफ का ढाल
= \(\frac{-2}{-2}\) = -1 सेमी/सेकण्ड
सूत्र आवेग = संवेग परिवर्तन से,
आवेग = P_i = P_t = mv₁ – mv₂
=m (v₁ – v₂) = 0.04 [1-(-1)]
= 0.04 x 2 = 0.08 किग्रा सेमी/सेकण्ड
= \(\frac{0.08}{100}\) किग्रा – मीटर/सेकण्ड
= 8 x 10^-4 किग्रा – मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.25,
चित्र में कोई व्यक्ति 1ms^-2 त्वरण से गतिशील क्षैतिज संवाहक पट्टे पर स्थित खड़ा है। उस व्यक्ति पर आरोपित नेट बल क्या है? यदि व्यक्ति के जूतों और पट्टे के बीच स्थैतिक घर्षण गुणांक 0.2 है, तो पट्टे के कितने त्वरण तक वह व्यक्ति उस पट्टे के सापेक्ष स्थिर रह सकता है? (व्यक्ति की संहति = 65 kg)

उत्तर:
दिया है: पट्टे का त्वरण, a = 1 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
व्यक्ति का द्रव्यमान, m = 65 किग्रा।
चूँकि व्यक्ति पट्टे पर स्थिर खड़ा है। अत: व्यक्ति का त्वरण a =1 मी/सेकण्ड²
सूत्र F = ma से,
व्यक्ति पर नेट बल, F = 65 x 1
= 65 न्यूटन।
पुनः µ_s = 0.2
चूँकि पट्टा क्षैतिज अवस्था में है। अत: व्यक्ति पर पट्टे की अभिलम्ब प्रतिक्रिया,
N = mg = 65 x 10 = 650 न्यूटन
माना पट्टे का अधिकतम त्वरण a_max है। इस स्थिति में पट्टे के साथ गति करने के लिए व्यक्ति को mammy के बराबर बल की आवश्यकता होगी जो उसे स्थैतिक घर्षण से प्राप्त होगा।
∴ma_max ≤ µ_sN
∴a_max = \(\frac { \mu _{ sN } }{ m } \)
= \(\frac{0.2 x 650}{65}\)
= 2 मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.26.
mसंहति के पत्थर को किसी डोरी के एक सिरे से बाँधकर R त्रिज्या के ऊर्ध्वाधर वृत्त में घुमाया जाता है। वृत्त के निम्नतम तथा उच्चतम बिंदुओं पर ऊर्ध्वाधरतः अधोमुखी दिशा में नेट बल है। (सही विकल्प चुनिए)
निम्नतम बिंदु पर:

1. mg – T ₁
2. mg + T ₁
3. mg + T ₁ – (mv₁²)/R
4. mg – T ₁ – (mv₁²)/R

उच्चतम बिंदु पर:

1. mg + T₂
2. mg – T₂
3. mg – T ₂ + (mv₂²)/R
4. mg + T₂ + (mv₂²)/R

जहाँ T₁ तनाव निम्नतम बिन्दु पर ऊपर की ओर तथा भार mg नीचे की ओर है।
तथा नेट अधोमुखी बल = mg + T₂
जहाँ’ T₂ तनाव उच्चतम बिन्दु पर तथा भार mg दोनों नीचे की ओर हैं।
अतः विकल्प (i) सही है।

प्रश्न 5.27.
1000 kg संहति का कोई हेलीकॉप्टर 15 ms^-2 के ऊर्ध्वाधर त्वरण से ऊपर उठता है। चालक दल तथा यात्रियों की संहति 300 kg है। निम्नलिखित बलों का परिमाण व दिशा लिखिए:

1. चालक दल तथा यात्रियों द्वारा फर्श पर आरोपित बल।
2. चारों ओर की वायु पर हेलीकॉप्टर के रोटर की क्रिया, तथा।
3. चारों ओर की वायु के कारण हेलीकॉप्टर पर आरोपित बल।

उत्तर:
दिया है: हेलीकॉप्टर का द्रव्यमान,
m₁ =1000 किग्रा।
चालक दल व यात्रियों का द्रव्यमान m₂ = 300 किग्रा।
हेलीकॉप्टर का ऊर्ध्वाधर त्वरण, a =15 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
गुरुत्व के कारण त्वरण, g = 10 मीटर/सेकण्ड ²

1. माना चालक व यात्रियों द्वारा फर्श पर आरोपित बल R₁ हैं।
∴R₁ = m2 (g + a) = 300 (10 + 15)
= 7500 न्यूटन। जोकि ऊपर की ओर होगा।

2. माना कि रोटर के कारण वायु पर बल R₂ है।
∴ R₂ = (m₁+ m₂) (g + a)
= (1000 + 300) (15 + 10)
= 32500 न्यूटन चूँकि हेलीकॉप्टर इस बल के प्रतिक्रिया स्वरूप ऊपर की ओर चलता है अत: यह बल भी ऊपर की ओर दिष्ट होगा।

3. क्रिया प्रतिक्रिया के नियम से, वायु द्वारा हेलीकॉप्टर पर आरोपित बल भी 32500 न्यूटन होगा।

प्रश्न 5.28.
15 ms^-1 की चाल से क्षैतिजतः प्रवाहित कोई जलधारा 10^-2m अनुप्रस्थ काट की किसी नली से बाहर निकलती है तथा समीप की किसी ऊर्ध्वाधर दीवार से टकराती है। जल की टक्कर द्वारा, यह मानते हुए कि जलधारा टकराने पर वापस नहीं लौटती, दीवार पर आरोपित बल ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है: नली का अनुप्रस्थ क्षेत्रफल, A = 10^-2मीटर ²
जल का वेग, µ = 15 मीटर/सेकण्ड
जल का घनत्व, d = 10³ किग्रा/मीटर³/सेकण्ड
जल के कारण दीवार पर लगने वाला बल F = ?
नली से प्रतिसेकण्ड निकलने वाले जल का आयतन
= a x v
= 15 x 10^-2मीटर³/सेकण्ड
चूँकि दीवार से टकराकर जल वापस नहीं लौटता है।
अतः आरोपित बल = प्रति सेकण्ड निकलने वाले जल के संवेग में परिवर्तन
= 150 x 15
= 2250 न्यूटन

प्रश्न 5.29.
किसी मेज पर एक – एक रुपये के दस सिक्कों को एक के ऊपर एक करके रखा गया है। प्रत्येक सिक्के की संहतिm है। निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक स्थिति में बल का परिमाण एवं दिशा लिखिए:

1. सातवें सिक्के (नीचे से गिनने पर) पर उसके ऊपर रखे सभी सिक्कों के कारण बल,
2. सातवें सिक्के पर आठवें सिक्के द्वारा आरोपित बल, तथा
3. छठे सिक्के की सातवें सिक्के पर प्रतिक्रिया।

उत्तर:

1. नीचे से सातवें सिक्के के ऊपर तीन सिक्के रखे हैं।
अतः सातवें सिक्के पर तीनों सिक्कों के भार का अनुभव होगा।
∴सातवें सिक्के के ऊपर के सिक्कों के कारण बल = 3mg न्यूटन

2. आठवें सिक्के के ऊपर दो सिक्के रखे हैं। अत: सातवें व आठवें सिक्के के कारण बल, आठवें व इसके ऊपर रखे दो सिक्कों के भारों के योग के समान होगा।
अतः सातवें सिक्के पर आठवें सिक्के के कारण बल
= 3 x mg
= 3mg न्यूटन

3. सातवाँ सिक्का स्वयं व ऊपर के तीन सिक्कों के भारों के योग के समान बल से छठवें सिक्के को दबाएगा।
अतः छठे सिक्के पर सातवें सिक्के के कारण बल = 4mg न्यूटन।
अत: छठे सिक्के की सातवें सिक्के पर प्रतिक्रिया
= 4mg न्यूटन

प्रश्न 5.30.
कोई वायुयान अपने पंखों को क्षैतिज से 15° के झुकाव पर रखते हुए 720 km h^-1 की चाल से एक क्षैतिज लूप पूरा करता है। लूप की त्रिज्या क्या है?
उत्तर:
दिया है: वेग = 720 किमी/घण्टा
θ =15° लूप की त्रिज्या, r =?
सूत्र tan θ = \(\frac { v^{ 2 } }{ gr }\) से,܂

प्रश्न 5.31.
कोई रेलगाड़ी बिना ढाल वाले 30 m त्रिज्या के वृत्तीय मोड़ पर 54 kmh^-1 चाल से चलती है। रेलगाड़ी की संहति 10⁶ kg है। इस कार्य को करने के लिए आवश्यक अभिकेंद्र बल कौन प्रदान करता है? इंजन अथवा पटरियाँ? पटरियों को क्षतिग्रस्त होने से बचाने के लिए मोड़ का ढाल-कोण कितना होना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
दिया है: v = 54 किमी/घण्टा
= 54 x \(\frac{5}{18}\)
= 15 मीटर/सेकण्ड
r = 30 मीटर
m = 10⁶ किग्रा, g = 10 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
सूत्र tan θ = \(\frac{v}{rg}\) से,
tan θ = \(\frac { (15)^{ 2 } }{ 30\times 10 }\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)
∴ θ = tan^-1(\(\frac{3}{4}\)) = 40°
अर्थात् पटरियों को क्षतिग्रस्त होने से बचाने के लिए पटरियों का झुकाव 40° होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 5.32.
चित्र में दर्शाए अनुसार 50kg संहति का कोई व्यक्ति 25 kg संहति के किसी गुटके को दो भिन्न ढंग से उठाता है। दोनों स्थितियों में उस व्यक्ति द्वारा फर्श पर आरोपित क्रिया-बल कितना है? यदि 700 N अभिलंब बल से फर्श धंसने लगता है, तो फर्श को धंसने से बचाने के लिए उस व्यक्ति को, गुटके को उठाने के लिए कौन-सा ढंग अपनाना चाहिए?

उत्तर:
दिया है: व्यक्ति का द्रव्यमान m₁ = 50 किग्रा, गुटके का द्रव्यमान m₂ = 25 किग्रा
प्रथम स्थिति (स्थिति-ā) में,
व्यक्ति रस्सी पर 25 g न्यूटन का बल लगाकर ऊपर खींचता है तथा प्रतिक्रिया स्वरूप रस्सी भी व्यक्ति पर नीचे की ओर 25 g N का बल लगाती है।
∴ व्यक्ति पर नेट बल,
F = व्यक्ति का भार + गुटके का भार
= 50g + 25g = 75g = 75 x 10
=750 न्यूटन।
चूँकि व्यक्ति फर्श पर खड़ा है अतः व्यक्ति फर्श पर यही बल आरोपित करेगा।
द्वितीय स्थिति (स्थिति – b) में, व्यक्ति गुटके को उठाने के लिए, रस्सी पर 25 g न्यूटन का बल नीचे की ओर लगाता है। अतः रस्सी भी इतना ही बल व्यक्ति पर ऊपर की ओर लगाएगी।
∴ व्यक्ति पर नेट बल
F = व्यक्ति का भार – रस्सी द्वारा लगाया गया बल
=50 g – 25g
= 25 g = 250 न्यूटन।
यही बल व्यक्ति फर्श पर लगाता है।
उपरोक्त वर्णन से स्पष्ट है कि स्थिति a में फर्श धंस जाएगा। अतः इससे बचाने के लिए यह ढंग अनुप्रयुक्त है।

प्रश्न 5.33.
40 kg संहति का कोई बंदर 600 N का अधिकतम तनाव सह सकने योग्य किसी रस्सी पर चढ़ता है (चित्र)। नीचे दी गई स्थितियों में से किसमें रस्सी टूट जाएगी:

1. बंदर 6 ms^-2 त्वरण से ऊपर चढ़ता है,
2. बंदर 4 ms^-2 त्वरण से नीचे उतरता है,
3. बंदर5 ms^-1 की एकसमान चाल से रस्सी पर चढ़ता है,
4. बंदर लगभग मुक्त रूप से गुरुत्व बल के प्रभाव में रस्सी से गिरता है।
   (रस्सी की संहति उपेक्षणीय मानिए।)

उत्तर:
माना बन्दर रस्सी पर T बल नीचे की ओर लगाते हुए a त्वरण से ऊपर की ओर चलता है। अतः क्रिया प्रतिक्रिया के नियम से, रस्सी भी बन्दर पर T बल ऊपर की ओर लगाएगी।
∴ बन्दर पर नेट बल,
F = T – mg (ऊपर की ओर)
पुनः सूत्र F = ma से,
ma = T – mg
∴रस्सी पर तनाव, T = mg + ma

1. दिया है: a = 6 मीटर/सेकण्ड² m = 40 किग्रा, g=10 मीटर/सेकण्डर²
∴ T = 40 x 10 + 40 x 6
= 640 न्यूटन
परन्तु रस्सी पर अधिकतम तनाव 600 न्यूटन है अतः रस्सी टूट जाएगी।

2. दिया है: a = -4 मीटर/सेकण्डर²
∴ तनाव T = 40 x 10 – 40 x 4
= 240 न्यूटन

3. दिया है: a = 0, चूँकि v =5 मीटर/सेकण्ड नियत है।
∴ तनाव, T = 40 x 10 – 40 x 0
= 400 न्यूटन।

4. मुक्त रूप से गिरते हुए, a = – g
∴ तनाव, T = 40 x g – 40 x g
अतः रस्सी केवल प्रथम स्थिति में टूटेगी।

प्रश्न 5.34.
दो पिण्ड A तथा B, जिनकी संहति क्रमशः 5 kg तथा 10 kg है, एक दूसरे के संपर्क में एक मेज पर किसी दृढ़ विभाजक दीवार के सामने विराम में रखे हैं। (चित्र) पिण्डों तथा मेज के बीच घर्षण गुणांक 0.15 है। 200 N का कोई बल क्षैतिजत: A पर आरोपित किया जाता है। (a) विभाजक दीवार की प्रतिक्रिया, तथा (b) A तथा B के बीच क्रिया-प्रतिक्रिया बल क्या हैं? विभाजक दीवार को हटाने पर क्या होता है? यदि पिण्ड गतिशील है तो क्या (b) का उत्तर बदल जाएगा? µ_s, तथा µ_k के बीच अंतर की उपेक्षा कीजिए।

उत्तर:
विभाजक दीवार होने पर, पिण्ड विरामावस्था में होंगे।
∴ पिण्डों का त्वरण, a=0
माना कि पिण्ड A, B पर R₁ बल आरोपित करता है जबकि पिण्ड B, A पर विपरीत दिशा में R₂, बल आरोपित करता है।
चूँकि पिण्ड A स्थिर अवस्था में है। अतः इस पर नैट बल शून्य होगा।
F = 200 न्यूटन
i
∴ R₁ – R₂
∴ R₂ = R ₁ = 200 न्यूटन

विभाजक दीवार हटाने पर पिण्ड गतिशील हो जाते हैं एवम् घर्षण बल कार्यशील हो जाते हैं।
इस दशा में पिण्ड A का बल आरेख चित्र में दिया गया है।

मेज की अभिलम्ब प्रतिक्रिया, R = 5g न्यूटन
माना पिण्ड A, त्वरण a से चलना प्रारम्भ करता है तब पिण्ड का गति समीकरण निम्न होगा –
200 – R₁ – µR = 59

∴ R₁ – R₁ – 5µg = 5a.
पिण्ड B का बल आरेख चित्र के अनुसार है।
∴अभिलम्ब प्रतिक्रिया, R’ = 10g
तथा गति का समीकरण
R₁ – µR’ = 10a.
∴R₁ – 10µg = 10a
समी० (i) व (ii) को जोड़ने पर,
200 – 15µg = 15a
∴त्वरण a = \(\frac{200 -15µg}{15}\)
=11.83 ~ 12 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
अर्थात् पिण्डों के गतिशील हो जाएंगे ा का मान समीही (२) मे रकने पर,
R₁ – 10 x 0.15 x 10 = 10 x 12
∴R₁ = 120 + 15 = 135 न्यूटन।
अर्थात् पिण्डों के गतिशील होने पर बाग़ (बी) का अंतर परिवृत्तिथ हो गए है

प्रश्न 5.35.
15 kg संहति का कोई गुटका किसी लंबी ट्राली पर रखा है। गुटके तथा ट्राली के बीच स्थैतिक घर्षण गुणांक 0.18 है। ट्राली विरामावस्था से 20s तक 0.5 ms-2 के त्वरण से त्वरित होकर एकसमान वेग से गति करने लगती है। (a) धरती पर स्थिर खड़े किसी प्रेक्षक को, तथा (b) ट्राली के साथ गतिमान किसी अन्य प्रेक्षक को, गुटके की गति कैसी प्रतीत होगी, इसकी विवेचना कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है: गुटके का द्रव्यमान, m = 15 किग्रा,
स्थैतिक घर्षण गुणांक, µ_s = 0.18
t = 20 सेकण्ड के लिए, ट्राली का त्वरण,
a₁ = 0.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड ²
t = 20 सेकण्ड के पश्चात् ट्राली का वेग अचर है।
चूँकि प्रारम्भ में ट्राली त्वरित गति करती है। अत: यह एक अजड़त्वीय निर्देश तन्त्र का उदाहरण है।
अतः गुटके पर छद्द बल
F = ma, = 15 x 0.5 = 7.5 न्यूटन बल पीछे की ओर कार्य करेगा।
ट्राली के फर्श द्वारा गुटके पर लगाया गया अग्रगामी घर्षण बल,
F₂ = µN = 0.18 x (15 x 10) = 27 न्यूटन
चूँकि घर्षण बल पश्चगामी बल की तुलना में कम है अतः गुटका पीछे की ओर नहीं फिसलेगा व ट्राली के साथ – साथ गतिमान रहेगा।
(a) धरती पर स्थिर खड़े प्रेक्षक को गुटका ट्राली के साथ गति करता प्रतीत होगा।

प्रश्न 5.36. चित्र में दर्शाए अनुसार किसी ट्रक का पिछला भाग खुला है तथा 40 kg संहति का एक संदूक खुले सिरे से 5 m दूरी पर रखा है। ट्रक के फर्श तथा संदूक के बीच घर्षण गुणांक 0.15 है। किसी सीधी सड़क पर ट्रक विरामावस्था से

गति प्रारंभ करके 2 ms^-2 से त्वरित होता है। आरंभ बिंदु से कितनी दूर चलने पर वह संदूक ट्रक से नीचे गिर जाएगा? (संदूक के आमाप की उपेक्षा कीजिए।)
उत्तर:
दिया है: घर्षण गुणांक, µ = 0.15
संदूक का द्रव्यमान = 40 किग्रा
खुले सिरे से दूरी, s = 5 मीटर, ट्रक के लिए µ = 0, त्वरण = 2 मीटर/सेकण्ड² ट्रक द्वारा तय दूरी (जबकि संदूक गिर जाता है) = ?
चूँकि ट्रक की गति त्वरित है अतः यह एक अजड़त्वीय निर्देश तन्त्र होगा।
अतः ट्रक के पीछे रखे संदूक पर पीछे की ओर एक छद्म बल (F =ma) होगा।
∴ F = 40 x 2 = 80 न्यूटन
संदूक पर स्थैतिक घर्षण बल (µ_s,N) आगे की ओर लगेगा।
संदूक पर नेट बल,
F₁ = F – u_sN
= 80 – 0.15 x 40 x 10
= 20 न्यूटन (पीछे की ओर)
अत: ट्रक के सापेक्ष संदूक का त्वरण a₁ = \(\frac { F_{ 1 } }{ m }\) = \(\frac{20}{40}\)
= 0.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड²(पीछे की ओर)
माना संदूक 5 मीटर चलने में। समय लेता है।
∴ सूत्र s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² से,
= 0 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 2 x 20 = 20 मीटर

प्रश्न 5.37.
15 cm त्रिज्या का कोई बड़ा ग्रामोफोन रिकॉर्ड 33 – rev/min की चाल से घूर्णन कर रहा है। रिकॉर्ड पर उसके केंद्र से 4 cm तथा 14 cm की दूरियों पर दो सिक्के रखे गए हैं। यदि सिक्के तथा रिकॉर्ड के बीच घर्षण गुणांक 0.15 है तो कौन-सा सिक्का रिकॉर्ड के साथ परिक्रमा करेगा?
उत्तर:
दिया है: पथों की त्रिज्याएँ
r₁ = 0.04 मीटर, r₂ = 0.14 मीटर
घर्षण आवृत्ति v = 33 \(\frac{1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{100/3}{60}\)
= \(\frac{5}{9}\) चक्र/सेकण्ड
घर्षण गुणांक, v = 0.15
सिक्कों को रिकायी पर धूमने होथु आवश्यक अभिकेंद्र बाल m₁r₁ω² व m₂r₂ω² शौथिक दर्शन बाल से प्रप्थ होगा

= 0.12 मीटर = 12 सीमी
पहले सिक्के के लिए, r₁ = 0.04 मीटर < r दूसरे सिक्के के लिए,
जबिक r₂ = 0.14 मीटर > 0.12
अतः दूसरा सिक्का रिकार्ड से पिसलकर बहार गिर जाएगा

प्रश्न 5.38.
आपने सरकस में ‘मौत के कुएँ’ (एक खोखला जालयुक्त गोलीय चैम्बर ताकि उसके भीतर के क्रियाकलापों को दर्शक देख सकें) में मोटरसाइकिल सवार को ऊर्ध्वाधर लूप में मोटरसाइकिल चलाते हुए देखा होगा। स्पष्ट कीजिए कि वह मोटरसाइकिल सवार नीचे से कोई सहारा न होने पर भी गोले के उच्चतम बिन्दु से नीचे क्यों नहीं गिरता? यदि चैम्बर की त्रिज्या 25 m है, तो ऊर्ध्वाधर लूप को पूरा करने के लिए मोटरसाइकिल की न्यूनतम चाल कितनी होनी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
गोलीय चैम्बर के उच्चतम बिन्दु पर, मोटर साइकिल सवार चैम्बर को अपकेन्द्र बल के कारण बाहर की ओर दबाता है जिसके प्रतिक्रिया स्वरूप चैम्बर भी सवार पर गोले के केन्द्र की ओर प्रतिक्रिया R लगाता है। यहाँ मोटर साइकिल व सवार का भार (mg) भी गोले के केन्द्र की ओर कार्य करते हैं। सवार को वृत्तीय गति के लिए आवश्यक अभिकेन्द्र बल दोनों बल ही प्रदान करते हैं। इसी कारण सवार गिरता नहीं है।
∴इस स्थिति में गति का समीकरण
R+ mg = \(\frac { -m_{ 2 }v_{ 2 } }{ m_{ r } } \)
परन्तु ऊर्ध्वाधर लूप को पूरा करने के लिए उच्चतम बिन्दु पर न्यूनतम चाल होगी।
∴ R = 0 होगा।
⇒mg = \(\frac { -m_{ 2 }v_{ 2 } }{ m_{ r } } \)
∴ v = \(\sqrt { gr }\) = \(\sqrt { 10 x 25 }\) = 15.8 मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.39.
70 kg संहति का कोई व्यक्ति अपने ऊर्ध्वाधर अक्ष पर 200 rev/min की चाल से घूर्णन करती 3 m त्रिज्या की किसी बेलनाकार दीवार के साथ उसके संपर्क में खड़ा है। दीवार तथा उसके कपड़ों के बीच घर्षण गणांक 0.15 है। दीवार की वह न्यूनतम घूर्णन चाल ज्ञात कीजिए, जिससे फर्श को यकायक हटा लेने पर भी, वह व्यक्ति बिना गिरे दीवार से चिपका रह सके।
उत्तर:
दिया है: m = 70 किग्रा,
घूर्णन आवृत्ति, v = 200 चक्र/मिनट
= \(\frac{200}{60}\)
= \(\frac{10}{3}\) चक्र/सेकण्ड
त्रिज्या, r = 3 मीटर
घर्षण गुणांक, µ = 0.15
घूर्णन करते समय, व्यक्ति दीवार को बाहर की ओर दबाता है तथा दीवार का अभिलम्ब प्रतिक्रिया आवश्यक अभिकेन्द्र बल प्रदान करती है जो कि केन्द्र की ओर दिष्ट होता है।
∴F_c = mrω²
घर्षण बल, जोकि व्यक्ति के भार को सन्तुलित करता है,
F = mg = µFc
∴ ω² = µ.mrω²
∴ω² = \(\sqrt { \frac { g }{ \mu r } }[latex]
= [latex]\sqrt { \frac { 10 }{ 0.15\quad } \times \quad 3 }\)
= 4.72 = 5 रेडियन/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 5.40.
R त्रिज्या का पतला वृत्तीय तार अपने ऊर्ध्वाधर व्यास के परितः कोणीय आवृत्ति ω से घूर्णन कर रहा है। यह दर्शाइए कि इस तार में डली कोई मणिका ω ≤ \(\sqrt { g/R } \) के लिए अपने निम्नतम बिंदु पर रहती है। ω = 2g/R के लिए, केंद्र से मनके को जोड़ने वाला त्रिज्य सदिश ऊर्ध्वाधर अधोमुखी दिशा से कितना कोण बनाता है। (घर्षण को उपेक्षणीय मानिए।)
उत्तर:
माना कि किसी समय मणिका R त्रिज्या के गोले में A बिन्दु पर है। A बिन्दु पर, वृत्तीय तार की अभिलम्ब प्रतिक्रिया M नीचे की ओर A0 के अनुदिश होगी जिससे ऊर्ध्वाधर तथा क्षैतिज

घटकों को वियोजित कर सकते हैं। यहाँ N cos θ भार को सन्तुलित करता है जब N sin θ आवश्यक अभिकेन्द्र बल mrω² प्रदान करता है।
जहाँ 0 = वृत्त का केन्द्र
θ = त्रिज्या सदिश द्वारा ऊर्ध्व AO से बना कोण
N cos θ = mg
तथा N sin θ = mRω² sinθ
समी० (1) से (2) से भाग देने पर
cos θ = \(\frac { g }{ R\omega ^{ 2 } } \)
मणिका को निम्नतम बिन्दु B पर रखने के लिए
ω = ≤ \(\sqrt { g/R } \) इस सिद्दिम
∴जब ω = \(\sqrt { \frac { 2g }{ R } } \)
समी० (3) से,
cos θ =\(\frac { g }{ R.2g } \) x R = \(\frac{1}{2}\) = cos 60°
θ = 60°

MP Board Class 11 Physics Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English The Spectrum Solutions Objective Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
‘Go not to the temple to light candles before (he altar of God’. The aliarmeans— (2013)
(a) mountain
(b) a holy book
(c) a platform before a statue of God
(d) a building.
Answer:
(c) a platform before a statue of God

Question 2.
The king and the scholar lost their way due to — (2009)
(a) darkness
(b) forgetfulness
(c) discussion
(d) ignorance.
Answer:
(c) discussion

Question 3.
King Bhoj was the worshipper of Goddess— (2014)
(a) Laxmi
(b) Durga
(c) Saraswati
(d) Parvaii.
Answer:
(c) Saraswati

Question 4.
Abraham Lincoln wrote the letter to— (2009, 15)
(a) his son
(b) his lather
(c) his friend
(d) his son’s teacher.
Answer:
(d) his son’s teacher.

Question 5.
The little boy in the story ‘The Selfish Giant’ was—
(a) Demon
(b) Jesus Christ
(c) Bishop
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Jesus Christ

Question 6.
The poet who composed the poem “The Shepherd” is— (2009. 14)
(a) William Blake
(b) Robert Frost
(c) R. N, Tagore
(d) Sarojini Naidu.
Answer:
(a) William Blake

Question 7.
‘The Road Not Taken’ is written by —
(a) Taistoy
(b) Premcliand
(c) Robert Frost
(d) Ram Tirtha.
Answer:
(c) Robert Frost

Question 8.
The poet who composed the poem ‘True Worship.— (2009)
(a) William Blake
(b) Robert Frost
(c) R.N. Tagore
(d) Shakespeare.
Answer:
(c) R.N. Tagore

Question 9.
In the lesson ‘Dear Teacher’, who is the writer of the letter— (2009)
(a) Leo Tolstoy
(b) Abraham Lincoln
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Oscar Wilde.
Answer:
(b) Abraham Lincoln

Question 10.
The notice board outside the giant’s garden says—– (2015)
(a) tresspassers will be rewarded
(b) tresspassers will be prosecuted
(c) tresspassers will be welcomed
(d) tresspassers will be hanged.
Answer:
(b) tresspassers will be prosecuted

Question 11.
In the story ‘ldgah’, Hamid buys— (2012, 15)
(a) Chimta
(b) Water carrier
(c) soldier
(d) Lawyer.
Answer:
(a) Chimta

Question 12.
The writer of the lesson ‘Gifts of Love’ is— (2013)
(a) Abraham Lincoln
(b) Jerome K Jerome
(c) O’ Henry
(d) Leo Tolstoy.
Answer:
(c) O’ Henry

Question 13.
The poem, ‘The Broken Wing’ is composed by— (2012)
(a) Rabindranath Togore
(b) Wuhan Blake
(c) Walt whitman
(d) Saiojini Naidu.
Answer:
(d) Saiojini Naidu.

Question 14.
The only two guests according to the old woman are— (2013)
(a) Wealth and youth
(b) Indra and Yama
(c) Modesty and contentment
(d) The Sun and the Moon.
Answer:
(a) Wealth and youth

Question 15.
Jim’s gift to Della was— (2009, 10, 14)
(a) a gold watch
(b) a set of combs
(c) a gold chain
(d) a set of shoes.
Answer:
(b) a set of combs

Question 16.
Della sold — to buy a gift for Jim. (2012)
(a) combs
(b) golden water
(c) her hair
(d) platinum chain.
Answer:
(c) her hair

Question 17.
The art and study of designing buildings is called— (2011)
(a) Engineering
(b) Mechanism
(c) Architecture
(d) Builder.
Answer:
(c) Architecture

Question 18.
Scientific study of the human mind and the reason for people’s behaviour is called— (2016)
(a) Sociology
(b) Biology
(c) Psychology
(d) Zoology.
Answer:
(c) Psychology

Question 19.
Two ‘clever’ according to old woman are— (2016)
(a) earth and woman
(b) modesty and contentment
(c) soul and leaf
(d) water and grain.
Answer:
(d) water and grain.

Question 20.
“And this has made all the difference.” The above line has been taken from the poem. (2016)
(a) The Road Not Taken
(b) The Broken Wing
(c) The Shepherd
(d) O Captain! My Captain.
Answer:
(a) The Road Not Taken

Question 21.
The farmer and the writer quarreled for—- (2016)
(a) horse
(b) money
(c) oil
(d) stave.
Answer:
(d) stave.

Question 22.
The heart of nature beats in—
(a) rivers
(b) rocks
(c) sea
(d) mountains.
Answer:
(b) rocks

Question 23.
Is the main weapon of scientists against earthquakes. (2008, 09, 14)
(a) Criminology
(b) Geology
(c) Psychology
(d) Seismology.
Answer:
(d) Seismology.

Question 24.
Study of physical life of animals and plants is called— (2011)
(a) Geology
(b) Biology
(c) Astrology
(d) Sociology
Answer:
(b) Biology

Question 25.
For mental health Gandhiji prescribed— (2009)
(a) honest
(b) wisdom
(c) truth
(d) peace.
Answer:
(c) truth

Question 26.
‘Prologue’ means— (2009)
(a) last pari of a literary work
(b) scene in a play
(c) introduction part of a poem
(d) writing in the form of talk.
Answer:
(c) introduction part of a poem

Question 27.
Writing I. the form of conversation Is called— (2012)
(a) dialogue
(b) monologue
(c) travelogue
(d) prologue.
Answer:
(a) dialogue

Question 28.
The worship place of Jews Is …………… (2009. It)
(a) mosque
(b) synagogue
(c) chapel
(d) temple
Answer:
(b) synagogue

Question 29.
Gandhiji Felt the central evil f the modern world was— (2018. ¡3. 16)
(a) materialism
(b) fearlessness
(c) truth
(d) honesty.
Answer:
(a) materialism

Question 30.
Who bought a soldier ? (2010)
(a) Hamid
(b) Mohsin
(c) Noorey
(d) Mehmood.
Answer:
(d) Mehmood.

Question 31.
uncle Podger could not find— (2010)
(a) nail
(b) candle
(c) handkerchief
(d) hammer.
Answer:
(c) handkerchief

Question 32.
Laxmi’s husband has gone to foreign land to.— (2011, 15)
(a) tight with enemies
(b) to study
(c) to earn money
(d) to visit some places.
Answer:
(c) to earn money

Question 33.
The religion Gandhiji confessed to believe in— (2011)
(a) Hindu
(b) Christian
(c) Islam
(d) All religions.
Answer:
(d) All religions.

Question 34.
Whose there is a choice between cowardice and violence. I would choose violence, said—to aulbor. (2012)
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Louis Fisher
(c) Lencho
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 35.
The poem ‘O Captain t My Captain !‘ Is composed by — (2013)
(a) Robert Frost
(b) Swami Ramtirth
(c) Walt Whitman
(d) William Blake.
Answer:
(c) Walt Whitman

Question 36.
What should we do before asking God for forgiveness for our sins? (2014)
(a) Punish fellow human beings
(b) Sit silenly
(c) Forgive fellow human beings
(d) Forget fellow human beings.
Answer:
(c) Forgive fellow human beings

Question 37.
The worship place of Jesus is called: ; (2015)
(a) Mosque
(b) Synagogue
(c) Chapel
(d) Temple.
Answer:
(c) Chapel

Fill in the blanks
I. Hamid did not ride the ………..
2. ……….. calls the earth an enemy beneath our feet.
3. The heart of nature beats in ………..
4. Lencho wrote a letter to ……….. (2009)
5. Lakshmi’s mother-in-law gave Lakshmi a wooden ……….. (2009)
6. The captain of the ship lies on the ………..
7. ……….. is worse than failure according to Lincoln,
8. ……….. is the main weapon of scientists against earthquakes.
9. Only the soul and the leaf of a tree can be ……….. (2009)
10. Only the wealth and youth are the two ……….. (guests/enemies) according to the old woman. (2010)
Answer:

1. roundabout
2. Author
3. rocks
4. God
5. doll.
6. deck
7. To cheat
8. Seismology
9. pardesi
10. guests.

Truefalse

I. Della bought the gold watch for Jim.
2. Uncle Podger could not find his handkerchief.
3. Spring stands for freedom.
4. The peasant’s father was not different from his son.
5. Gandhiji confessed to believe in Christianity.
6. The king and the scholar did not lose their way.
7. According to Lincoln the test of fire makes fine steel.
8. There was no notice outside the Giant’s garden.
9. Lakshmi’s mother-in-law gave her a wooden doll.
10. Lencho asked the postman to send him money.
Answer:
l.(F), 2.(T),3.(T),4.(F),5.(T),6.(F),7.(T),8.(F),9.(T), 10. (F).

Match the Columns

Answer:
(i) — (c), (ii) — (e), (iii)—  (a), (iv) — (b).

II. (A) – (B)

(i) Fragrance (2014) – (a) Lonely
(ii) Solitay (2014) – (b) to do something without fear
(iii) Strive (2014) – (c) a pleasant smell
(iv) Courage (2014) – (d) more from side to side
(v) Snake (2014) – (e) try very hard
Answer:
(i) — (c), (ii) — (a), (iii) — (e), (iv) — (b), (v) — (d).

III. (A) – (B)

(i) Traveller – (a) Roundabout
(ii) Harnid – (b) Chandler Wobble
(iii) Mahmood – (c) Road
(iv) Earthquake – (d) Ameena
Answer:
(i) —(c), (ii) — (a), (iii) — (d), (iv) — 4 (b).

IV. (A) – (B)

(i) Lencho – (a) Earthquake
(ii) postmaster – (b) Letter
(iii) Seismology – (c) God
(iv) Mustafa – (d) Ali
Answer:
(i) — (b), (ii) — (c), (iii) — (a), (iv) — 4 (d).

V. (A) – (B)

(i) Butcher – (a) Judge
(ii) Mustafa – (b) Ship
(iii) Captain – (c) Platinum chain
(iv) Della – (d) Oil merchant
Answer:
(i) — (d), (ii) — (a), (iii) — (b), (iv) — (c).

VI. (A) – (B)

(i) King – (a) Sheep
(ii) Lincoln – (b) Garden
(iii) Shepherd – (c) Scholar
(iv) Giant – (d) Teacher
Answer:
(i) — (c), (ii) — (d), (iii) — (a), (iv) — (b).

VII. (A) – (B)

(i) Lakshmi – (a) Hainid
(ii) Traveller – (b) Doll
(iii) Mehmood – (c) Amena
(iv) Idgah – (d) Road
Answer:
(i) —(b),  (ii) — (d), (iii) — (a), (iv) — (c).

VIII. (A) – (B)

(i) Earthquakes – (a) G. L. Fuentes
(ii) Shelter (2011) – (b) Judge
(iii) Lancho – (c) Lincoln
(iv) Oil Merchant – (d) Seismology
(v) Whitman – (e) A structure tb give protection
Answer:
(i) — (d), (ii) — (e), (iii) — (a), (iv) — (b), (v) — (c).

IX. (A) – (B)

(i) Paradise (2010) – (a) A lot of something
(ii) Altar (2010) – (b) To try very hard
(iii) Strive (2010) – (c) A holy table
(iv) Heap (2010) – (d) Heaven
Answer:
(i) — (d), (ii) — (e), (iii) — (a), (iv) — (b), (v) — (c).

X. (A) – (B)

(i) Uncle Podger – (a) Hen’s egg
(ii) Spring – (b) Christianity
(iii) Grau – (c) Pleasent smell
(iv) Gandhiji – (d) Handkerchief
(v) Fragrance (2011) – (e) Freedom
Answer:
(i) —(d), (ii) — (e), (iii) — (a), (iv) — (b). (v) — (c)

XI . (A) – (B)

(i) Contentment (2009) – (a) A feeling of satisfaction
(ii) Envy (2009) – (b) Waterfall
(iii) Cascade (2009) – (c) Lonely
(iv) Solitary (2009) – (d) Jealousy
Answer:
(i) —  (a), (ii) — (d), (iii) — (b), (iv) — (c).

XII.  (A) – (B)

(i) Fuss (2013) – (a) The study of earthquakes
(ii) Prosecute (2011, 12, 13) – (b) The ability to do something without fear (2013)
(iii) Courage – (c) Scene in a play etc., in which only one person speaks.
(iv) Seisomology (2013) – (d) To take legal action
(v) Monologue (2013) – (e) Unnecessary excitement
Answer:
(i) — (d), (ii) — (d), (iii) — (b), (iv) — (a), (v) — (c).

XIII. (A) – (B)

(i) Fuss (2016) – (a) A tool for breaking things
(ii) Astonished (2016) – (b) Kill
(iii) Contentment (2016) – (c) Very surprised
(iv)Hammer (2016) (d) Unnecessary excitement
(v) Slay (2016) – (e) Feeling of happiness and satisfaction
Answer:
(i) — (d), (ii) —(c), (iii) — (e), (iv) — (a), (v) — (b).

One-word Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did the learned men look for the answer to where the crops had grown?
Answer:
In the books.

Question 2.
What does the spring stand for? (2010)
Answer:
Freedom.

Question 3.
What did Delia buy for Jim?
Answer:
A Platinum fob chain.

Question 4.
Who is the captain of the ship?
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln.

Question 5.
What was Lencho’s expression on opening the letter?
Answer:
Anger.

Question 6.
What is worse than failure?
Answer:
Cheating.

Question 7.
Name the breach of science through which the scientists detect earth quakes.
Answer:
Seismology.

Question 8.
What does the ship symbolise in the poem ‘O Captain! My Captain!’?
Answer:
America.

Question 9.
Who wrote the lesson Idgab?
Answer:
Premchand.

Question 10.
Who is the writer of the poem ‘Tree Worship’? (2010)
Answer:
R. N. Tagore.

Additional Exercise

Write the opposite of the underlined words in the following sentences:
1. Parents feel happy at your child’s actions.
2. The shephered feels pleasure when he hears the lamb call at his mother.
3. When the sheep are asleep the shephered keeps a watchful eye on them.
4. The shephered loves his sheep as parents love their children.
5. The child fills the parents’ heart with joy
Answer:

1. Unhappy
2. Displeasure.
3. Awake
4. Hate.
5. Sadness.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th English A Voyage Workbook Solutions Unit 2 Grammar

2.1 Preposition

See Workbook Page- 15-20

Exercises

(a) Kumar’s house is full of mice. Write exactly where each mouse is:
Use the expressions below:

in front of, in the middle of,
next to, beside, at the back of,
on the edge of, in the comer of,
on top of, below,
behind, to the left of,
to the right of, in between etc.
The mouse is in front of the sofa

(b) Write a complete sentence below each picture using an appropriate preposition—
Example
1. What do you need a jug for?
2. We need a jug to pour water from.

• I need a jug to pour water from.
• I need a bucket to store water in.
• I need an envelope to put a letter in.
• I need a pair of scissors to cut clothes with.
• I need a suitcase to put clothes in.
• I need a broom to clean the floor with.

(c) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. I go to the hospital on my way to school.
2. The temple is at the top of the hill, we’ll start climbing at six of clock in the morning and reach there in the afternoon.
3. The batsman hit the ball to the fence and scored six runs.
4. He was not allowed to enter the theater as he was below eighteen years of age.
5. Go straight to the square and then turn to the corner.
6. You can reach the station in taxi in ten minutes.
7. The girl with blue eyes has just gone to the door.
8. You can cut the apple in two with his knife.

(d) Preposition have not been used correctly in the sentences below, correct them and rewrite the sentences.

1. She entered into the room and began talking.
   She entered the room and began talking.
2. You can cut this mango by this knife.
   You can cut this mango with this knife.
3. The river is flowing below the bridge.
   The river in flowing across the bridge.
4. He died from cancer.
   He died of cancer.
5. I have been waiting for you since four hours.
   I have been waiting for you for four hours.
6. She is suffering with malaria.
   She is suffering from malaria.
7. I prefer tea for coffee.
   I prefer tea to coffee.
8. Water freezes when temperature falls under 0°Celsius.
   Water freezes when temperature falls below 0°Celsius.
9. He went to the sea side from a car.
   He went to the sea side in a car.
10. She spoke with me rudely.
    She spoke to me-rudely.

Verb with Prepositions

See Workbook Page-23-24

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. You must concentrate on your studies.
2. The teacher said. “Boys, listen to me”
3. I was marveled at his sense of humour.
4. The hakim cured him of his disease.
5. The workers are protesting against the cut in their wages.
6. I am waiting for your reply.
7. She invited me to dinner.
8. Don’t compare me with my brother.
9. Refrain him from taking any rash action.
10. We take pride of our heritage.

(b) Fill in the blanks in this story :

Shravan is an orphan who came to Delhi from His village in Bihar in search of work. His father kept a shop, but was tricked of it by a deceitful uncle. Despair drove him to alcohol and gambling, and he died of a stroke soon after.

Shravan worked in a tea shop in his village for a while. He moved for the more lucrative environs in Delhi, where his elder brother Gopal had preceded him. Following a brief spell of unemployment and a short spell as an assistant in a car park, he joined a tea shop.

(c) Put an appropriate preposition after the verb in each sentence. Then use your own ideas to complete each sentence. One is done for you.

1. I broke her glasses and she made me pay
2. I am excited because I am going to play
3. He was not paying attention and crashed
4. I have to stay home tonight and prepare
5. All the furniture in the room belongs
6. Whether or not we go out depends
7. There was so much noise that I could not concentrate rm
8. In my opinion, an ideal breakfast consists of
9. It was an aweful hotel and we complained
10. We only had one sandwich, so it was divided

Phrasai Verbs

See WorkBook Page-26-28

Exercises

Replace the underlined words with phrasai verbs:

1. The Child wrote something and then erased it.
   The Child wrote something and then erased out it.
2. He the theatre to book seats for tonight. rang up
3. I could not what you had written. take in view
4. Please your shoes before you enter the room. takeoff
5. He speaking for an hour. went on
6. The old man lbmlcb smoking. gave up
7. The children playing inspite of asking them not to carried out.
8. He the light and went to bed. turned off
9. The air-conditioner is not working. Will you please the mechanic? send for
10.  He ugrfbpcu bis resignation after much persuasion. took back
11. We r prcb our journey in the morning. set off
12. The meeting was because of the lack of quorum. put off
13. He umpc his shirt and went out. put on
14. The boys from school to play. got away
15. My boss my application for leave. turned down

2.2 Determiners

See Workbook Page-30-32

(a) Tell before which of the following nouns can an indefinite article be used:

(b) Insert a or an where necessary.

1. Rama is a good cook.
2. He said, “I shall be back in an hour.”
3. There is an hourly train from Bhopal to Indore.
4. She is a paying guest.
5. We have recently bought a scooter.
6. He is an extraordinary man.
7. My neighbour is a farmer.
8. He has recently purchased a cow and a buffalo.
9. He is a magician.
10. Here is a pen and a piece of paper for you to write a letter.

(c) Complete the following sentences by using the words given in brackets:

1. She was thirsty. She needed a glass of water, (glass, water)
2. I want to write a letter. Give me a piece, of paper, (piece, paper)
3. I am confused. I want a word of advice, (word, advice)
4. He has difficulty in reading. He needs to buy a pair, of spectacles, (pair, spectacles)
5. They are all hungry. They all need a glass of milk each, (glass,milk)
6. They are tired. They want a bit of rest, (bit, rest)
7. The country has made a lot of progress, (lot, progress)
8. A lot of people (lot, people) are coming to attend the meeting.
9. I am thankful to you. You have given me a lot of advice. (lot, advice)
10. Recently they have grown rich. They have bought a lot of diamonds, (lot, diamonds)

(d) Make the following sentences singular. Remember to add ‘a or an’ and change the verb from plural to singular, if required.

1. Children love to play.
   A Child loves to play.
2. Architects make plans of buildings.
   An architect makes plans of buildings.
3. Cows are useful animals.
   A cow is a useful animal.
4. Teachers are men of women.
   A teacher is a man or a woman.
5. Doctors cure patients.
   A doctor cures patients
6. Teachers teach students.
   A teacher teaches students.
7. They are anarchists.
   He is an anarchist.
8. Nationalists are hard to find.
   A nationalist is hard to find.
9. Tables are made of wood.
   A table is made of wood.
10. Ministers have become gods today.
    A minister has become a god today.

Definite Article ‘The’: It is used:

See Workbook Page-34-37

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words provided in brackets. Use ‘the’ where necessary.

1. The box is made of wood, (wood)
2. In India the coins (coins) are made of copper, (copper)
3. Gold, (gold) mined in India is of poor (poor) quality.
4. The dinner, (dinner) they gave yesterday was excellent.
5. Do you have tea (tea) daily?
6. He is the only teacher (teacher) of English known all over the state.
7. Is the beauty (beauty) really skin deep?
8. He read all the morning, (morning).
9. They are really poor. They cannot make body (body) and soul (soul) meet together.
10. This letter was delivered to me by hand (hand).

(b) Use the following nouns in two-ways; (a) with ‘the’ (b) without ‘the in your own sentences:

1. air
   We breathe air to live.
   The air that blows around the sea is cool.
2. copper
   Copper is not so precious.
   The Copper that I have kept is pure
3. water
   Water is precious for us.
   The water of the sea is salty.
4. paper
   Paper .is made of bamboo.
   The paper on which I am writing is yellow.
5. gold
   Gold is cheaper than diamond.
   The gold of Singapore is very costly.
6. kindness
   Kindness is the essence of humanity.
   The kindness of the old man saved me from many problems.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the nouns given in brackets with ‘the’ where necessary:

1. He had severe pain in the stomach and was admitted to hospital, (hospital)
2. Today I would go to the hospital, (hospital) to ask about his health.
3. He was found guilty of theft and sent to prison, (prison)
4. I want to go to the prison (prison) to see him if I am given permission.
5. My granddaughter is old enough to be admitted to school (school).
6. I would go to the school (school) next Monday to collect the admission form.
7. Muslims go to mosque (mosque) for prayer every Friday.
8. I stood outside the mosque (mosque) awaiting his return.
9. People do not usually go to the office (office) on Sunday.
10. I have not been to cinema (cinema) for several months now.

(d) Write a, an or the where required. In some cases the sentence may already be correct Simply write them as they are.

1. Have you ever eaten cheese?
   Have you ever eaten cheese!
2. I am too tired to go home. I will take bus.
   I am too tired to go home. I will take a bus.
3. I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
   I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
4. I used to play cricket while at school.
   I used to play cricket while at school.
5. He would not get job, even if he applied for it.
   He would not get a job, even if he applied for it.
6. Have you read book I gave you yesterday.
   Have you read the book I gave you yesterday.
7. Earth goes round sun.
   The earth goes round the sun.
8. Is elephant longest living animal in world?
   Is elephant the longest living animal in world?
9. Ganga flows into Bay of Bengal.
   The Ganga flows into the Bay of Bengal.
10. Your new house is beauty.
    Your new house is beautiful.

(e) Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary.

Bhola was a rustic and a big fool. He was about eighteen years old, but he had never seen a lamp. The people of the village were very poor and they went to bed quite early. They never used lamps in their houses. Once Bhola went to his father-in-law’s house. The people there gave him a warm welcome. His mother-in-law gave him delicious food to eat. Bhola was very happy. After about a month Bhola wanted to return to his village. He went to his father-in-law and pointing towards the lighted lamp he said. “I want this . baby moon. I will give him sweets to eat and milk to drink every day. I promise to look after him well.” Everybody laughed at him. At last, his father-in-law gave the lamp to him.

At night Bhola heard a noise. He thought there were x thieves in the house. He said to himself. “They have come to take away the baby moon from me.” “So he went out and put the lamp tinder the straw roof of the veranda. The house was soon on fire. Everybody woke up and shouted, “Get out. The house is on fire. Take boxes out of it”. And Bhola also started shouting. “Where is the baby moon? I put him under the starw roof. He is burning. Please save him”.The neighbors ran to the place and they soon put out the fire. Poor Bhola went away next morning without the baby moon!

Other Determiners

See Workbook Page-39-42

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with some or any:

1. I have read it in some book or other.
2. Karan has hidden the money in some place.
3. We do not know if there are any survivors of the plane crash.
4. Does Raina have some talent for painting?
5. I am very hungry. Will you give me some food?
6. I know you enjoy coffee. Would you like some more?
7. These boys earn some money by selling fruits.
8. They receive some new books every month.
9. Karan left home without any luggage.
10. Some boys came to see you, when you had gone to school.

2. Few, a few, and the few

See Workbook Page-43

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with few, a few or the few whichever is proper

1. Mr. Saxena is a man of a few words.
2. Very few students learn Persian these days.
3. A few shirts he has are all torn.
4. They have been to our place quite a few times.
5. We have had the few replies to our queries.

3. Little, a little and the little

See Workbook Page-43-44

Exercises

Fill in the blanks will little, a little of the little as necessary:

1.  Poor people can receive little medical assistance.
2. I have the little choice in this matter.
3. Is there any doubt in your mind? I have a little doubt.
4. He has little mind full of useless things.
5. You can do the job if you have a little patience.

4. Much and Many

See Workbook Page-44

Exercises

In the following sentences use much, many or a lot of as required.

1. Karan has many problems to solve.
2. He always takes much sugar in his tea.
3. There are many temples in this town.
4. We haven’t had much rain in Bhopal this year.
5. We do not have much money to spend.
6. Are there many books on Grammar in this library?
7. He is very popular. He has many friends.
8. I am very busy today. I have much work to do.

5. All Both, Every, Each

See Workbook Page-45-46

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with one of the .words given in brackets (In some cases two answers may be possible).

1. These books are all Karan’s, (all, both)
2. Not all the people who were invited were present, (all, both)
3. He can write with both his hands, (all, both)
4. He has two sons. Both are in America, (all, both)
5. These mangoes are rupees five each (each, every)
6. The Olympic Games are held every four year, (each, every)
7. Karan plays cricket every Sunday, (each, every)
8. He enjoyed every minute of his stay in Houston. (each, every)
9. Each book on grammar has been bought in the library. (each, every)
10. Each boy was presented with a dictionary, (each, every)

6. No, Not

See Workbook Page-46

Exercises

Complete the following sentences by using no or not:

1. No shops were open today.
2. I have got no money in my purse.
3. No student is expected to leave the room.
4. It is not easy to beg the first prize.
5. You must not go.

7. Either, Neither

See Workbook Page-47

Exercises

Complete the following sentences with either or neither.

1. Neither of my sons is a doctor.
2. Can either of you speak English?
3. I was invited to two marriage receptions but I did not attend either.
4. There were a few messages received this morning but neither of them was for me.
5. We could not open the room because neither of us had a key.

Review exercise

It is the month of July. Schools have opened and students are busy in buying books, stationery and other items used in studies. Karan asks his father for the purchase of books. This is the conversation that ensues. But the determiners are missing. Fill in the blanks from the following determiners. Sometimes the same determiner can be used more than once: a, an, the, one, several, these, some
Karan: Dad, please take me to the market so that I could buy books and stationery I need.
Dad: Please make a list of the items you want to buy.
Karan: I have already made the list.
Dad: Read the list out.
Karan: one dozen exercise books; a packet of pencils, a book of grammar, some loose paper, an eraser.
Dad: There are several bookshops in the town, where can we get all these things under one roof?
Karan: The bookshop opposite the Government School of Excellence sells all items.
Dad: Well, let’s go there.

2.3 Modal Auxiliaries

See Workbook Page-49-52

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks a modal for the modalities shown in brackets after each sentence.

1. People from India can travel to Nepal without a passport (permission)
2. Due to drought, the prices may go up. (possibility)
3. The principal might be coming. It is time he generally comes, (doubtful possibility)
4. A little boy like him could not climb up the hill, (capability in negative)
5. People could go about freely before the blast, (permission in the past)
6. Could you dine with me tonight? (request)
7. His friends deceived him, otherwise he might have won the’ election, (unfulfilled possibility in the past)
8. They can take possession of the house tomorrow, (permission)
9. Can you speak French? She wants a translator, (ability)
10. He is blind. He cannot see (power in negative)
11. Buy the tickets in advance so that you may avoid standing in the queue, (purpose)
12. How can a man be so damned to kill so many innocent animals? (disbelief)

(b) Use the correct modal. Choose from can, could, may and might.

1. Keep all the items ready so that the programme may not be delayed.
2. Can you define a modal? Yes, I can.
3. The flights may be delayed for there is a snag in the wheel.
4. He could run halfway before he collapsed.
5. My son could walk ten miles at a stretch before the accident.
6. No one can beat him in chess.
7. Could you permit me to have some rest?
8. The inspection team may cancel the visit, I fear.
9. Take a raincoat with you. It may rain.
10. You left the door open. The birds might have flown.
11. The officer might have taken strong objection against your behaviour.
12. May you live to see a hundred summers!

(c) Choose the right option to fill in the blank.

Question 1.
Our friend must he coming. It is time for him to arrive,
(a) might have come
(b) can come
(c) must be coming
(d) might be coming

Question 2.
Have some extra money with you. You might need it in the journey.
(a) can need
(b) cannot need
(c) may not need
(d) might need

Question 3.
He is only a little boy. He can not ride a horse.
(a) can ride
(b) cannot ride
(c) could ride
(d) may not ride

Question 4.
Whenever you were in need, you should have borrowed some money from me.
(a) can have
(b) should have
(c) could have
(d) might have

Question 5.
Things could have gone in our favour, only our planning failed.
(a) would have gone
(b) should have gone
(c) could have gone
(d) might have gone

Question 6.
She is working hard so that she may be selected.
(a) might be
(b) could be
(c) maybe
(d) can be

Question 7.
The wind was cold. I would have caught cold
(a) should have caught
(b) would have caught
(c) might caught
(d) might have caught

Question 8.
If he called upon me. I would give him a warm welcome,
(a) would have given
(b) would give
(c) should give
(d) should have given

Question 9.
She would rather fail than take to copying.
(a) should rather fail
(b) could rather fail
(c) would fail
(d) would rather fail.

Question 10.
If you had demanded, I would have given you all I had.
(a) might have given you
(b) should have given you
(c) would not have given you
(d) would have given you

7. Must, should ought to, needn’t

See Workbook Page-54-65

Exercises

(a) Use suitable modal from amongst ‘must, should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. Attendance in the school is obligatory. The students should take note of it. (external obligation)
2. Your behaviour must be above suspicion, (necessity)
3. Non-Violence should be practiced in letter and Spirit, (advisability as a matter of conscience)
4. Demand for dowry is a crime. People ought to shun it. (obligation of law)
5. If you wish to learn English, you should read an English newspaper every day, (advice)
6. I need to pay the bill. Somebody has already paid it. (lack of obligation)
7. We ought to keep the public toilets clean after use. (moral obligation)
8. People should use their franchise, (general advice)
9. If You see the thief, please inform the police, (chance happening, replacement of ‘if”)
10. You needn’t go on foot. You can take my scooter, (absence of obligation)
11. She has failed. She mightn’t have worked hard, (unfulfilled obligation)
12. She needn’t come every day. She can come on alternate days, (lack of compulsion)

(b) Use must; should, ought to, needn’t as required.

1. An enemy must be treated as enemy.
2. A good citizens needn’t not accept undue advantages.
3. He said to his grandfather, “You need not work anymore”.
4. Bill Gates ought to be a happy man, I suppose.
5. Some books ought to be read-only in parts; but some must be read wholly, diligently and attentively.
6. If a man writes a little, he must have a good memory.
7. You needn’t buy books if you have access to the Internet.
8. A child’s birthday should be celebrated solemnly.
9. Every child born into the world is a gift of god. We should be very gentle with it.
10. If India has to avoid disgrace, they must win this match.
11. Truth must be told.
12. The match should have been finished by now.
13. A government servant should dispose of his work regularly.
14. The office ought to have rejected the bribe.
15. Run fast lest you should get late.
16. If the rains deceive, the farmers shall die.
17. People must be welt educated in the matters of social sense.
18. India should have played to win. It is a pity, they didn’t
19. A judge ought to be above suspicion.
20. It is high time. You must prepare well for your exams.

(c) Fill the right alternative in the blank.

Question 1.
An upright man like him must have been ashamed of his guilt
a. ought to be ashamed
b. ought to ashamed
c. must have been ashamed
d. ought not to be ashamed

Question 2.
You don’t mean it. You must be joking
a. should be joking
b. ought to joke
c. ought to be joking
d. must be joking

Question 3.
You should take your father to hospital at once. He is ill.
a. should take
b. ought to take
c. must take
d. needn’t take

Question 4.
You must have fixed your priorities. Now there is no time left.
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. must fix
d. should be fixing

Question 5.
I needn’t cook my meals. They have been served by my host,
a. must have fixed
b. should fix
c. needn’t cook
d. didn’t need to cook

Question 6.
People could have common sense.
a. should have
b. ought to have
c. must have
d. could have

Question 7.
It is bad that you are late again. You ought to come before time.
a. could have come
b. ought to come
c. sould becoming
d. should have come

Question 8.
Must you go to the railway station, bring a timetable for me.
a. should
b. must
c. could
d. might

Question 9.
The boys should not shout like that. They are in the college, they must know.
a. should not shout
b. must not shout
c. needn’t shout
d. ought not to shout

Question 10.
Mr. Singh ought to take care of his dress.
a. ought to take care of
b. must take care of
c. should take care of
d. need to take care of

9. Have to(have to, has to, will have to, shall have to)

See Workbook Page-59-60

Exercises

(a) Use a suitable modal as required.

1. Before his illness, his father used to walk six miles every day, (discontinued habit in the past)
2. She has to go on foot as her bicycle had a flat tyre, (act under compulsion)
3. These days’ I need to work overtime to meet my expenses, (force of circumstances in the present)
4. How dare you abuse me like this? (courage)
5. My teacher used to shout at the students when they made mistakes; (habitual action in the past)
6. Most of the poor have to live on a single meal a day. (under force of circumstances in the present)
7. It might be very cold here. Now the climate has changed, (contrasting the past with the present.)
8. You may not challenge him. He is so stout, (lack of courage)

(b) Fill in the blanks with ‘used to’, ‘have to’, ‘has to’.

1. Many people in India have to go to bed with empty stomach.
2. She used to live in a small room before joining service.
3. All his money was spent. He has to sell his house.
4. Being poor, he has to walk on foot to his office.
5. My neighbour used to drink heavily before his death.
6. They have to face such heavy odds.
7. As a student, Mr. Verma used to live in hostel.
8. These days I have to work under a hard taskmaster.
9. Those days have to work under a hard taskmaster

(c) Fill in the blanks with the right alternatives:

Question 1.
They poor boys have to undertake menial tasks to support their families.
a. have had to
b. has to
c. have to
d. had to

Question 2.
My father used to work hard when he was young,
a. used to work
b. did use to work
c. had worked to
d. uses to work

Question 3.
My father had to sell his house for the marriage of my sister ten years ago.
a. has to
b. will have to
c. had to
d. has not to

Question 4.
A constable didn’t dare to challenge the S.P. as he is very strict.
a. didn’t dare to
b. hardly dared to
c. hardly dared
d. deren’t

Question 5.
I used to wear a long coat when I was a child
a. use to
b. did use to
c. need to
d. used to

Question 6.
My wife doesn’t have to cook in the morning. The maid does it.
a. doesn’t have to
b. is not to
c. have not to
d. don’t have to

Question 7.
She used to be a pilot. Now she is a housewife,
a. used to be
b. had to be
c. had better be
d. didn’t use to be

Question 8.
The gardener had to dig the garden by himself. Now he has fallen ill.
a. have to dig
b. will have do dig
c. has to dig
d. had to dig

Question 9.
I am not to do it all alone whatever you may say.
a. have not to
b. have to
c. am not to
d. am to

(d) What would you say in these situations:

Use the expressions given below to make sentences. There can be more than one sentence for one situation. One example has been done to help you.
would you mind …………………?
May I …………………?
Gould/You …………………?
Would you mind if I …………………?
Example :
Situation-You can’t do your homework
Would you mind doing my homework?
May I use your car if your allow …………………?
Could you help me if I need it …………………?
Would you mind if I take your book …………………?

(e) Write down the names of the places where you can find these instruction and reframe these instructions using modal auxiliary verbs, as given in the first sentence.

2.4 Tenses

See Workbook Page-65 & 66

Exercises

(a) Use the proper from of the verbs given in brackets to form Simple Present Tense sentences :

1. Good students always work hard, (work)
2. Good students seldom miss their classes, (miss)
3. I read a novel every weekend, (read)
4. Doctors cure patients, (cure)
5. All living things need oxygen, (need)
6. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius, (boil)
7. She cries when she is hungry, (cry)
8. They are vegetarians. They never eat meat, (eat)
9. Do you always have milk before going to bed? (have)
10. The District Education officer always inspects this school on a Monday, (inspect)
11. Fish swim in the water, (swim)
12. The Shatabdi Express seldom comes late, (come)
13. Karan does his homework every evening, (do)
14. Empty vessels always make much noise, (make)
15. Barking dogs seldom bite, (bite)

(b) Given below are two boxes with and when Shishir does something.

Make meaningful sentences with the help of the ‘actions’ and time expressions. Use appropriate phrases also on your own to complete the sentences.
Example: 1.
Shishir washes his father’s ear once a week.
His father goes to office every day.
Shishir studies every day.
He invites a letter to his friend once a month.
He invites his pen friend once a year.
He reads English every day.
He decorates his house once a year on his birthday.

The Present Continuous Tense:

See Workbook Page-68

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using either Present Simple or Present Continuous forms of the verbs provided in brackets. (In some cases two answers can be possible).

1. Ask the boy what he wants? (want).
2. Prachi reads books during spare time, (read)
3. It was very cloudy this morning It is raining now. (rain)
4. Parchi is tired. She is haring rest now. (rest)
5. My grandchildren usually spends their vacations in Bhopal (spend)
6. My cousin is arriving tomorrow, (arrive)
7. They never drink water during meals, (drink)
8. Karan is workings on his school project at this moment (work)
9. Rana sleeps often (sleep) on the sofa while watching T.V. (watch)
10. The Himalaya divides India and Tibet, (divide)
11. Raina cannot come to see you. She is writing a letter now. (write)
12. Rama is having a .party today as it is her birthday, (have)
13. My mother is preparing a special dish now. (prepare)
14. What examination are you and your sister is studying for at the moment? (study)
15. They never have coffee, (have)

The Present Perfect Tense:

See Workbook Page-69-70

Exercises

a) It was Sunday and Vipul was Planing to do something. Given below is the list of things that he was planning to do. Write about the things and the things
✓  finish my homework
✓  wash the scooter
✗ buy a birthday card for my friend
✓ arrange my bookshelf
✓ see my friend who is ill
✗ help my younger brother in his studies
✗ join ‘Guitar Classes’
✗ watch my favourite movie
Note :
✓means: He
✗ means: He hasn’t done work yet.

1. Vipul has already finished his homework.
2. Vipul has already washed the scooter.
3. Vipul has not bought a birthday card for his friend
4. Vipul has already arranged his bookshelf.
5. Vioul has already seen his’ friend who is ill.
6. Vipul has not helped his younger brother is his studies.
7. Vipul has not joined ‘guitar classes’.
8. Vipul hasn’t watched his favourite movie.

(b) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the approprite time expressions.

Question 1.
His English has improved considerably since I saw him last.
(i) I saw him last
(ii) he has started taking lessons.
(iii) May 1999

Question 2.
He has not read a newspaper for as long as I can remember.
(i) as long as I can remember
(ii) yesterday
(iii) more than a year.

Question 3.
My father has not come home for four years.
(i) my birth
(ii) I went to school
(iii) four years

Question 4.
I have not caught a cold for many years.
(i) my childhood
(ii) many years
(iii) last year

Question 5.
They have not been to a school since their birth.
(i) their birth
(ii) a long time
(iii) two months now.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs provided in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form as required.

1. Karan has been attending the Cricket Academy for the last four years. Now he can play cricket well, (attend)
2. Nidhi has already taken the Linguaphone course, (take)
3. She has been living here for two years now. (live)
4. Professor Saxena has adopted several different methods of teaching verbs, (adopt)
5. He has been teaching foreign students for about six years. (teach)

(d) Read the situations and write one complete sentence for each as given in the example.
Example :

Roma started working on computer at 7o’ clock.
She is still working on it.
Answer:
Roma has been working on computer since 7 o’clock.

Question 1.
We started living in Bhopal in 1990.
We are still living in Bhopal.
Answer:
We have been living in Bhopal since 1990.

Question 2.
The gardener started mowing the grass two hours ago.
He is still mowing it.
Answer:
The gardener has been mowing the grass for two hours.

Question 3.
My mother started decorating the house in the morning.
She is still decorating it.
Answer:
My mother has been decorating the house since morning

Question 4.
I started reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ three hours ago
I am still reading it.
Answer:
I have been reading Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ for three hours.

Question 5.
They began their tour three months ago.
They are travelling round Singapore at the moment.
Answer:
They have been travelling round Singapore for three moment.

Question 6.
Abbas and Aditi started making films when they left college.
They are still making films.
Ans.
Abbas and Aditi have been making films since they left college.

Question 7.
My brother began playing chess when he was only three. He still plays it
Answer:
My brother have been playing chess since he was only three.

Question 8.
Puran started painting the walls four hours ago.
He is still painting them.
Answer:
Puran has been painting the walls for four hours.

The Simple Past Tense:

See Workbook Page-73-74

Exercises

Use the verbs provided in brackets in Simple Past Tense:

1. Reema went to the market after school, (go)
2. My sister saw a beggar an hour ago. (see)
3. Karan visited his grandparents yesterday, (visit)
4. Raina did not do her homework because she was ill. (do, be),
5. Rohini never went to school, (go)
6. I took the entrance examination in 2005. (take)
7. We studied English verbs last month, (study)
8. Rohan asked for some more money from his father, (ask)
9. What did you eat for lunch yesterday? (eat)
10. Karan sent a telegram to his father last month (send)

b. Rewrite the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Also, add an appropriate adverbial in each case from the list provided here: yesterday, last month, last year, sometimes ago, this morning.

1. It suddenly becomes hot.
   It suddenly became hot this morning.
2. We are in a difficult situation.
   We were in a difficult situation last year.
3. My sister teaches me.
   My sister taught me yesterday.
4. The doctor looks after patients.
   The doctor looked after patients sometimes ago.
5. Rohan get’s up early.
   Rohan get up early this morning.
6. She speaks French.
   She spoke French sometimes ago.
7. They play cricket well.
   They played cricket well last month.
8. We have lunch at one o’clock
   We had lunch at one o’clock yesterday.
9. He speaks English well.
   He spokes English well this morning.
10. The porter carries luggage.
    The porter carries luggage yesterday.

The Pat Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page-75-76

Exercises

Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with the Past Continuous form of the verb given in brackets:

1. What were you doing when the accident occurred? (do)
2. I was changing the bulb that had burnt out. (change)
3. At 5 o’clock it was raining, (rain)
4. When Kiran called I was sleeping, (sleep)
5. The postman came when I was sleeping, (sleep)
6. When I was eating lunch Soha was reading, (read)
7. When they were waiting for the train, they saw Prachi. (wait)
8. While mother was cooking lunch, father was watching the T.V. (cook, Watch)
9. When I went to her house she was not there. She was studying at the library, (study)
10. While I was watching a horror film on the T.V. the power went out. (watch)

The Past Perfect Tense

See Workbook Page-76-77

Exercises

(a) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with Fast Simple or Past Perfect form of the verbs provided in brackets :

1. By the time the ambulance arrived the patient had died (arrive, die)
2. Several hours before the cricket match started the spectators had filled the stadium, (start, fill)
3. We came to this house in 2001 and had lived here ever since, (come, live)
4. When I was a boy, we had lived on a farm, (be, live)
5. Mother was very tired as she had worked the whole day. (be, work)

(b) Combine the following pairs of sentences using the Past Perfect
Tense to express the earlier action :

Question 1.
He joined his father’s trade.
He was then fifteen years of age.
Answer:
When he was fifteen years of age he had joined his father’s trade.

Question 2.
Mother laid the table for lunch.
We came to the table a little later.
Answer:
Mother had laid the table for lunch before we came.

Question 3.
Nidhi went to sleep.
The telephone rang a little later.
Answer:
Nidhi had gone to sleep before the telephone rang.

Question 4.
The bell rang.
We entered the class a little later.
Answer:
The bell had rung before we entered the class.

Question 5.
The fire devastated the whole village.
The fire brigade arrived later.
Answer:
The fire had devastated the whole village before the fire brigade arrived.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

See Workbook Page 78-80

Exercises

Prachi does the following things every day. Tell what she is going to do tomorrow.
(Use be going to form) :

1. Prachi gets up at 7 o’clock.
   Prachi is going to get up at 7 o’clock.
2. She has a bath.
   She is going to have a bath.
3. She puts on her school uniform.
   She is going to put on her school uniform.
4. She puts on shoes.
   She is putting on shoes.
5. She has breakfast.
   She is going to have breakfast.
6. She waits for the school bus.
   She is waiting for the school bus.
7. She arrives at school at 9 o’clock.
   She is going to arrive at school at 9 o’clock.
8. She attends her school.
   She is going to attend her school.
9. In the interval, she eats her lunch.
   In the interval, she is going to eat her lunch.
10. At 2 o’clock she goes to the library.
    At 2 o’clock she is going to the library.
11. At 4 o’clock she returns home.
    At 4 o’clock she is going to return home.
12. Then she goes to play.
    Then she is going to play.
13. She returns from play at 7 o’clock.
    She is going to return from play at 7 o’ clock.
14. She has her dinner.
    She is going to have her dinner.
15. At nine she goes to bed.
    At nine she is going to bed.

2.5 Non-Fxnites

See Workbook Page-83

Exercises

(a) (i) Say whether the underlined verb-forms in each of the given sentences are finite or non-finite.

1. I him rm qcc the teacher.
   asked-finite; to see-non-finite.
2. The bus a ppwgle the passengers late.
   Carrying-finite; arrived-Non-finite.
3. We have emr the cvncarcb results.
   Got-finite; expected-Non-finite.
4. about, I lmrgacb a snake.
   Walking-Non-finite; Noticed-finite.
5. his homework he jcdr for the market.
   Having done-Non-finite; left-finite.
6. The Prime Minister uclr to kccr the President.
   Went-finite; to meet- Non-finite.
7. My brother urafcb us j sefgle from the doorway.
   Watched-finite; Laughing-Non-finite.
8. We ucpc pcjgctcb to ecr our belonging back.
   Were relived-finite; to get-Non-finite.
9. is good for health.
   Swimming-Non-finite.
10. He ulrq an glrcpcqrgle company.
    Wants-finite; interesting-Non-finite.

(ii) Also, choose infinitive/gerund/present participle/past participle from each of the sentences given in the previous exercise.

(b) Given below are certain rules of a school. Write complete sentences about the school rules using any of the two phrases below-

1. We aren’t allowed ………….
2. We are asked ………….

School rules

• Don’t bring mobile phones.
• Always write in ink.
• Help one another.
• Don’t leave the class again and again.
• Have lunch only during lunch break.
• Speak English.
• Don’t play in the classroom.
• Keep silence.
• Don’t talk in the library.
• Come to school on time.

1. We aren’t allowed to bring mobile phones.
2. We are always asked to write in ink.
3. We are asked to help one another.
4. We aren’t allowed to leave the class again and again.
.5 We are asked to have lunch only during lunch break.
6. We are asked to speak English.
7. We aren’t allowed to play in the classroom.
8. We are asked to keep silence.
9. We aren’t allowed to talk in the library.
10. We are asked to come to school on time.

(c) Combine the following pairs of sentences using a suitable verb in its-ing form.
Example :
(a) Don’t eat stale food.
(b) It is harmful to health.
Eating stale food is harmful to health.

1. She talks too much. Nobody likes it.
   Nobody likes her talking too much.
2. Don’t break the rules of the road. It is harmful to all.
   Breaking the rules of the road is harmful to all.
3. We must appreciate our friends’ achievements. It promotes, goodwill.
   Appreciating our’s friends’ achievements promotes goodwill.
4. One should do one’s work in time. It brings success in life.
   Doing work in time brings success in life.
5. The team did well in the match. All appreciated them.
   All appreciated the team for doing well in the match.
6. He tells lies. It has made him unpopular.
   Telling lies made him unpopular.
7. We should always help others. It gives happiness and satisfaction.
   Helping others gives happiness and satisfaction.
8. She got first position in the examination. I congratulated her.
   I congratulated her for getting first position in the examination.

(d) Use the Gerund or Infinitive form of the words given in brackets and complete the sentences.

1. I dislike getting up early, (get)
2. Would you mind opening the window, please? (open)
3. My little daughter likes to play with dolls, (play)
4. They were surprised to hear the news, (hear)
5. All the students were prevented from attending the party, (attend)
6. He promised to finish it in time, (finish)
7. Most children enjoy building sandcastles. (build)
8. My friend is certain to find fault with my work, (find)
9. The chair was not /very comfortable to sit (sit)
10. It was brave of him to rescue the child from drowning. (rescue)

(e) Fill in with the correct non-finite verb-forms.

1. Smoking is harmful. (Smoke)
2. My landlord is a deadening fellow, (dread)
3. Your performance was entertaining. (entertain)
4. He loves to walk. (walk)
5. We are generally afraid of dieing .(die)
6. Your comments are disheartening. (dishearten)
7. Fighting for the country is an honour, (fight)
8. Poverty presents a depressing sight, (depress)
9. Swimming is the best exercise, (swim)
10. I have a writing test of the speech, (write)

(f) Rewrite the following sentences, using the participle construction, as shown in the example :
Example

• The thief saw the policemen and ran away
• Seeing the policemen, the thief ran away.

Question 1.
I saw him weeping and went to see what was wrong.
Answer:
Seeing him weeping, I went to see what was wrong.

Question 2.
As the weather was fine, we went for a picnic.
Answer:
Having a fine weather, we went for a picnic.

Question 3.
She walked up to the front door and rang the bell.
Answer:
Having walked up to the front door the rang the bell.

Question 4.
My little on heard the noise and woke up.
Answer:
Having heard the noise my little son woke up.

Question 5.
When I returned home, I found my kids playing outside.
Answer:
Having returned home I found my kids playing outside.

Question 6.
The policemen ran with all his might and caught the thief.
Answer:
Having ran with all his might the policemen caught the thief.

Question 7.
As he was defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.
Answer:
Having been defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.

Question 8.
My father put on his overcoat and went for a walk.
Answer:
Having put on his overcoat my father went for a walk.

2.6 Passive Voice

See Workbook Page-87

Exercises

(a) Make meaningful sentences in passive voice from the table given below. Use proper forms of verbs
given in B.

1. All the students were called for interview.
2. Badminton is played in an indoor stadium.
3. The notice was displayed on the notice board.
4. Patients were treated in the hospitals.
5. Wheat is grown in fields.
6. Grammar is taught in schools.
7. Shirts are stitched by tailors.
8. Cameras are manufactured in the USA and Japan.

(b) Use the information is given below and frame sentences by matching them.

1. America was discovered by Columbus.
2. The Discovery of India was written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
3. The Geetanjali was written by R.N. Tagore.
4. Television was invented by J.L. Baird.
5. Penicillin was discovery by Alexander Fleming.
6. Monalisa was painted by leonardo de vinci.
7. Vande Matram was written by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee.
8. The Tajmahal was built by Shahjehan.

(c) Use the verbs given below in passive form and complete the passage :
Make, grow, grind, harvest, send, by, knead, sell, keep, pack, use

In our country bread (chapati) gq kbc from Wheat. Wheat seeds are grown in fields. When the wheat is ripe, it /s harvested , then it is sent to the flour mill. At the mill it is griunded into flour. Now, this flour is packed and sent to different cities. For this purpose, big vans are used it is then sold by the shopkeeper. It is bought by the customers and kept in dry cans at home, then it is kneaded and chapatis are made from it.

(d) Look at the pictures give below and frame complete sentences using the verbs-repair, plough, milk, water, harvest, build. One example has been given to help you.

1. The wall is being built.
2. The Field is being ploughed.
3. The crop is being harvested.
4. The car is being repaired.
5. The plant is being watered.
6. The cow is being milked.

(e) Given below is the procedure to find the pH of lemon juice, vinegar, apple juice, orange juice, and tomato juice. Rewrite ‘ the whole procedure by using passive construction :

Procedure

• Take five strips of PH paper and place them on a glazed tile. Mark them 1 to 5.
• Take the test solutions in separate test tubes. Dissolve the solid substances by adding distilled water to it. Label the test tubes.
• Now place a drop of the pH solution on one of the strips of pH paper with the help of a dropper.
•  Observe the colour and match it with the different colour shades of the standard colour pH chart.
• Note down the pH from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper.
• Similarly find out the pH values of remaining samples using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

Start Like This

Five strips of pH paper are taken and placed on a glazed tile. They are mared 1 to 5. The test solutions and taken in separate test tubes and the solid substances are dissolved by adding distilled water to it. Test tubes are labellad then. Then a drop of the pH solution is placed on one of the strips of pH shades of the standard colour pH chart. Then the pH is noted down from the colour chart of the colour which matches the most with the colour produced on the pH paper. Simplify the pH values of remaining samples are found out using fresh strips of pH paper and a separate dropper for each.

(f) Shahida read the following “News Headlines” in Yesterday’s ” newspaper. Now she wants to write these headlines in complete sentences. Help her to write sentences in Passive voice

Delhi-terrorist arrested Yesterday	centre allots Rs. 15 crore  for flood victims
Painting competition held at Bal Bhawan	youths asked to meditate for success
Twenty people arrested after demonstration	Delhi welcomes 25th trade fair
Wonder medicine cured ulcer	Indonesia confirms two bird flue cases
India tightening security at airports	Indian hockey team wins the finals

Example:

1. A terrorist was arrested yesterday in Delhi.
2. Rs. 15 crore was allotted for the flood victims by centre.
3. Painting competition was held at Bal Bhawan.
4. youths have been asked to meditate for success.
5. Twenty people were arrested after demonstration.
6. 25th trade fair was welcomed at New Delhi.
7. Ulcer was cured by wonder medicine.
8. Two bird Flue cases were confirmed by Indonesia
9. Security at airports is being tightened in India.
10. The finals here won by Indian hockey team.

(g) What improvements have been made in your village/town/ city/country over the last ten years? You can write about the areas given in box A with the help of the verbs given in box B as given in the example.

Example:

1. Compulsory education has introduced in our country.
2. Roads have been repaired.
3. Schools have been set up.
4. Hospitals have been modernized.
5. Industries have been set up.
6. Agricultures have been modernized.
7. Medical services have been improved.
8. Public transport has been improved.
9. Housing and living conditions have been developed.
10. Social system has been improved.

(h) Given below are instructions to minimize eye strain while using computers. Rewrite them using passive construction.

1. keep the screen clean and free from dust.
2. Use glasses if possible.
3. Position the computer screen about 10-15 degrees below eye level.
4. Avoid glare.
5. Don’t work continuously, take frequent breaks.

Start Like This :

While using a computer Screen is kept clean and free from dust. It possible glasses should be used. The computer screen should be positioned about 10-15 degrees below eye level glare should be avoided, continuous work should be avoided and frequent breaks are suggested.

(i) Given below are certain problems. Do you think that these problems will have been solved by year 2020?
world’s terrorist problem
a cure for AIDS
the population problem of India
the unemployment problem
new energy sources
settlements on sea
international traffic laws
drug problem among youths
passenger transport to the moon
the problem of global warming
Begin your sentences with I think/I don’t think
And use the verbs accordingly like find, introduce invent, solve, etc.

Example : Noise pollution in India
I think the problem of noise pollution in India will have been solved by the year 2020.

1. I don’t think world’s terrorist problem will have been solved by the year 2020.
2. I think a cure for AIDS will have been discovered by the year 2020.
3. I think the population problem of India will have been controlled by the year 2020.
4. I don’t think the unemployment problem will have overcome by the year 2020.
5. I think new energy sources will have been explored by 2020
6. I think settlements on sea will have been done by 2020.
7. I don’t think international traffic laws will have been forced by 2020.
8. I think drug problems among youths will have been controlled by 2020.
9. I don’t think passenger transport to the moon will have been started by 2020.
10. I think the problem of global warming will have been controlled by 2020.

(J) Put the following sentences into the passive form :

1. The king gave him a reward.
   A reward was given to him by the king.
2. They were plucking flowers in the park.
   Flowers were being plucked by them in the park.
3. One should keep one’s promise.
   One’s promise should be kept.
4. Who told you the truth?
   By when were you told the truth.
5. All trust an honest man.
   An honest man is trusted.
6. Somebody has cleaned the room.
   The room has been cleaned.
7. We shall play the match tomorrow.
   The match will be played by us tomorrow.
8. Why did the teacher punish the students?
   Why the students were punished by the teacher?
9. Someone has already switched off the light.
   The light has already been switched off.
10. We should not waste our time in gossiping.
    Our time should not be wasted in gossiping.
11. My grandmother tells me amusing stories about Birbal.
    I am told amusing stories about Birbal by my grandmother.
12. The manager dismissed him from service for his rude behaviour.
    He was dismissed by the manager for his rude behaviour.

2. 7 Narration

See Workbook Page-97-98

Exercises

Pick up and write the sentences of three kinds in the space provided and in case of Direct and Indirect narration also mention the Reporting verb.

Direct Narration

Sentence	Reporting verb
1. We are going to the doctor this afternoon.	said
2. Why do you cry?	asked
3. Don’t play in the sun	prohibited
4. What a fine picture?	exclaimed

Indirect Narration

Sentence	Reporting verb
1. My mother said that she thought I had adenoids.	said
2. She asked me if I was going to’ the market.	asked
3. The commander ordered the trump to halt.	ordered

Reporting Statements

See Workbook Page-99-100

Exercises

Change the following sentences into the Indirect Narration:

1. He said to me, “I have asked you not to tell lies.”
   He told me that he has asked me not to tell lies.
2. He said, “It is time we depart.”
   He told that it was time they depart.
3. She said, “I am waiting and watching and longing for my son’s return.”
   She told that she was waiting and watching and longing for her
4. She said to her sister, “I want to show you something.”
   She told her sister, “I want to show you something.”
5. My mother said to me, “I am cooking your favourite dish today.”
   My mother told me that she was cooking my favourite dish that day.
6. The shopkeeper said, “Here is your packet.”
   The shopkeeper told me that there was my packet.
7. She said to her brother, “I have washed your clothes in the morning.”
   She told her brother that she had washed his clothes in the morning.
8. They said to the teacher, “We want to play football.”
   They told the teacher that they wanted to play football.

2. Reporting Questions

See Workbook Page-101

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration:

1. She said to me, “Where do you live?”
   She asked me where did I live.
2. He said to me, “Will you show me your homework?”
   He asked me if I would show him my homework.
3. She said to her brother, “What do you want?”
   She asked her brother what did he want.
4. He said, “When will you return?”
   He asked when would he return.
5. I said to him, “Which book do you like most?”
   I asked him which book did he like most.
6. Raina said to him, “Which way did the man go?”
   Raina asked him which way had the man go.
7. He said to us, “Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing?”
   He asked us why were we all sitting there doing nothing.
8. The teacher said to me, “What kind of help do you need from me.?”
   The teacher asked me what kind of help did I need from him.
9. Roma said to her, “Will you play with me?”
   Roma asked her if she would play with her.
10. Rohit said to his mother, “Have you seen my pencil box?”
    Rohit asked him, mother if she had seen his pencil box.

3. Reporting Commands,
Requests And Advice

See Workbook Page-102

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. The old man said to the villager, “Bring me a glass of milk.”
   The old man asked the villager to bring him a glass of water.
2. The king said to the hatter, “Take off your hat.”
   The King ordered the hatter to take off his hat.
3. The teacher said, “Sit down, boys.”
   The teacher asked the boys to sit down.
4. He said to his servant, “Go to the bazaar and bring me some oil.”
   He ordered his servant to go to the Bazaar and bring him some oil.
5. The teacher said to her, “Don’t read so fast.”
   The teacher prohibited her to read so fast.
6. He said, “Rina, go to the well and fetch me some water.”
   He asked Rina to go to the well and fetch him some water.

(4) Reporting Exclamations

See Workbook Page-103

Exercises

Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration.

1. He said angrily, “What a stupid fellow you are!”
   He exclaimed with anger that he was a great stupid fellow.
2. She looked at the Taj and said, “What a beautiful building!”
   She looked the Taj and exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful building.
3. He said, “My God! I am ruined!”
   He exclaimed with regret that he was ruined.
4. She said to me, “How smart you are!”
   She exclaimed with praised that I was very smart.
5. He said to the soldier, “Alas! Our foes are too strong!”
   He exclaimed with sorrow that his foes are very strong.
6. He said to me, “May God bless you!”
   He wished me that God might bless me.

Review Exercises

(a) (i) Say/write what he/she wants to know

Answer:

1. The girl/She wants to know where does the rainbow come from.
2. She wants know why does it thunder.
3. She wants to know how do trees grow.
4. The boy wants to know why does it rain.
5. He wants to know why do birds fly in the sky.
6. He wants to know why do stars shine at night.

(ii) Now write what he/she wanted to know.

1. The girl/she wanted to know where did the rainbow come from
2. She wanted to know why did it thunder.
3. She wanted to know how did trees grow.
4. The boy wanted to know why did it rain.
5. He wanted to know why did birds fly in the sky.
6. He wanted to know why did stars shine at night.

(b) Given below are some situations. What would you advise these people in these situations? Use advise, tell, ask, suggest. One example has been done to help you.

Your father looks tired.	Your mother is worried about your future.
Your younger brother has a terrible cough.	Your neighbour is playing loud music.
Your friend has found a bag full of money.	Your aunt lives in a house where she does not get fresh air.
Your servant has brought vegetables that are not fresh.	Children are making noise outside your room.
Your friend always has trouble with his scooter.

Example :

Your friend looks ill-I would suggest him to go to this doctor
Your mother is worried about your future-I would tell her to be assured-
Your younger brother has a terrible cough-I would advise him to get it treated properly.
Your neighbour is playing loud music-I would tell him to stop it.
Your friend has found a bag full of money-I would suggest him to hand it over to the police.
Your servant has brought vegetables that are not fresh-I would ask him to return them.
Children are making noise outside your room-I would tell them to stop it.
Your friend always has trouble with his scooter-I would suggest him to replace it.

(c) You have just come back from an educational tour. Your neighbour Anil comes to meet you. He wants, to know about your trip and asks you the questions given below:

Now you report to another friend what Anil asked you.

1. Anil asked me how I was.
2. He asked me where was my sister.
3. He asked me why hadn’t I reply to his phone calls.
4. He asked me when had I come back.
5. He asked if I had enjoyed the trip.
6. He asked me how may friend had been with me.
7. He asked me which places had I visited.
8. He asked me if I had been give a warm welcome there

(d) Work in pairs. Interview each other under the headings given below and note down the answer :

Now write two continuous paragraphs reporting the details:
(i) Veena said that she usually had bjgw lb qrsddcb n p rf fcp pc id qr.
Veena said that her favourite dish was malai kofta but she didn’t like noodles. Then she said that her favorite place was Andman Nicobar Islands. She added that her favourite book was Ignited Minds by APJ Abdul Kalam.

(ii) Ruchika told me that she usually had sprorted grains and fruits for breakfast. She added that she preferred milk for her breakfast. She said that her favourite dish was Palak paneer while the hated food was berger for her. Then she said that her favourite places are Agra and Jaipur. She added that her favourite film was mother India by Mahboob Khan.

2.8 Clauses

See Workbook Page-108

Exercises

Mark the clauses in the following sentences and identify the types of sentences :

1. He went to market/but did not buy anything/
   Main clause Compound clause
2. She knows/what you want.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
3. The boy finished his homework/and went to play.
   Main clause Compound clause
4. I can not say/when I will return.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
5. The book you gave me yesterday is very interesting.
   The book is very interesting Main clause/(Which) you gave me yesterday-Subordinate clause.
6. We have no room for you.-Sentence
7. We read/whatever books they find in the library
   Main clause Subordinate clause
8. I do not know his name. -Sentence
9.  I do not know/what his name is.
   Main clause Subordinate clause
10.  He is poor/but he is honest.
    Main clause Subordinate clause

Noun Clauses

See Workbook Page-109

Exercises

Make complex sentences adding Noun clauses.

1. He was convinced that he had made mistakes.
2. Let us see which team plays better.
3. It is said that India is the largest democracy.
4. Pay attention to what your parents say.
5. The message said the Prime Minister is going to china.
6. I was told that my ancestors belonged to Kashmir.
7. I feel that this city doesn’t suit me.
8. She is hopeful that she would get a good result.
9. The question is that whether it is true or not.
10. The rumour that the terrorists have entered the city is confirmed.

Adjective Clauses

Exercises

(a) Complete the questions given below :

1. What is the name of the teacher who teaches us English?
2. What is the name of the place where your father is posted?
3. What is the name of the object which shows direction?
4. What is the name of the film that you saw last weeks?
5. What is the name of the singer who sang this song?
6. What is the name of the stadium where the third test match will be held?
7. What is the name of the book which you are reading now?
8. What is the name of the author whose book was awarded last year?
9. What is the name of the place where you are going to take admission?
10. What is the name of the game which you like most?

(b) Complete the following sentences by adding suitable adjective clauses :

1. No one can tell the reason how did it happen.
2. The place where I was born is now in Jodhpur.
3. Mr. Sharma Who is a renowned leader lives near my house.
4. The pen which I gifted him is very expensive.
5. A person who acts in a film is called an actor.
6. He has a brother who sings very fine.
7. The flowers which 1 bought yesterday have faded.
8. I have spent the money that you gave me yesterday.
9. This is the place where we lived for four years.
10. Youth is the time that everyone enjoys.

(c) Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined
phrases/clauses to Relative Clauses as given in the example.
Example-
The boy is my cousin,
The boy who is sitting in the last row is my cousin.

1. People jgtgle gl ej qq fmsqcq should not throw stones at others. People who live glass houses should not throw stones at others.
2. A man md qgknjc I rspc is liked by all.
   A man who has simple nature is liked by all.
3. Men ugrf emmb k I eckclr qigjjq are needed everywhere. Men who knows good management skills are needed everywhere.
4. I don’t know the reason dmp fgq d gjspc.
   I don’t know the reason why he failed.
5. Do you know the time
   Do you know the time when she would return?
6. Can you tell me fgq bucjjgle nj ac Can you tell me where he lives?
7. A science book ugrf amjmspdsj bg ep kq lb dgespcq is useful for all the learners.
   A science book which has colourful diagrams and figures is useful for all the learners.
8. The man ugrfmsr ksqga gl fgq qmsj can’t live life in full. The man who is without music in his soul can’t live life in full.

(d) Given below are the people whom you met in a party. They told you something about them.

Later you tell of your friends about the people you met. Write your sentences using ‘who’ or ‘whose’

1. I met a girl whose brother is a chess champion.
2. I met a boy whose ambition is to be a great musician.
3. I met a lady whose daughter wants to fly in the sky.
4. I met a boy who never misses a hockey match.
5. I met a girl whose neighbour has come back from Australia.
6. I met a boy whose father has retired from service.

Adverb Clauses

See Workbook Page-113-115

Exercises

(a) Make complex sentences by adding adverb clauses :

1. Be careful lest you will fail.
2. Let us stay here till are get reservation ticket Confirmed.
3. The doctor had arrived before the patient died.
4. She came to school though she had sereze cough and cold.
5. The accident took place where road was badly damaged.
6. They will go out to play when the days become bright.
7. He is wearing a coat as it is cold outside.
8. The grapes were so expensive that we couldn’t buy.
9. He ran very fast so that he could catch the train.
10. It was a much better entertainment than we had last time.

(b) Replace the underlined phrase by an Adverb Clause, as given in the example.
Example-On his return, we asked about his journey.
When he returned, we asked about his journey.

1.  I shall wait for you rgjj rfc clb md rfc ucci.
   I shall wait for you as long as the week ends.
2. The weather is rmm amjb rm go out.
   The weather is so cold that we cannot go out.
3. He talked jgic kb.
   He talked as he was mad.
4. he ran away.
   As he saw the snake he ran away.
5. F tgle bmlc fgq umpi he switched off the light.
   As soon as did his work he switched off the light.
6. They behave jgic dmmjq.
   The behave as they were fools.
7. He ran ugrf jj fgq kgefr.  
   He ran as much as he could.
8. I am grateful to her dmp bmgle kw umpi gl rgkc.
   I am grateful to her as he had done my work in time,

(c) Read what Rohan did Yesterday :

Now he is sitting thinking of what might have happened if:
Write complete sentences. Start like this :

If I hadn’t watched T.V. late at night, I would have got up early.
If I could have gat up early I would have time to be ready.
If I could have gat up early I would not have missed the school bus.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been cate for school.
If I could have gat up early I would not have been punished by the feather.

(d) Combine the following pairs of sentences by turning one of them into an Adverb/Adjective/Noun clause as shown in the example.
Example
I reached the hall late.
The examination had started.
The examination had started before I reached the hall.

Question 1.
You are the royal priest.
You must be very wise.
Answer:
As you are the royal priest you must be very wise.

Question 2.
A balloon filled with hot air always goes up. Do you know it?
Answer:
Do you know that a balloon filled with hot air always goes up.

Question 3.
I want to score high marks.
I am working hard for it.
Answer:
As I want to score high marks so I am working hard.

Question 4.
My bag is missing.
I had kept all my money in it.
Answer:
I had kept all my money in the bag where is missing.

Question 5.
I have just met a man in the party.
He is a magician.
Answer:
In the party I have just met a man who is a magician.

Question 6.
He will be cured.
The doctor is hopeful.
Answer:
The doctor is hopeful that he will be cured.

Question 7.
The time given was short.
I couldn’t answer all the questions.
Answer:
The time given was so short that I couldn’t answer all the questions.

Question 8.
You were absent yesterday.
Can you tell me the reason?
Answer:
Can you tell me the reason why were absent yesterday?

Question 9.
He was not doing his homework regularly.
This was the complaint.
Answer:
This was the complaint that he was not doing homework regularly.

Question 10.
She worked in a factory.
It was caught in a fire yesterday.
Answer:
She worked in a factory which caught fire yesterday.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 5 द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ NCERT अभ्यास प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
30° से. तथा 1 bar दाब पर वायु 500 dm आयतन को 200 dm तक संपीडित करने के लिए कितने न्यूनतम दाब की आवश्यकता होगी?
हल:
स्थिर ताप बॉयल के नियमानुसार,
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂,
P₁ = 1 bar
V₁ = 500 dm³
P₂=?
V₂ = 200 dm³
\(\quad { P }_{ 2 }=\frac { { P }_{ 1 }{ V }_{ 1 } }{ { V }_{ 2 } } \)
=\(\frac { 1×500 }{ 200}\) = 2.5 bar.

प्रश्न 2.
35° से. ताप तथा 1 – 2 bar दाब पर 120 ml धारिता वाले पात्र में गैस की निश्चित मात्रा भरी है। यदि 35° से. पर गैस को 180 ml धारिता वाले फ्लास्क में स्थानांतरित किया जाता है, तो गैस का दाब क्या होगा?
हल:
दिया है – P₁ = 1.2 bar,
V₁ = 120 ml,
P₂ = ?,
V₂ = 180 ml
स्थिर ताप पर बॉयल के नियम से,
\(\quad { P }_{ 2 }=\frac { { P }_{ 1 }{ V }_{ 1 } }{ { V }_{ 2 } } \)
अतः P₂ = \(\frac { 1.2 bar × 120mL }{ 180}\) = 0.8bar

प्रश्न 3.
अवस्था-समीकरण का उपयोग करते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए कि दिए गए ताप पर गैस का घनत्व, गैस के दाब के समानुपाती होता है।
उत्तर:
आदर्श गैस समीकरण के अनुसार,
PV = nRT
P = \(\frac { nRT}{V}\)

= \(\frac { m}{M}\)
P = \(\frac { mRT}{MV}\)
अब घनत्व d=\(\frac { m}{V}\)M रखने पर,
P = \(\frac { dRT}{M}\)}
अतः स्थिर आयतन पर P α d होगा।

प्रश्न 4.
0°C पर तथा 2 bar दाब पर किसी गैस के ऑक्साइड पर घनत्व 5 bar दाब पर डाइनाइट्रोजन के घनत्व के समान है, तो ऑक्साइड का अणु-भार क्या है ?
हल:
घनत्व d = \(\frac { MP}{RT}\), (यहाँ R और T किसी गैस के लिए स्थिरांक है)
N₂ के लिए P=5 bar एवं M = 28 g mol^-1
d_N2 = \(\frac { PM}{RT}\) = \(\frac {5 × 28}{RT}\)

दिये गये गैसीय ऑक्साइड के लिए P = 2 bar एवं M = ?
d_oxide = \(\frac { PM}{RT}\) = \(\frac {5 × 28}{RT}\)
प्रश्नानुसार, d_N2 = d_oxide
5 × 28 = 2× M
M= \(\frac {5 × 28}{2}\) = 70g mol^-1

प्रश्न 5.
27° से. पर एक ग्राम आदर्श गैस का दाब 2 bar है।जब समान ताप एवंदाब पर इसमें दो ग्राम आदर्श गैस मिलाई जाती है, तो दाब 3 bar हो जाता है। इन गैसों के अणु-भार में संबंध स्थापित कीजिए।
हल:
PV = nRT
गैस A के लिए, P_AV = N_ART ………..(i)
इसी प्रकार, गैस B के लिए, P_BV = N_BRT ………..(ii)
गैस A के मोलों की संख्या, n_A = \(\frac { 1 }{ { M }_{ A } } \) [M_A = A का मोलर द्रव्यमान]
गैस B के मोलों की संख्या, n_B = \(\frac { 2 }{ { M }_{ B } } \) [M_B = B का मोलर द्रव्यमान]
गैस A का दाब, P_A = 2 bar
कुल दाब, P_कुल = P_A + P_B = 3 bar
गैस B का दाब,
P_B= P_कुल – P_A = 3 – 2 = 1 bar
V, R तथा T दोनों गैसों के लिए समान है।
अतः समी. (i) तथा (ii) से,
\(\frac { { P }_{ A } }{ { P }_{ B } } \) = \(\frac { { n }_{ A } }{ { n }_{ B } } \) = \(\frac { { 1×M }_{ B } }{ { { M }_{ A } }×2 } \)
= \(\frac { { M }_{ B } }{ { M }_{ A } } \) = \(\frac { { 2P }_{ A } }{ { P }_{ B } } \)
= \(\frac { { M }_{ B } }{ { M }_{ A } } \) = \(\frac { 2×2 }{ 1 }\)
M_B = 4M_A

प्रश्न 6.
नाली साफ करने वाले ड्रेनेक्स में सूक्ष्म मात्रा में ऐल्युमिनियम होता है। यह कास्टिक सोडा से क्रिया कर डाइहाइड्रोजन गैस देता है। यदि 1 bar तथा 20°C ताप पर 0.15 ग्राम ऐल्युमिनियम अभिक्रिया करेगा, तो निर्गमित डाइहाइड्रोजन का आयतन क्या होगा?
हल:
प्रयुक्त रासायनिक समीकरण –
2 AI (2 मोल) + 2NaOH + 2H₂O → 2NaAlO₂ + 3H₂(3 मोल)
= 54 gm
अत: 0-15 g AI से उत्पन्न होने वाले H₂ मोल =\(\frac { 3 }{ 54 }\) × 0.15 = 8333×10^-3 mol
PV = nRT में P= 1 bar, V = ?, n=8.333 × 10-mol, R=0.083 L atm mol^-1K^-1 T = 293K रखने पर,
1 × V = 8.33 x 10^-3× 0.083 × 293
V=0.202 L या 202 mL.

प्रश्न 7.
यदि 27°C पर 9 dm³ धारिता वाले फ्लास्क में 3.2 ग्राम मेथेन तथा 4.4 ग्राम कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड का मिश्रण हो, तो इसका दाब क्या होगा?
हल:
समीकरण, PV = \(\frac {m }{ M}\)RT

मेथेन का दाब –
m = 3.2g, M = 16g mol^-1 , T = 300K, V = 9 × 10^-3 m^-3 R = 8.314 Pa m³K^-1mol^-1

CO₂ का दाब, –
w = 4.4g, M = 44g mol^-1, T = 300K, V = 9x 10^-3m³, R= 8.314 Pa m³K^-1mol^-1 Pa

मिश्रण का कुल दाब = \({ P }_{ { CH }_{ 4 } }\) + \({ P }_{ { CO }_{2} }\)
= 5-543 × 10⁴Pa + 2.771 × 10⁴ Pa
= 8:314 × 10⁴ Pa.

प्रश्न 8.
27°C ताप पर जब 1 लीटर के फ्लास्क में 0.7 bar पर 2.0 लीटर डाइऑक्सीजन तथा 0.8 bar पर 0.5 L डाइहाइड्रोजन को भरा जाता है, तो गैसीय मिश्रण का दाब क्या होगा?
हल:
समी. P₁V₁+ P₂V₂ = P₃V₃ में,
P₁ = 0.8 bar, P₂ = 0.7 bar, V₁ = 0.5L, V₂ = 2L, P₃ = ?, V₃= 1L रखने पर,
0.8 x 0.5 + 0.7 × 2 = P₃ × 1.
∴ P₃ = 1.8 bar.

प्रश्न 9.
यदि 27°C ताप तथा 2 bar दाब पर एक गैस का घनत्व 5.46 gdm’ है, तो STP पर इसका घनत्व क्या होगा?
हल:
दी गई गैस के लिए,
\(\frac { { P }_{ 1 } }{ { d }_{ 1 }{ T }_{ 1 } } =\frac { { P }_{ 2 } }{ { d }_{ 2 }T_{ 2 } } \)
d₁= 5.46 g/dm³, d₂ = ?, P₂ = 1 bar, P₁ = 2 bar, T₁ = 27 + 273 = 300K, T₁ = 273 K
∴ \(\frac { 2 }{ 15.46×300 } =\quad \frac { 1 }{ d_{ 2 }×274 } \)
या d₂ = 3 g/dm³.

प्रश्न 10.
यदि 546°C तथा 0.1 bar दाब पर 34.05 ml फॉस्फोरस वाष्प का भार 0.0625 g है, तो फॉस्फोरस का मोलर द्रव्यमान क्या होगा?
हल:
PV = nRT
PV = \(\frac { mRT }{ M }\)
(m = फॉस्फोरस का द्रव्यमान (g) तथा M = फॉस्फोरस का मोलर द्रव्यमान)
या M=\(\frac { mRT }{PV}\)

M = 1250.4g mol^-1.

प्रश्न 11.
एक विद्यार्थी 27°C पर गोल पेंदे के फ्लास्क में अभिक्रिया-मिश्रण डालना भूल गया तथा उस फ्लास्क को ज्वाला पर रख दिया। कुछ समय पश्चात् उसे अपनी भूल का अहसास हुआ। उसने उत्तापमापी की सहायता से फ्लास्क का ताप 477°C पाया।आप बताइए कि वायु का कितना भाग फ्लास्क से बाहर निकला।
हल:
प्रथम विधि –
माना 27°C (T₁ = 300K) पर फ्लास्क में हवा का आयतन = Vcm³
प्रश्नानुसार, V₁ = Vcm³, V₂ = ?, T₁= 300K, T₂ = 750K
\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } } =\quad \frac { { V }_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \)
\(\frac { V }{ 300 } =\frac { { V }_{ 2 } }{ 750 } \quad \)
⇒  300V₂ = 750V (कुल आयतन)
∴ V₂ = 2.5V
बाहर निकला आयतन = 2.5V-V = 1.5V
बाहर निकली वायु का भाग = \(\frac { 1.5V }{ 2.5V }\)= 0.6

द्वितीय विधि –
PV = nRT
nα\(\frac { 1 }{ T }\).
\(\frac { { n }_{ 1 } }{ { n }_{ 2 } } =\frac { T_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \quad \) = \(\frac { 300 }{ 750 }\).
\(\frac { { n }_{ 1 } }{ { n }_{ 2 } } \) = 0.4
∴ बाहर निकली वायु का भाग = 0.6.

प्रश्न 12.
3.32 bar पर 5 dm³ आयतन घेरने वाली 4.0 mol गैस के ताप की गणना कीजिए। (R = 0.83 bar dm³ mol^-1 )
हल:
प्रश्नानुसार, P= 3.32 bar
आयतन, V= 5 dm³
मोलों की संख्या, n = 4 mol
गैस का नियतांक, R= 0.083 bar dm³ K^-1 mol
ताप, T = ?
आदर्श गैस का समीकरण, PV = nRT से

T= 50K.

प्रश्न 13.
1.4 g डाइनाइट्रोजन गैस में उपस्थित कुल इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या की गणना कीजिए।
हल:
∴ N₂ के मोलों की संख्या =\(\frac { m }{ M }\) = \(\frac { 1.4 }{ 28 }\)=0.05
अणुओं की संख्या = 0.05 × 6.02 × 10²³ = 3.01 x 10²³
अणु नाइट्रोजन के एक अणु में 14 इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं।
अतः कुल इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या = 14 × 3.01 × 10²³ = 42.14 × 10²²

प्रश्न 14.
यदि एक सेकंड में 1010 गेहूँ के दाने वितरित किए जाएँ, तो ऐवोगैड्रो-संख्या के बराबर दाने वितरित करने में कितना समय लगेगा?
हल:

प्रश्न 15.
27°C ताप पर 1 dm³ आयतन वाले फ्लास्क में 8 ग्राम डाइऑक्सीजन तथा 4 ग्राम डाइहाइड्रोजन के मिश्रण का कुल दाब कितना होगा?
हल:

H₂ के मोलों की संख्या, \(\qquad { n }_{ { H }_{ 2 } }=\quad \frac { 4 }{ 2 } \) = 2.0mol
कुल मोलों की संख्या = 0.25 + 2.0 = 2.25 mol
प्रश्नानुसार, P = ?, n = 2-25 mol, V = 1 dm³, R = 0.083 bar dm K^-1 mol^-1
T= 27°C = 273 + 27 = 300K
अतः PV = nRT से,
दाब, P=\(\frac { nRT }{ V } \)

P = 56.025 bar.

प्रश्न 16.
गुब्बारे के भार तथा विस्थापित वायु के भार के अंतर को ‘पेलोड’ कहते हैं। यदि 27°C पर 10 m त्रिज्या वाले गुब्बारे में 1.66 bar पर 100kg हीलियम भरी जाए, तो पेलोड की गणना कीजिए। (वायु का घनत्व = 1.2 kg m’ तथा R = 0.083 bar dm³ K^-1mol^-1)
हल:
प्रथम गणना-विस्थापित वायु के भार के लिए
गुब्बारे की त्रिज्या (r) = 10 m, d = 1.2 kg m^-3
गुब्बारे का आयतन (V) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) πr³ = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3 }\) × \(\frac { 22 }{ 7 }\) × = (10)³
= 4190.5 m³
अतः विस्थापित वायु का भार = गुब्बारे की वायु का आयतन × वायु का घनत्व
= 4190.5 × 1-2 = 5028.6 kg
द्वितीय गणना – गुब्बारे में भरी He का द्रव्यमान
He के मोलों की संख्या (n) = \(\frac { PV }{RT }\).
∴ P = 1.66 bar, V = 4190.5 × 10³ dm³, R = 0.083 bar dm³ K^-1‘mol^-1, T = 300K

= 279.37 ×10³
अतः भरे गुब्बारे का भार = 100 + 1117.48 = 1217.48 kg
तृतीय गणना – पेलोड का भार = विस्थापित द्रव्यमान-भरे गुब्बारे का भार
= 5028.6 – 1217.8
= 3811.8 kg.

प्रश्न 17.
31.1 C तथा 1 bar दाब पर 8.8 ग्राम CO₂ द्वारा घेरे गए आयतन की गणना कीजिए। (R = 0.083 bar L mol^-1)
हल:
सूत्र,
PV = nRT से,
PV = \(\frac { m }{ M }\)RT
प्रश्नानुसार, P= 1 bar, V = ?, m = 8.8g. M= 44g mol^-1 (CO₂)
R = 0.083 bar LK^-1 mol^-1 तथा T= 31.1°C = 273 + 31.1
= 304.1 K
t =-273°C पर,
v_t = v₀ [1-\(\frac { 273 }{ 273 }\)] = 0
अर्थात् – 273°C पर गैस का आयतन शून्य हो जायेगा तथा गैसों का अस्तित्व समाप्त हो जायेगा।
8.8 g CO₂द्वारा घेरा गया आयतन,

V=5.048 L.

प्रश्न 18.
समानदाब पर किसी गैस के 2.9g द्रव्यमान का 95°C तथा 0.184g डाइहाइड्रोजन का 17°C का आयतन समान है। बताइए कि गैसों का मोलर द्रव्यमान क्या होगा?
हल:
समी. PV=\(\frac { m }{Ml }\)RT
गैस के लिए, m = 2.9, T = 273 + 95 = 368K, M = ?
PV = \(\frac { 2.9 }{M }\) × R × 368 ………….(i)
एवं हाइड्रोजन के लिए, m = 0.184g, T = 273 + 17 = 290, M = 2
PV = \(\frac { 0.184 }{ 2}\) × R × 290 ………….(ii)
समी. (i) एवं (ii) से,
\(\frac { 2.9 }{M }\) × R × 368 = \(\frac { 0.184 }{ 2}\) × R × 290

प्रश्न 19.
एक bar दाब पर डाइहाइड्रोजन तथा डाइऑक्सीजन के मिश्रण में 20% डाइहाइड्रोजन (भार से) रखा जाता है, तो डाइहाइड्रोजन का आंशिक दाब क्या होगा?
हल:
∴ H₂ तथा O₂ के मिश्रण में भारानुसार 20% H₂ है।
अतः W_H2 = 20 g एवं W_O2 = 80g
n_H2 = \(\frac {20 }{ 2}\) = 10 moles
W_O2 = \(\frac {80 }{ 32}\) = 2.5 moles
P_H2= X_H2 × P_totla,
P_H2 = \(\frac {10 }{ 10 + 2.5}\) × 1 = 0.8bar
P_totla = 1bar

प्रश्न 20.
PV²T²/n राशि के लिए SI इकाई क्या होगी?
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 21.
चार्ल्स के नियम के आधार पर समझाइए कि न्यूनतम संभव ताप -273°C होता है।
उत्तर:
चार्ल्स के नियमानुसार,
V_t = V₀(1+\(\frac {t}{ 273}\))

प्रश्न 22.
कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड तथा मेथेन का क्रांतिक ताप क्रमशः 31.1°C एवं -81.9°C है। इनमें से किसमें प्रबल अंतर आण्विक बल है तथा क्यों ?
उत्तर:
क्रान्तिक ताप का मान उच्च होने पर गैसों को द्रवित करना आसान होता है अर्थात् उनके अणुओं के मध्य अन्तर आण्विक बल उतना ही प्रबल होता है। चूँकि CO₂ का क्रान्तिक ताप CH₄ से उच्च है अत: CO₂ में अन्तर आण्विक आकर्षण बल का मान CH₄ से प्रबल होगा।

प्रश्न 23.
वाण्डर वाल्स प्राचल की भौतिक सार्थकता को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
वाण्डर वाल स्थिरांक ‘a’ का मान गैस के अणुओं के अन्तराणुक बल को दर्शाता है जबकि स्थिरांक ‘b’ गैस के अणुओं का प्रभावी आयतन है। ‘a’ और ‘b’ के उच्च मान होने पर गैस को द्रवित करना आसान होता है।

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –

प्रश्न 1.
गैस के घनत्व और विसरण की दर के बीच सम्बन्ध स्थापित किया था –
(a) बॉयल ने
(b) चार्ल्स ने
(c) ग्राम ने
(d) ऐवोगैड्रो ने।
उत्तर:
(c) ग्राम ने

प्रश्न 2.
R का कैलोरी में लगभग मान है –
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4. 3.
उत्तर:
(b) 2

प्रश्न 3.
परम ताप है –
(a) 0°C
(b) -100°C
(c) -273°C
(d) -373°C.
उत्तर:
(c) -273°C

प्रश्न 4.
गैसों का सामान्य समीकरण प्राप्त करने के लिये किन दो नियमों को संयुक्त किया गया है –
(a) चार्ल्स का नियम और डॉल्टन का नियम
(b) ग्राम का नियम और डॉल्टन का नियम
(c) बॉयल का नियम और चार्ल्स का नियम
(d) ऐवोगैड्रो का नियम और डॉल्टन का नियम।
उत्तर:
(c) बॉयल का नियम और चार्ल्स का नियम

प्रश्न 5.
स्थिर आयतन पर एक-अणुक गैस का दाब निर्भर करता है –
(a) पात्र की दीवार की मोटाई पर
(b) परम ताप पर
(c) तत्व के परमाणु-क्रमांक पर
(d) संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या पर।
उत्तर:
(b) परम ताप पर

प्रश्न 6.
वास्तविक गैसों का व्यवहार आदर्श गैस के व्यवहार के अधिक समीप होता है यदि –
(a) ताप कम हो
(b) दाब अधिक हो
(c) दाब कम तथा ताप अधिक हो
(d) गैस मोनोएटॉमिक हो।
उत्तर:
(c) दाब कम तथा ताप अधिक हो

प्रश्न 7.
अधिक ऊँचे स्थानों पर जल कम ताप पर उबलने लगता है क्योंकि –
(a) वहाँ पर वायुमण्डलीय दाब कम होता है
(b) वहाँ पर वायुमण्डलीय दाब अधिक होता है
(c) अधिक ऊँचाई पर जल का हाइड्रोजन बन्ध अधिक प्रबल हो जाता है
(d) जल-वाष्प, जल-द्रव से हल्का होता है।
उत्तर:
(a) वहाँ पर वायुमण्डलीय दाब कम होता है

प्रश्न 8.
दो गैसों A तथा B के आण्विक द्रव्यमान क्रमशः 16 और 64 हैं। A और B के विसरण की दरों का अनुपात होगा
(a) 1:4
(b) 4 : 1
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 1 : 2.
उत्तर:
(c) 2 : 1

प्रश्न 9.
उच्च दाब पर गैसें आदर्श व्यवहार से विचलित हो जाती हैं क्योंकि –
(a) उच्च दाब पर अणुओं के संघट्टों (Collisions) की संख्या बढ़ जाती है
(b) उच्च दाब पर अणुओं के मध्य आकर्षण बढ़ जाता है
(c) उच्च दाब पर अणुओं का आकार छोटा हो जाता है
(d) उच्च दाब पर अणु स्थिर हो जाते हैं।
उत्तर:
(b) उच्च दाब पर अणुओं के मध्य आकर्षण बढ़ जाता है

प्रश्न 10.
एक गैस X की तुलना में मेथेन की विसरण की दर दुगुनी है।x का अणु भार है’ –
(a) 64
(b) 32.0
(c) 4.0
(d) 8.0.
उत्तर:
(a) 64

प्रश्न 11.
वाण्डर वॉल्स समीकरण का वह पद जो वास्तविक गैसों के अन्तराणुक बल का निरूपण करता है –
(a) (V-b)
(b) RT
(c) (P + \(\frac { a }{ { v }^{ 2 } } \))
(d) (RT)^-1.
उत्तर:
(c) (P + \(\frac { a }{ { v }^{ 2 } } \))

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिये –

1. गैसों के अणुगतिक सिद्धान्त के अनुसार किसी गैस की औसत गतिज ऊर्जा उसके …………. ताप के समानुपाती होती है।
2. किसी गैस के एक मोल की गतिज ऊर्जा ………….. के बराबर होती है।
3. वर्ग माध्य मूल वेग होता है ………………।
4. औसत वेग = …………. x ………………. के बराबर होता है।
5. अणुगतिक समीकरण का सूत्र है …………….।

उत्तर:

1. परम
2. 3/2 RT,
3. \(\sqrt { \frac { 3PV }{ m } } \) या \(\sqrt { \frac { 3RT }{ m } } \)
4. 0.921, वर्ग माध्य मूल वेग,
5. PV = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) mnv²

प्रश्न 3.
उचित संबंध जोडिए –

उत्तर:

1. (f) आयनिक क्रिस्टल
2. (a) आणविक क्रिस्टल
3. (b) सहसंयोजी क्रिस्टल
4. (e) अक्रिस्टलीय क्रिस्टल
5. (d) आणविक क्रिस्टल
6. (c) धात्विक क्रिस्टल

प्रश्न 4.
एक शब्द / वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए –

1. किसी द्रव के बहाव में उत्पन्न प्रतिरोध को क्या कहते हैं?
2. पृष्ठ तनाव का मात्रक है।
3. दाब का SI मात्रक लिखिए।
4. गैस के घनत्व एवं विसरण दर के बीच सम्बन्ध दर्शाने वाले वैज्ञानिक का नाम है।
5. SI इकाई में गैस स्थिरांक का मान होता है।
6. 1 पास्कल का मान बराबर होता है।

उत्तर:

1. श्यानता
2. डाइन प्रति सेमी
3. पास्कल
4. ग्राम
5. 8.314 JK^-1 mo^-1
6. 1Nm²

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
किसी गैस का दाब किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
गैस को जिस पात्र में रखा जाता है, उसके अणु पात्र की दीवार से टकराते हैं। इस टकराव के कारण गैस पात्र की दीवार पर दाब उत्पन्न करते हैं, “प्रति इकाई क्षेत्रफल पर कार्य करने वाला बल दाब कहलाता है।”

दाब का S.I. मात्रक न्यूटन/वर्ग मीटर है, इसे पास्कल भी कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
वायुमण्डलीय दाब से क्या समझते हो?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी के चारों ओर वायु का लगभग 800 km मोटाई का आवरण है। यह वायु पृथ्वी के गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के कारण पृथ्वी की सतह की ओर खिंचती है जिसके कारण पृथ्वी की सतह पर एक दाब उत्पन्न होता है जिसे वायुमण्डलीय दाब कहते हैं तथा एक वायुमण्डलीय दाब उस दाब के बराबर होता है। 760 mm पारा 0°C तथा मानक गुरुत्व जनित्र त्वरण पर डालता है।

प्रश्न 3.
अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
वे ठोस जिनमें अवयवी कणों की कोई क्रमबद्ध संरचना नहीं होती इसलिये इनकी कोई एक निश्चित ज्यामिति संरचना नहीं होती है। इन्हें अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस कहते हैं। इन्हें आभासी ठोस भी कहते हैं। ये वास्तव में अतिशीतित द्रव होते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
आयनिक क्रिस्टल किसे कहते हैं ? उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
उत्तर:
वे क्रिस्टलीय ठोस जिनमें अवयवी कण धनावेशित तथा ऋणावेशित आयन होते हैं। ये आयन संपूर्ण क्रिस्टल में निश्चित क्रम में व्यवस्थित होते हैं तथा इन आयनों के मध्य प्रबल स्थिर वैद्युत आकर्षण बल होता है। उदाहरण-Li, NaCl, ZnS इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 5.
सहसंयोजी क्रिस्टल को उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
उत्तर:
वे क्रिस्टलीय ठोस जिनमें अवयवी कण परमाणु होते हैं तथा आपस में सहसंयोजी बंध द्वारा जुड़े रहते हैं। ये विद्युत् के कुचालक होते हैं तथा इनके गलनांक तथा क्वथनांक उच्च होते हैं। उदाहरण-डायमंड, सिलिका, सिलिकॉन कार्बाइड।

प्रश्न 6.
आण्विक क्रिस्टल किसे कहते हैं ? उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
उत्तर:
इनमें अवयवी कण अणु होते हैं। इनके मध्य दुर्बल वाण्डर वाल्स आकर्षण बल होता है। इनके mm.p. तथा b.p. निम्न होते हैं, ये क्रिस्टल नर्म होते हैं। उदाहरण-शुष्क बर्फ, बर्फ, आयोडीन।

प्रश्न 7.
गैसों के अणुगतिक सिद्धांत के एक अभिगृहित के अनुसार, ‘गैस के अणुओं के मध्य कोई आकर्षण बल नहीं होता है।’ यह कथन कितना सत्य है ? क्या आदर्श गैस को द्रवीकृत करना सम्भव है ? व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
यह कथन केवल आदर्श गैसों के लिए सत्य है। किसी आदर्श गैस को द्रवीकृत करना सम्भव नहीं है क्योंकि आदर्श गैस के अणुओं के बीच अंतर-आण्विक आकर्षण बल नहीं पाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 8.
धात्विक क्रिस्टल को उदाहरण सहित समझाइये।
उत्तर:
इनमें अवयवी कण धनात्मक धात्विक आयन होते हैं। ये धातु आयन गतिशील इलेक्ट्रॉनों के मंडल में बिखरे रहते हैं तथा अवयवी कणों के मध्य धात्विक बंध होता है। ये विद्युत् के सुचालक होते हैं तथा इनके घनत्व उच्च होते हैं। उदाहरण-Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 9.
विषम दैशिकता तथा सम दैशिकता किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
क्रिस्टलीय ठोस में विभिन्न दिशाओं में उनके भौतिक गुण जैसे-विद्युत् चालकता, अपवर्तनांक, तापीय प्रसार आदि में अंतर होता है, ऐसे पदार्थ विषम दैशिक कहलाते हैं तथा इस गुण को विषम दैशिकता कहते हैं। इसके विपरीत अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस में सभी दिशाओं में उनके भौतिक गुणों में समानता होती है, ऐसे पदार्थ सम दैशिक कहलाते हैं तथा इस गुण को सम दैशिकता कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
परम शून्य ताप की परिभाषा लिखकर इसका मान सेन्टीग्रेड पैमाने पर बताइये।
उत्तर:
वह काल्पनिक ताप जिस पर किसी गैस का आयतन शून्य हो जाता है, परम शून्य ताप कहलाता है। सेन्टीग्रेड पैमाने पर यह मान -273°C होता है। इस शून्य से जो ताप नापा जाता है उसे परम ताप कहते हैं, इसे केल्विन से दर्शाया जाता है। 0°C = 273 K 0°C ताप को परम ताप में बदलने के लिये उसमें 273 जोड़ दिया जाता है।

प्रश्न 11.
क्रिस्टल की इकाई कोशिका से आपका क्या अभिप्राय है?
उत्तर:
किसी क्रिस्टल में उसके संघटक कणों जैसे-परमाणु, अणु या आयनों के क्रमबद्ध रूप से व्यवस्थित रहने पर जो सूक्ष्मतम इकाई बनती है। उसे क्रिस्टल की इकाई कोशिका या Unit cell कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 12.
क्रिस्टल जालक क्या है ?
उत्तर:
किसी क्रिस्टल की वह ज्यामिति जिसमें इकाई कोशिकाएँ क्रमबद्ध रूप से व्यवस्थित होकर एक बड़ी तथा इकाई कोशिका की आकृति के समरूप क्रिस्टल बनाती हैं तो उसे क्रिस्टल जालक कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 13.
मौसम अध्ययन के लिये छोड़े गये गुब्बारे के ऊपर उठने पर उसका आयतन कैसे बदलता है?
उत्तर:
गुब्बारा जैसे-जैसे ऊपर उठता है वायुमण्डलीय दाब में कमी आती है। लेकिन दाब घटने से गुब्बारे के अंदर का दाब अधिक हो जाता है जिससे उसका आयतन बढ़ने लगता है।

प्रश्न 14.
शीत ऋतु में झील में बर्फ की पर्त जम जाती है लेकिन उसमें उपस्थित मछली तथा जीवजन्तु जीवित रहते हैं, क्यों?
उत्तर:
जल का अधिकतम घनत्व 4°C ताप पर होता है किन्तु 4°C से कम ताप पर घनत्व कम होता है। जब झील का ताप गिरता है तो ऊपर के पृष्ठ का जल अधिक सघन हो जाता है और वह नीचे चला जाता है। यह क्रम तब तक चलता रहता है जब तक कि ताप 4°C तक नहीं पहुँच जाता है। पृष्ठ का ताप यदि 4°C से कम हो तो जल ऊपर की सतह पर ही रहता है और धीरे-धीरे बर्फ में बदल जाता है जबकि नीचे का जल अधिक घनत्व के कारण नीचे ही रहता है और द्रव अवस्था में ही रहता है इसलिये जीव जन्तु तथा मछली इसमें जीवित रहते हैं।

प्रश्न 15.
द्रव अवस्था में HF अणुओं में उपस्थित दो अंतर-अणुक बलों का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
HF ध्रुवीय सहसंयोजी अणु है। द्रव अवस्था में, इनमें अंतर-अणुक द्विध्रुव-द्विध्रुव आघूर्ण तथा H-आबंध उपस्थित होते हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ टक्कर से क्या समझते हो ?
उत्तर:
गैस के अणु सभी दिशाओं में अनियमित रूप से या जिग-जैग गति करते रहते हैं तथा इस गति के दौरान ये अणु आपस में तथा पात्र की दीवार से टकराते रहते हैं। इन टक्करों के दौरान केवल इनकी दिशा में परिवर्तन होता है लेकिन इनकी गतिज ऊर्जा में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है इसलिये इन टक्करों को पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ टक्कर कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
ठण्डी गैस की तुलना में गर्म गैस का घनत्व कम क्यों होता है ?
उत्तर:
चार्ल्स के नियमानुसार किसी गैस की निश्चित द्रव्यमान का आयतन उसके परम ताप के समानुपाती होता है। अतः ताप में वृद्धि करने से आयतन में वृद्धि होती है लेकिन आयतन में वृद्धि होने से घनत्व में कमी आती है। इसलिये गर्म गैस का घनत्व ठण्डी गैस की तुलना में कम होता है।

प्रश्न 18.
ऊँचे पहाड़ों पर जाने से जी मिचलाता है तथा साँस लेने में परेशानी होती है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
ऊँचे पहाड़ों पर वायुमण्डलीय दाब में कमी आती है जिससे वायु विरल हो जाती है जिसके कारण वायुमण्डल में ऑक्सीजन की कमी हो जाती है। इसलिये जी मिचलाना व साँस लेने में परेशानी का अनुभव होता है।

प्रश्न 19.
क्रान्तिक ताप किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
क्रान्तिक ताप वह ताप है जिस पर किसी गैस को द्रवित कराया जा सकता है परन्तु इस ताप के ऊपर गैस को उच्च दाब लगाने पर भी द्रवित नहीं कराया जा सकता, इसे TC से दर्शाते हैं। उदाहरण – CO₂ का क्रान्तिक ताप 31.1°C है।

प्रश्न 20.
क्रान्तिक दाब तथा क्रान्तिक आयतन किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
क्रान्तिक ताप पर किसी गैस को द्रवित कराने के लिये दाब के जिस मान की आवश्यकता होती है उसे क्रान्तिक दाब कहते हैं, इसे Pcसे दर्शाते हैं। क्रान्तिक ताप व क्रान्तिक दाब पर किसी गैस के एक अणु के आयतन को उसका क्रान्तिक आयतन कहते हैं, इसे V. से दर्शाते हैं।

प्रश्न 21.
स्वचालित वाहनों के टायर में ठण्ड की अपेक्षा गर्मी में कम वायु भरी जाती है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
जब स्वचालित वाहन गतिशील अवस्था में होता है तो टायर एवं सड़क के बीच घर्षण के कारण टायर का ताप बढ़ने लगता है जिससे टायर के अंदर भरी वायु के आयतन में वृद्धि होती है जिसके फलस्वरूप टायर पर लगने वाले दाब में भी वृद्धि होती है। गर्मी में ताप में भी वृद्धि होती है, जिससे दाब में भी अधिक वृद्धि होती है जिसके फलस्वरूप टायर के फटने की संभावना अधिक रहती है।

प्रश्न 22.
PVT In के लिए SI इकाई क्या होगी?

प्रश्न 23.
चार्ल्स के नियम के आधार पर समझाइए कि न्यूनतम संभव ताप -273°C होता है।
उत्तर:
चार्ल्स के नियमानुसार,
t = -273°C पर

अत: -273°C पर, गैस का आयतन शून्य हो जाएगा तथा इससे कम ताप पर, आयतन का मान ऋणात्मक होगा जो कि अर्थहीन है।

प्रश्न 24.
बॉयल, चार्ल्स तथा एवोगैड्रो नियम का पालन करने वाली गैस को आदर्श गैस कहते हैं। किन दशाओं में वास्तविक गैस, आदर्श गैस की भाँति व्यवहार करती है ?
उत्तर:
निम्न दाब तथा उच्च ताप पर, वास्तविक गैस आदर्श गैस की भाँति व्यवहार करती है।

प्रश्न 25.
वाष्पन और क्वथन में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
वाष्पन और क्वथन में अंतर –
वाष्पन:

• वाष्पन स्वतः होता है तथा सभी तापों पर होता है।
• वाष्पन पृष्ठीय घटना है।
• वाष्पन मंद प्रक्रम है।

क्वथन:

• क्वथन तभी होता है जब द्रव का वाष्प। दाब वायुमण्डलीय दाब के बराबर होता है।
• क्वथन संपूर्ण द्रव की घटना है।
• क्वथन तीव्र प्रक्रम है।

प्रश्न 26.
सम्पीड्यता गुणांक किसे कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
निश्चित ताप और दाब पर किसी गैस के प्रेक्षित आयतन तथा अवलोकित आयतन (गणना से प्राप्त आयतन) का अनुपात सम्पीड्यता गुणांक कहलाता है, इसे Z से दर्शाते हैं।

आदर्श गैस के लिये Z = 1 होता है।

प्रश्न 27.
दाब बढ़ने पर बर्फ के गलनांक में क्या परिवर्तन होता है ?
उत्तर:
दाब के बढ़ने पर अणुओं की गतिज ऊर्जा में अत्यधिक वृद्धि होती है, जिसके फलस्वरूप कम तापक्रम पर ही अणुओं की गतिज ऊर्जा होने के कारण वे स्वतंत्र रूप से गति करने लगते हैं अर्थात् दाब में वृद्धि करने पर बर्फ अपने गलनांक से निम्न ताप पर ही द्रव में परिवर्तित होने लगता है।

प्रश्न 28.
समान ताप पर ईथर तथा पानी अलग-अलग हाथ पर डाले जाते हैं तो ईथर अधिक ठण्डा लगता है, क्यों?
उत्तर
ईथर में उसके अणुओं के मध्य लगने वाला अंतर-अणुक आकर्षण बल जल की तुलना में कम है इसलिये ईथर जल की तुलना में शीघ्रता से वाष्पित होता है तथा वह वाष्पन के लिये आवश्यक ऊर्जा हाथ से ग्रहण करता है इसलिये ईथर ठण्डा लगता है।

प्रश्न 29.
द्रवों में विसरण की दर मंद होती है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
द्रव में अणुओं के मध्य अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल गैस की तुलना में अधिक होता है तथा इसके अणु एक-दूसरे के साथ इस अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल के द्वारा गैस की तुलना में दृढ़ता से बँधे रहते हैं । इसलिये द्रव के अणु गैस के अणुओं के समान स्वतंत्र रूप से गति नहीं कर सकते इसलिये द्रव में विसरण की दर गैस की तुलना में मंद होती है।

प्रश्न 30.
गैस में प्रसार असीमित होता है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
गैस के अणुओं के मध्य अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल नगण्य होता है, इसलिये गैस के अणु सभी दिशाओं में स्वतंत्र रूप से अनियमित रूप से गति करते रहते हैं। इनका कोई निश्चित आकार या आयतन नहीं होता है, जिसके कारण गैसों को जिस भी पात्र में रखा जाता है गैस के अणु फैलकर पात्र के बराबर आकार व आयतन ग्रहण कर लेते हैं।

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
क्रिस्टलीय ठोस की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ लिखिये।
उत्तर:

• इनकी संरचना एक निश्चित ज्यामिति वाली होती है।
• इनकी आंतरिक संरचना में भी कणों का एक निश्चित क्रम रहता है।
• इनके गलनांक स्पष्ट तथा निश्चित होते हैं।
• ये कम ऊर्जा वाले होते हैं।
• ये विषम दैशिकता दर्शाते हैं।
• अवयवी कणों के मध्य दुर्बल वाण्डर वाल्स, आकर्षण बल या स्थिर वैद्युत आकर्षण बल होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
S.T.P. व N.T.P. से क्या समझते हो?
उत्तर:
गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन, ताप व दाब के साथ परिवर्तित होता है अर्थात् गैसों के गुण ताप तथा दाब पर निर्भर करते हैं इसलिये विभिन्न गैस के गुणों की तुलना एक निश्चित ताप एवं दाब पर की जा सकती है। इसके लिये 0°C (273 K) ताप तथा एक वायुमण्डलीय दाब (760 mm) को चुना गया है जिसे सामान्य ताप व दाब या N.T.P. कहते हैं N.T.P. पर एक मोल गैस का आयतन 224 लिटर होता है तथा 25°C (298 K) ताप तथा 1 वायुमण्डलीय दाब (760 mm) या 1 बार दाब को मानक ताप व दाब कहते हैं। S.T.P. पर एक मोल गैस का आयतन 22-4 लीटर होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
किसी गैस के संपीड्यता गुणांक Z का मान निम्न होता है –
\(Z=\frac { PV }{ nRT } \)

1. आदर्श गैस के लिए Z का मान क्या होता है ?
2. वास्तविक गैस के लिए बॉयल तापमान के ऊपर Z के मान पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा ?

उत्तर:

1. आदर्श गैस के लिए, संपीड्यता गुणांक, Z = 1.
2. बॉयल तापमान से ऊपर, वास्तविक गैसें धनात्मक विचलन प्रदर्शित करती हैं। अत: Z>1.

प्रश्न 4.
आदर्श गैसों के लिए P, V तथा T में संबंध हेतु वाण्डर वाल्स समीकरण निम्न है –

जहाँ, a तथा b वाण्डर वाल्स नियतांक है। nb गैस के अणुओं के कुल आयतन के लगभग बराबर हैं। a अंतराण्विक आकर्षण बलों के परिणाम की माप है।

1. निम्नलिखित गैसों को b के बढ़ते हुए क्रम में लिखिए। कारण भी दीजिए।
   O₂,CO₂, H₂, He
2. निम्नलिखित गैसों के a के परिणाम के घटते हुए क्रम में लिखिए। कारण भी दीजिए।
   CH₄, O₂, H₂

उत्तर:
1. गैस के अणुओं का मोलर आयतन अणुओं का आकार तथा वाण्डर वाल्स नियतांक ‘b’ गैस के अणुओं का मोलर आयतन प्रदर्शित करता है। अतः ‘b’ का बढ़ता हुआ क्रम निम्न है –
H₂ < He<O₂<CO₂     

2. वाण्डर वाल्स नियतांक ‘a’ अंतराण्विक बलों के परिमाण की माप है। किसी अणु में इलेक्ट्रॉन मेघ का आकार बढ़ने के साथ-साथ अंतराण्विक आकर्षण बलों का परिमाण भी बढ़ता है। अतः दी गयी गैसों के लिए ‘a’ का परिणाम निम्न क्रम में घटेगा –
CH₄ > O₂> H₂
इलेक्ट्रॉन मेघ का आकार जितना बड़ा होगा, अणु की ध्रुवण क्षमता उतनी ही अधिक होगी जिसके फलस्वरूप प्रकीर्णन बल अथवा लंदन बल उतना ही अधिक होगा।

प्रश्न 5.
बॉयल का नियम क्या है ? इसका गणितीय व्यंजक लिखिए।
उत्तर:
इस नियम के अनुसार, “स्थिर ताप पर किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन (V) उसके दाब (P) के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होता है।”
Pα – \(\frac { 1 }{ V }\)(स्थिर ताप पर)
P= स्थिरांक × \(\frac { 1 }{ V }\)
⇒ PV = स्थिरांक
अतः स्थिर ताप पर किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा के आयतन तथा दाब का गुणनफल सदैव एक स्थिरांक होता है।
प्रारंभिक स्थिति में,
P₁V₁ = K. ………(1)
अंतिम स्थिति में,
P₂V₂ = K ………(2)
समीकरण (1) और (2) से,
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

प्रश्न 6.
गैस स्थिरांक R की प्रकृति क्या है ?
उत्तर:
सूत्र
PV = nRT से,

अर्थात् R को ऊर्जा प्रति डिग्री प्रति मोल के द्वारा दर्शाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 7.
चार्ल्स का स्थिर दाब का नियम लिखते हुए समीकरण\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { V }_{ 2 } } =\frac { { T }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \) व्युत्पन्न कीजिये।
उत्तर:
चार्ल्स का नियम-इस नियम के अनुसार “स्थिर दाब पर निश्चित द्रव्यमान की गैस का आयतन परम ताप के समानुपाती होता है।”
Vα T (स्थिर दाब पर)
V= स्थिरांक × T
\(\frac { V }{ T }\) = स्थिरांक
यदि प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में स्थिर दाब पर किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन V₁ तथा ताप T₁ है तो
\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } }\) = K ……..(1)
यदि अंतिम स्थिति में आयतन V₂ तथा ताप T₂ है तो
\(\frac { { V }_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } }\) = K …….(2)

समीकरण (1) और (2) से,
\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { V }_{ 2 } } =\frac { { T }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \)

प्रश्न 8.
चार्ल्स के नियम के आधार पर परम शून्य की धारणा को स्पष्ट कीजिये।
उत्तर:
चार्ल्स का नियम:
इस नियम के अनुसार, “स्थिर दाब पर किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन ताप के 1°C बढ़ने या घटने पर अपने 0°C वाले आयतन \(\frac { 1 }{ 273 }\) वाँ भाग से क्रमश: बढ़ता या घटता है।
यदि 0°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = V₀घन सेमी
1°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = V₀ [1+\(\frac { 1 }{ 273 }\)]
t°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = v₀ [1+\(\frac { t }{ 273 }\)]
-1°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = v₀ [1- \(\frac { 1 }{ 273 }\)]
-t°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = v₀ [1- \(\frac { t }{ 273 }\)]
-273°C ताप पर किसी गैस का आयतन = v₀ [1 – \(\frac { 273 }{ 273 }\)]

सि का आयतन = – 273°C चार्ल्स के नियम से स्पष्ट है कि ताप में कमी करने से आयतन में कमी आती है तथा -273°C ताप पर किसी भी गैस का आयतन शून्य हो जाता है। यह न्यूनतम ताप, जिस पर किसी भी गैस का आयतन शून्य हो जाता है, परम ताप कहलाता है तथा इस परम शून्य ताप पर आधारित स्केल को केल्विन स्केल कहते हैं तथा इसे T से दर्शाते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
गे-लुसाक का नियम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
गे-लुसाक का निय:
इस नियम के अनुसार, “किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन स्थिर रखने पर उसका दाब परम ताप के समानुपाती होता है।”
P α T
P= K × T
\(\frac { P }{ T }\) = K
यदि प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में दाब P₁ तथा ताप T₁ है तो
\(\frac { { P }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } }\) = K ……..(1)

T इसी प्रकार अंतिम स्थिति में दाब P₂ तथा ताप T₂ है तो
\(\frac { { P}_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } }\) = K …….(2)
समी. (1) और (2) से,
\(\frac { { P }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } } =\frac { { P }_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \)

प्रश्न 10.
एवोगैड्रो का नियम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
इस नियम के अनुसार-“स्थिर ताप और दाब पर सभी गैसों के समान आयतन में अणुओं की संख्या समान होती है।”
यदि स्थिर ताप और दाब पर किसी गैस का आयतन v है तो अणुओं की संख्या को एवोगेड्रो संख्या N से दर्शाते हैं।
V α N ………..(1)
स्थिर ताप और दाब पर गैस के मोलों की संख्या n अणुओं की संख्या N के समानुपाती होती है।
N α n
समीकरण (1) से,
V α n
⇒ \(\frac { V }{ n }\) = स्थिरांक
यदि प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में आयतन V₁ तथा मोलों की संख्या n₁ है तो
\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { n }_{ 1 } }\) = स्थिरांक ………..(2)
अंतिम स्थिति में आयतन V₂ तथा मोलों की संख्या n₂ है तो
\(\frac { { V }_{ 2 } }{ { n }_{ 2 } }\) = स्थिरांक ………..(3)
समीकरण (2) और (3) से,
\(\frac { { V }_{ 1 } }{ { n }_{ 1 } }\) = \(\frac { { V }_{ 2 } }{ { n }_{ 2 } }\)

प्रश्न 11.
गैस समीकरण PV =nRT की स्थापना कीजिये तथा R का मान दो विभिन्न इकाइयों में लिखिए।
अथवा,
आदर्श गैस समीकरण क्या है ? इसकी स्थापना कीजिये।
उत्तर:
यदि गैस की एक निश्चित मात्रा के लिये बॉयल, एवोगैड्रो तथा चार्ल्स नियम का योग करने पर . इनके मध्य एक संबंध स्थापित हो जाता है इसे गैस समीकरण कहते हैं।
बॉयल के नियमानुसार,
V α \(\frac { 1 }{ P }\) (स्थिर ताप पर) ………..(1)
चार्ल्स के नियमानुसार,
V α T (स्थिर दाब पर) ………..(2)
एवोगैड्रो के नियमानुसार,
V α n (स्थिर ताप एवं दाब पर) ………..(3)
समीकरण (1), (2) और (3) से,
V α \(\frac { nT }{ P }\)
V = \(\frac { nRT }{ P }\)
PV = nRT
जहाँ R एक गैस स्थिरांक है।
यदि n = 1 तो PV= RT
\(\frac { PV }{ T }\) = R
यदि प्रारम्भिक स्थिति में दाब P₁, आयतन V₁, तथा ताप T₁, है, तो
\(\frac { { P }_{ 1 }{ V }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } } \) = R ………..(4)
यदि अंतिम स्थिति में दोब P₂, आयतन V₂ तथा ताप T₂, है, तो
\(\frac { { P }_{ 2 }{ V }_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \) = R ………..(5)
समीकरण (4) और (5) से,
\(\frac { { P }_{ 1 }{ V }_{ 1 } }{ { T }_{ 1 } } \) = \(\frac { { P }_{ 2 }{ V }_{ 2 } }{ { T }_{ 2 } } \)

R का मान विभिन्न इकाइयों में –

• 0.0821 Litre atm K^-1 mol^-1
• 8.314 joule K^-1 mol^-1

प्रश्न 12.
एवोगैडो की परिकल्पना क्या है ? इसकी सहायता से कैसे सिद्ध करोगे कि 1 मोल गैस . का N.T.P. पर आयतन 22.4 लीटर होता है ?
उत्तर:
एवोगैड्रो का नियम:
“स्थिर ताप एवं दाब पर विभिन्न गैसों के समान आयतन में अणुओं की संख्या समान होती है।”
V α n
संबंध –
माना गैस का अणुभार M है तो इसका ग्राम अणुभार M ग्राम है।

1 लीटर गैस का N.T.P पर द्रव्यमान =\(\frac { M ×0.09 }{2.016 }\) = \(\frac { M }{22.4 }\) gm
22.4 लीटर गैस का N.T.P. पर द्रव्यमान = \(\frac { M }{22.4 }\) × 22.4
M gm = 1 मोल
अत: गैस का 1 मोल = 22.4 लीटर।

प्रश्न 13.
किसी द्रव के ताप में वृद्धि का, अणुओं के मध्य लगने वाले अंतर-आण्विक बलों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है ? किसी द्रव के ताप में वृद्धि का इसकी श्यानता पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा?
उत्तर:
किसी द्रव का ताप बढ़ाने पर, अणुओं की गतिज ऊर्जा में वृद्धि होती है जिसके कारण अंतराण्विक बलों का मान घट जाता है। अत: द्रव सरलता से बह सकता है जिसके कारण द्रव की श्यानता घट जाती है।

प्रश्न 14.
आदर्श गैस समीकरण की सहायता से किसी गैस का मोलर द्रव्यमान कैसे ज्ञात कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
आदर्श गैस समीकरण से,

प्रश्न 15.
एवोगैड्रो नियम की सहायता से अणुभार तथा वाष्य धनत्व में संबंध स्थापित कीजिए।
उत्तर:

⇒ वाष्प घनत्व = \(\frac { 1 }{2 }\) × गैस का आण्विक द्रव्यमान
अत: आण्विक द्रव्यमान = 2 × वाष्प घनत्व।

प्रश्न 16.
विभिन्न इकाइयों में R के संख्यात्मक मान लिखिये।
उत्तर:
विभिन्न इकाइयों में R के संख्यात्मक मान निम्नलिखित हैं –

• 0.0821 litre atm K^-1 mol^-1
• 8.31 × 10 erg K^-1 mol^-1
• 82.05 atm cm K^-1 mol ^-1
• 8.31 JK^-1 mol^-1
• 62.3 litre mm K^-1 mol^-1
• 1.99 cal K^-1mol^-1
• 8.31 pa dm K^-1 mol^-1

प्रश्न 17.
गतिज समीकरण से गैस समीकरण व्युत्पन्न कीजिये।
उत्तर:
अणुगति सिद्धान्त की अभिधारणा के अनुसार, अणुओं की औसत गतिज ऊर्जा गैस के परम ताप के समानुपाती होती है।
औसत गतिज ऊर्जा = \(\frac { 1 }{2 }\)mnv²
\(\frac { 1 }{2 }\)mnv² α T
⇒ \(\frac { 1 }{2 }\)mnv² = KT
⇒ \(\frac { 3 }{2 }\) × \(\frac { 1 }{3}\) mnv² = KT
⇒ \(\frac { 1 }{3}\) mnv² = \(\frac { 2 }{3 }\) = KT
⇒ PV = \(\frac { 2 }{3 }\) KT [∵\(\frac { 1 }{3}\) mnv² = PV]
⇒ \(\frac { PV }{T }\) = \(\frac { 2 }{3 }\) K
⇒ \(\frac { PV }{T }\) = R [ ∵\(\frac { 2 }{3 }\) K = स्थिरांक (R)]
⇒ PV = RT

प्रश्न 18.
डॉल्टन का आंशिक दाब का नियम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
आपस में क्रिया न करने वाली गैसों के मिश्रण के दाब के लिये डॉल्टन ने गैसों का आंशिक दाब का नियम प्रतिपादित किया जिसके अनुसार-“एक निश्चित ताप पर किसी निश्चित आयतन वाले पात्र में दो या दो से अधिक अक्रिय गैसों का मिश्रण लिया जाये तो मिश्रण का कुल दाब गैसों के आंशिक दाब के योग के बराबर होता है। यदि गैसों के मिश्रण का संयुक्त दाब P है तथा इसी ताप पर अवयवी गैसों का आंशिक दाब क्रमश: P₁P₂ तथा P₃ हो, तो
P = P₁ + P₂+ P₃.
नियम का उपयोग:
प्रयोगशाला में गैसें प्रायः जल के ऊपर एकत्रित की जाती हैं, जिनमें नमी उपस्थित रहती है। इस नियम के आधार पर शुष्क गैस का दाब = नम गैस का दाब – जल का वाष्प दाब।

प्रश्न 19.
ग्राहम के विसरण नियम को समझाकर लिखिये।
अथवा
गैसों के विसरण की दर तथा आण्विक द्रव्यमान में संबंध स्थापित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
ग्राहम का विसरण नियम-इस नियम के अनुसार, “स्थिर ताप एवं दाब पर गैसों के विसरण की दर उनके घनत्व के वर्गमूल के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होती है।

\(r\alpha \frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { d } } \)
यदि r₁ तथा r₂ गैसों के विसरण की दर हैं और d₁ तथा d₂  उनके घनत्व हैं, तो
r₁ = K \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { { d }_{ 1 } } } \)
r₂ = K \(\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { { d }_{ 2 } } } \)
\(\frac { { r }_{ 1 } }{ { r }_{ 2 } } \) = \(\frac { \sqrt { { d }_{ 1 } } }{ \sqrt { { d }_{ 2 } } } \)

प्रश्न 20.
किसी आदर्श गैस द्वारा अनुभव किए गए दाब (P_{आदर्श}) तथा प्रेक्षित दाब (P_{वास्तविक}) के मध्य निम्न संबंध होता है –
P_{आदर्श} = P_{वास्तविक} + \(\frac { a{ n }^{ 2 } }{ { V }^{ 2 } } \)
(i) यदि दाब को Nm^-2 में, मोलों की संख्या को mol में तथा आयतन को m³ में लिया जाए तो ‘a’ की इकाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
(ii) यदि दाब को atm में तथा आयतन को dm³ में लिया जाए तो ‘a’ की इकाई ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:
(i) a = \(\frac { P{ V }^{ 2 } }{ { n }^{ 2 } } \)
प्रश्नानुसार,
P की इकाई = Nm^-2, V की इकाई = m³,n की इकाई = mol

(ii) प्रश्नानुसार, Pकी इकाई = atm, V की इकाई = dm³, n की इकाई = mol

प्रश्न 21.
ग्राहम के विसरण नियम के विभिन्न अनुप्रयोग लिखिये।
उत्तर:

• गैस का घनत्व तथा अणुभार ज्ञात करने में – यदि एक गैस के विसरण का समय तथा घनत्व ज्ञात हो तथा दूसरी गैस के विसरण का समय ज्ञात हो तो इसकी सहायता से दूसरी गैस का घनत्व तथा अणुभार ज्ञात किया जा सकता है।
• मार्श गैस सूचक – खान में काम करने वाले व्यक्ति इस सूचक की सहायता से विषैली गैसों के रिसाव से सचेत हो जाते हैं।
• गैसों के पृथक्करण में – गैसों की विसरण की दर में भिन्नता होने के कारण उन्हें उनके मिश्रण से सरलता से पृथक् किया जा सकता है।
•  दुर्गन्ध – दुर्गन्ध और विषैली गैस वायु में विसरित होने के कारण पृथक् होती रहती है।

प्रश्न 22.
अणुगति सिद्धान्त के आधार पर डॉल्टन के आंशिक दाब नियम की व्युत्पत्ति कीजिये।
उत्तर:
माना किसी गैस A के n₁, अणु जिनका द्रव्यमान m₁, ग्राम है, एक पात्र में बंद हो जिसका आयतन v है। तो
P_AV = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) m₁n₁V₁
या  P_A = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 1 }{ n }_{ 1 }{ v }_{ 1 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \)
इसी प्रकार, P_B = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \)
यदि दोनों गैसों को उसी ताप पर उसी पात्र में बंद कर दिया जाये तो मिश्रण का दाब
P = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) + \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \)
⇒ P = P_A + P_B
यही डॉल्टन का आंशिक दाब का नियम है।

प्रश्न 23.
काँच के तीक्ष्ण किनारे को ज्वाला में इसके गलनांक तक गर्म करने पर यह चिकना क्यों हो जाता है ? इसके लिए उत्तरदायी द्रव के गुण का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
तीक्ष्ण किनारे वाले काँच को ज्वाला में गर्म करके चिकना बनाया जाता है। क्योंकि गर्म करने पर, काँच पिघलता है तथा द्रव का किनारा गोल आकृति लेने का प्रयास करता है जिसका पृष्ठ तनाव न्यूनतम होता है। इसे काँच का ‘अग्नि-चकास’ कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 24.
‘स्तरीय प्रवाह’ पद की व्याख्या कीजिए। क्या स्तरीय प्रवाह की प्रत्येक कणों का वेग समान होता है ? अपने उत्तर की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जब द्रव का प्रवाह किसी स्थिर सतह पर होता है, तब द्रव की वह परत जो सतह के संपर्क में होती है, स्थायी हो जाती है। जैसे-जैसे स्थायी परत से ऊपरी परतों की दूरी बढ़ती जाती है, वैसे-वैसे परत का वेग बढ़ता जाता है। इस प्रकार का प्रवाह, जिसमें एक परत से दूसरी परत का वेग क्रमशः बढ़ता जाता है, स्तरीय प्रवाह कहलाता है। स्तरीय प्रवाह में, सभी परतों में कणों की गति समान नहीं होती है क्योंकि परत अपने से ठीक नीचे वाली परत पर कुछ घर्षण अथवा प्रतिरोधक बल आरोपित करती है।

प्रश्न 25.
गतिज समीकरण की सहायता से एवोगैड्रो नियम की व्युत्पत्ति कीजिये।
उत्तर:
एवोगैड्रो के नियमानुसार, “समान ताप और दाब पर सभी गैसों के समान आयतन में अणुओं की संख्या समान होती है।”
हमारे पास यदि दो गैसें हैं, तो
प्रथम गैस हेतु, PV = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 1 }{ n }_{ 1 }{ v }_{ 1 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) ………(1)
दूसरी गैस हेतु, PV = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) ………(2)
समी. (1) और (2) से,
\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 1 }{ n }_{ 1 }{ v }_{ 1 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \)
\(\frac { { m }_{ 1 }{ n }_{ 1 }{ v }_{ 1 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) = \(\frac { { m }_{ 2 }{ n }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 } }{ V } \) ………(3)
यदि दोनों गैसों के ताप समान हैं तो उनकी गतिज ऊर्जा भी समान होगी। अर्थात्
\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } { m }_{ 1 }{ V }_{ 1 }^{ 2 }=\frac { 1 }{ 2 } { m }_{ 2 }{ V }_{ 2 }^{ 2 }\)
\({ m }_{ 1 }{ { v }_{ 1 }^{ 2 } }={ m }_{ 2 }{ v }_{ 2 }^{ 2 }\) ………(4)
समी. (3) को समी. (4) से भाग देने पर,

n₁= n₂

प्रश्न 26.
गैसों के विसरण की दर की तुलना कैसे की जाती है ?
उत्तर:
माना कि दो गैसें A और B जिनके समान आयतन V के विसरण में क्रमशः t₁ तथा t₂ समय लगता है। तब,
r₁ = \(\frac { V }{ { t }_{ 1 } } \)
r₂ = \(\frac { V }{ { t }_{ 2 } } \)
\(\frac { { r }_{ 1 } }{ { r }_{ 2 } } =\frac { V }{ { t }_{ 1 } } \times \frac { { t }_{ 1 } }{ V } =\frac { { t }_{ 1 } }{ { t }_{ 2 } }\)
अतः \(\frac { { r }_{ 1 } }{ { r }_{ 2 } } =\frac { \sqrt { { d }_{ 1 } } }{ \sqrt { { d }_{ 2 } } } \)

प्रश्न 27.
आदर्श गैस किसे कहते हैं ? इसकी विशेषताएँ लिखिये।
उत्तर:
आदर्श गैस या वास्तविक गैस:
वह गैस जो गैस नियमों का या गैस समीकरण का प्रत्येक दाब व ताप पर दृढ़ता से पालन करती है तो उसे आदर्श गैस कहते हैं।

विशेषताएँ:

• स्थिर ताप पर गैस के दाब व आयतन का गुणनफल सदैव स्थिर होना चाहिये तथा स्थिर ताप पर PV तथा P के मध्य खींचा गया ग्राफ एक क्षैतिज रेखा होनी चाहिये।
• यदि आदर्श गैस को स्थिर दाब पर ठण्डा किया जाये तो इसका आयतन लगातार घटना चाहिये और -273°C ताप पर शून्य होना चाहिये।
• बिना बाहरी कार्य के इसके प्रसार या संकुचन में कोई ऊष्मीय प्रभाव नहीं होना चाहिये। (4) आदर्श गैस का संपीड्यता गुणांक Z = PV का मान 1 होता है।

प्रश्न 28.
वास्तविक गैस क्या है ? इसकी विशेषताएँ लिखिये।
उत्तर:
वे गैसें जो बॉयल नियम, चार्ल्स नियम तथा आदर्श गैस समीकरण का दृढ़ता से पालन नहीं करतीं, वास्तविक गैस कहलाती हैं।

विशेषताएँ:

• गैस के अणुओं के बीच आकर्षण बल नगण्य होता है।
• गैस के कुल आयतन की तुलना में एक अणु के आयतन को नगण्य नहीं माना जा सकता है।
• -273°C पर इनका आयतन शून्य नहीं होता क्योंकि अधिकांश गैसें ठण्डा करने पर इससे पहले ही द्रव अवस्था में परिवर्तित हो जाती हैं।
• न्यून ताप व उच्च दाब पर गैसें बॉयल तथा चार्ल्स नियम का पालन नहीं करती हैं।

प्रश्न 29.
आदर्श गैस तथा वास्तविक गैस में अंतर लिखिये।
उत्तर:
आदर्श गैस तथा वास्तविक गैस में अंतर –

आदर्श गैस:

• आदर्श गैस, आदर्श गैस समीकरण का पालन करती है।
• गैस के अणुओं का आयतन पात्र की तुलना में में नगण्य होता है।
• गैस के अणुओं में परस्पर आकर्षण नहीं होता है।
• किसी आदर्श गैस का अस्तित्व नहीं है।
• आदर्श गैसों के लिये संपीड्यता गुणांक का मान 1 होता है।

वास्तविक गैस:

• वास्तविक गैस निम्न दाब और उच्च ताप पर ही आदर्श गैस समीकरण का पालन करती है।
• गैस के अणुओं का आयतन पात्र की तुलना में नगण्य नहीं होता है।
• अणुओं के मध्य आकर्षण होता है।
• सभी गैसें वास्तविक गैसें हैं तथा वे आदर्श गैसों के व्यवहार से कभी धनात्मक तथा कभी ऋणात्मक विचलन दर्शाती हैं।
• वास्तविक गैसों के लिये सम्पीड्यता गुणांक का मान 1 नहीं होता है।

प्रश्न 30.
अणुगतिक सिद्धान्त के आधार पर बॉयल के नियम को समझाइये।
उत्तर:
किसी भी गैस का दाब उसके अणुओं के पात्र की दीवारों से टकराने के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। अर्थात् दाब का परिमाण टक्करों की आवृत्ति पर निर्भर करता है तथा टक्करों की आवृत्ति अणुओं की संख्या तथा उनके वेग पर निर्भर करती है। यदि गैस का आयतन कम कर दिया जाये तो इकाई आयतन में उपस्थित अणुओं की संख्या बढ़ जायेगी, जिसके फलस्वरूप इकाई समय में दीवार की इकाई क्षेत्रफल पर टकराने वाले अणुओं की संख्या में भी वृद्धि होगी, जिसके कारण दाब में भी वृद्धि होगी।

दूसरी तरफ यदि आयतन में वृद्धि कर दी जाये तो इकाई क्षेत्रफल में उपस्थित अणुओं की संख्या में कमी आयेगी, जिससे इकाई समय में दीवार की इकाई क्षेत्रफल पर होने वाली टक्करों की संख्या में कमी आयेगी, जिससे दाब में भी कमी आयेगी। अतः स्पष्ट है स्थिर ताप पर किसी गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन उसके दाब के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होता है।

प्रश्न 31.
गैसों के अणुगतिक समीकरण की सहायता से चार्ल्स के नियम की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
गैस का ताप बढ़ाने पर उसकी गतिज ऊर्जा भी बढ़ती है जिसके फलस्वरूप अणुओं के वेग में वृद्धि होती है और वेग में वृद्धि के कारण अणुओं के मध्य होने वाली टक्करों की संभावना में वृद्धि होती है। जिस बल से वे टकराते हैं उसमें वृद्धि होने लगती है जिसके फलस्वरूप दाब में वृद्धि होने लगती है।

यदि दाब को स्थिर रखना है तो यह जरूरी है कि अणुओं के मध्य होने वाली टक्करों की संभावना में वृद्धि न हो। यह तभी संभव है जब गैस के अणुओं के बीच की दूरी में वृद्धि कर दी जाये अर्थात् आयतन में वृद्धि की जाये । इससे स्पष्ट है कि स्थिर दाब पर गैस की निश्चित मात्रा का आयतन उसके परम ताप के समानुपाती है।

द्रव्य की अवस्थाएँ दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
क्रिस्टलीय ठोस व अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस में अंतर लिखिये।
उत्तर:
क्रिस्टलीय ठोस व अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस में अंतर –

क्रिस्टलीय ठोस:

• इनकी कोई निश्चित ज्यामिति नहीं होती है।
• इनकी आंतरिक संरचना में भी कणों का एक निश्चित क्रम रहता है।
• इनके गलनांक स्पष्ट तथा निश्चित होते हैं।
• ये विषम दैशिकता दर्शाते हैं।
• इन ठोसों को वास्तव में ठोस माना जाता है।
• इनमें long range order होता है।

अक्रिस्टलीय ठोस:

• इनकी एक निश्चित ज्यामिति होती है।
• इनकी आंतरिक संरचना में कणों का कोई निश्चित क्रम नहीं रहता है।
• इनके गलनांक स्पष्ट तथा निश्चित नहीं होते हैं।
• ये सम दैशिकता दर्शाते हैं।
• अक्रिस्टलीय ठोसों को अतिशीतित द्रव माना जाता
• इनमें short range order होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
गैसों के अणुगतिक सिद्धान्त के प्रमुख अभिगृहीत लिखिये।
उत्तर:
गैसों के अणुगतिक सिद्धान्त के प्रमुख अभिगृहीत निम्नलिखित हैं –

• प्रत्येक गैस सूक्ष्म कणों से मिलकर बना होता है, जिन्हें अणु कहते हैं।
• एक ही गैस के सभी अणु समान होते हैं लेकिन भिन्न-भिन्न गैसों के अणु भिन्न-भिन्न होते हैं।
• साधारण दाब पर गैस के अणु इतने छोटे होते हैं कि उनका वास्तविक आयतन गैस द्वारा घेरे गये कुल आयतन की तुलना में नगण्य होता है।
• किसी गैस के अणु हमेशा तीव्र गति से प्रत्येक दिशा में यादृच्छिक विभिन्न वेग से गतिशील रहते हैं। ये अणु हमेशा सीधी रेखा में गति करते हैं। परन्तु अन्य अणु या पात्र की दीवार से टकराकर उनकी दिशा बदल जाती है।
• अणुओं के मध्य संघट्ट पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ होती है। इसलिये टक्करों के पश्चात् अणुओं की ऊर्जा में कमी नहीं आती है।
• गैस के अणुओं के मध्य आकर्षण बल नगण्य होता है तथा वह पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ पिंड होते हैं।
• गैस का दाब गैस के अणुओं के आपस में तथा पात्र की दीवारों से टकराने पर उत्पन्न होता है।
• गैस के अणुओं की गति पर गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल का प्रभाव नगण्य होता है।
• किसी गैस की गतिज ऊर्जा उसके परम ताप के समानुपाती होती है।

प्रश्न 3.
गैसों के अणुगतिक समीकरण PV = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\)mnv² को सिद्ध कीजिए।
उत्तर:
माना एक घनाकार पात्र में कुछ गैस ली गई है, जिसमें प्रत्येक भुजा की लम्बाई = l cm, पात्र में गैस के अणुओं की संख्या = n, गैस के एक अणु की संहति = m, गैस का कुल द्रव्यमान = M, अणुओं के वर्ग माध्य मूल वेग = v. पात्र में n अणु सभी संभावित दिशाओं में गति कर रहे हैं तथा अणु घनाकार पात्र के अंदर तीन अक्षों x, y, z में गति कर रहा है। अतः यह माना जा सकता है कि – अणु किन्हीं दो समान्तर फलकों की ओर गति कर रहा है।

माना कोई अणु दो फलक A तथा B के बीच गति कर रहा है तथा फलक A पर बार-बार टकरा रहा है। यदि फलक A पर टकराने के पहले अणु का वेग v है तथा टक्कर पूर्णतः प्रत्यास्थ है इसलिये टक्कर के पश्चात् अणु का वेगv होगा। अणु का फलक से टकराने से पहले संवेग = mv अणु का फलक से टकराने के बाद संवेग = – mv अतः प्रत्येक टक्कर लगाने पर संवेग परिवर्तन = mv -(-mv) = 2mv फलक A पर दूसरी बार टकराने के लिये अणु को दूरी तय करनी पड़ेगी = 2l

∴ अणु का वेग है। सेमी / सेकण्ड
∴ सेमी दूरी तय करता है 1 सेकण्ड में
∴ 2l सेमी दूरी तय करेंगे \(\frac { 1 }{v }\) × 2l = \(\frac { 2l }{ v }\) सेकण्ड

फलक A पर \(\frac { 2l }{ v }\) सेकण्ड में अणु टकराता है 1 बार
फलक A पर 1 सेकण्ड में अणु टकराता है = \(\frac { 1 }{ \frac { 2l }{ v } } \) = \(\frac { v }{2l}\)
प्रति सेकण्ड संवेग में परिवर्तन = प्रत्येक टक्कर में संवेग परिवर्तन × 1 सेकण्ड में अणुओं की संख्या × फलक A पर टकराने वाले अणुओं की संख्या
= 2mv × \(\frac { V }{2l }\) × \(\frac { n }{3 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{3 }\) \(\frac { mn{ v }^{ 2 } }{ l } \)
प्रति सेकण्ड संवेग में परिवर्तन की दर = बल
\(\frac { 1 }{3 }\) \(\frac { mn{ v }^{ 2 } }{ l } \) = F

प्रश्न 4.
वाण्डर वाल्स ने गैसों के आदर्श व्यवहार का स्पष्टीकरण करने के लिये गैस समीकरण में क्या संशोधन किया है ?
उत्तर:
अणुगतिक समीकरण के अनुसार गैसों के अणुओं के मध्य आकर्षण बल नगण्य होता है तथा गैस के अणुओं का वास्तविक आयतन कुल आयतन की तुलना में नगण्य होता है। लेकिन ये दोनों अभिधारणाएँ निम्न दाब एवं उच्च ताप पर ही संभव हैं क्योंकि उच्च दाब पर गैस का कुल आयतन बहुत कम हो जाता है।

इसलिये इस स्थिति में वास्तविक आयतन को कुल आयतन की तुलना में नगण्य नहीं माना जा सकता और अणु पास-पास आ जाते हैं इसलिये इनके मध्य आकर्षण बल कार्य करने लग जाता है, जिनकी उपेक्षा नहीं की जा सकती। इन दोनों दोषों को दूर करने के लिये वाण्डर वाल्स ने आदर्श गैस समीकरण में संशोधन कर नये समीकरण की व्युत्पत्ति की जिसे वाण्डर वाल्स समीकरण कहते हैं।

आयतन संशोधन:
उच्च दाब पर गैस के अणुओं के स्वयं का आयतन, गैस की आयतन की तुलना में नगण्य नहीं होता है। अतः गैस का वास्तविक आयतन (V-b) होगा जबकि b गैस के अणु का स्वयं आयतन है।

दाब संशोधन:
उच्च दाब अथवा निम्न ताप पर गैस का आयतन बहुत कम हो जाता है और अणु एकदूसरे के निकट होते हैं। इस अवस्था में अणुओं के मध्य पारस्परिक आकर्षण बल \(\frac { a }{ { V }^{ 2 } } \) बढ़ जाता है।
गैस का वास्तविक दाब = प्रेक्षित दाब + दाब संशोधन
= P + \(\frac { a }{ { V }^{ 2 } } \)
आदर्श गैस समीकरण में दोनों संशोधन करने पर,
[P + \(\frac { a }{ { V }^{ 2 } }\)] [V – b] = RT
n मोल गैस हेतु,
\(p+\frac { a{ n }^{ 2 } }{ { V }^{ 2 } }\) [V – nb] = nRT

प्रश्न 5.
श्यानता या विस्कासिता से आप क्या समझते हैं ? श्यानता को कौन-कौन से कारक प्रभावित करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
प्रत्येक द्रव में बहने की एक प्रवृत्ति होती है क्योंकि द्रव में अन्तरअणुक आकर्षण बल कम होता है और ये असंपीड्य होते हैं। कुछ द्रव जैसे-शहद, कैस्ट्रॉल तेल अत्यन्त धीमी गति से प्रवाहित होते हैं जबकि कुछ द्रव जैसे-जल, कैरोसीन आदि में बहने की प्रवृत्ति अधिक होती है। प्रवाह की गति में भिन्नता श्यानता के कारण होती है।

श्यानता वास्तव में द्रव के प्रवाह पर प्रतिरोध है और यह प्रतिरोध अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल द्वारा प्रभावित होता है। द्रवों को कई पर्तों से मिलकर बना हुआ समझा जाता है। जब कोई द्रव किसी भी सतह पर बहता है ये पर्ते भिन्न-भिन्न वेग से बहती हैं । द्रव की विभिन्न पर्तों में उपस्थित अणु एक-दूसरे द्वारा आकर्षित होते हैं और ये अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल द्रव के प्रवाह पर प्रतिरोध उत्पन्न करता है।

श्यानता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक –

• अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल – अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल द्रव में अणुओं के प्रवाह को अवरुद्ध करते हैं । इसलिये अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल पर श्यानता निर्भर करती है। जितना अधिक अंतरअणुक आकर्षण बल होगा, द्रव की श्यानता भी उतनी अधिक होगी।
• अणुभार – अणुभार बढ़ने पर श्यानता बढ़ती है।
• दाब – दाब बढ़ने पर आयतन में कमी आती है जिसके फलस्वरूप अंतर अणुक आकर्षण बल में वृद्धि होती है इसलिये दाब में वृद्धि करने से श्यानता में वृद्धि होती है।
• ताप – ताप में वृद्धि करने से द्रव के प्रवाह को अवरुद्ध करने वाला ससंजक बल कम हो जाता है जिससे आण्विक गति में वृद्धि होती है। अतः श्यानता में कमी आती है।

प्रश्न 6.
पृष्ठ तनाव क्या है ? इसे प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का विवरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
यह द्रव का एक महत्वपूर्ण गुण है, जिसके कारण उसका स्वतंत्र पृष्ठ एक प्रत्यास्थ झिल्ली की तरह व्यवहार करता है तथा वह कम-से-कम क्षेत्रफल घेरने की चेष्टा करता है, पृष्ठ तनाव कहलाता है। पृष्ठ तनाव अन्तराअणुक आकर्षण बल पर निर्भर करता है। द्रव के अंदर स्थित समीपवर्ती अन्य अणु द्वारा सभी दिशाओं में समान रूप से आकर्षित होते हैं किन्तु द्रव की सतह पर स्थित अणु केवल नीचे तथा बाजू में स्थित अणुओं द्वारा आकर्षित होते हैं जिसके फलस्वरूप सतह के अणु अंदर की ओर आकर्षित होते हैं तथा सतह की प्रवृत्ति क्षेत्रफल को कम करने की होती है।

संकुचित होने की प्रवृत्ति के कारण द्रव की सतह तनी हुई झिल्ली के समान कार्य करती है। इस घटना को पृष्ठ तनाव कहते हैं। पृष्ठ तनाव उस कार्य की माप है जो द्रव की सतह को एकांक क्षेत्रफल से बढ़ाने के लिये आवश्यक है। इसका S.I. मात्रक जूल / मीटर या न्यूटन / मीटर है।

पृष्ठ तनाव को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक –
(1) ताप – ताप में वृद्धि करने पर अंतर अणुक आकर्षण बल में कमी के कारण पृष्ठ तनाव में कमी आती है।
(2) विलेय – द्रवों में विलेय मिलाने पर पृष्ठ तनाव प्रभावित होता है।

• यदि विलेय का पृष्ठ तनाव द्रव के पृष्ठ तनाव के बराबर हो तो द्रव का पृष्ठ तनाव विलेय की मात्रा के समानुपाती होता है। जितना अधिक विलेय मिलाते हैं पृष्ठ तनाव में उतनी वृद्धि होती है।
• यदि विलेय का पृष्ठ तनाव द्रव के पृष्ठ तनाव से कम हो तो द्रव के पृष्ठ तनाव में कमी आती है।
• द्रवों का पृष्ठ तनाव सतह को सक्रिय करने वाले पदार्थ जैसे-साबुन, डिटर्जेन्ट मिलाने पर कम हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 7.
आयनिक, सहसंयोजी, धात्विक तथा आण्विक क्रिस्टल में तुलना कीजिये।
उत्तर:
आयनिक, सहसंयोजी, धात्विक तथा आण्विक क्रिस्टल में तुलना –

प्रश्न 8.
ठोस, द्रव तथा गैस में क्या संरचनात्मक भिन्नताएँ हैं ? लिखिये।
उत्तर:
ठोस, द्रव तथा गैस में संरचनात्मक भिन्नताएँ –

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Physics Solutions Chapter 4 समतल में गति

समतल में गति अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 4.1.
निम्नलिखित भौतिक राशियों में से बतलाइए कि कौन – सी सदिश है और कौन – सी अदिश:
आयतन, द्रव्यमान, चाल, त्वरण, घनत्व, मोल संख्या, वेग, कोणीय आवृत्ति, विस्थापन, कोणीय वेग।
उत्तर:
त्वरण, वेग, विस्थापन तथा कोणीय वेग, सदिश राशियाँ हैं जबकि आयतन, द्रव्यमान, चाल, घनत्व, मोल संख्या तथा कोणीय आवृत्ति अदिश राशि हैं।

प्रश्न 4.2.
निम्नांकित सूची में से दो अदिश राशियों को छाँटिए बल, कोणीय संवेग, कार्य, धारा, रैखिक संवेग, विद्युत क्षेत्र, औसत वेग, चुंबकीय आघूर्ण, आपेक्षिक वेग।
उत्तर:
कार्य तथा धारा अदिश राशियाँ हैं।

प्रश्न 4.3.
निम्नलिखित सूची में से एकमात्र सदिश राशि को छाँटिए ताप, दाब, आवेग, समय, शक्ति, पूरी पथ – लंबाई, ऊर्जा, गुरुत्वीय विभव, घर्षण गुणांक, आवेश।
उत्तर:
आवेश एक मात्र अदिश राशि है।

प्रश्न 4.4.
कारण सहित बताइए कि अदिश तथा सदिश राशियों के साथ क्या निम्नलिखित बीजगणितीय संक्रियाएँ अर्थपूर्ण हैं?

1. दो अदिशों को जोड़ना।
2. एक ही विमाओं के एक सदिश व एक अदिश को जोड़ना।
3. एक सदिश को एक अदिश से गुणा करना।
4. दो अदिशों का गुणन।
5. दो सदिशों को जोड़ना।
6. एक सदिश के घटक को उसी सदिश से जोड़ना।

उत्तर:

1. नहीं, क्योंकि दो अदिशों का जोड़ तभी अर्थपूर्ण होगा जबकि दोनों समान भौतिक राशि को व्यक्त करते हैं।
2. नहीं, क्योंकि सदिश को केवल सदिश के साथ एवम् अदिश को केवल अदिश के साथ ही जोड़ा जा सकता है।
3. अर्थपूर्ण है।
4. अर्थपूर्ण है।
5. नहीं, क्योंकि यह केवल तभी अर्थपूर्ण होगा जबकि दोनों एक ही भौतिक राशि को व्यक्त करते हैं।
6. अर्थपूर्ण है।

प्रश्न 4.5.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक कथन को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और कारण सहित बताइए कि यह सत्य है या असत्य:

1. किसी सदिश का परिमाण सदैव एक अदिश होता है।
2. किसी सदिश का प्रत्येक घटक सदैव अदिश होता है।
3. किसी कण द्वारा चली गई पथ की कुल लंबाई सदैव विस्थापन सदिश के परिमाण के बराबर होती है।
4. किसी कण की औसत चाल (पथ तय करने में लगे समय द्वारा विभाजित कुल पथ – लंबाई) समय के समान – अंतराल में कण के औसत वेग के परिमाण से अधिक या उसके बराबर होती है।
5. उन तीन सदिशों का योग जो एक समतल में नहीं हैं, कभी भी शून्य सदिश नहीं होता।

उत्तर:

1. सत्य, चूँकि किसी भी सदिश राशि का परिमाण एक धनात्मक संख्या है, जिसमें दिशा नहीं होती है। इसलिए यह एक अदिश राशि है।
2. असत्य, चूँकि किसी सदिश का प्रत्येक घटक एक सदिश राशि होता है।
3. असत्य, जैसे – किसी चक्रीय क्रम में प्रतिचक्र विस्थापन शून्य होता है।
4. सत्य, चूँकि औसत्त चाल पूर्ण पथ की लम्बाई पर जबकि औसत वेग कुल विस्थापन पर निर्भर करता है तथा पूर्ण पथ की लम्बाई विस्थापन के बराबर अथवा अधिक होती है।
5. सत्य, चूँकि तीनों सदिश एक समतल में नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 4.6.
निम्नलिखित असमिकाओं की ज्यामिति या किसी अन्य विधि द्वारा स्थापना कीजिए:

1. |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
2. |a + b| ≥ |a| – |b|
3. |a – b| ≤ |a| + |b|
4. |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|

इनमें समिका (समता) का चिह्न कब लागू होता है?
उत्तर:
माना \(\vec { O }\)A = \(\vec { a }\) = OA = a
तथा \(\vec { A }\)B = b = AB = b

1. सदिश योग के त्रिभुज नियम से,
\(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { b }\) = \(\vec { O }\)A + \(\vec { A }\)B = \(\vec { O } \)B
तथा (\(\vec { a}\) + \(\vec { b }\)) = OB
परन्तु
∆OAB में, OB ≤ OA + AB

2. |\(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { b }\)| ≤ |\(\vec { a }\)| + |\(\vec { b }\)|
चूँकि किसी त्रिभुज में प्रत्येक भुजा शेष दो भुजाओं के अन्तर से बड़ी होती है।

OB ≥ OA – AB
या
|\(\vec { a }\)| + |\(\vec { b }\)| ≥ |\(\vec { b }\)|
अतः समीकरण (1) तथा (2) से,
|\(\vec { a }\)| + |\(\vec { b }\)| ≥ |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)|

3. चित्र – 2 से, AB’ = AB
परन्तु \(\vec { A }B’\) =  \(\vec { – b }\),\(\vec { A }\)B = \(\vec { b }\)
∴ |\(\vec { – b }\)| = |\(\vec { b }\)| = AB
सदिश योग के त्रिभुज निमय से,
|\(\vec { a }\)|- |\(\vec { b }\)| = \(\vec { a }\) + (\(\vec { – b }\))
= |\(\vec { O }\)|A + |\(\vec { A }\)|B’ = |\(\vec { O }\)|B’
= |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)| = OB’
∆OAB’ (चित्र – 2) में,
OB’ ≤ OA + AB’
∴ |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)| ≤ |\(\vec { a }\)| + |\(\vec { – b }\)|
अर्थात्
|\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)| ≤ |\(\vec { a }\)| + |\(\vec { b }\)|

4. चूँकि किसी त्रिभुज में प्रत्येक भुजा शेष दो भुजाओं के अन्तर से बड़ी होती हैं।
∴OB’ ≥ OA – AB’
⇒|\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)| – |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)|
इसी प्रकार OB’ – AB’ – OA
⇒ |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)| ≥ |\(\vec { b }\)| – |\(\vec { a }\)|
समीकरण (3) तथा (4) से,
|\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)|] ≥ |\(\vec { a }\)| – |\(\vec { b }\)|
उपरोक्त समस्त असमिका में समिका तभी लागू होगी जबकि
\(\vec { a }\) व \(\vec { b }\) समदिश होंगे।

प्रश्न 4.7.
दिया है a + b + c + d = 0, नीचे दिए गए कथनों में से कौन – सा सही है:

1. a, b, c तथा d में से प्रत्येक शून्य सदिश है।
2. (a + c)का परिमाण (b + d)के परिमाण के बराबर है।
3. a का परिमाण b, c तथा d के परिमाणों के योग से कभी भी अधिक नहीं हो सकता।
4. यदि a तथा d संरेखीय नहीं हैं तो b + c अवश्य ही a तथाd के समतल में होगा, और यह a तथाd के अनुदिश होगा यदि वे संरेखीय हैं।

उत्तर:

1. यह कथन सही नहीं है।

2. दिया है: \(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { c }\) + \(\vec { d }\) = 0
या ( \(\vec { a }\) +  \(\vec { c }\)) = – (\(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { d }\))
या \(\vec { a }\) +  \(\vec { c }\) = \(\vec { b }\) +  \(\vec { d }\)
अतः कथन (b) सत्य है।

3. दिया है: \(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { c }\) + \(\vec { d }\) = 0
या \(\vec { a }\) = – (\(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { c }\) + \(\vec { d }\)
या |\(\vec { a }\)| = – (|\(\vec { b }\)| + |\(\vec { c }\)| + |\(\vec { d }\)|)
या |\(\vec { d }\)| ≤ |\(\vec { b }\)| + |\(\vec { c }\)| + |\(\vec { d }\)|
अत: कथन (c) सही है।

4. दिया है: \(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { c }\) + \(\vec { d }\) = 0
या \(\vec { a }\) + \(\vec { d }\) = (\(\vec {- b }\) + \(\vec { c }\))
या (\(\vec { b }\) + \(\vec { c }\)) = (\(\vec { -a }\) + \(\vec { d }\))

चूँकि (\(\vec { a }\)) व (\(\vec { d }\)) संरेखीय नहीं हैं अतः (\(\vec { a }\)) + (\(\vec { d }\)), (\(\vec { a }\)) व (\(\vec { d }\)) के समतल में होगा।
अत: कथन (d) सही है।

प्रश्न 4.8.
तीन लड़कियाँ 200 m त्रिज्या वाली वृत्तीय बर्फीली सतह पर स्केटिंग कर रही हैं। वे सतह के किनारे के बिंदु P से स्केटिंग शुरू करती हैं तथा P के व्यासीय विपरीत बिंदु पर विभिन्न पथों से होकर पहुँचती हैं जैसा कि (चित्र) में दिखाया गया है। प्रत्येक लड़की के विस्थापन सदिश का परिमाण कितना है? किस लड़की के लिए यह वास्तव में स्केट किए गए पथ की लंबाई के बराबर है।

उत्तर:
प्रत्येक लड़की का विस्थापन सदिश = (\(\vec { p }\))Q का परिमाण = 2 x त्रिज्या
= 2 x 200 = 400 मीटर दिए गए चित्र से स्पष्ट है कि लड़की B द्वारा तय किए गए पथ की लम्बाई 400 मीटर है। अतः इस लड़की के लिए, विस्थापन सदिश का परिमाण वास्तव में स्केट किए गए पथ की लम्बाई के समान है।

प्रश्न 4.9.
कोई साइकिल सवार किसी वृत्तीय पार्क के केंद्र 0 से चलना शुरू करता है तथा पार्क के किनारे P पर पहुँचता है। पुनः वह पार्क की परिधि के अनुदिश साइकिल चलाता हुआ 00 के रास्ते (जैसा (चित्र) में दिखाया गया है) केंद्र पर वापस आ जाता है। पार्क की त्रिज्या 1 km है। यदि पूरे चक्कर में 10 मिनट लगते हों तो साइकिल सवार का –

1. कुल विस्थापन।
2. औसत वेग, तथा।
3. औसत चाल क्या होगी?

उत्तर:

(a)  कुल विस्थापन = 0 [∴साइकिल सवार वापस प्रारम्भिक बिन्दु 0 पर लौट आता है।]

अतः कुल चली दूरी = त्रिज्या OP + \(\hat {p} \)Q + त्रिज्या OPQ
= 1 + \(\frac{1}{4}\) x 2 x π x 1 + 1
= 1 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 3.14 + 1
= 1 + 1.57 + 1
= 3.57 किमी
कुल लिया समय = 10
मिनट = \(\frac{10}{60}\) घण्टा

= 3.57 x 60
= 214.20 किमी/घण्टा

प्रश्न 4.10.
किसी खुले मैदान में कोई मोटर चालक एक ऐसा रास्ता अपनाता है जो प्रत्येक 500 m के बाद उसके बाई ओर 60° के कोण पर मुड़ जाता है। किसी दिए मोड़ से शुरू होकर मोटर चालक का तीसरे, छठे व आठवें मोड़ पर विस्थापन बताइए। प्रत्येक स्थिति में मोटर चालक द्वारा इन मोड़ों पर तय की गई कुल पथ – लंबाई के साथ विस्थापन के परिमाण की तुलना कीजिए?
उत्तर:
मोटर चालक चित्रानुसार, समषट्भुज ABCDEF के अनुदिश चलेगा।

1. माना कि मोटर चालक समषट्भुज के शीर्ष A से चलकर, शीर्ष D पर तीसरा मोड़ लेता है।
दिया है: समषट्भुज की भुजा = 500 मीटर
चित्रानुसार तीसरे मोड़ पर विस्थापन
AD = 2BC = 2 x 500 =1000 मीटर
पथ की लम्बाई
= AB + BC + CD = 500 + 500 + 500
= 1500 मीटर
∴विस्थापन: पथ की लम्बाई = \(\frac{1000}{1500}\) = 2:3

2. मोटर चालक द्वारा लिए गए छठे मोड़ पर विस्थापन = शून्य
[∵ चालक वापस A पर पहुँच जाता है।]
पथ की लम्बाई = 6 x भुजा की ल०
= 6 x 500 = 3000 मीटर
∴विस्थापन पथ की लम्बाई = \(\frac{0}{3000}\) = 0

3. मोटर चालक आठवाँ मोड़ C पर लेगा।
∴विस्थापन

कुल पद की लम्बाई = 8 × AB = 4000 मीटर
∴विस्थापन: पथ की लम्बाई
= \(\frac { 500\sqrt { 3 } }{ 4000 } \) = \(\frac { \sqrt { 3 } }{ 8 } \) = \(\sqrt { 3 } \):8
= 0.22

प्रश्न 4.11.
कोई यात्री किसी नए शहर में आया है और वह स्टेशन से किसी सीधी सड़क पर स्थित किसी होटल तक जो 10 km दूर है, जाना चाहता है। कोई बेईमान टैक्सी चालक 23 km के चक्करदार रास्ते से उसे ले जाता है और 28 मिनट में होटल में पहुँचता है।

1. टैक्सी की औसत चाल, और –
2. औसत वेग का परिमाण क्या होगा? क्या वे बराबर हैं?

उत्तर:
दिया है: कुल चली दूरी = 23 किमी
लगा समय = 28 मिनट = \(\frac{20}{60}\) घण्टा

1. टैक्सी का विस्थापन =10 किमी

= 49.3 किमी प्रति घण्टा

2.

= 21.4 किमी प्रति घण्टा
नहीं, चूँकि केवल सीधे पथों के लिए ही परिमाण में माध्य चाल, माध्य वेग के समान होती है।

प्रश्न 4.12.
वर्षा का पानी 30 ms^-1 की चाल से ऊर्ध्वाधर नीचे गिर रहा है। कोई महिला उत्तर से दक्षिण की ओर 10 ms^-1 की चाल से साइकिल चला रही है। उसे अपना छाता किस दिशा में रखना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
दिया है: वर्षा की चाल \(\vec { v } \)w = 30 मीटर/सेकण्ड तथा महिला की चाल
= 10 मीटर/सेकण्ड
महिला को स्वयं को वर्षा से बचाने के लिए छाते को वर्षा तथा महिला के सापेक्ष (\(\vec { v }\))w वेग की दिशा में रखना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.13.
कोई व्यक्ति स्थिर पानी में 4.0 km/h की चाल से तैर सकता है। उसे 1.0 km चौड़ी नदी को पार करने में कितना समय लगेगा यदि नदी 3.0 km/h की स्थिर चाल से बह रही हो और वह नदी के बहाव के लंब तैर रहा हो। जब वह नदी के दूसरे किनारे पर पहुँचता है तो वह नदी के बहाव की ओर कितनी दूर पहुँचेगा?
उत्तर:
दिया है: व्यक्ति की चाल = 4 किमी प्रति घण्टा

चली दूरी =1 किमी
नदी की चाल =3 किमी/घण्टा
माना नदी को पार करने में लिया गया समय = t सूत्र,


समय t = \(\frac{1}{4}\) घण्टा = 15 मिनट
अत: व्यक्ति द्वारा 15 मिनट में चली दूरी = 3 x \(\frac{1}{4}\)
= \(\frac{3}{4}\) किमी
= \(\frac{3}{4}\) x 1000
= 750 मीटर

प्रश्न 4.14.
किसी बंदरगाह में 72 km/h की चाल से हवा चल रही है और बंदरगाह में खड़ी किसी नौका के ऊपर लगा झंडा N – E दिशा में लहरा रहा है। यदि वह नौका उत्तर की ओर 51 km/h चाल से गति करना प्रारंभ कर दे तो नौका पर लगा झंडा किस दिशा में लहराएगा?
उत्तर:
दिया है: वायु का वेग \(\vec { v }\)_a = 72 किमी प्रति घण्टा N – E दिशा में तथा नौका का वेग। \(\vec { v }\)_b= 51 किमी प्रति घण्टा उत्तर दिशा में।
नौका का वायु के सापेक्ष वेग,
\(\vec { v }\)_a = \(\vec { v }\)_a – \(\vec { v }\)_b
= 72 – 51
= 21 किमी/घण्टा
यह सापेक्ष वेग, वायु वेग (\(\vec { v }\)_a) तथा नौका के विपरीत दिशा को (-\(\vec { v }\)_a) के परिणाम के बराबर होगा एवम् झण्डा वेग \(\vec { v }\)_abah को दिशा में लहराएगा।

माना कि सापेक्ष वेग (\(\vec { v }\)_ab) वेग \(\vec { v }\)a से θ कोण बनाता है तथा वेगों Va व 5 के बीच 135° का कोण है।


= 1.0035
θ = 45.1°
अतः सापेक्ष वेग द्वारा पूर्व दिशा में बनाया गया कोण,
= θ – 45° = 45.1 – 45
= 0.1
अर्थात् झण्डा लगभग पूर्व दिशा में ही लहराएगा।

प्रश्न 4.15.
किसी लंबे हाल की छत 25 m ऊँची है। वह अधिकतम क्षैतिज दूरी कितनी होगी जिसमें 40 ms^-1 की चाल से फेंकी गई कोई गेंद छत से टकराए बिना गुजर जाए?
उत्तर:
दिया है: अधिकतम ऊँचाई H_max = 25 मीटर
तथा वेग, V₀ = 40 मीटर/सेकण्ड
माना कि गेंद को प्रक्षेप्य कोण से फेंका जाता है। तब
सूत्र,

प्रश्न 4.16.
क्रिकेट का कोई खिलाड़ी किसी गेंद को 100 m की अधिकतम क्षैतिज दूरी तक फेंक सकता है? वह खिलाड़ी उसी गेंद को जमीन से ऊपर कितनी ऊँचाई तक फेंक सकता है?
उत्तर:
दिया है: अधिकतम परास R_max =100 मीटर
सूत्र, R_max = \(\frac { \mu _{ 0 }^{ 2 } }{ g } \)
µ₀² = R_max x g
= 100 x 9.8 = 980
∴ µ₀ = \(\sqrt { 980 } \) = 14 \(\sqrt{5}\) मीटर/सेकण्ड
अत: व्यक्ति गेंद का अधिकतम वेग 14 \(\sqrt{5}\) मीटर/सेकण्ड से फेंक सकता है। अतः गेंद को अधिकतम ऊँचाई तक फेंकने के लिए उसे ऊर्ध्वाधरत: ऊपर की ओर फेंकना होगा।
सूत्र H = \(\frac { { u }_{ 0 }^{ 2 }{ sin }^{ 2 }\theta }{ 2g } \)
H_max के लिए, θ = 90°
∴H = \(\frac { (14\sqrt { 5 } )^{ 2 } }{ 2\times 9.8 } \)
= 50 मीटर

प्रश्न 4.17.
80 cm लंबे धागे के एक सिरे पर एक पत्थर बाँधा गया है और इसे किसी एकसमान चाल के साथ किसी क्षैतिज वृत्त में घुमाया जाता है। यदि पत्थर 25,s में 14 चक्कर लगाता है तो पत्थर के त्वरण का परिमाण और उसकी दिशा क्या होगी:
उत्तर:
दिया है: त्रिज्या R = 80 सेमी = 0.8 मीटर चक्कर n =14
समय t = 25
सूत्र आवर्तकाल T = \(\frac{t}{n}\) = \(\frac{25}{14}\) सेकण्ड
पत्थर की रेखीय चाल v = \(\frac{2πR}{T}\)
= \(\frac{2 × 22/7 × 0.8}{25/14}\)
= 2.8 मीटर/सेकण्ड
तथा पत्थर का त्वरण
a_c = \(\frac { v^{ 2 } }{ R } \)
= \(\frac { (2.8)^{ 2 } }{ (0.8) } \)
= 9.8 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
पत्थर के त्वरण की दिशा केन्द्र की ओर होगी।

प्रश्न 4.18.
कोई वायुयान 900 kmh^-1 की एकसमान चाल से उड़ रहा है और 1.00 km त्रिज्या का कोई क्षैतिज लूप बनाता है। इसके अभिकेन्द्र त्वरण की गुरुत्वीय त्वरण के साथ तुलना कीजिए?
उत्तर:
दिया है: वायुयान की चाल, v = 900 किमी प्रति घण्टा
त्रिज्या, R =1 किमी
सूत्र त्वरण, a_c = \(\frac { v^{ 2 } }{ R } \) से
वायुयान का त्वरण,
a_c = \(\frac { v^{ 2 } }{ R } \) = \(\frac{900 × 900}{1}\)
= 81 x 10⁴ किमी/घण्टा²
\(\frac { 81\times 10^{ 4 }\times 1000 }{ (60\times 60)^{ 2 } } \) = 62.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
गुरुत्वीय त्वरण g = 9.8 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
∴\(\frac{ac}{g}\) = \(\frac{62.5}{9.8}\)
= 6.38
अतः अभिकेन्द्र त्वरण, गुरुत्वीय त्वरण का 6.38 गुना है।

प्रश्न 4.19.
नीचे दिए गए कथनों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और कारण देकर बताइए कि वे सत्य हैं या असत्य:

1. वृत्तीय गति में किसी कण का नेट त्वरण हमेशा वृत्त की त्रिज्या के अनुदिश केंद्र की ओर होता है।
2. किस बिंदु पर किसी कण का वेग सदिश सदैव उस बिंदु पर कण के पथ की स्पर्श रेखा के अनुदिश होता है।
3. किसी कण का एक समान वृत्तीय गति में एक चक्र में लिया गया औसत त्वरण सदिश एक शून्य सदिश होता है।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. सत्य
3. सत्य।

प्रश्न 4.20.
किसी कण की स्थिति सदिश निम्नलिखित है:
\(\bar { r } \) = (3.0t\(\hat { i } \) – 2.0t²\(\hat { j } \) + 4.0\(\hat { k } \))m
समय t सेकण्ड में है तथा सभी गुणांकों के मात्रक इस प्रकार से हैं कि r में मीटर में व्यक्त हो जाए।

1. कण का _vतथा _a निकालिए।
2. t = 2.0 _s पर कण के वेग का परिमाण तथा दिशा कितनी होगी?

उत्तर:
दिया है:
\(\bar { r } \) = (3.0t\(\hat { i } \) – 2.0t²\(\hat { j } \) + 4.0\(\hat { k } \)) मीटर

(b) \(\bar { vt } \) – 25 = 3 \(\hat { i } \) – 4 x 2 \(\hat { j } \) = 3 \(\hat { i } \) – 8 \(\hat { j } \)

प्रश्न 4.21.
कोई कण t = 0 क्षण पर मूल बिंदु से 10\(\hat { j } \) ms^-1 के वेग से चलना प्रारंभ करता है तथा x – y समतल में एकसमान त्वरण (8.0\(\hat { i } \) + 2.0\(\hat { j } \))ms^-2 से गति करता है।

1. किस क्षण कण का निर्देशांक 16 m होगा? इसी समय इसका y – निर्देशांक कितना होगा?
2. इस क्षण कण की चाल कितनी होगी?

उत्तर:
दिया है:
\(\overrightarrow{v_{0}}\)= 0\(\hat { i } \) + o\(\hat { j } \)
वेग \(\overrightarrow{v_{0}}\)= 10 \(\hat { j } \) मीटर/सेकण्ड ²
त्वरण \(\vec { a } \) = (8\(\hat { i } \) + o\(\hat {2j } \) मीटर/सेकण्ड ²
अतः t समय पर कण का स्थिति सदिश,

1. x =16 मीटर रखने पर,
16 = 4t²
t =\(\sqrt { 16/4 }\) = 2
∴y = 10 x 2 + 2²
= 20 x 4 = 24 मीटर
अत: t = 2 सेकण्ड पर, के निर्देशांक 24 मीटर होगा।

2. v_x = \(\frac{dx}{dt}\) = 8t
तथा v_y = \(\frac{dy}{dt}\) = 10 + 2t
∴(v_y )_t=2 = 10 + 2 x 2 = 14 मीटर/सेकण्ड
इस क्षण कण की चाल,
(v^-1) = \(\sqrt { v^{ 2x }-v^{ 2y } } \)
= \(\sqrt { 16^{ 2 }+14^{ 2 } } \)
= \(\sqrt { 452 }\)
= 21.3 मीटर/सेकण्ड

प्रश्न 4.22.
\(\hat { i }\) व \(\hat { j }\) क्रमश: x – व y – अक्षों के अनुदिश एकांक सदिश हैं। सदिशों \(\hat { i }\) + \(\hat { j }\) तथा \(\hat { i } \) – \(\hat { j }\) का परिमाण तथा दिशा क्या होगी? सदिश A = 2\(\hat { i }\) + 3 \(\hat { j }\) के दिशाओं के अनुदिश घटक निकालिए।[आप ग्राफी विधि का उपयोग कर सकते हैं।]
उत्तर:
चूँकि \(\hat { i }\) व \(\hat { j }\) तथा परस्पर लम्ब एकांक सदिश है। अतः इनके बीच का कोण 90° है।
सूत्र,

सदिश \(\vec { a }\) का सदिश \(\vec { b }\) की दिशा में घटक,
(A cos θ) = image

प्रश्न 4.23.
किसी दिकस्थान पर एक स्वेच्छ गति के लिए निम्नलिखित संबंधों में से कौन – सा सत्य है?

1. v _औसत = (1/2) [v(t₁) + v(t₂)]
2. v _औसत = [r(t₂) – r(t₁)]/(t₂ – t₁)
3. v(t) = v(0) + at
4. r(t) = r(0) + v(0)t + (1/2) at²
5. a_औसत = [v(t₂) – v(t₁)]/(t₂ – t₁)

यहाँ ‘औसत’ का आशय समय अंतराल t₂, व t₁ से संबंधित भौतिक राशि के औसत मान से है।
उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. सत्य
3. असत्य
4. असत्य
5. सत्य।

प्रश्न 4.24.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक कथन को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए तथा कारण एवं उदाहरण सहित बताइए कि क्या यह सत्य है या असत्य: अदिश वह राशि है जो:

1. किसी प्रक्रिया में संरक्षित रहती है।
2. कभी ऋणात्मक नहीं होती।
3. विमाहीन होती है।
4. किसी स्थान पर एक बिंदु से दूसरे बिंदु के बीच नहीं बदलती
5. उन सभी दर्शकों के लिए एक ही मान रखती है चाहे अक्षों से उनके अभिविन्यास भिन्न – भिन्न क्यों न हों।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य, चूँकि किसी अदिश का किसी प्रक्रिया से संरक्षित रहना आवश्यक नहीं है। जैसे ऊपर की ओर फेंके गए पिण्ड की गतिज ऊर्जा पूरी यात्रा में बदलती रहती है।
2. असत्य, चूँकि अदिश राशि, धनात्मक शून्य या ऋणात्मक कुछ भी मान ग्रहण कर सकती है। जैसे ताप अदिश राशि है जिसका चिह्न कुछ भी हो सकता है।
3. असत्य, जैसे किसी वस्तु की चाल अदिश राशि है जिसकी विमा [LT^-1] है।
4. असत्य, जैसे ताप एक अदिश राशि है जोकि किसी छड़ में ऊष्मा के एकविमीय प्रवाह की दिशा में बदलता रहता है।
5. सत्य, चूँकि अदिश राशि दिशाहीन होती है। इसलिए यह प्रत्येक विन्यास में स्थित दर्शक के लिए समान मान रखती है। जैसे किसी वस्तु की चाल प्रत्येक दर्शक के लिए समान होगी।

प्रश्न 4.25.
कोई वायुयान पृथ्वी से 3400 m की ऊँचाई पर उड़ रहा है। यदि पृथ्वी पर किसी अवलोकन बिंदु पर वायुयान की 10.0s से दूरी की स्थितियाँ 30° का कोण बनाती है तो वायुयान की चाल क्या होगी?

उत्तर:
दिया है:
P से Q तक चलने में लगा समय, t =10 सेकण्ड
सूत्र,
लम्ब, PQ = OP x tan 30
= 3400 x \(\sqrt [ 1 ]{ 3 } \) मीटर
= 1963 मीटर
माना वायुयान की चाल v मीटर/सेकण्ड है।
 = \(\frac{1963}{10}\)
= 196.3 मीटर/सेकण्ड

समतल में गति अतिरिक्त अभ्यास के प्रश्न एवं उनके उत्तर

प्रश्न 4.26.
किसी सदिश में परिमाण व दिशा दोनों होते हैं। क्या दिकस्थान में इसकी कोई स्थिति होती है? क्या यह समय के साथ परिवर्तित हो सकता है। क्या दिकस्थान में भिन्न स्थानों पर दो बराबर सदिशों a वb का समान भौतिक प्रभाव अवश्य पड़ेगा? अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
सभी सदिशों की स्थिति नहीं होती है। किसी बिन्दु के स्थिति सदिश के समान कुछ सदिशों की स्थिति होती है जबकि वेग सदिश की कोई स्थिति नहीं होती है। हाँ, सदिश समय के साथ परिवर्तित हो सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, गतिमान कण की स्थिति सदिश। दिक्स्थान में भिन्न स्थानों पर दो बराबर सदिशों \(\vec { a } \) तथा \(\vec { b } \) का समान भौतिक प्रभाव अवश्य पड़े, यह आवश्यक नहीं है। जैसे दो भिन्न – भिन्न बिन्दुओं पर लगे बराबर बल अलग – अलग आघूर्ण उत्पन्न करेंगे।

प्रश्न 4.27.
किसी सदिश में परिमाण व दिशा दोनों होते हैं। क्या इसका यह अर्थ है कि कोई राशि जिसका परिमाण व दिशा हो, वह अवश्य ही सदिश होगी? किसी वस्तु के घूर्णन की व्याख्या घूर्णन – अक्ष की दिशा और अक्ष के परितः घूर्णन – कोण द्वारा की जा सकती है। क्या इसका यह अर्थ है कि कोई भी घूर्णन एक सदिश है?
उत्तर:
किसी राशि में परिमाण तथा दिशा होने पर उसका सदिश होना आवश्यक नहीं है। जैसे – प्रत्येक घूर्णन कोण सदिश राशि नहीं हो सकता जबकि सूक्ष्म घूर्णन कोण सदिश राशि माना जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 4.28.
क्या आप निम्नलिखित के साथ कोई सदिश संबद्ध कर सकते हैं:

1. किसी लूप में मोड़ी गई तार की लंबाई
2. किसी समतल क्षेत्र
3. किसी गोले के साथ? व्याख्या कीजिए।

उत्तर:

1. नहीं, चूँकि वृत्तीय लूप में मोड़े गए तार की कोई निश्चित दिशा नहीं है।
2. दिए गए समतल पर एक निश्चित अभिलम्ब खींचा जा सकता है। इसलिए समतल क्षेत्र के साथ एक सदिश सम्बद्ध किया जा सकता है जिसकी दिशा समतल पर अभिलम्ब के अनुदिश हो सकती है।
3. नहीं, चूँकि किसी गोले का आयतन किसी विशेष दिशा के साथ सम्बद्ध नहीं कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.29.
कोई गोली क्षैतिज से 30° के कोण पर दागी गई है और वह धरातल पर 3.0 km दूर गिरती है। इसके प्रक्षेप्य के कोण का समायोजन करके क्या 5.0 km दूर स्थित किसी लक्ष्य का भेद किया जा सकता है? गोली की नालमुख चाल को नियत तथा वायु के प्रतिरोध को नगण्य मानिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है:
θ₁ = 30°,
(R₁)θ₁, = 3 किमी = 3000 मीटर

माना ((R₂)θ₂) = 5 किमी = 5000 मीटर
जहाँ θ₂, प्रक्षेपण कोण पर दागने पर परास R₂ है।

परन्तु sinθ का मान 1 से अधिक नहीं हो सकता है। अर्थात् प्रक्षेप्य कोण 02 का कोई वास्तविक मान सम्भव नहीं है जिससे कि गोली 5 किमी दूर स्थित लक्ष्य को भेद सकें।

प्रश्न 4.30.
कोई लड़ाकू जहाज 1.5 km की ऊँचाई पर 720 km/h की चाल से क्षैतिज-दिशा में उड़ रहा है और किसी वायुयान भेदी तोप के ठीक ऊपर से गुजरता है। ऊर्ध्वाधर से तोप की नाल का क्या कोण हो जिससे 600 ms^-1 की चाल से दागा गया गोला वायुयान पर वार कर सके। वायुयान के चालक को किस न्यूनतम ऊँचाई पर जहाज को उड़ाना चाहिए जिससे गोला लगने से बच सके। (g = 10 ms^-2)
उत्तर:
दिया है:
वायुयान की ऊँचाई = 1.5 किमी
= 1500 मीटर
वायुयान की चाल = 720 किमी/घण्टा
= 720 x \(\frac{5}{18}\)
= 200 मीटर/सेकण्ड
गोली की चाल v₀ = 600 मीटर/सेकण्ड
माना कि जिस क्षण वायुयान तोप के ठीक ऊपर है, उस क्षण ऊर्ध्वाधर से θ कोण पर तोप से गोला दागा जाता है। जोकि सेकण्ड पश्चात् वायुयान से टकराता है।
अतः क्षैतिज से गोले का प्रक्षेपण कोण,
∅ = 90 – θ होगा।
यहाँ गोले के वेग के घटक,
V_ox = V_o cos ∅ = 600 sin θ
तथा V_oy = Vo sin θ = 600 cos ∅
समय पश्चात् गोले की ऊँचाई,
y = v_oy^t – \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt²
= 600 cos θ.t – \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 9.8 t²
समय पश्चात् क्षैतिज दूरी,
x = v _ox^t = 600 sin θ.t
वायुयान के लिए,
x₀ = 0
y = 500 मीटर
V _ox = 200 मीटर/सेकण्ड
a_x = 0
V_oy = 0
a_y = 0
सेकण्ड पश्चात् वायुयान की स्थिति,
x = V_ox^t ⇒ x = 200t
तथा y = y_o ⇒ y = 1500
गोला वायुयान को तभी लगेगा जबकि समी० (1) तथा (4) से प्राप्त के मान एवम् समी० (2) व (3) से प्राप्त x के मान पृथक्-2 बराबर हो।
समी० (1) तथा (4) से,
1500 = 600 cos θt = 4.9t²
समी० (2) तथा (3) से,
600 sin θt = 200t = sinθ = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
θ =19.5°
अतः तोप की नाल ऊर्ध्वाधर से 19.5° का कोण बनाएगा। जब तोप की नाल को ऊर्ध्वाधरत: ऊपर की ओर रखते हुए गोला दागा जाता है तो वह अधिकतम ऊँचाई तय करता है।
∴H max = \(\frac { v_{ 0 }^{ 2 } }{ 2g } \)
= \(\frac { (600)^{ 2 } }{ 2\times 10 } \)
= 18000 मीटर
अतः वायुयान की न्यूनतम ऊँचाई 18 किमी होगी।

प्रश्न 4.31.
एक साइकिल सवार 27 km/h की चाल से साइकिल चला रहा है। जैसे ही सड़क पर वह 80 m त्रिज्या के वृत्तीय मोड़ पर पहुँचता है, वह ब्रेक लगाता है और अपनी चाल को 0.5 m/s² की एकसमान दर से कम कर लेता है। वृत्तीय मोड़ पर साइकिल सवार के नेट त्वरण का परिमाण और उसकी दिशा निकालिए।
उत्तर:
दिया है:
साइकिल सवार की चाल,
y= 27 किमी/घण्टा

= 27 x \(\frac{5}{18}\) = \(\frac{15}{2}\) मीटर/सेकण्ड
त्रिज्या = 80 मीटर
मंदन, a_T = 0.5 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
अभिकेन्द्र त्वरण, a_c = \(\frac{v²}{R}\)
= (\(\frac{15/2}{80}²\)=
= 0.703 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
अतः सवार का नेट त्वरण,
a = \(\sqrt { a_{ c }^{ 2 }+aT^{ 2 } } \)
= \(\sqrt { (0.703)^{ 2 }+(0.5)^{ 2 } } \)
= 0.86 मीटर/सेकण्ड²
माना परिणामी त्वरण स्पर्श रेखीय दिशा से कोण पर है।
∴tan θ = \(\frac { a_{ c } }{ a_{ T } } \) = 1.4
∴θ = tan^-1 (1.4) = 54.5°

प्रश्न 4.32.

1. सिद्ध कीजिए कि किसी प्रक्षेप्य के x – अक्ष तथा उसके वेग के बीच के कोण को समय के फलन के रूप में निम्न प्रकार से व्यक्त कर सकते हैं। θ (t) ^-1 = tan^-1 = \(\frac { (v_{ oy }-gt) }{ (v_{ ox }) } \)
2. सिद्ध कीजिए कि मूल बिंदु से फेंके गए प्रक्षेप्य कोण का मान θ₀ = tan^-1  = \(\frac { 4h_{ m } }{ R } \)  होगा। यहाँ प्रयुक्त प्रतीकों के अर्थ सामान्य हैं।

उत्तर:

1. माना कि कोई प्रक्षेप्य मूल बिन्दु (0, 0) से इस प्रकार फेंकते हैं कि उसके वेग x – अक्ष एवम् y – अक्षों की दिशाओं में विभाजित घटक क्रमश: V_ox व V_oy हैं।
माना कि t समय पश्चात् प्रक्षेप्य का स्थिति सदिश, \(\)\vec { r } \(\) (t)
1. निम्नवत् है –

2. मूल बिन्दु (0, 0) से फेंके गए प्रक्षेप्य का परास,

MP Board Class 11 Physics Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passages

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 1

CAMPS TO TAP CREATIVITY

1. As the dreaded examinations crawl to a halt, students look forward to the much-awaited “creative outlets”, the summer camps, to let off steam and spend their holidays. A summer camp is conducted over a short period of four to five weeks involving interesting filled activities. The colourful spectrum of summer-ramps- provides a wide variety of activities which include artistic skills, such as painting, origami, art, music, craft and also spoken English, cookery and computer courses. Not only this, the summer camps keep the child “fit as a fiddle” by imparting lessons in yoga, cricket, tennis and swimming.

2. With changing, times and trends parents have become productivity-oriented. They want their children to learn through productive play unlike in Lie past when play was just played. Today, the parents want to tap the potential of their children to the fullest. To achieve this aim, the summer camps afford an ideal opening for children to develop their hobbies and talents. The importance of creative play is often underestimated whereas the fact is ’that art and craft projects can excite even a young child’s imagination and promote a sense of great achievement. The little things that children make and take home give them a sense of achievement and pride when they show them to their parents.

3. Summer camps develop a child’s confidence and his ideas. They also encourage children to do things on their own. The camps are beneficial for hyperactive and aggressive children as they help channel their energies fruitfully by drawing out the best in them. They also promote mutual understanding not only among teachers and children but also bring about an interaction between the taught. This provides a good experience for a better future— a future of confidence.

(“The Young World” The Hindu)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the.correct blank number :
(a) Activities in summer camps are …………………… and ……………………
(b) Summer camps keep the children healthy since ……………………
(c) Now-a-days parents think play should be ……………………
(d) “To achieve this aim”. What aim is the writer referring to here?
(e) “They also promote mutual understanding.” /They’ refers, …………………… to.
(f) Summer camps are particularly helpful for problem children who are …………………… and ……………………
Give the list of qualities (g) …………………… and (h) …………………… apart from the ones given below, which camps help to develop in children: confidence; creativity; talents
Answer:
(a) fun-filled and interesting.
(b) they impart lessons in yoga, cricket, tennis and swimming.
(c) productivity-oriented.
(d) The aim is the parent’s desire to tap the potential of their children to the fullest.
(e) ‘They’ refers to the summer camps.
(f) hyperactive and aggressive.
(g) independence
(h) mutual understanding

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 2

THE RABBITS WHO CAUSED ALL THE TROUBLES

1. Within the memory of the youngest child there was a family of rabbits who lived near a pack of wolves. The wolves announced that they did not like the way the rabbits were living. One night several wolves were killed in an earthquake and this was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that rabbits pound on the ground with their hind legs and cause earthquakes. On another night one of the wolves was killed by a bolt of lightning and this also was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that lettuce-eaters cause lightning.

2. The wolves threatened to civilise the rabbits if they did not behave, and the rabbits decided to run away to a desert island. But the other animals, who lived at a great distance, shamed them saying, “You must stay where you are and be brave. This is no world for escapists. If the wolves attack you, we will come to your aid, in all probability.” So the rabbits continued to live near the wolves. And one day there was a terrible flood which drowned a great many wolves. This was blamed on the rabbits, for it is well known that carrot nibblers with long ears cause floods. The wolves descended on the rabbits for their own good, and imprisoned them in a dark cave, for their own protection.

3. When nothing was heard about the rabbits for some weeks, the other animals demanded to know what had happened to them. The wolves replied that the rabbits had been eatem and since they had been eaten the affair was a purely internal matter. “They were trying to escape,” said the wolves, “and, as you know, this is no world for escapists.” Jamey Thurber

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage above, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct numbers.
(a) According to the wolves, the earthquake was caused by the rabbits, ……………………
(b) The rabbits did not run away from their place of living, to other safe place because ……………………
(c) Pick up two words from the passage which the wolves have used to indicate the nature of rabbits.
(d) What characteristic of the wolves does the phrase for their own good’ reveal?
(e) The wolves justified their action to the other animals by saying ……………………
(f) The final fate of the rabbits was ……………………
(g) ‘a purely Internal matter is humorous because ……………………
(h) The title ‘The Rabbits Who Caused All the Troubles’ is significant because ……………………
Answer:
(a) for it is well known that rabbits pound on the ground with their hind legs and cause earthquakes.
(b) they did not want to be shamed for being escapists.
(c) (i) lettuce-eaters (ii) carrot-nibblers
(d) This phrase reveals the self-centred nature of the wolves
(e) that the rabbits were trying to escape and this is no world for escapists
(f) imprisonment in a dark cave and being devoured by the wolves.
(g) the matter is not at all an internal one
(h) it is ironical as it was only the wolves who thought that the rabbits caused all the troubles

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 3

1. We’ve just left the dinner table, when I hear music coming from my daughter’s computer. It surprises me that my daughter Ida is listening to music from a time she refers to as the very old days. “What are you playing?” I ask. “It’s Phi Collins,” is her prompt reply, while she shows how, with a few strokes, she can download almost any song from the Internet. Times have certainly been changing since I scratched my first Beatles record. Tactfully I don’t mention that I had bought the record she’s listening to before she was bom. The concept of a phonograph record belongs to a bygone age and I don’t want to spoil the pleasure she’ll get from discovering her “own” new favorite musician.

2. The music brings memories flooding back. I have a sudden urge to bring back my record collection from the attic, where it has moldered for almost a decade. Only one thing stops me : my turntable succumbed to the damp air in a cellar where I stored it for a good ten years. No, I don’t care if turntables are ancient technology: I will find one. And I will restore my long lost record collection—-which took up a good amount of shelf space— to its former glory. Buying something as uncool as a turntable takes courage and planning. I find a promising TV and radio store in the phone book but I am expecting a mountain of Questions from the clerk, who will most certainly have been born and raised after the demise of the turntable.

3. “A turntable? Coming right up!” says the young man behind the counter. He disappears into the storeroom and before I can say long-playing record, he’s back with a small cardboard under his arm. It’s too good to be true. An hour later my new acquisition is in thej living room and a respectful atmosphere descends. I’ve sorted my records into piles all over the floor, I find a Beatles album.

4. Behind the wonderful music now flowing through the loudspeaker is the unmistakable sound of vinyl. It doesn’t take long for my twelve-year-old son’s eagle eye to spot the turntable and he has to try it out. Jonas is technically minded, a child of the computer age, yet I sense a certain reverence as he picks up the tone arm and tries to place it in the middle of the record. Brought up in the CD age how could he know what’s wrong? I say in a soothing voice: “The starting groove is on the edge of the record.” “Does it matter which side is up?” queried my daughter. “It does matter,” I replied. Soon we were listening to a Phil Collins number we both like. The generation gap vanishes as the music takes over. I relish the moment to the full and cast a glance at Ida. She’s relaxed and smiling. _

Question 1.
Fill in the following summary using only one word for each blank. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number.
It was a moment of surprise for the author to (a) …………………… that his daughter had the same (b) …………………… for music as he had. This brought back (c) …………………… of his (d) …………………… collection in the attic. Though, a (e) …………………… task, he was (f) …………………… in locating a turntable.
Answer:
(a) discover (b) passion/interest (c) memories (d) record (e) difficult (f) successful

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet.
(a) Jonas did not know how to handle the turntable as ……………………
(b) Music could bridge the generation gap as ……………………
(c) The author was reluctant to bring out his turntable from the cellar because ……………………
Answer:
(a) he was seeing it for the first time and he was, a technically minded computer age child.
(b) it takes over the complete atmosphere and makes one relish each moment to the full.
(c) it had moldered there for almost a decade and might have succumbed to the damp air in a cellar

Question 3.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following
(a) skillfully avoiding giving offense (para 1)
(b) a feeling of respect (para 4)
Answer:
(a) tactfully (b) reverence

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 4

1. Papaya is the healthiest fruit with a list of properties that is long and exhaustive. Belonging to the family of Caricaceae fruit, it is commonly kown as Papaw in Australia and Mamao in Brazil. It first originated in southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America, but is now available in every tropical and subtropical country. Papaya favours digestion as well as cures skin irritation and sun burns. You can munch on it as a salad, have it cooked or boiled or just drink it up as milkshake or juices. Modern science confirms the age-old beliefs that papaya has much to contribute to the health cause. The most important of these virtues is the protein-digesting enzyme in the milky juice or latex. The enzyme is similar to pepsin in its digestive action and is said to be so powerful that it can digest 200 times its own weight in protein. It assists the body in assimilating the maximum nutritional value from food to provide energy and body building materials.

2. Papain in raw papaya makes up for the deficiency of gastric juice and fights excess of, unhealthy mucus in the stomach, dyspepsia and intestinal irritation. The ripe fruit, if eaten regularly corrects habitual constipation, bleeding piles and chronic diar- ‘ rhoea. The juice of the papaya seeds also assists in the above- mentioned ailments.

3. The juice, used as a cosmetic, removes freckles or brown spots due to exposure to sunlight and makes the skin smooth7 and delicate. A paste of papaya sgeds is applied in skin diseases like those caused by ringworm. The black seeds of the papaya are highly beneficial in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcoholism, malnutrition, etc. A tablespoonful of its juice, combined with a hint of fresh lime juice, should be consumed once or twice daily for a month. The fresh juice of raw papaya mixed with honey can be applied over inflamed tonsils, for diphtheria and other throat disorders. It dissolves the membrane and prevents infection from spreading.

Question 1.
Complete the following :
(a) The other names for papaya are :
(b) Though now found in every tropical country
(c) One of the most important virtues of papaya is:
(d) Intestinal irritation can be overcome.
(e) Diseases cured by papaya are
(f) Throat disorders can be cured if
Answer:
(a) Papaw and Mamao.
(b) it first originated in Southern Mexico and neighboring Central America.
(c) the protein-digesting enzyme in the milky juice or latex.
(d) by the papain in raw-papaya.
(e) habitual constipation, bleeding piles and chronic diarrhea.
(f) fresh juice of raw papaya mixed with honey is applied over inflamed tonsils.

Question 2.
Complete the table below

Portion / extract Juice (b) ………………………………….. Black seeds

treatment for (a) ………………………………….. Skin diseases (d) …………………………………..

caused by Exposure to sunlight (c) ………………………………….. Alcoholism”

Answer:
(a) freckles or brown spots
(b) Paste of Papaya seeds
(c) ringworm
(d) cirrhosis of the liver

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 5

1. Set in the declining but still green Western Ghats in the south west of Karnataka, Coorg is the heart of India’s coffee country, coffee being the world’s most heavily traded commodity after crude Oil. Coorg boasts a land area four times larger than Hong Kong and seven times the area of Singapore, most of it is under tree cover because unlike tea plants, the coffee bush requires shade.

2. India is acknowledged as the producer of the finest mild coffees. j With their tropical climate, high altitude, abundant rainfall and fertile soil, Coorg and the neighbouring Chickmagalur districts in Karnataka have consistently produced and exported high-quality coffee for over 150 years. The coffee output of these I two districts accounts for 70 percent of the total coffee produced in the country. Coorg coffee is valued for its blue colour, clean beans and fine liquoring qualities and hence is in demand in the international markets.

3. In March and April is the coffee blossom time in Coorg. When blossom transform into berries, the bushes are cropped. The cherry-red fruit is then pulped; the seeds separated, dried and sent for curing, Coorg or Kodagu is the district which is one of the largest producers of pepper, cardamom and honey in the world.

4. Not rftuch is known about early history of Coorg. Recorded history is available only from 1600 AD onwards when Kodava \ rajas ruled over the region and established their capital at Mercara by constructing a mud walled fort. The martial Kodavas troubled Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan who ruled the Mysore region in the 18th century by way of sporadic rebellions. But in 1785, Tipu’s large army marched into Kodagu and devastated the kingdom. Fourteen years later, with the help of the British who defeated Tipu Sultan following the historic siege of Srirangapatana ^ in 1799, Coorg regained independence and under the leadership of Raja Veerarajendra rebuilt the capital. Later in 1834, the British exiled its ruler Chikkaveera Rajendra and assumed administrative charge of the district. The British left India’ in 1947, leaving behind a legacy of coffee plantations, colonial buildings and well- planned road networks.

Question 1.
Complete the following:
(a) The tea plants are unlike coffee plants as the latter
(b) Coorg coffee is internationally acclaimed for its
(c) Coorg is famous not only for-coffee but also for
(d) After crude oil, coffee is the
Answer:
(a) require shade
(b) blue colour, clean beans and fine liquoring qualities
(c) pepper, cardamom and honey
(d) world’s most heavily traded commodity

Question 2.
Complete the table given below:

Year	Events
(a) ……………………………………………..	Recorded history of Coorg
1783 AD	available from
	(b) ……………………………………………..
(c) ……………………………………………..	Coorg regained independence
1834 AD	(d) ……………………………………………..

Answer:
(a) 1600 AD
(b) Tipu’s large army marched into Kodagu and .devastated the kingdom.
(c) 1799
(d) British exiled the ruler Chikkaveera Rajendra and assumed administrative charge of the district.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 6

1. India Was once considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment. In ancient times scholars from all over Asia and Europe used to flock to Taxila, Nalanda and other Indian centres of learning. Apart from the arts, culture, philosophy and religion, these scholars came to study medicine, law and martial sciences. But despite having a vastly expanded university system and historical advantages, modern India has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education. From the surrounding countries of Asia and Africa only a few students come to India for higher education.

2. The United States is by far the most successful country in attracting foreign students. But other countries such as Australia, Canada and Britain also aggressively market their universities abroad through their education counseling services and recruitment fairs with the active cooperation of their diplomatic missions abroad.

3. Likewise, India should also capitalise on the advantages offered by its higher education institutions, market Indian universities abroad and facilitate the entry of foreign students into them.

4. The revenue from foreign students can be used to ease the financial crunch faced by Indian universities, improve academic facilities and subsidise the cost of educating Indian students.

5. But apart from economic advantages many other benefits would accrue to the nation. India would gain global and regional influence, goodwill and become a major provider of higher education. Many Asian and African countries, especially the sinaller ones have poorly developed university systems and would look to Indian universities for the higher education of their youth. At the same time Indian students will not be deprived if 10 per cent supernumerary seats for foreign students are created in universities and professional colleges.

6. Already professional education in India has proved accessible and affordable for foreign students, especially from Malaysia, the Middle East and South Africa. In these countries higher education training facilities are limited. Many NRI (non-resident Indian) families abroad, especially those from English-speaking industrialised countries are also keen to send their children to study in their motherland and hopefully to become attuned to their Indian roots in the process.

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage complete the sentences given below. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do not copy the whole sentence.
(a) In spite of India having a historical advantage and a vastly expanded university system it ………………………
(b) Many parents send their children to India hoping that ………………………
(c) Academic facilities in India can be improved with ………………………
Answer:
(a) has yet to provide international or even regional leadership in higher education.
(b) by studying in their motherland these children would become attuned to their Indian roots.
(c) the revenue earned from the foreign students.

Question 2.
On the basis of yoq,r reading of the passage complete the following paragraph using one word only in each blank. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.

The income from foreign students would not only (a) …………………….. in educating Indian students but also in (b) ……………………… global and regional influence and thus (c) to higher education (d) The (e) ……………………… of countries with poorly developed education systems usually (f) ……………………… on Indian Universities for their higher education.
Answer:
(a) help (b) improving (c) provide (d) system (e) students (f) depend

Question 3.
Find words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. _
(a) forceful (para 2) (b) easy to approach/to enter (para 5)
Answer:
(a) aggressive (b) accessible

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 7

1. Our house is filled with photos. They cover the walls of my kitchen, dining room and den. I see our family’s entire history, starting with my wedding, continuing through the births of both sons, buying a home, family gatherings and vacations. When my sons were little, they loved to pose. They waved, danced, climbed trees, batted balls, hung upside down’ from the jungle gym and did anything for a picture. But when they reached adolescence, picture-taking changed into something they barely tolerated. Their bodies were growing at haphazard speeds. Reluctantly they stood with us or with their grandparents at birthday celebrations and smiled weakly at the camera for as short a time as possible.

2. I am the chronicler of our photographs. I select those to be framed and arrange the others in albums. The process is addictive,. and as the shelves that hold our albums become fuller and fuller, I wonder what will become of them. Will anyone look at these photographs in future years? If my sons look at them, what will they think of us and of themselves? One bright afternoon, I took some photographs of my father with my husband as they fished on a lake near our vacation house. As my sons and I sat on the shore and watched them row away, I picked the camera up and photographed the beautiful lake surrounded by green trees. The two men I loved gradually grew smaller until all I could see were my father’s red shirt, and the tan and blue caps on their heads.

3. My father died a week later, and suddenly those photos became priceless to me. I wept when I pasted them in our album. I wept again after wards when I saw- my younger son looking at them. It was a few days before he went away to college. He had taken all our albums down from the bookshelves in the den and spread them out on the carpet. It had been A very long time since I had seen, him doing this. Once he stopped posing for pictures, he seemed to lose interest in looking at them. Bur now he was on the verge of leaving home. This was his special time to look ahead and look back. I stood for a moment in the hall by the den, and then tiptoed away. I didn’t take a photo of my son that afternoon, but I will remember how he looked for as long as I live. Some pictures, I learned, don’t have to be taken with a camera.

Question 1.
Fill in the summary using a word only:
The author was (a) …………………… about taking photographs and framing them. But she always (b) …………………… whether her sons would ever look at them. She was full of (c) …………………… when she pasted the pictures of her father’s last days in the album. She learned that some pictures always (d) …………………… in one’s mind without a camera.
Answer:
(a) addictive (b) wondered (c) tears (d) remained

Question 2.
Complete the sentences given below:
The author’s sons enjoyed getting photographed while they
(a) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(b) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(c) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
(d) …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………
Answer:
(a) waved and danced
(b) climbed trees
(c) batted balls
(d) hung upside down from the jungle gym

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 8

THE WORLD
Great, wide, beautiful, wonderful World,
With the wonderful water round you curled,
And the wonderful grass’ upon your breast—
World, you are beautifully drest.
The wonderful air is over me,
And the wonderful wind is shaking the tree,
It walks on the water, and whirls the mills,
And talks to itself on the tops of the hills.
You friendly Earth, how far do you go,
With the wheat-fields that nod and the rivers that flow!
With cities and gardens, and cliffs, and isles,
And people upon you for thousands of miles?
Ah! you are so great, and I am so small,
I tremble to think of you, World, at all;
And yet, when I said my prayers to-day,
A whisper inside me seemed to say,
‘You are more than the Earth, though you are such a dot:
You cam love and think, and the Earth cannot !’

—W.B. Rands

Question 1,
On the basis of your understanding of the poem above complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) The T refers to the (1) …………………… and the ‘you’ refers to the (2) …………………… in the poem.
(b) Pick out and write any two words from the poem refer to the grandeur of the earth.
(c) Pick out and write the words from the poem that refer to the following
(1) The green dress of the earth ……………………
(2) Whisper of the wind ……………………
(3) Fear in the speaker ……………………
(4) Oceans surrounding the earth ……………………
(d) ‘You are more than the Earth, though you a such a dot’ because ……………………
Answer:
(a) (i) poet, (ii) earth,
(b) (i) great (ii), wonderful,
(c) (i) wheat fields, gardens (ii) And talks to itself on the top of the hills (iii) tremble to think of you. (iv) With the wonderful water round you curled, (d) the poet can love and think and the Earth cannot.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 9

THE COROMANDEL FISHERS

Rise, brothers, rise; the wakening skies pray to the morning light,
The wind lies asleep in the arms of the dawn like a child that has cried all night.
Come, let us gather our nets from the shore and set our catamarans tree,
To capture the leaping wealth of the tide, for we are the kings -of the sea! ‘
No longer delay, let us hasten away in the track of the ‘seagull’s call,
The sea is our mother/ the cloud is our brother, the waves are our comrades all.
What though we toss at the fall of the sun where the hand of the sea-god drives?
He who holds the storm by the hair, will hide in his breast our lives.
Sweet is the shade of the cocoanut glade, and the scent of the mango grove,
And sweet are the sands at the full o’ the moon with the sound of the voices we love;
But sweeter, O brothers, the kiss of the spray and the dance of the wild foam’s glee;
Row, brothers, row to the edge of the verge, where the low sky -mates with the sea.

—Sarojini Naidu

Question 1.
On the basis of your understanding of the poem above, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) The poet refers to fishermen through different words. Two of them are : (i) …………………… (ii) ……………………
(b) The leaping wealth of the tide is (i) …………………… which the fishermen catch with their (ii) ……………………
(c) The Sea-God would (i) …………………… even if (ii) ……………………
(d) Pick out and write the word (s) from the poem that refers to :
(i) The coming of the morning ……………………
(ii) The wind is not wild ……………………
(iii) The sea waves are the fishermen’s friends ……………………
Answer:
(a) (i) brothers (ii) kings of the sea
(b) (i) fish (ii) nets
(c) (i) drive his hand (ii) they toss at the fall of the sun.
(d) (i) wakening skies (ii) the wind lies asleep (iii) the waves are our comrades all

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 10

A GREEN CORNFIELD

The earth was green, the sky was blue;
I saw and heard one sunny morn
A skylark hang between the two,
A singing speck above the corn.
A stage below in gay accord,
White butterflies danced on wing,
And still the singing skylark soared,
And silent sank and soared to sing.
The cornfield stretched a tender green
To right and left beside my walks;
I knew he had a nest unseen
Somewhere among the million stalks.
And as I paused to hear his song
While swift the sunny moments slid,
Perhaps his mate sat listening long,
And listened longer than I did.

Question 1.
Read the following summary. Complete it by writing the missing words against the correct blank number in your answer sheet.
The poet’s intense (a) ……………………. for nature is (b) ……………………. in the poem. She looked (c) ……………………. from a cornfield and saw a (d) ……………………. soaring in the sky and (e) ……………………. The butterflies (f) ……………………. about in the cornfield. The poet knew that the skylark’s (g) ……………………. was hidden (h) the stalks. She (i) ……………………. that its (j) ……………………. too was listening intently to the song.
Answer:
1. (a) love (b) evident (c) up (d) skylark (e) singing (f) danced (g) nest (h) among (i) thought (j) mate

Question 2.
Complete the following statements on the basis of your reading of the poem. Write your answers in the answer sheet 1 against the correct blank number:
(a) The colours mentioned in the poem are ……………………
(b) One sunny morning the poet ……………………
(c) The phrase ‘gay accord’ in the second stanza means ……………………
Answer:
(a) green and blue.
(b) saw a skylark soaring and singing in the blue sky above the green cornfield.
(c) The phrase ‘gay accord’ means “set in a happy and cheerful atmosphere”.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 11

1. Why is it that there are very few women players in our orchestras? If one could reply flatly—sex discrimination: they don’t want women in orchestras—that would be a definite answer. But one can’t say that. As a matter of fact there are, if not many, a few women playing today in symphony orchestras. Nevertheless, it is true that male orchestral players are in an over whelming majority. Why is that? I’m afraid, there is no one answer. There are physical reasons why women don’t perform well on certain instruments. The average woman is not likely to possess sufficient lung power and sheer muscular strength to play the tuba just as an average woman’s hands are not likely to be large enough to finger a double bass satisfactorily. But what about the other instruments?

2. I think social and family pressures have been very strong in keeping women out of orchestras. Think of the prejudice that existed half a century ago against the so-called ‘nice’ girls going on-stage. The stage was won out for the simple reason that it had to have women to play feminine roles in plays and operas, and was willing to offer a young woman more money than she could make in any other profession. Moreover, on stage, she was appearing as an individual, as a center of attraction. This was gratifying to both her and her-family. To this day, while the average parents are reconciled to seeing their daughter become an opera singer or concert artist, they don’t like the idea of seeing her submerging her personality to become ‘the member of a chorus of the orchestra.

3. Another reason why we have so few women orchestral musicians is that so few of them play wind instruments well enough. They don’t play well enough because they haven’t had the proper training; and the reason for that lies in the history of orchestral music. You will find that famous European family of bassoon players or clarinetists taught their sons^ to play the family instrument. Their sons; but never their daughters. If they had any other pupils, those were also boys; not girls. And to this day, while women vote, hold public office and practise many other professions, without shocking our sensibilities, in this particular field, the orchestra, our attitude towards women still remains the same. However, this prejudice is rapidly crumbling, 7 and is likely to disappear entirely in a few years. For this we7 have to thank our high-school bands and orchestras, which offer/ instruction, practice and experience in playing all orchestral/instruments to boys and girls alike.

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number;
I. The reason why there are only very few women orchestra players—
(a) Physical reasons
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

(b) Social reasons
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

(c) Women won out on stage because
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………

II. The high school bands have to be thanked because
III. Lack of training has resulted in …..
Answer:
1. (a) (i) lack of sufficient lung power and sheer muscular strength to play the tuba
(ii) average woman’s hands are not large enough to finger a double bass satisfactorily (i) family pressure strong in keeping women out of orchestras.

(ii) prejudice exists, against girls going on stage.
(i) it had to have given to play feminine roles in plays and operas, (ii) offered a young woman more money that she could make in any other profession.
II. they offer instruction, practice and experience in playing all orchestral instruments to boys and girls alike.
III. having very few women orchestral musicians.

Question 2.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the phrases given below. Write your answers in the answer sheet
Answer:
(a) discrimination, (b) crumbling, (c) gratifying, (d) training

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 12

1. We’ve just left the dinner table, when I hear music coming from my daughter’s computer. It surprises me that my daughter Ida is listening to music from a time she refers to as the very old days. “What are you playing?” I ask. “It’s Phil Collins,” is her prompt reply, while she shows how, with a few strokes, she can download almost any song from the Internet. Times have certainly been changing since I scratched my first Beatles record. Tactfully I don’t mentiop that I had bought the record she’s listening to before she was born. The concept of a phonograph … record belongs to a bygone age and I don’t want to spoil the pleasure she’ll get from discovering her “own” new favourite musician.

2. The music brings memories flooding back. I have a sudden urge to bring back my record collection from the attic, wngre it has mouldered for almost a decade. Only one thing stops me : my turntable succumbed to the damp air in a cellar where I stored. it for a good ten years. No, I don’t care if turntables are ancient technology: I will find one. And I will restore my long lost record collection—which took up a good amount of shelf space— to its former glory. Buying something as uncool as a turntable takes courage and planning. I find a promising TV and radio store in the phone book but I am expecting a mountain of Question s from the clerk, who will most certainly have been born and raised after the demise of the turntable.

3. “A turntable? Coming right up.'” says the young man behind . the counter. He disappers into the storeroom and before I can say long-playing record, he’s back with a small ‘cardboard under his arm. It’s too good to be true. An hour later my new acquisition . is in the living room and a respectful atmosphere descends. I’ve sorted my records into piles all over the floor, I find a Beatles album.

4. Behind the wonderful music now flowing through the loud speaker is the unmistakable sound of vinyl. It doesn’t take long for my twelve year old son’s eagle eye to spot the turntable and he has to try it out. Jonas is technically minded., a child of the’xromputer age, yet I sense a certain reverence as he picks up the tone arm and tries to place it in the middle of the record. Brought up in the CD age how could he know what’s wrong?

I say in a soothing voice: “The starting groove is on the edge of the record.” “Does it matter which side is up?” queried my daughter. “It does matter,” I replied. Soon we were listening to a Phil Collins number we both like. The generation gap vanishes as the music takes over. I relish the moment to the full and cast a glance at Ida. She’s relaxed and smiling.

Question 1.
Fill in the following summary using only one word for each blank. Write the answers in your answer, sheet against the correct blank number.
It was a moment of surprise for the author to (a) ……………………… that his daughter had the same (b) ……………………… for music as he had. This brought back (c) ……………………… of his (d) ……………………… collection in the attic. Though, a (e) ……………………… task, he was (f) ……………………… in locating a turntable.
Answer:
(a) discover (b) passion/interest (c) memories (d) record (e) difficult (f) successful

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet.
(a) Jonas did not know how to handle the turntable as
(b) Music could bridge the generation gap as
(c) The author was reluctant to bring out his turntable from the cellar because
Answer:
(a) he was seeing it for the first time and he was a technically minded computer age child.
(b) it takes over the complete atmosphere and makes one relish each moment to the full.
(c) it had moldered there for almost a decade and might have succumbed to the damp air in a cellar.

Question 3.
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following.
(a) skillfully avoiding giving offense (para 1)
(b) a feeling of respect (para 4)
Answer:
(a) tactfully (b) reverence

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 13

NIGHT

The Sun descending in the west,
The evening star does shine;
‘The birds are silent in their nest,
And I must seek for mine.
The Moon, like a flower,
In heaven’s high bower,
With silent delight
Sits and smiles on the night.
Farewell, green fields and happy groves,
Where lambs have nibbled, silent moves
The feet of angels bright;
Unseen they pour blessing,
And joy without ceasing,
On each bud and blossom,
And each sleeping bosom.
“They look in every thoughtless nest,
Where birds are covered warm;
They visit caves of every beast,
To keep them all from harm.”
If they see any weeping
That should have been sleeping
They pour sleep on their head/
I And sit down by their bed.

—William Blake

Question 1.
Below is a summary of the poem. Complete it by writing the missing word/phrase against the correct blank number in your answer sheet.
K This poem conveys a beautiful impression of pe&ce and quietness that falls over the landscape at (a) ……………………………. At this time there is (b) ……………………………. everywhere. The poet compares the moon to a (c) ……………………………. It appears to be silently sitting and (d) ……………………………. during the night. The poem conveys a feeling of trust in God’s protection. His (e) ……………………………. angels whose feet are bright, shower (f) ……………………………. of safe sleep on all.
Answer:
(a) night (b) silence (c) flower (d) smiling (e) unseen (f) blessings

Question 2.
What do the angels do to the following, when they visit them at night? Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers.
(a) birds in their nests
(b) beasts in their caves
(c) any weeping creature
Answer:
(a) to look at the warmly covered birds.
(b) to ensure that they are free from harm.
(c) to make sure that they sleep by pouring sleep on its head.

Question 3.
Find words/phrases from the poem which means the same as the following.
(a) areas of land with fruit trees of a particular type
(b) took small bites of food
Answer:
(a) groves, (b) nibbled.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 14

1. Although everybody has a creative spark, the potential not always fully utilised. How does one recognise those who are developing their creative energies to the fullest? Mad painters and tormented poets are only comic stereotypes of the creative personality. The essential traits of creativity are found among ” a wide variety of less conspicuous creators, people in all walks of life. Unfortunately, the structure of our social and educational environment does not always promote its growth.

2. Generally speaking, creative people often believe their purpose in life is to discover and implement the interrelatedness of things, to make order out of disorder. They also see problems where others see none and Question the validity of even the most widely accepted answers. Creative persons are compulsive problem seekers, not so much because they thrive on problems, but because their senses are attuned to a world that demands to be put together, like a jigsaw puzzle scattered on a table.

3. Several tests now in use reveal that highly creative people are much more open and receptive to the complexities of experience than are less creative people. The creative temperament has a tendency to break problems down into their most basic elements, and then reconstruct them into whole new problems, thereby discovering new relationships and new solutions.

4. Highly creative people aren’t afraid to ask what may seem to be naive or silly Question s. They ask questions like, “why don’t spiders get tangled up in their own webs?” and, “why do dogs turn in circles before lying down?”., Such Questions s may seem childlike, and in a way they are. Children have not yet had their innate creative energies channeled into culturally acceptable directions and can give full rein to their cariosity —the absolute prerequisite for full’ creative functioning, both children and adults. ‘

5. Unlike children, creative people appear to have vast stores of patience to draw upon. Months, years, even decades can be devoted to a single problem.

6. The home that encourages inquisitiveness contributes to creative development. The teacher who stresses Question s rather than answers and rewards curiosity rather than restricting it is teaching a child to be creative.

7. To be extremely intelligent is not the same as to be gifted in creative work. The Quiz Kids are often referred to as geniuses. They would undoubtedly score high in memory functions …. But it is doubtful whether they are also fluent in producing ideas.

8. Contrary to popular myths that glorify youth, more creative achievements are likely to occur when people grow older. While memory may falter with age, creativity is ageless. (425 words)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the passage above, complete the following sentences:
Write the answers in your answer sheets against the correct blank number.
(a) Every person is not able to use his/her creativity fully because of the ……………………… .
(b) Three traits of highly creative people, that we get to know from the passage are :
(i) ………………………
(ii) ………………………
(iii) ………………………
(c) The most essential prerequisite for full creative functioning ………………………
(d) The Quiz’ Kids may be great in (i) ……………………… but they cannot be called creative unless they can (ii) ………………………
(e) Teachers can promote creativity among students by ………………………
(f) Growing older does not affect creativity.
Pick out and write the words/phrase from the passage in support of this view:
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Answer:
(a) structure of our social and educational environment which does not always promote their creative growth.
(b) (i) They believe their purpose in life is to discover and implement ’ the interrelatedness of things.
(ii) They make order out of disorder.
(iii) The Question the validity of even the most widely accepted answers of problems.
(c) not to be afraid to ask what may seem to be naive or silly Question s.
(d) (i) memory function (ii) produce fluent ideas
(e) rewarding curiosity rather than restricting it.
(f) creativity is ageless.

Question 2.
Find words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as the following, from the paragraph indicated. Write the answers in your answer sheets against the correct blank number.
(i) noticeable (para 1)
(ii) natural and instinctive (para 4)
(iii) simple and innocent (para 4)
(iv) commonly held notions (para 8)
Answer:
(i) conspicuous (ii) innate (iii) naive (iv) myths

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 15

WHICH LOVED BEST?

“I love you, Mother,” said little John;
Then, forgetting his work, his cap went on,
And he was off to the garden swing,
And left her the water and wood to bring.
“I love you, Mother,” said rosy Nell-
“I love you better than tongue can tell”;
Then she teased and pouted full half the day,
Till her mother rejoiced when she went to play.
“I love you. Mother,” said little Fan;
“Today I’ll help you all I can;
How glad I am that school doesn’t keep!”
So she rocked the babe till it fell asleep.
Then, stepping softly, she fetched the broom,
And swept the floor and tidied the room;
Busy and happy all day was she,
Helpful and happy as child could be.
“I love you. Mother,” again they said,
Three little children going to bed;
How do you think that mother guessed
Which of them really loved her best?

—Joy Allison

Question 1.
(a) Instead of helping his mother John
(b) John could have helped his mother by …………………………
(c) The mother rejoiced when Nell went to play because …………………………
(d) It was easy for Fan to help her mother because …………………………
(e) Fan kept herself busy and happy that day by and …………………………
(f) Fan? stepped softly into the room because she …………………………
(g) Mother guessed that Fan loved her most because her other two children …………………………
Answer:
(a) went off to the garden swing.
(b) bringing to her the water and the wood.
(c) she was irritating her mother by teasing and pouting at her.
(d) she did not have to go to school that day.
(e) sweeping the floor, tidying the room.
(f) did not want to disturb the sleeping baby.
(g) did not even bother to help her in her daily chores.

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 16

WHICH LOVED BEST?

1. Martin Luther King, one of the greatest men ever to walk on this earth, started the defence force with which the American Blacks got their rights and gained freedom from the distressing racial discrimination.

2; Martin was bom on January 15, 1929. His family lived on the outskirts of Atlanta. The fact that he could not play with White children, or that he had to offer a seat in the bus to a White, disturbed him. When he was eight years old, his father a Baptist pastor, told the family a sad story: Bessie Smith, a great singer, met with an ; accident. An ambulance rushed her to the nearest hospital, but she was not admitted because she was a Black. The ambulance took her from one hospital to another, but she could not find a place for herself because these hospitals were only for the Whites. She died for want of blood. From that day, Martin Luther King dreamt of becoming a liberator of the Blacks.

3. King completed his studies at More House College, and then earned a doctor’s degree in theology at Boston University. In 1955, King married Alabama Soprano, Coretta Scott. That very year he became a pastor and preached his first sermon in the Baptist Church of Atlanta. As a young man, he was greatly impressed by Mahatma Gandhi’s success in the political field and the power of ahimsa. King decided to follow the path of non-violence and get millions of Blacks their due. He felt that the Blacks had immensely contributed towards the building of America, and there was no reason why they should not be treated with respect.

4. King drew national attention in 1956. Since the Blacks were not permitted to sit in the same buses as the Whites, he led a boycott of public buses in Montgomery. A year later, after many arrests and threats, the US Supreme Court gave a ruling that racial segregation of public transport was unlawful. This victory taught the Blacks the power of non-violence. After 1957, King began visiting various places to deliver lectures. Soon he became a powerful orator, drawing the attention of people the world over.

5. King continued the fight, a peaceful fight, demanding the rights of the Blacks. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1967, King led many peaceful demonstrations against the Vietnam War and in 1968 he declared a Poor People’s Campaign. On April 4, of that very year, while planning a demonstration of striking sanitation workers, he was shot dead by an assassin. (421 words)

Question 1.
On the basis of your reading of the above passage, complete the following sentences. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank number.
(a) Martin Luther King was disturbed by the fact that
(b) The story of motivated him to fight for the rights of the Blacks.
(c) He followed the path of non-violence because
Answer:
(a) he could not play with White children or that he had to offer a seat on the bus to a white.
(b) Bessie Smith, a great singer
(c) he was greatly impressed by Mahatma Gandhi’s success in the political field and the power of ‘ahimsa’.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks to complete the following table. Write the answers in the answer sheet against the correct blank number.

Answer:
(a) 1955
(b) He drew national attention.
(c) He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
(d) He led many peaceful demonstrations against the Vietnam War.
(e) 1968

Question 3. Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. Write the answer in the answer sheet against the correct blank number.
(a) causing anxiety and pain (Para 1)
(b) very largely (Para 3)
(c) separation (Para 4)
(d) a person who murders (Para 5)
Answer:
(a) distressing iff) immensely (c) segregation (d) assassin

MP Board Class 11th Special English Unseen Passage 17

WHICH LOVED BEST?

1. Last June, my elder daughter Sylvie, finished kindergarten at the school near our home in Bethlehem, USA. If my wife, Theresa, and have our way, Sylvie will graduate from the same school. I aip eyeing Sylvie’s graduation because I want this to be her only school add Bethlehem to be her hometown. Both goals— first one a school, the second a hometown—eluded me. My father was in the army, and I attended numerous schools. Our transient lifestyle offered a grand upbringing, but it came at a cost. Of all those people I befriended on the run, for instance, I’ve maintained contact with exactly one. I’m generally from everywhere and exactly from nowhere.

2. I want Sylvie and her two-year-old sister Linnea, to have that hometown that I missed. It would be a place they know intimately, care about, return to with a thrill. So when Theresa took a teaching post in Bethlehem, we moved from Chicago and decided to settle down, here. That was almost six years ago, and the transition was rough. We did not like the paucity of movie houses, used-book stores and great restaurants. We found instead, cheap shopping malls; and cornfields being transformed into faceless suburbs. It was hard to imagine blossoming in such a place. We began to seek out the good things in Bethlehem, of which, we discovered, there are many. In short order we turned up the children’s comer of the public library, a number of parks and the folk-music dub that draws top performers to a venue no bigger than our living room.

3. Where we found good places, we found good people. Slowly their numbers increased. Soon we discovered we had knit together a circle of dear friends. As our friendship strengthened, so, too did an unspoken belief that we would be here for each other over the long haul. We’d watch each other’s children grow up; offer them a hand where we could, support each other through the joys and travails of parenthood.

4. There’s yearly party, a joint sale and more potluck dinners than I can count. We’ve celebrated both of Linnea’s birthdays with a bash on our front lawn. On Saturday mornings when many of us converge downtown, the shopkeepers greet me and my children by name, and hand out goodies. To the old-timers here, all this might be unremarkable. But to be the vagabond like me, this acceptance is heart-warming, nourishing and ultimately sustaining. So why resist its pull? Because it’s a mistake to take for granted a good community, or to assume we’d be lucky enough to find one somewhere else. In the end, good and lasting community arises from a commitment to it. And there’s no more basic commitment than staying put.

Question 1.
Complete the summary given below. Use only a word to fill in the blanks.
The author decided to stay put at Bethlehem’ as he wanted it to be his (a) ……………………….. hometown.

Though upset about the lack of (b) ……………………….. he and his wife started to seek out the good things there. Soon a strong bond developed between them and their (c) ……………………….. He resisted his (d) ……………………….. to move to greener pastures. He also (e) ……………………….. that only with commitment can a lasting community arise.
Answer:
(a) permanent (b) amenities (c) friends (d) temptation (e) realized

Question 2.
Find words which mean the same as the following:
(a) many/in large numbers (para 1)
(b) change (para 2)
(c) sorrows/unpleasant experiences (para 3)
(d) a person who travels from place to place (para 4)
Answer:
(a) of his transient lifestyle he was always on the run.
(b) out of all those people he befriended on the run.
(c) from a commitment to it.

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences:
(a) The author could not refer to any place as his hometown because
(b) The author had contact with only one friend
(c) The realization that lasting community arises
Answer:
(a) numerous (b) transition (c) travails (d) vagabond

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions