Class 11

MP Board Class 11th Business Studies Important Questions Chapter 11 International Business

International Business Important Questions

International Business Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which document is not necessary for getting license –
(a) IPC number
(b) Credit letter
(c) Registration cum membership certificate
(d) Bank account number.
Answer:
(b) Credit letter

Question 2.
Which document is not required for import –
(a) Shipping builty
(b) Shipping bill
(c) Certificate of origin
(d) Loading information.
Answer:
(a) Shipping builty

Question 3.
Which is not related to money refund policy –
(a) Refund of production expenses
(b) Refund of excise duty
(c) Refund of export duty
(d) Duty at loading port
Answer:
(d) Duty at loading port

Question 4.
Which is not a part of custom documentation process –
(a) Shipping bill
(b) Export license
(c) Insurance letter
(d) Proforma invoice.
Answer:
(d) Proforma invoice.

Question 5.
Which is not a part of export related documents –
(a) Commercial invoice
(b) Certificate of origin
(c) Entry bill
(d) Mate’s receipt
Answer:
(c) Entry bill

Question 6.
When goods are loaded on the ship, then the captain of the ship issues a receipt which is called –
(a) Shipping receipt
(b) Mate’s receipt
(c) Loading receipt
(d) Receipt of rent of bill.
Answer:
(b) Mate’s receipt

Question 7.
Which document is made by the exporter which contains details of the goods to be sent by ship like name of the sender, number of packages, shipping bill, destination port, name of ship, etc –
(a) Shipping bill
(b) Packaging list
(c) Mate’s receipt
(d) Bills of exchange.
Answer:
(c) Mate’s receipt

Question 8.
The document in which the bank gives guarantee to make the payment of exporter’s bill:
(a) Mortgage letter
(b) Credit letter
(c) Shipping builty
(d) Bills of exchange.
Answer:
(b) Credit letter

Question 9.
Which is not a member of World Bank group:
(a) International Bank of Development and Reconstruction
(b) Multiple Investment Guarantee Agency
(c) International Development Union
(d) International Monetary Fund.
Answer:
(d) International Monetary Fund.

Question 10.
TRIP is one of the WTO agreements that deals with –
(a) Agricultural trade
(b) Service trade
(c) Trade related investment measures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(d) None of these.

Question 11.
In which of the following modes of entry, does the domestic manufacturer give the right to use intellectual property such as patent and trade mark to a manufacturer in a foreign country for a fee –
(a) Licensing
(b) Contract manufacturing
(c) Joint venture
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Licensing

Question 12.
Outsourcing a part of or entire production and concentrating on marketing operations in international business is known as –
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture.
Answer:
(c) Contract manufacturing

Question 13.
When two or more firms come together to create a new business entity that is legally separate and distinct from its parents it is known as –
(a) Contract manufacturing
(b) Franchising
(c) Joint ventures.
(d) Licensing.
Answer:
(c) Joint ventures.

Question 14.
Which of the following is not an advantage of exporting –
(a) Easier way to enter into international markets
(b) Comparatively lower risks
(c) Limited presence in foreign markets
(d) Less investment requirements.
Answer:
(c) Limited presence in foreign markets

Question 15.
Which one of the following modes of entry requires higher level of risks –
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture.
Answer:
(d) Joint venture.

Question 16.
Which one of the following modes of entry permits greatest degree of control over overseas operations –
(a) Licensing/franchising
(b) Wholly owned subsidiary
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture.
Answer:
(d) Joint venture.

Question 17.
Which one of the following modes of entry brings the firm closer to international markets –
(a) Licensing
(b) Franchising
(c) Contract manufacturing
(d) Joint venture.
Answer:
(d) Joint venture.

Question 18.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major export items –
(a) Textiles and garments
(b) Gems and jewellery
(c) Oil and petroleum products
(d) Basmati rice.
Answer:
(c) Oil and petroleum products

Question 19.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major import items –
(a) Ayurvedic medicines
(b) Oil and petroleum products
(c) Pearls and precious stones
(d) Machinery.
Answer:
(a) Ayurvedic medicines

Question 20.
Which one of the following is not amongst India’s major trading partners –
(a) USA
(b) UK
(c) Germany
(d) New Zealand.
Answer:
(d) New Zealand.

Question 21.
Which is related to World Bank –
(a) ICICI
(b) Ex – Im Bank
(c) IDA
(d) Asian Development Bank.
Answer:
(c) IDA

Question 22.
Which is not correct –
(a) India is not primary member of World Bank
(b) UNCTAD is organization of UNO
(c) UNCTAD Secretariat is at Geneva
(d) India became member of GATT in 1947.
Answer:
(a) India is not primary member of World Bank

Question 23.
GATT was implemented on –
(a) 30 October, 1947
(b) 15 March, 1947
(c) 26 April, 1945
(d) 12 May, 1947.
Answer:
(a) 30 October, 1947

Question 24.
GATT came to an end in the year –
(a) 1944
(b) 1997
(c) 1995
(d) 1985.
Answer:
(c) 1995

Question 25.
The scope of WTO as compared to GATT is –
(a) Wide
(b) Narrow
(c) Equal
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Wide

Question 26.
India became member of World Bank in the year –
(a) 1950
(b) 1948
(c) 1945
(d) 1949.
Answer:
(c) 1945

Question 27.
For membership of World Bank it is necessary to be the member of –
(a) Member of IMF
(b) Member of UNCTAD
(c) Member of WTO
(d) Member of UNO.
Answer:
(a) Member of IMF

Question 28.
In international trade CIF includes –
(a) Cost
(b) Cost and insurance
(c) Cost and rent
(d) Cost, rent and insurance.
Answer:
(d) Cost, rent and insurance.

Question 29.
Characteristics of EPZ –
(a) Established in special region
(b) Established by government
(c) Entry in good industrial units
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(d) All the above.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The trade which is undertaken within two country is called as …………….
2. Goods sending by a country to other country is called as …………….
3. Goods purchased by a country from another country is called as …………….
4. The documents which is related to ownership is in International business is called as …………….
5. The World Bank is established in ……………. year.
6. The trade which exist in within the boundary of a country is called …………….
7. The head office of World Trade Center in …………….
8. The head office of I.M.F. is in …………….
9. The number of members in world trade organisation is …………….
10. Indent is system of importing of …………….
11. International invoice is prepared by …………….
12. Shipping receipt is ……………. document of bills of exchange.
13. GATT organisation converted in …………….
14. The world trade organisation held ……………. ministerial conference up to 2013.

Answer:

1. External trade
2. Export,
3. Import
4. Shipping receipt
5. 1945.
6. Internal trade
7. Geneva
8. Washington
9. 151
10. Indirect
11. Importer
12. Half
13. World Trade Organisation
14. 9

Question 3.
Write true or false:

1. Shipping receipt is contract.
2. Indent is sent to direct producer.
3. Captain gives shipping receipt to captain.
4. Indent is also called demand draft.
5. Export promotion means import is more then export.
6. Charter party contract is two types.
7. Mates receipt is used in export.
8. External trade give foreign exchange.
9. In external trade the payment is easy.
10. Nav Bhatak and charter party are different document.
11. For promoting export business India start devaluation of money in 1991.
12. Shipping receipt is issued by captain.
13. Indent send to producers.
14. The head office of World Trade Organisation is in Geneva.
15. Number of member in World Trade Organisation is 164.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. False
13. False
14. True
15. True.

Question 4.
Match the columns:

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (j)
6. (i)
7. (h)
8. (g)
9. (e)
10. (f).

Question 5.
Give answer in one word / sentence:

Question 1.
Trade between two countries.
Answer:
Foreign trade.

Question 2.
When World Bank was established?
Answer:
1945.

Question 3.
Sending of goods from one country to another country.
Answer:
Export trade.

Question 4.
Document related to ownership in foreign trade?
Answer:
Shipping builty.

Question 5.
Establishment of WTO?
Answer:
1995.

Question 6.
Office at port for collection of tax?
Answer:
Custom house.

Question 7.
Order for goods in foreign trade?
Answer:
Indent.

Question 8.
When one country purchases goods from other country then it is called?
Answer:
Import.

Question 9.
The document which contains information of the imported goods?
Answer:
Entry bill.

Question 10.
The document which contains incomplete details of the imported goods?
Answer:
Sight bill.

Question 11.
Number of copies made of shipping builty?
Answer:
4 (four).

Question 12.
When the whole ship is hired for the export then by which name it is called?
Answer:
Charter party.

Question 13.
Write other name of charter party?
Answer:
Travel or time charter.

Question 14.
Write different types of foreign trade?
Answer:
Import, export, entreport.

Question 15.
WTO stands for?
Answer:
World Trade Organization.

Question 16.
Objective of WTO?
Answer:
Implementation of new trade policy.

Question 17.
Headquarter of WTO is situated at?
Answer:
Geneva (Switzerland).

Question 18.
One function of WTO?
Answer:
Working for business liberalization.

Question 19.
Two MNC’s in India?
Answer:
LG, Samsung.

Question 20.
WTO members meeting is held after every year?
Answer:
2 year.

International Business Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is international trade?
Answer:
The exchange of goods and services for money’s worth among different countries is known as foreign trade.

Question 2.
Why there is need of international trade?
Answer:
Division of labour and specialization, depending of one country on other country for goods and services so the economies have now got working on global level leading to the need of international trade.

Question 3.
What is Dead Rent?
Answer:
The exporter for exporting goods hire the shipping company by means of con-tract, but it due to some reason, if the exporter is not able to send the goods, then also the shipping company get the claim of the transportation charges which is called as Dead Rent.

Question 4.
What is certificate of origin?
Answer:
Some importing countries provide tariff concessions or other exemptions to the goods coming from a particular country. If such benefits are available, the importer may ask the exporter to send a certificate of origin.

Question 5.
What is bill of entry?
Answer:
Bill of entry is a form filled by the importer for assessment of customs import duty. One appraiser examines the document carefully and gives the examination order.

Question 6.
What do you understand by shipping order?
Answer:
The forwarding agent arranges for obtaining order for loading the goods on the ship. Hie shipping order is an order to the captain of the ship directing him to accept and load the goods on the ship.

Question 7.
What is Mate’s Receipt?
Answer:
The shipping order, shipping bill, insurance policy, dock receipt, etc., are given to the captain of the ship. After verification, he orders that the goods may be loaded into the ship. He also issued a receipt to this effect. This is known as Mate’s Receipt.

Question 8.
What is Shipping bill?
Answer:
After entering into contract with the shipping company, the forwarding agent prepares a shipping bill. Three copies of this bill are prepared. These copies are of different colours. One copy is kept by the customs department and the remaining two copies are given to the exporters.

Question 9.
Write about the documents which are used in the import business?
Answer: Following are the documents used in the import business:

1. Import license
2. Delivery of indent
3. Foreign B/E
4. Delivery of entry bill
5. Dock challan
6. Dock warranty
7. Order
8. Railway/Motor Receipt.

Question 10.
How many types of Mate’s Receipt are there? Why it is received?
Answer:
There are two types of Mate’s Receipt:

1. Clean Mate’s Receipt
2. Foul Mate’s Receipt.

It is received as the consent of the captain of the ship or his assistant.

Question 11.
What are bonded warehouses?
Answer:
If the import duty is not paid on the imported goods they are kept in the special warehouses and they are called as ‘bonded warehouses’.

Question 12.
Write the meaning of foreign trade?
Answer:
Legal trade between two or more countries is called as foreign trade.

Question 13.
What is Indent?
Answer:
When any exporter send order for the purchaser of goods then this demand letter is called as indent.

Question 14.
Explain Charter Party?
Answer:
The exporter can hire the whole vessel or a large part of the ship for shipping the goods to the importer. The agreement made by the hirer with the ship owner for such an arrangement is known as ‘Charter Party’.

Question 15.
What is dock challan?
Answer:
Like railway platform, there is a platform at ports which is called dock and where the goods are dumped before loading them on the ship. For this purpose, a dock challan is i filled up in duplicate by the forwarding agent and submitted to the dock officer enclosing one copy of shipping order and one copy of shipping bill.

Question 16.
Name the act passed by the government to check the quality of goods to be exported?
Answer:
Export Quality Control and Inspection Act, 1963.

Question 17.
Under which act the payment of the excise duty is done on the goods used for the reconstruction?
Answer:
As per central excise duty.

Question 18.
What is Bitty?
Answer:
After delivering the good the receipt issued by the officer certifying it called as Bilty.

Question 19.
Name the document on the basis of which the custom office give permission of export?
Answer:
Shipping bill.

Question 20.
How many copies of shipping bill is submitted to the custom officer?
Answer:
Five copies.

Question 21.
What is Air – way bill?
Answer:
When the goods are to be sent by the air route then the shipping company is required to sent the goods upto the required destination is called as Air – way bill.

Question 22.
From where the exporters/importers get the Exam code?
Answer:
Ministry of Foreign Trade.

Question 23.
For ensuring die quality control in the export, what step has been taken by the government?
Answer:
Establishment of Export Quality Control and Inspection Act, 1963.

International Business Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the items which are exported by the India?
Answer:
The items which are exported by the India are:

1. Cloths and ready made clothes
2. Pearls and ornaments
3. Engineering products and chemical items
4. Agricultural and its equipment’s.

India share 0 – 8% of world export.

Question 2.
List the country to which India trade?
Answer:
The countries which India trade are: America, England, Belgium, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Hong Kong, UAE, China, Singapore, Malaysia.

Question 3.
Write three profits of international trade?
Answer:
Profits from international trade is as under:

1. Indifferent distribution of natural resources:
Each and every country is not gifted by the nutural resources. This indifference is solved by having trading with different nations.

2. Division of labour and specialization:
Due to difference in availability of natural resources, use of these also differs from place to place. Each and every country produces those goods which have favourable condition in their country through the labour and its specialization.

3. Different in currency:
Due to difference in currency, it is only possible through the foreign or international trade.

Question 4.
Write limitation of manufacturing through the contract
Answer:
Followings are the limitations of manufacturing through the contract:

1. Local firms do not produce standard goods.
2. Other country local manufacturers do not have any control on production process.

Question 5.
Differentiate between the International trade and international business?
Answer:

1. International trade have narrow scope and international business have wide scope.
2. International trade include export import of goods and services while in international business along with trading other factors are also included.

Question 6.
Why it is called that licensing is a simple path to global expansion? Clarify.
Answer:
Licensing is a simple path to global expansion because under it there is no need of any firm or businessmen to invest any capital also they are not required to take risk. By means of licensing a firm gives right to other firm either in country or abroad to work and against that they get the royalty from it. If the goods are not produced as per order then the license can be cancelled. But under this the businessmen need not required to suffer any loss.

Question 7.
Why country do trade ? Explain.
Answer:
Because of following reason country do business:

1. Comparative cost principle – As per this principle every country should try to produce that commodity which is skilled because of this specialization production will increase and it can exchange it with other goods and services.
2. Increase in national income – Through the trading people get profit and also profit is available for the country also.
3. Profit of geographical location – Each and every country have own internal and external geographical location.

Question 8.
Differentiate between contract manufacturing to foreign countries and full ownership production subsidiary company.
Answer:

1. Contract manufacturing:
   Under it contract is given to other country producer for production.
2. Full ownership production subsidiary company:
   Under it goods and services are produced under self supervision by the company.

Question 9.
What are the reasons of trade between two countries?
Answer:
The reasons of trade between two countries are:

1. Export of die extra production.
2. Labour division and supervision.
3. Increase in the living standard
4. Facility of trade education.

Question 10.
Differentiate between licensing and franchising?
Answer:
Licensing:
Related to purchase and sale of goods and it is flexible to operate.

Franchising:
Related to purchase and sale of services and it is complicated to operate.

Question 11.
Write limitations of contract manufacturing?
Answer:
Followings are the limitations of contract manufacturing:

1. Local firms do not produce goods as per international standards.
2. No control on production process.
3. Manufacturing firm can not sell the commodity produced as per their will.

Question 12.
Differentiate between contract manufacturing and setting up wholly owned production subsidiary abroad?
Answer:
Contract manufacturing refers to a type of international business where a firm enters into a contract with one or a few local manufacturers in foreign countries to get certain components or goods produced as per its specifications while in a wholly owned subsidiary the parent company acquires full control over the foreign company by making 100% investment in its equity capital.

Question 13.
Explain the procedure of getting payment under export?
Answer:
Importer writes a bill on exporter in order to receive the payment. Bills of exchange is an order of payment of certain amount to the certain person. It is of two types:

1. Sight bill
2. Time bill.

Question 14.
What is shipping bill?
Answer:
The bill which is prepared after entering into contract with the shipping company, the forwarding agent prepare it which is called as shipping bill. It is prepared in 3 copies of different colour.

Question 15.
What is World Bank? Write its functions.
Answer:
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), commonly known as World Bank, emerged from the Bretton Woods Conference. The main objectives of World Bank were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war-affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world. At present, the World Bank is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to different countries. Its headquarters is situated at Washington DC.

World Bank is entrusted with the task of economic growth and widening the scope of international trade. During its initial years of inception, it placed more emphasis on developing infrastructure facilities like energy, transportation and others but the results were not found to be very satisfactory due to poor administrative structure, lack of institutional frame work and non – availability of skilled labour in under developed countries.

World Bank also extends assistance to different countries for raising cash crops so that their incomes rise and they may export the same for earning foreign exchange. The bank has also been providing resources for education, sanitation, health care and small scale enterprises.

Question 16.
Why it is necessary to get registered in Export Promotion Council?
Answer:
It is necessary to get registered in Export Promotion Council in order to get the profit which made available by the government.

Question 17.
What is Export – Import code number?
Answer:
Export – Import code number is that number which every export firm should have in order to deal in foreign trade which is generally issued by DGFT or regional export import licensing authority.

Question 18.
Write the names of main organization related to World Bank.
Answer:
The names of main organization related to World Bank are:

1. IBRD
2. IFC
3. EDA
4. MIGA
5. ICSID.

Question 19.
What is letter of credit? Why this document is necessary for the exporter?
Answer:
Letter of credit is a guarantee letter issued by the bank in which the payment to the exporter bank guarantee is given. It is required by the exporter because:

1. It is safe method of payment in foreign trade.
2. Exporters do not have to wait for the payment.

Question 20.
Why there was need of making WTO?
Answer:
After first and second world war almost all the economics got affected due to large destruction of.life and assets. Due to faulty currency system of different economies also led to adverse effect on the international trading system. Under these conditions almost 40 countries under the chairmanship of J.M. Keynes made 3 international organizations.

1. (1) IMF
2. IBRD
3. ITO.

Question 21.
Discuss the formalities to be fulfilled in getting the export license.
Answer:
Following formalities are to be performed in getting the export license:

1. Getting account opened and receiving of account number in any bank authorized by RBI.
2. Getting license from DGFT and receiving IEC code.
3. Submission of documents to export council.
4. Registration with ECGL for non-receipt of payment risks.
5. For get IEC number applying to the DGFT.

Question 22.
Write different steps of import?
Answer:
Different steps of import are as under:

1. Trade enquiry
2. Procurement of import license
3. Obtaining foreign exchange or currency
4. Placing order or indent
5. Acknowledgement of indent
6. Dispatching letter of credit
7. Obtaining shipping documents
8. Appointment of clearing agent
9. Endorsement of shipping bill
10. Payment of custom duty
11. Payment of dock charges
12. Taking delivery of goods.

Question 23.
Write different steps of export?
Answer:
The steps of export are:

1. Receipt of letter of enquiry
2. Sending quotation
3. Receipt of order/indent
4. Acknowledgement of indent
5. Obtaining export license
6. Collection of goods
7. Packing of goods
8. Appointment of forwarding agent
9. Preparation of invoice
10. Information to importer
11. Payment.

Question 24.
Differentiate between the following:

1. Sight and usance drafts
2. Bill of lading and airway bill
3. Pre – shipment and post – shipment finance.

Answer:

1. Sight and usance drafts:
In the case of sight draft, the drawer instructs the bank to handover the relevant documents to die importer against payment But in the case of usance draft, the drawer instructs the bank to handover the relevant documents to the importer against acceptance of the bill of exchange.

2. Bill of lading and airway bill:
Bill of lading is a document prepared and signed by the master of the ship acknowledging the receipt of goods on board. It contains terms and conditions on which the goods are to be taken to the port of destination. On the other hand, Airway Bill is a document wherein an airline/shipping company gives its official receipt of the goods on board its aircraft and at the same time gives an undertaking to carry them to the port of destination.

3. Pre – shipment and post – shipment finance:
Pre – shipment finance is provided to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packaging of goods for export purpose while the post-shipment finance is provided to the exporter from the date of extending the credit after the shipment of goods to the export country.

Question 25.
What is pre – shipment finance?
Answer:
Pre – shipment finance is provided to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packing of goods for export purpose.

Question 26.
Why it is important for a export firm to get pre – shipment inspection?
Answer:
In order ensure that only quality goods should be export the country to the other country.

Question 27.
Discuss the procedure related to excise clearance of goods?
Answer:
The exporter has to apply to the concerned Excise Commissioner in the region with an invoice because according to the Central Excise Tariff Act, excise duty is payable on the materials used in manufacturing goods. If the Excise Commissioner is satisfied, he may issue the excise clearance.

Question 28.
Explain briefly the process of customs clearance of export goods.
Answer:
The goods must be cleared from the customs before these can be loaded on the ship. For obtaining customs clearance, the exporter prepares the shipping bill which contains particulars of the goods being exported, the name of the vessel, the port at which goods are to be discharged, country of final destination, exporter’s name and address, etc. Five copies of the shipping bill along with the following documents are submitted to the Customs . Appraiser at the Customs House for clearance:

1. Export Contract or Export Order
2. Letter of Credit
3. Commercial Invoice,
4. Certificate of Origin
5. Certificate of Inspection, where necessary
6. Marine Insurance Policy.

After submission of these documents the superintendent of the concerned port trust is approached for carting order and after obtaining it, the Cargo is physically moved into the port area and stored in shed.

Question 29.
What is Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency?
Answer:
It is established in 1988 in order to help in functions of World Bank and I. L. C.

Question 30.
Write the important agreements of WTO?
Answer:
The WTO officially commenced on 1 January, 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement signed by 123 nations on 15 April, 1994. Following agreement were made:

1. ATC – This was made on 1 January, 2005 to regulate the clothing trade.
2. AA – It was made to have proper trading in the agricultural sector.
3. GATS – It is made to regulate the services which cannot seen but only can be felt.

Question 31.
What is bill of lading? How does it differ from bill of entry?
Answer: Bill of lading is issued by the shipping company after the receipt of freight, it serves as an evidence that the shipping company has accepted the goods for carrying to the designated destination. In case the goods are being sent by air, this document is referred to as airway bill.

On the other hand “Bill of entry” is filled by the importer for assessment of customs import duty. One appraiser examines the document carefully and gives the examination order. The importer procures the said document prepared by the appraiser and pays the duty, if any. After payment of the import duty, the bill of entry has to be presented to the dock superintendent.

International Business Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the following documents used in connection with import transactions:

1. Trade enquiry
2. Import licence
3. Shipment of advice
4. Import general manifest

Answer:

1. Trade enquiry:
A trade enquiry is a written request by an importing firm to the exporter for supply of information regarding the price and various terms and conditions on which the letter is ready to exports goods.

2. Import licence:
Licence which permits the import of goods that cannot be im-ported freely is called an import licence. The importer needs to consult the Export – Import (EX – IM) policy in force to know whether the goods that he or she wants to import are subject to import licensing. In case goods can be imported only against the licence, the importer needs to procure an import licence.

3. Shipment of advice:
Shipment advice contains information about the shipment of goods. The information provided in the shipment advice includes details such as invoice number, bill of lading/airways bill number and date, name of the vessel with date, the port of export, description of goods and quantity, and the date of sailing of vessel. The overseas supplier dispatches the shipment advice to the importer after loading the goods on the vessel.

4. Import general manifest:
Import general manifest is a document that contains the details of the imported goods. It is a document on the basis of which unloading of cargo takes place. It is provided by the person in charge of the carrier (ship or airway) to the officer in charge at the dock.

Question 2.
Write short notes on the following:

1. UNCTAD
2. MIGA
3. World Bank
4. ITPO
5. IMF.

Answer:
1. UNCTAD:
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues.

The organization’s goals are to “maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of and developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis”. UNCTAD was created to address the concerns of developing countries over the international market, multinational corporations, and the disparity between developed nations and developing nations.

The primary objective of the UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years. UNCTAD has 194 member states and has its permanent secretariat in Geneva.

2. MIGA:
The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was established in April, 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IfC with the fol-lowing objectives:

1. To encourage flow of direct foreign investment into the less developed member countries.
2. To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks.
3. To provide guarantee against non – commercial risks (like currency transfer risk, war and civil disturbances and breach of contract).
4. To insure new investments, expansion of existing investments, privatisation and financial restructuring.
5. To provide promotional and advisory services.
6. To establish credibility.

3. World Bank:
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), commonly known as World Bank, emerged from the Bretton Woods Conference. The main objectives of World Bank were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war – affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world. At present, the World Bank is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to different countries. Its headquarter is situated at Washington DC.

World Bank is entrusted with the task of economic growth and widening the scope of international trade. During its initial years of inception, it placed more emphasis on developing infrastructure facilities like energy, transportation and others but the results were not. found to be very satisfactory due to poor administrative structure, lack of institutional frame¬work and non-availability of skilled labour in under developed countries.

4. TPO:
Indian Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO) was set up on 1st January, 1992 under the Companies Act. 1956 by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. Its headquarter is at New Delhi. ITPO was formed by merging the two erstwhile agencies viz Trade Development Authority and Trade Fair Authority of India. ITPO is a service organization and maintains regular and close interaction with trade, industry and government.

It serves the industry by organizing trade fairs and exhibitions within the country as well as abroad. It helps export firms in participating in international trade fairs and exhibitions, developing exports of new items and providing support and updated commercial business information. ITPO has five regional offices at Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Kanpur and Chennai and four international offices at Germany, Japan, UAE and USA.

5. IMF:
International Monetary Fund (IMF) came into existence in 1945 and has its headquarters located in Washington DC. In 2005 it had 191 countries as its members. The major idea underlying the setting up of the IMF is to evolve an orderly international monetary system to facilitate the system of international payments and adjustments in exchange rates among national currencies.

Some of the important functions of IMF include:

1. Acting as a short – term credit institution.
2. Providing machinery for the orderly adjustment of exchange rates.
3. Acting as a reservoir of the currencies of all the member countries from which a borrower nation can borrow the currency of other nations.
4. Acting as a lending institution of foreign currency and current transaction.
5. Determining the value of a country’s currency and altering it, if needed, so as to bring about an orderly adjustment of exchange rates of member countries.
6. Providing machinery for international consultations.

Question 3.
Write advantages of foreign trade?
Answer:
Advantages of Foreign Trade:

1. Advantages of geographical facilities:
Every country has different natural and geographical facilities. Their production, minerals, agriculture and industries are different. Foreign trade helps to obtain goods which are not produced.

2. Specialization and efficiency in production:
Foreign trade enables a country to produce only such goods which can be most efficiently and economically produced. As a result the cost of production will be reduced.

3. Availability of goods not produced in the country:
Foreign trade enables a country to enjoy the possession of goods which it is not producing.

4. Ability to face natural calamities:
The production in a country is affected due to draught, earthquake, flood, epidemic, war and such other natural calamities. Such calamities are faced by importing goods from other countries.

5. Advantage to agricultural and industrial countries:
Agricultural countries can easily exchange their raw materials with finished goods or machinery from other countries.

Question 4.
Explain the nature of Indian foreign trade. Which goods are traded by India with the foreign countries?
Answer:
India had very small percentage of the total foreign trade. Due to fast development in the Indian economy since few years there had been tremendous growth in the foreign trade. As a result the share of foreign trade in GDP in 1990 – 91 was 14-6% which rised to 24.1% in 2003 – 04. The level of export in 1950 – 51 was Rs. 606 crore which rosed to Rs. 293367 in 2003 – 04. Import has also raised from Rs. 608 crore (1950 – 51) to Rs. 359108 in 2003 – 04. Now GDP is 20% of the foreign trade which include the trade of cloth, ornaments, chemical and agricultural products.

Question 5.
Explain:

1. IDA
2. IFC
3. MIGA
4. IMF.

Answer:
1. IDA:
IDA is agency working under the World Bank. It provides finance on easy terms, help in poverty alleviation, provides help in economic development programmes and also extend macro economic management services.

2. IFC:
It was established in July 1956 for providing the finance to the private sector. It is also separate organization related to World Bank having its separate existence with legal entity, fund and functions. All the member of World Bank can also be the member of IFC.

3. MIGA:
The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was established in April, 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IfC with the following objectives:

1. To encourage flow of direct foreign investment into the less developed member countries.
2. To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks.
3. To provide guarantee against non – commercial risks (like currency transfer risk, war and civil disturbances and breach of contract).
4. To insure new investments, expansion of existing investments, privatisation and
   financial restructuring.
5. To provide promotional and advisory services.
6. To establish credibility.

4. IMF:
International Monetary Fund (IMF) came into existence in 1945 and has its headquarters located in Washington DC. In 2005 it had 191 countries as its members. The major idea underlying the setting up of the IMF is to evolve an orderly international monetary system to facilitate the system of international payments and adjustments in exchange rates among national currencies.

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on features, structure, objectives and functioning of WTO?
Answer:
GATT was transformed into World Trade Organisation (WTO) with effect from 1st January 1995. The headquarter of WTO is situated at Geneva, Switzerland.

Features of WTO:

1. WTO is a permanent organisation created by an international treaty ratified by the governments and legislatures of member states.
2. It governs trade not only in goods,”but also in services and intellectual property rights.
3. It is a‘member driven rule based organisation in the sense that all the decisions are taken by the member governments on the basis of a general consensus.
4. It is the principal international body concerned with solving trade problems between countries and providing a forum for multilateral trade negotiations.
5. It has a global status similar to that of the IMF and the World Bank.
6. As on 11th December 2005, there were 149 members in WTO.

Structure of WTO:

1. WTO comprises of The Ministerial Conference, which is composed of international trade ministers from all member countries and is responsible for setting the strategic direction of the organization and making all final decisions on agreements under its wings. The Ministerial Conference meets atleast once every two years.

2. The General Council is composed of senior representatives of all members responsible for overseeing the day – to – day business and management of the WTO.

3. The Trade Policy Review Body is also composed of all the WTO’members. It periodically reviews the trade policies and practices of all member states.

4. The Dispute Settlement Body is also composed of all the WTO members and over – sees the implementation and effectiveness of the dispute resolution process for all WTO agreements.

5. The Councils on Trade in Goods and Trade in Services operate under the policy of the General Council and are members. They provide a mechanism to oversee composed the details of all of the general and specific agreements on trade in goods and services.

Major Objectives of WTO:

1. To ensure reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by different countries.
2. To engage in such activities which improve the standards of living, create employment, increase income and effective demand and facilitate higher production and trade.
3. To facilitate the optimal use of the world’s resources for sustainable development.
4. To promote an integrated, more viable and durable trading system.

Functions of WTO:

1. Promoting an environment that is encouraging to its member countries to come forward to WTO in mitigating their grievances.
2. Laying down a commonly accepted code of conduct with a view to reducing trade barriers including tariffs and eliminating discriminations in international trade relations.
3. Acting as a dispute settlement body.
4. Ensuring that all the rules and regulations prescribed in the Act are duly followed by the member countries for the settlement of their disputes.

Question 7.
Discuss the principal documents used in exporting?
Answer:
Following are the principal documents used in exporting:

1. Documents Related to Goods:

(a) Export Invoice:
Export invoice is a sellers’ bill for merchandise and contains information about goods such as quantity, total value, number of packages, marks on packing, port of destination, name of ship, bill of lading number, terms of deli very and payments, etc.

(b) Packing List:
A packing list is a statement of the number of cases or packs and the details of the goods contained in these packs. It gives details of the nature of goods, which are being exported and the form in which these are being sent.

(c) Certificate of Origin:
This is a certificate which specifies the country in which the goods are being produced which entitles the importer to claim tariff concessions or other exemptions on goods originating from certain pre – specified countries.

(d) Certificate of Inspection:
For ensuring quality, the government has made it compulsory for certain products to be inspected by some authorised agency like Export Inspection Council of India (EICI) which issues the certificate that the consignment has been inspected as required under the Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act 1963, and satisfies the conditions relating to quality control and inspection as applicable to it, and is export worthy.

2. Documents Related to Shipment:

(a) Mate’s Receipt:
The mate’s receipt indicates the name of the vessel, berth, date of shipment, description of packages, marks and numbers, condition of the cargo at the time of receipt on board the ship, etc. and is given by the commanding officer of the ship to the exporter after the cargo is loaded on the ship.

(b) Shipping Bill:
The shipping bill contains particulars of the goods being exported, the name of the vessel, the port at which goods are to be discharged, country of final destination, exporter’s name and address, etc. It is the main document on the basis of which customs office grants permission for the export.

(c) Bill of Lading/Airway Bill:
Bill of lading is issued by the shipping company after receipt of the freight, which serves as an evidence that the shipping company has accepted the goods for carrying to the designated destination. In the case the goods are being sent by air, this document is referred to as airway bill.

(d) Marine Insurance Policy:
It is a certificate of insurance contract whereby the insurance company agrees in consideration of a payment called premium to indemnify the insured against loss incurred by the latter in respect of goods exposed to pennies of the sea.

3. Documents Related to Payment:

(a) Letter of Credit:
A letter of credit is a guarantee issued by the importer’s bank that it will honour up to a certain amount the payment of export bills to the bank of the exporter letter of credit is the most appropriate and secure method of payment adopted to settle international transactions.

(b) Bill of Exchange:
Bill of exchange is a written instrument drawn by exporter on the importer asking the tatter to pay a certain amount to a certain person or the bearer of the bill of exchange. The documents giving title to the export consignment are passed on to the importer only when the importer accepts die order contained in die bill of exchange.

(c) Bank Certificate of Payment:
Bank certificate of payment is a certificate that the necessary documents relating to the particular export consignment has been presented to the importer for payment and the payment has been received in accordance with the exchange control regulations.

Question 8.
Explain the procedure of Export trade?
Answer:
Procedure of Export Trade:
The procedure of export trade commences with the receipt of inquiry letter following procedure is followed in export trade:

1. Receipt of letter of inquiry:
The export receives a letter of inquiry from the importer inquiring about die availability of goods, quantity and of goods, price, delivery time, other terms and conditions, etc.

2. Sending quotation:
In response to the inquiry letter the export sends a letter of quotation containing all details inquiry about the goods and other terms and conditions.

3. Receipt of order / indent:
The exporter either receives order directly from the importer or receives an indent through indent house agent. The order / indent is received in response to the quotation letter sent by the exporter.

4. Acknowledgement of indent:
The exporter acknowledges the receipt of indent which enables the importer to know that the procedure of export is going to start.

5. Obtaining export licence:
The next step is to obtain export licence from the authority concerned. For instance, if the exporter belong to India, he would receive permission from the controller of export, Ministry of Finance Government of India. He will have to submit an application in a prescribed form along with requisite fee mentioning the type, quality and quantity of goods, name of importing country, etc. The export licence is valid for three months which is extendable for a period of 1 month more.

6. Collection of goods:
As per the indent, the exporter starts collecting the goods. If the goods are not available in sufficient quantity in his inventory, he arranges the goods from the various suppliers of his country. Emphasis is levied on quality and quantity of goods as per the indent.

7. Packing of goods:
Goods are packed according to the instructions maintained in the indent or as per the prevalent methods. The name of sender and receiver is written along with the precautions. The trade symbol is to be compulsorily printed on the packed goods in order to facilitate easy identification of goods and their proper arrangement on the ships by the shipping personnels.

8. Appointment of forwarding agent:
The job of sending goods is performed by the forwarding agent on behalf of the exporter. He has to perform the following tasks:

• Accepting goods from trader.
• Obtain permit from custom officials.
• Arrangement of ship.
• Obtain shipping order.
• Obtain shipping bill.
• Payment of export duty.
• Obtain dock challan.
• Loading goods on ship.
• Obtain mates receipt.
• Insurance of goods.
• Obtaining certificate of origin and consular invoice.

9. Preparation of invoice:
After receiving the various documents and expenditure details, the exporter prepare invoice of the goods. It is prepared in triplicate. It is most important document and base of all other expenses and final payment

10. Information to importer:
The exporter inform is the importer regarding sending of goods. It is informed in two ways:

• Through a letter known as letter of advice other documents are also sent.
• The invoice is sent along with the letter of advice through post and other documents are sent through the bank of exporter to the bank of importer.

11. Payment:
If the documents are sent through bank, the payment is received through bank itself else the payment is done according to other terms and conditions mentioned in the indent.

Question 9.
Write the difficulties which comes in path of foreign trade?
Answer:
Difficulties of Foreign Trade:

1. Difficulties relating to language:
Language of every country is different, therefore it is difficult for businessmen of various countries to understand each other.

2. Distance:
Due to long distance between the countries goods take long time to reach from one country to another and payment for the goods may also be delayed.

3. Difficulties of payment:
Each country businessman wants to get payment of goods in the currency of his own country. Thus, there are lot of difficulties in making payments.

4. Difficulty to get right type of goods:
It is often difficult to get the right type of goods because of the absence of personal contact and inspection.

5. Difficulty of sea – perils:
There are various hazards in sea routes. The cyclone or sea winds overturn the ships, which may lead to the loss of ship and goods both.

6. Local and foreign duties:
Many local and foreign duties are imposed on foreign goods. It increases the cost of goods. Therefore, the markets are spoiled.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Inland trade and Foreign trade?
Answer:
Differences between Inland and Foreign trade:

International Business Long Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Your firm is planning to import textile machinery from Canada. Describe the procedure involved in importing?
Answer:
Following is the procedure involved in importing textile machinery from Canada:

1. Trade Enquiry:
The importing firm approaches the textile machinery export firms in Canada with the help of trade enquiry they collecting information about their export prices and terms of exports. After receiving a trade enquiry, the exporter will prepare a quotation called proforma invoice and send it to our firm.

2. Procurement of Import Licence:
We will consult the Export Import (EXIM) policy in force to know whether the textile machinery imports are subject to import licensing. In case, it can be imported only against the licence, we will procure an import licence.

3. Obtaining Foreign Exchange:
As payment for imports will be made in Canadian dollars, our firm will have to make an application to a bank authorised by RBI to issue foreign exchange.

4. Placing Order or Indent:
After obtaining the import licence, our firm will place an import order or indent with the exporter for supply of the specified products containing information about the price, quantity, grade and quality of machinery and the instructions relating to packing, shipping, ports of shipment and destination, delivery schedule, insurance and mode of payment.

5. Obtaining Letter of Credit:
If the payment terms agreed between us and the overseas supplier then our firm should obtain the letter of credit from its bank and forward it to the overseas supplier.

6. Arranging for Finance:
Our firm would make arrangements in advance to pay to the exporter on arrival of goods at the port.

7. Receipt of Shipment Advice:
After loading the ordered textile machinery on the vessel, the overseas supplier will dispatch the shipment advice to our firm which contains information about the shipment of goods.

8. Retirement of Import Documents:
After shipping the machinery, the overseas supplier will prepare a set of necessary documents including bill of exchange, commercial invoice, bill of lading/airway bill, packing list, certificate of origin, marine insurance policy, etc. and will hand it over to his or her banker for their onward transmission and negotiation to our firm.

The acceptance of bill of exchange for the purpose of getting delivery of the documents is known as retirement of import documents after which the bank handover the import documents to the importer.

9. Arrival of Goods:
Goods will be shipped by the overseas supplier as per the contract. The officer in charge at the dock will provide the document called import general manifest on the basis of which unloading of cargo will take place.

10. Customs Clearance and Release of Goods:
Textile machinery imported into India will have to pass through customs clearance. Firstly, our firm will have to obtain a delivery order, pay dock dues and obtain port trust dues receipt and then fill in a form ‘bill of entry’ for assessment of customs import duty. After payment of the import duty, the bill of entry has to be presented to the dock superintendent.

The examiner will give his report on the bill of entry and we will present the bill of entry to the port authority who will issue the release order after receiving necessary charges.

Question 2.
List and explain various incentives and schemes that the government has evolved for promoting the country’s export.
Answer:
Major export promotion measures are as follows:

1. Duty Drawback Scheme:
Excise and customs duties paid on export goods are refunded to exporters on production of proof of exports of these goods to the concerned authorities.

2. Export Manufacturing Under Bond Scheme:
This facility entitles firms to produce goods without payment of excise and other duties if the firms give an undertaking (i.e. bond) that they are manufacturing goods for export purposes and will export such products on then production.

3. Exemption from Payment of Sales Taxes and Income Tax Goods Meant for Export Purposes are not Subject to Sales Tax: Exemption from income tax is available only to 100% Export Oriented Units (100% EOUs) and units set-up in Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for select years.

4. Advance Licence Scheme:
It is a scheme under which an exporter is allowed to duty free supply of domestic as well as imported inputs required for the manufacture of export goods.

5. Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCGS):
The main objective of this scheme is to encourage the import of capital goods for export production. This scheme allows export firms to import capital goods at very low rates of customs duties subject to actual user condition and fulfilment of specified export obligations.

6. Scheme of Recognising Export Finns as Export House, Trading House and Superstar Trading House:
The government grants the status of export house, trading house, star trading house to select export finns based on achieving a prescribed average export of performance in past select years and assistance is given to them in marketing their products globally.

Question 3.
What is international trade? How it is different from internal trade?
Or,
What is international business? How is it different from domestic business?
Answer:
Manufacturing and trade beyond the boundaries of one’s own country is known as international business. International business is defined as those business activities that take place across the national frontiers. It involves not only the international movements of goods and services, but also of capital, personnel, technology and intellectual property like patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Differences between Domestic and International businesses:

1. Nationality of Buyers and Sellers:
In the case of domestic business, both the buyers and sellers are from the same country but in international business buyers and sellers come from different countries and their languages, attitudes, social customs and business goals and practices are not identical as in case of domestic business. This makes relatively more difficult for them to interact with one another and finalize business transactions.

2. Nationality of Other Stakeholders:
The other stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, shareholders/partners and general public associated with firms doing international business have different nationalities while in the case of domestic business all such factors belong to one country. Therefore, decision making in international business becomes much more complex due to wider set of values and aspirations of the stakeholders belonging to different nations.

3. Mobility of Factors of Production:
The degree of mobility of factors like labour and capital is generally less between countries than within a country due to legal restrictions and variations in socio – cultural environments, geographic influences and economic conditions.

4. Customer Heterogeneity:
Across markets since buyers in international markets hail from different countries, they differ in their socio -cultural background. Differences in their tastes, fashions, languages, beliefs and customs, attitudes and product preferences cause variations in not only’their demand for different products and services, but also in variations in their communication patterns and purchase behaviors. Such variations greatly complicate the task of designing products and evolving strategies appropriate of customers in different countries.

5. Differences in Business Systems and Practices:
The differences in business systems and practices are considerably higher among countries than within a country as countries differ from one another in terms of their socio – economic development, availability, cost and efficiency of economic infrastructure and market support services, etc. which make it necessary for firms interested in international business to adapt their production, finance, human resource and marketing plans as per the conditions prevailing in the international markets.

Question 4.
Differentiate between internal trade and foreign trade.
Answer:
Differences between Inland and Foreign trade:

Question 5.
How entry in foreign trade for export is more beneficial than the establishment of full owned and controlled companies in the foreign countries?
Or,
Write advantages of foreign trade.
Answer:
Advantages of Foreign Trade:

1. Advantages of geographical facilities:
Every country has different natural and geographical facilities. Their production, minerals, agriculture and industries are different. Foreign trade helps to obtain goods which are not produced.

2. Specialization and efficiency in production:
Foreign trade enables a country to produce only such goods which can be most efficiently and economically produced. As a result the cost of production will be reduced.

3. Availability of goods not produced in the country:
Foreign trade enables a country to enjoy the possession of goods which it is not producing.

4. Ability to face natural calamities:
The production in a country is affected due to draught, earthquake, flood, epidemic, war and such other natural calamities. Such calamities are faced by importing goods from other countries.

5. Advantage to agricultural and industrial countries:
Agricultural countries can easily exchange their raw materials with finished goods or machinery from other countries.

Question 6.
Discuss the elements for entry in foreign trade?
Answer:
Following elements are required for entry in the foreign trade:

1. Import and Export:
The process of purchasing goods from the foreign countries is called as import and the process of sending or selling goods to foreign countries is called as export

Profits:

• It is very simple method which can be handled singly, jointly without opening any unit in foreign countries.
• No much investment is required and also time.
• Risk in this is also zero.

Limitations:

• Goods are purchased and sold physically. Only packaging, transport and insurance expenditure is incurred.
• When in any country import is restricted then export cannot be done. Then only in such conditional unit is to be setup in those countries for trade.
• Manufacturing is done in home country and then it is send to the other country for
  sale.

2. Contract manufacturing:
It is that mode when one company makes contract with other foreign company for manufacturing of goods in other country as per the need and benefit of the both companies and the country.

Profits:

• Some items like upper part of car or upper portion shoes is done under contract manufacturing.
• Then those items are assembled into complete goods and sold.
• Some goods are manufacture fully.

Limitations:

• Under its international firm get manufacturing on large scale without much investment.
• Less capital is invest and production is done.
• Manufacturing on contract make costing less.

3. Joint venture establishment.

4. Fully owned and controlled unit can be established.

Question 7.
How business units gets profit from the international trade?
Answer:
Advantages of Foreign Trade:

1. Advantages of geographical facilities:
Every country has different natural and geographical facilities. Their production, minerals, agriculture and industries are different. Foreign trade helps to obtain goods which are not produced.

2. Specialization and efficiency in production:
Foreign trade enables a country to produce only such goods which can be most efficiently and economically produced. As a result the cost of production will be reduced.

3. Availability of goods not produced in the country:
Foreign trade enables a country to enjoy the possession of goods which it is not producing.

4. Ability to face natural calamities:
The production in a country is affected due to draught, earthquake, flood, epidemic, war and such other natural calamities. Such calamities are faced by importing goods from other countries.

5. Advantage to agricultural and industrial countries:
Agricultural countries can easily exchange their raw materials with finished goods or machinery from other countries.

Question 8.
Identify various organisations that have been set – up in the country by the government for promoting country’s foreign trade?
Answer:
Various organisations that have been set-up in the country by the government for promoting country’s foreign trade are as follows:

1. Department of Commerce:
Department of Commerce in the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India is the apex body responsible for formulating policies in the. sphere of foreign trade, increasing commercial relations with other countries, state trading, export promotional measures and the development and regulation of certain export oriented industries and commodities.

2. Export Promotion Councils (EPCs):
Export Promotion Councils are non-profit organisations registered under the Companies Act or the Societies Registration Act, as the case may be. Their basic objective is to promote and develop the country’s exports of particular products falling under their jurisdiction.

3. Commodity Boards:
Commodity Boards are the boards which have been specially established by the Government of India for the development of production of traditional commodities and their exports and supplement the EPCs. At present there are seven commodity boards in India : Coffee Board, Rubber Board, Tobacco Board, Spice Board, Central Silk Board, Tea Board, and Coir Board.

4. Export Inspection Council (EIC):
Export Inspection Council of India was set – up by the Government of India under Section 3 of the Export Quality Control and Inspection Act – 1963. The council aims at sound development of export trade through quality control and pre – shipment inspection.

5. Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO):
Indian Trade Promotion Organisation was set – up on 1st January 1992. ITPO is a service organisation which serves the industry by organising trade fairs and exhibitions within the country and abroad and helps export firms in participating in international trade fairs and in developing exports of new items.

6. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (HFT):
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade is an institution that was set – up in 1963 by the Government of India as an autonomous body. It has recently been recognised as Deemed University. It provides training in international trade, conduct researches in areas of international business and analysing and disseminating data relating to international trade and investments.

Question 9.
What is World Bank? Discuss its various objectives and role of its affiliated agencies?
Answer:
The World Bank was established in 1945, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is the common name of World Bank, which was formed as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference.

The main objectives behind setting up this international organisation were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world. Till late 1950s, the World Bank remained preoccupied with the task of restoring war tom nations in Europe after which it turned its attention to the development of underdeveloped nations.

Various objectives and roles of its affiliated agencies are given below International Development Association (EDA). The main objectives of IDA are:

1. It provides finance on easy terms.
2. It provides help in poverty alleviation.
3. It provides help in economic development programmes.
4. Extend macro economic management services.

The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Major objectives of MIGA
are:

1. To encourage flow of direct foreign investment into the less developed member countries.
2. To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks.
3. To provide guarantee against non – commercial risks (like, dangers involved in currency transfers, war and civil disturbances and breach of contract).
4. To insure new investments, expansion of existing investments, privatisation and financial restructuring.
5. To provide promotional and advisory services.
6. To establish credibility.

We can conclude that the World Bank is no longer confined to simply providing financial assistance for infrastructure development, agriculture, industry, health and sanitation  and is involved in areas like removal of rural poverty through raising productivity, providing technical support, and initiating research and co – operative ventures.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Indent and Order?
Answer:

Question 11.
Give suggestion to increase foreign trade in India?
Answer:
Following suggestions should be implemented for increasing foreign trade:

1. Reforms in production – Quality of production should be increased in order to growth in the foreign trade.
2. Tax rebate – Export units should be given tax reforms so that, the exporter may get benefit of it.
3. Widespread market – Along with structural, there should be bi-agreement among the different nations for its spread.
4. Quality control – The goods which are used for foreign trade should go on strict inspection to enhance its quality.
5. Distribution research – There should be proper reach made for the new commodities also so that it can be dealt with.
6. Export subsidy – Government should give subsidy in order to promote the foreign

MP Board Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th General English Essay Writing

किसी निश्चित topic पर prose में लिखे हुए एक short piece को essay या निबंध कहते हैं। आपको अपनी परीक्षा के लिए किसी विषय पर 250 शब्दों में essay लिखने के लिए कहा जाएगा।

Essay का कोई एक निश्चित structure नहीं होता और न ही इस बात का कोई बंधन होता है कि उसे किस बात से प्रारम्भ किया जाए और किस बात पर उसका अन्त हो। निबंध लेखक दिये गये विषय पर अपने विचारों, तर्कों, निष्कर्षों और भावनाओं को अपनी इच्छा तथा योजनाओं को प्रस्तुत करने के लिए स्वतन्त्र होता है। यह बिल्कुल आवश्यक नहीं है कि topic के बारे में सभी सूचनाओं, तर्कों, या दृष्टिकोणों को उनकी सम्पूर्णता में दिया जाये। बल्कि आवश्यक यह होता है कि जो भी points of thought या विचार बिन्दु निबंध के में दिये जाएँ वे पढ़ने वाले को प्रभावित कर सकें। विश्वसनीय तथा logical लगें और लेखक के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्टता के साथ प्रतिबिम्बित करते हों।

Essay में paragraphs का निर्धारण भी अपनी योजनानुसार किया जा सकता है। हाँ essay की विषय वस्तु (content) को प्रारम्भिक वाक्यों में introduce करना होता है और उसके बाद विषय का विस्तार करना होता है जिसमें सूचनाओं, तर्कों और भावनाओं को एक systematic ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना होता है। अन्त में किसी विचार. निष्कर्ष, प्रश्न. सम्भावना, भविष्यवाणी या रोचक कथन के साथ essay का conclusion (समापन) कर दिया जाता है। यह आवश्यक नहीं कि introduction, main body व conclusion के लिए अलग-अलग paragraphs ही लिखें जाएँ। निर्धारित शब्द सख्या की सीमा में रहते हए essay को एक, दो, तीन, या चार-जितने भी उचित लगें-paragraphs में लिखा जा सकता है। हाँ, 250 शब्दों का निबंध structure में सन्तुलित दिखे, उसके paragraphs भी आकार में सन्तुलित लगें और उनमें points को उचित क्रम से संयोजित किया जाए। Essay की एक विशेषता यह भी होती है उसमें सभी सर्वमान्य विचारों, धारणाओं या points को सम्मिलित करना आवश्यक नहीं होता है। लेखक के अपने निजी तों, धारणाओं और निष्कर्षों को स्वतन्त्र रूप से essay में स्थान मिलता है। शर्त केवल यह है कि वे readable, तर्कसंगत, प्रभावी और रोचक हों।

निबंध के स्वरूप और उसके लेखन कौशल को ठीक से समझने के लिए इन essays को ध्यान से देखिए जो वर्तमान समय के लिए प्रासंगिक (relevant) topics पर लिखे गए हैं।

1. Festival Of Lights Or
Diwali [2008]
Or
An Indian Festival [2012, 14]

(1) Introduction-Diwali is called Festival of Lights. Really on Diwali, people light their houses by several lamps, bulbs, mercury tubes etc. Light is a very important thing in our lives. Light is the symbol of knowledge and learning also. Light makes us free from fears of darkness.

(2) The Main Festival-This festival is observed on Kartik Amavasya Day. The Amavasya (total darkness) is made ‘Poornima’ (full moon day) by lighting the houses, shops and buildings with intense bright light. People welcome Goddess Laxmi whole-heartedly. People of all ages wait for this day very eagerly. They wear new dresses. They decorate their houses. Children explode crackers. Sweet music is played. People offer sweets and presents to the goddess.

(3) Preparations-Preparations for this festival start before many days. People white wash their houses. Shops are cleaned, painted and decorated. The market looks very beautiful. People buy several things for this day. They think that Deepawali brings joy and prosperity for them, so they prepare to welcome her.

(4) The Festival-It is believed that Lord Ram returned to Ayodhya on this day. People welcomed him by decorating the whole city and lighting their houses. It has become a national festival, though originally it is a Hindu Festival. People of all communities, caste and creed observe this festival. It is observed mainly for three days-Dhan Teras (Worshipping of Money), Roop-Choudas or Narak Chaturdashi and the Amavasya (Diwali day).

(5) New Year-Diwali marks the end of the year. A new year starts from the next day. So people greet each other and wish a happy new year. Some merchants change accounts on-this day. People distribute sweets. Diwali Greeting Cards are sent. We see freshness and new spirit everywhere.

(6) Conclusion-Some bad customs are also attached with this festival. Some people gamble and drink wine. Due to carelessness at the time of letting off fireworks some people get burnt. There is a danger of life and property too. However, Diwali is a very nice festival.

2. MY HOBBY [2008, 10, 14, 15]

(1) Introduction-Hobby means a work that we do when we have no other work to do. When we are not busy, we find it difficult to pass time. An idle mind is the devil’s workshop. Bad thoughts enter our mind and sometimes we catch bad habits such as smoking, chewing tobacco or gambling.

(2) Hobby-The work that interests us, gives us joy and fills us with new power, we call it hobby. We can do planting, care for them, water them and see them. This will fill our hearts with joy and our time will pass happily. We won’t catch a bad habit. We may also collect some stamps and arrange them in a register. Our guests may enjoy when we show it to them. We may also take a camera. With its help we may take photograph of birds, trees, mountains, natural scenery or even men in their different moods. A big list can be drawn. Playing on musical instruments, carpentry, helping the sick, serving food to the poor etc. All can be called a hobby.

(3) My Hobby-My Hobby is toy-making. Since my boyhood I have been very interested in toys. I have seen several puppet shows. A child becomes very happy when he gets a toy. I have made many dolls, toys of birds and other animals. Not even children but elders have praised toys prepared by me. They say the toys look like living things. 1 have made toys showing different moods. My toys have been shown at exhibitions in my school. My friends, teachers and our principal admired these toys. I have also become successful in making some mechanical toys.

(4) Advantages of My Hobby-My hobby does not affect my studies. On Sundays I do not do any work. This is free time. I pass my Sundays mostly in making toys. In my vacations also 1 make toys. It gives great pleasure. When I present my toys to children they become happy. When some guests come to my house I show them my toys. They praise me, sometimes I get some rewards also. I have been greatly benefitted by my hobby.

(5) Conclusion-No good work, however small it may be, ever goes useless. A small seed sown gives us flowers, fruits, shade and wood. So small good works give you several gifts. A good hobby helps us in our later life when we have no work to keep us busy. Hence, I appeal to all my colleagues to adopt a hobby if they have not any.

3. Science In The Service Of Humanity (2009)
Or
Science In Our Daily Life F
Or (2008, 11,/12, 13)
Science In Human Life (2009)
Or
Science-Uses And Abuses (2009, 16)
(Advantages And Disadvantages)
Or
Science And Human (2010)
Or
Wonders Or Science

Science in the key which unlocks the storehouse of nature.

– V. Samuel

(1) Introduction-Science has revolutionised our life. It has considerably changed the world by its wonderful discoveries and inventions. No aspect of our life remains untouched by science, whether at home, school, market or office. In every walk of life it has become essential. Science has changed our thorny life into a bed of roses.

(2) Scientific Inventions-It is difficult to count the blessings of science. They are numerous. T.V., Video, CD, DVD, fan, light of mercuries, CFL, cooking gas, washing machines etc. have made our life easy, comfortable and enjoying.

(3) Means of Communication-In the field of transport and communication science has rendered great services. Aeroplanes, and helicopters are quickest means of transport. Mobile phone and Internet have been as great asset. Even the poorest and humblest can afford them and remain in touch with his friends and relatives, all over the world. The computers, Laptop and Internet have revolutionised our lives. With a high speed and lowest cost they can transfer information to any part of the world.

(4) Large Machines-With large and heavy machines we can quickly build roads, bridges, houses and big buildings. Manufacturing process also becomes faster and convenient with big machines. Also, the number and quality of goods manufactured is greatly improved.

(5) Medicines and Surgery-Science has given us life saving drugs. Today doctors are able to perform complicated operations and can save the life of serious patients. It has lengthened our life and made it healthier.

(6) Atomic Energy-With the discovery of atomic energy science has harnessed an inexhaustible source of energy. It can meet the demands of energy for a long time.

(7) Controlling and using Nature-Science has controlled natural distasters. It has sent satellites and space travellers in the sky. Man has reached the moon and is preparing to reach other planets. He has also become successful in the discovery of God Particle. ,

(8) Disadvantages of Science-It is said the science is a good servant but bad master. It has made man a slave of machines. It has made him lazy and crazy. It has also spread unemployment. With the use of destructive weapons, has created great threat to humanity. An atom bomb can destroy big cities into dust. Harmful chemical weapons too are a great threat to the ‘peaceful life.

(9) Conclusion-To list all the blessings and curses of science is very difficult. In short we can say that science in like a Jinn who can bring many gifts to man, but if uncontrolled it has the power to destroy humanity.

4. India In The Twenty-First Century [2014]

(1) The Glorious Past-Ancient India was better known as golden bird, a world leader in almost every field. But the plunderers and invaders in the medieval period and then the British robbed India of all its glory and prosperity. However, after becoming independent in 1947 India has taken impressive strides in practically every important direction.

(2) Present Scenario-Today, we have emerged as a widely respected and dependable member of the world community. We do not carry a begging bowl any more, rather we help the needy and impoverished nations. Our bright young men and women have successfully proved their superior intellectual powers in foreign countries. They are making laudable contribution to the prosperity of the countries where they work and are also strengthening India’s own economy. As doctors, engineers, IT professionals, industrialists and entrepreneurs, Indians are earning worldwide reputation and wealth.

(3) The Way Ahead-In the twenty-first century, India is all set to assume world leadership in several ways. It is a recognised nuclear power, an acknowledged ‘Yoga Guru’, a globally favoured destination for medical tourism, a popular entertainment resort and a unique nursery of spiritualism. As a social and political system also we have emerged as a force to reckon with, although we must immediately put a stop to corruption and the disintegration of the country on the basis of religion, caste and regionalism.

(4) Conclusion-In view of all these Indian achievements and steady and unmistakable steps of progress it can be unarguably predicted that the twenty-first century shall certainly be India’s century in the true sense.

5. Population Problem [2008]
Or
Any Burning Problem Of India [2010, 15]

(1) Introduction-Looking at the population figures, we come to the conclusion that the population in India has been rapidly increasing. Though this is not a problem of India alone but of the world, it is certain that backward countries like India suffer most from it. In about 10 years the population increases by about five crores. At present it is above 100 crores.

(2) Low Standard of Living-As science is making progress, the death rate is falling due to better medical facilities, while the birth rate is increasing. There is acute shortage of food because of this tremendous increase in population. We have limited resources and national wealth. Due to a large number of people, the income of an individual is very less. People cannot afford enough food, water and other necessities of life. Acute poverty and starvation is the result.

(3) Unemployment-Increasing population is also resulting in unemployment problem. It is becoming very difficult to provide jobs to so many people. This brings frustration among the youth. Unemployment brings unrest and a threat to law, order and peace in the country. The economy of the country may burst out at any time in the country.

(4) The Family Planning-The only solution to this problem is family planning. We will have to check the birth rate. A small family is the need of the hour. We can provide all necessities of our children when their number is limited. Children are the future of the country. If they are healthy and prosperous only then our country can make progress. Hence every adult person should pay attention to it. Our government is fully aware of it and is trying to educate the people about it. So many useful devices have been provided to check the number of births of children.

(5) Marriage at Proper Age-One of the reasons of growing population is early marriage also. People marry their children at a very early age. This results in early pregnancy and birth of children. Now the government has made it compulsory that a girl under 19 and a boy under 21 cannot be married.

(6) Conclusion-People are becoming aware of the problem and we hope that soon we shall bring it under control.

6. A Match I Witnessed (2008)
Or
Any Cricket Match (2009)
Or
Any Interesting Match (2012)

(1) Introduction-Cricket has become a very popular game. Test Matches are played for five days. They are played in two innings. A team may play for as many overs (1 over = 6 balls) till all players are out. Due to length of time, people get bored. Sp now one-day matches of limited overs have become very popular.

(2) One-Day Matches-These matches are played in a day. For the half period one team bats, the other fields. The overs given are generally 50, but it may be lessened. In second half the second team bats and the first one fields. The team that makes more runs is declared victorious. Mostly due to the decision of victory, there is sensation in the match. The persons who watch these games enjoy it. Telecasting of these’matches have made them very popular.

(3) The Match I Witnessed-I witnessed a match played by two very nice cricket clubs of our town. On 25th January, the Subhash Cricket Club and Nehru Cricket Club decided to play a match of 35 overs. On loudspeakers people were informed about this match. I was also eager to witness the match, so 1 bought a ticket for the match. Two of my friends also accompanied me.

(4) The Match-The match was to start at 10 a.m. We reached the ground at 9.30 a.m. The two teams reached the ground. The Nehru Cricket Club won the toss and put Subhash Club in to bat. The match started. Mr. Ajit and Mr. Shamshuddin were the first two players. They played very well. Ajit scored 15 runs with two fours, he was caught by the captain of the other team, when he was sure to get a sixer. Mr. Shamshuddin scored very slowly but he played for a long time, he scored 23 runs and was declared L. B. W. out. The other players also played well and when 35 overs were completed they had scored 151 r&ns with 3 wickets in hand.

(5) The Second Half of the Match-After lunch break from 12 noon to 1.30 p.m. the match resumed. Nehru Club started batting. The height of almost all their players was more than that of the opposite team. The openers played very well. They scored 45 runs. Their captain was a very skilled batsman. He alone made a score of 55 runs. They had to make 152 runs. The Match was very exciting. Subhash Club was trying hard to defeat the Nehru Club. They threw the ball very fast, several times spinning. They wanted to see all the players out soon. But the players of the Nehru Club gave a tough fight. They scored 152 runs in the 33rd over and so won the match with two overs still to go and having 4 wickets in hand.

(6) Conclusion-Prizes were distributed by the Collector of our district. Mr. Amritlal Merwani of Nehru Club was declared the Man of the Match. We enjoyed the match and returned happily to our homes.

7. News Papers [2015]
Or
Importance Of Newspaper [2016]
Or
Power Of The Press Or The Media [2011]

(1) Meaning of ‘The Press’-The word ‘Press’ is collectively used for newspapers and magazines and those parts of radio and television which broadcast and telecast news, views and publicity materials. The term also includes reporters and photographers working for them. ‘Media’ is another name given to whatever is covered under the ‘Press’. These materials are conveniently classified as ‘Print Media’ covering the newspapers and magazines, and ‘Electronic Media’, which include the audio-visual mediums such as Radio and Television.

(2) Its Motive-The function of the Press or the Media is to inform the people, motivate or demotivate them and influence their opinion. It creates a collective public opinion which is the driving force behindevery democracy. Political leaders and parties are always seen working hard to catch media attention so that they can spread their influence far and wide. Elections are won and lost depending on how the Press projects the personalities, the parties and their programmes as also the important incidents involving them.

(3) Its Rol e-The media plays a vital role in spreading social awareness. Tod^y, all social, political and cultural campaigns are launched by media support. It is because of their coverage in the print and electronic media that even children understand the meaning and message behind them.

(4) The Other Side-However, all that the press promotes in the society is not always good. Glitzy presentation and fake publicity promotes unhealthy consumerism and artificial mode of living. We must, therefore, control the evil influences of the Press, otherwise it can do very serious danger to the society.

8. A Visit To A Historical Place [2008, 16]

(1) Introduction-Visiting a place is a sort of education-informal education. It teaches us more than the books do. I like visiting places specially historical places. History is one of my optional subject. Last year our history- teacher took us on a historical tour to Agra.

(2) Visit to the city of Taj-We reached Agra by the Utkal Express at about 10 a.m. We got off at Raja-ki-Mandi station and went to a nearby guest house. After breakfast we hired a tourist bus and reached the famous Taj Mahal.

(3) Historical Buildings We Visited-There was no need of the tourist guide as our history teacher had a very good knowledge of historical buildings of Agra. He told us that Shahjahan built it in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz. I liked the beauty of the Taj Mahal but was sorry to know that Shahjahan got the craftsmen’s hands cut off.

After visiting the Taj we visited the Red Fort. It is made of red sandstone. It is so big that we were tired. Then we came back to the guest house and took our lunch. In the evening we did some shopping.

Next day we visited Sikandara and Fatehpur Sikri. Our history teacher told us many interesting things about the Fatehpur Sikri and Salim Chisti-the if saint. We liked the Panch Mahal and the Buland Darwaza. We saw the ponds where the queens used to take bath.

(4) The conclusions-our historical tour taught us much about the history of Agra. We were taken back for a while to the Mughal period of Shahjahan and Akbar. It was very fascinating.

9. Journey By Train
Or
The Happiest Journey You Have Undertaken [2007]

(1) Introduction-I always longed for a long journey by train. A journey by bus is not so thrilling as that by train. So, my joy knew no bounds when our games teacher informed us that our hockey team will go to Jabalpur for taking part in Inter-divisional Tournament. Our players were asked to reach Indore on 4th September.

(2) Preparations-I reached home and informed my parents about my selection for the tournament. My parents blessed me. All other members of the’family too became very much pleased. I took all my necessary clothes and other articles in a bag. Mother prepared some sweets and napkin for me and my friends. We started on 3rd September and reached Indore on the same day by bus. We stayed in a lodge for the night.

(3) At Indore-It was decided that we should go by the Indore-Bilaspur express which left Indore at 2.30 p.m. We got up early in the morning and, took our morning exercises. Then we went out for shopping and visiting some places at Indore. We returned at about 12.00 noon and took our lunch. At about 1.30 p.m. we reached the Railway Station.

(4) The Scene at the Railway Station-We entered the station and saw s that there was a big rush of people there. People were going in and out of the platform. Porters were carrying luggage of the passengers. At the booking office, there was a long queue of the people. As our tickets had been booked in advance, we did not need to purchase them from the booking window.

The train was standing on the platform. The hawkers were selling various articles. Men, women and children were wandering here and there. We entered our compartment. Exactly at 2.30 the guard whistled and the train started moving slowly.

(5) The Journey-I and my friends were feeling the excitement as it was our first long journey by train. When the train moves on rails it produces a rhythmic sound and I like it very much. We feel as if we are swinging on a swing. The train passed over the bridges. We saw vast fields, factories and rows of houses. We saw different types of people. We saw farmers ploughing their fields. The train passed on the curved rails and it gave me great joy to see it running in a curve motion. When we reached Bhopal it was about 8 p.m. So, now we should have a night journey.

At Bhopal several passengers got down and new passengers entered. Our train started from Bhopal. We saw the beauty ofBhopal illuminated by electricity. Jt was moonlit night, so night journey added a new dimension of joy to our journey. 1 saw- silver houses, silver trees and silver fields. A dreamy atmosphere was created. I thanked God for giving me this opportunity to see this aspect of nature, otherwise in electric light of our towns and cities we have lost the enjoyment of the beauty of the Moon and the Stars. At about 2 a.m. our games teacher asked us to sleep for some time. Though I wanted to enjoy the whole night looking out of the window, I had to obey the discipline. So 1 went off to sleep.

(6) Conclusion-1 was awakened by the shouting of our games teacher in the morning. It was day break. We had reached Jabalpur. We got off the train and went to our lodging place. I shall never forget this beautiful journey.

10. The Menace Of Terrorism
Or
Terrorism [2009]
Or
The Problem Of Terrorism [2009]

(1) What is Terrorism?-Terrorism is a violent way of behaving, motivated by political, social or religious beliefs, hatred or ambition, for achieving or promoting a particular objective or cause. It generally aims to overthrow the established order. Terrorist acts are designed to spread fear through indiscriminate, arbitrary and unpredictable violence such as hijacking, kidnapping and mass killings.

(2) Its Spread-Terrorism has now become a global phenomenon. The LTTE has shaken Sri Lanka and killed the young, illustrious Rajiv Gandhi of India. The U.S. lost its twin World Trade Towers with hundreds of people working therein. Grenade attacks on the tube stations in Britain, violence in Afghanistan, Chechenya, North Ireland and terrorist activities in several other countries have left ineffable scars on the face of humanity in general.

(3) Position in India-India has long been an unfortunate victim of this evil perpetrated by a number of militant outfits. Khalistan in Punjab, insurgent groups like ULFA in some north-eastern states, Naxalite groups in a sizeable : part of India and Jehadi terrorism from across the border in Jammu & Kashmir have left this peace loving country bleeding. Now this poison keeps erupting . sporadically anywhere and everywhere. Hijacking of the Indian plane, Mumbai serial blasts in 1993,2006 and recently on 26th Nov. 2008, attacks on the Indian . Parliament, Akshardham temple, Sankatmochan temple, and Ramjanmbhumi temple are all manifestations of this dreadul menace. Because of certain political constraints and weaknesses in the system, India has unfortunately not c succeeded in stopping the spread of terrorism. But, soon we must establish peace in the country.

11. My Ambition (In Life) [2008, 12, 16]

(1) Introduction-Ambition means a strong wish to become something in future. When a student starts learning, his parents and he himself wishes to have an aim in life. Aimless work wastes energy. When the aim is fixed a student follows a particular kind of study using his utmost attention and energy to become perfect in that work.

(2) Several Targets-Some students want to become engineer, some .’ doctor, some technicians, someone wants to become a teacher. A student who wants to become a doctor studies Biology. To become an engineer one has to opt for mathematics in place of Biology. The lawyer has to study – history, politics and economics. Someone who wants to become a teacher has a keen interest in one of the subjects.

(3) New Jobs-The advancement of science and technology has opened ^ . the gates for several kinds of jobs. Polytechnics teach several kinds of jobs civil, mechanical, electrical etc. Computers have brought a revolution in all ‘ walks of life. They work as the brain works. They do several jobs in a fraction „ of a second.

(4) My Ambition-I feel greatly attracted towards computers. When saw small calculators doing complex calculations in seconds, I was filled with _ wonder. I also heard about several youths who have become computer scientists and computer technicians and are earning a lot of money. 1 thought , that this was the course I should adopt in future.

(5) Realities about Computers-Some think that computers are complex and difficult. Others think that computers are capable of solving any problem. Both are wrong. Nothing is difficult if we study with interest. Computers are means not end in themselves. They make difficult and strenuous problems easy.

(6) Conclusion-For studying computer science one must have good knowledge of English language and mathematics. I am very much interested in learning these subjects. My teachers always inspire me to become successful. hope that by the grace of God, blessings of my teachers and elders and by working intelligently hard, 1 shall be successful in fulfilling my ambition.

12. The Evil Of Environmental Pollution
Or
Pollution Problem [2009, 14]

(1) Introduction-The most horrifying problem that confronts humanity today is that of environmental pollution. With the advancement of science and technology coupled with man’s unbridled greed and thoughtless action, the world is increasingly becoming uninhabitable for all forms of life. Earlier, mainly big cities were polluted, but now this menace is fast spreading over small towns and villages as well.

(2) The Cause-Pollution assumes different forms, such as soil pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution. People have been digging the earth recklessly and then filling it with toxic waste and industrial effluents that poison the earth’s heart. The upper strata of soil are polluted when, out of his greed for producing more and more crops, man blindly uses chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. These chemicals flow into pond and rivers with rain water and poison them. Besides, the dirty sewage and industrial effluents are being continuously dumped into rivers. This has polluted almost all the water bodies on earth. Today, unpolluted potable water has become a scarce commodity.

(3) Its Effects-Deforestation and large scale industrialisation have caused global air pollution. Smoke and toxic gaseous emissions from vehicles and industrial activity have caused global warming. The entire atmosphere has been polluted causing respiratory, cardiac, genetic and other physical disorders in humans. Noises created by the roar of vehicles, their horns and hooters and the deafeningly blaring loudspeakers are causing awful damage to man’s health.

(4) Remedies–If we do not check the pollution, it would become impossible for people to survive. The factories and mills must be erected outside the cities. Vehicles should be tuned to produce less smoke. Dirty things should not be allowed to mix in water. The vehicles should be compelled to produce little sound and there should be a complete ban on nuclear tests. Also, an effective way to fight this deadly menace is to return to nature and give up vicious greed.

13. Tree Plantation And Its Importance [2009]
Or
Importance Of Trees [2012]
(Forests and Human Life)

“Any interference with nature is damnable. Not only nature but also people will suffer.

– Anahario

(1) Introduction-Trees are very important for us. They give us fruits to eat and firewood to bum. We build houses and make furniture with their wood. Trees support the life of living things. They give us oxygen to breathe. They absorb the carbon dioxide which we exhale. They produce starch for our food.

(2) Other Services-Trees cause rainfall. Hot days are made cool by trees. They check the surface soil of the earth from being washed away by rains. Trees also help to prevent sudden floods.

(3) Different Kinds of Trees-There are various kinds of trees that fulfill our needs. Rubber trees supply rubber. Every part of the coconut tree can be put to some use or other. The sap of the cow tree is used in place of milk.

(4) Usefulness to Animals-The branches of trees give shelter to millions of birds. Forests give shelter to many wild animals. The leaves of the trees are food for animals. Many insects also depend on trees for their lives.

(5) Other Importance-We value trees not only for their usefulness but also for their beauty. They refresh our eyes and mind. The Rishis of the olden days lived in forests. They had their ashrams there. These were the centres of knowledge and learning. Trees help to check pollution.

(6) Urgent Need of Planting Trees-In olden days large areas of India were covered with forests. As the population grew, trees began to be cut down for man’s use. That is how a great part of forest wealth is lost. While the forests are disappearing, the demand for timber and wood is growing. We must, therefore, protect and develop our forests. We are trying to replace this loss. Our Government wants trees to be planted all over the country. ‘Van Mahotsava’ has been started for this purpose. During this week lakhs of saplings are planted throughout the country. Trees are the country’s wealth. We must consider it our sacred duty to protect them. We should plant new trees wherever we can and look after them properly.

(7) Conclusion-The Government has started a programme of ‘Samajik Vaniki’ for this purpose. Plants are freely distributed to the citizens. They also provide advice for their care and development. It is the duty of every citizen to plant at least one tree and take its full care.

14. Dowry Problem

(1) Introduction-Marriage in the Hindu religion is not merely tying of a girl and a boy for life. It is a ‘Sanskar. It is joining of so many families and relations. So many rites are performed before and after the main function. These continue for a number of days and involves a lot of expenditure by both the sides.

(2) The Barat Entertainment-The bride’s family bears the heaviest burden. It has not only to care for the guests and relatives of its side, it has to pay special attention to the ‘Baraties’. These people behave themselves as V.V.l. Ps and the bride side has to bear all their coquetries. Up to some extent it is good to entertain the guests. But sometimes it goes too far and ends in bitterness and strains in the relations.

(3) Kanyadan-The marriage of a daughter is considered as ‘Kanyadan’ and a ‘Dan’ without ‘Dakshina’ is useless. Hence the father of the bride has to give ‘Dan’ in cash and kind. Previously it may have been justified to give some of the articles of daily use to the new couple to settle the ‘Grahasthi’. But slowly and gradually it involved luxurious articles like Fridge, Scooter, Colour TV, Washing Machines etc. and big sums in cash.

(4) A Social Evil-The Dowry has become a social evil and it is eating away the Hindu society. All persons cannot spend so much money. The bridegroom side extracts full advantage of the situation. A bridegroom who is highly educated or nicely employed sells himself at auction and is carried away by the highest bidder. The father of a daughter, however good looking and highly educated his daughter might be cannot find a nice Dulha if he does not possess enough money.

(5) Remedy-This evil must be removed from society. Some attempts have been made in this direction when it was found that the ‘brides’ were harrased and either they were burnt or compelled to commit suicide. An AntiDowry law has been brought into force. Some young men ‘and progressive and reformative persons have also tried to check it.

(6) Conclusion-The measures are still not sufficiently effective. Police itself cannot take action against anybody. Secondly the bride’s side cannot run the risk of the daughter’s future. Hence the whole burden lies with the youth. If they take a vow not to accept any dowry, only then it can be controlled and checked.

15. Reservations In India

(1) The Objective of Reservations-The framers of our constitution made a special provision for safeguarding the interests of the traditionally exploited, deprived and weaker sections of the Indian society. They recommended positive discrimination in favour of these classes in order to bring them on a par with the rest of the people. For that purpose the castes and tribes that were socially and economically weak were listed in the schedule for planned development. These are now known as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’. Reservation of seats in educational institutions and jobs in the public sector were some of the measures for their welfare.

(2) After-effects of Reservation-These reservations in a given proportion were intended to continue until these deprived classes came up to the level of the general sections. All political parties supported these reservations, but gradually their own political interest became more important than the original motive behind reservations. For votes, government created another group of traditionally weak castes. It is known as ‘Other Backward Castes’ (OBCS). These castes were also given the benefit of reservation.

(3) The Present time-Now there are demands for even religion based reservations. More castes and religious outfits, even converted groups, are extent it is good to entertain the guests. But sometimes it goes too far and ends in bitterness and strains in the relations.

(3) Kanyadan-The marriage of a duaghter is considered as ‘Kanyadan’ and a ‘Dan’ without ‘Dakshina’ is useless. Hence the father of the bride has to give ‘Dan’ in cash and kind. Previously it may have been justified to give some of the articles of daily use to the new couple to settle the ‘Grahasthi’. But slowly and gradually it involved luxurious articles like Fridge, Scooter, Colour TV, Washing Machines etc. and big sums in cash.

(4) A Social Evil-The Dowry has become a social evil and it is eating away the Hindu society. All persons cannot spend so much money. The bridegroom side extracts full advantage of the situation. A bridegroom who is highly educated or nicely employed sells himself at auction and is carried away by the highest bidder. The father of a daughter, however good looking and highly educated his daughter might be cannot find a nice Dulha if he does not possess enough money.

(5) Remedy-This evil must be removed from society. Some attempts have been made in this direction when it was found that the ‘brides’ were harrased and either they were burnt or compelled to commit suicide. An AntiDowry law has been brought into force. Some young men and progressive and reformative persons have also tried to check it.

(6) Conclusion-The measures are still not sufficiently effective. Police itself cannot take action against anybody. Secondly the bride’s side cannot run the risk of the daughter’s future. Hence the whole burden lies with the youth. If they take a vow not to accept any dowry, only then it can be controUed and checked.

15. Reservations In India

(1) The Objective of Reservations-The framers of our constitution made a special provision for safeguarding the interests of the traditionally exploited, deprived and weaker sections of the Indian society. They recommended positive discrimination in favour of these classes in order to bring them on a par with the rest of the people. For that purpose the castes and tribes that were socially and economically weak were listed in the schedule for planned development. These are now known as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’. Reservation of seats in educational institutions and jobs in the public sector were some of the measures for their welfare.

(2) After-effects of Reservation-These reservations in a given proportion were intended to continue until these deprived classes came up to the level of the general sections. All political parties supported these reservations, but gradually their own political interest became more important than the original motive behind reservations. For votes, government created another group of traditionally weak castes. It is known as ‘Other Backward Castes’ (OBCS). These castes were also given the benefit of reservation.

(3) The Present time-Now there ar6 demands for even religion based reservations. More castes and religious outfits, even converted groups, are clamouring for reservation in education and employment. The quota of reservations is increasingly growing and the opportunities foF even the talented poor in the general classes are shrinking. This is creating frustration and anger among the general classes. This critical situation urgently needs to be brought under control through a judicious review of the reservation policy to help the genuinely needy people.

16. Cleanliness Drive
Or
Swachhta Abhiyan

‘Cleanliness is Godliness’

– Mahatma Gandhi

(1) Introduction-‘Cleanliness’ is not a work which we should do forcefully. It is a good habit and healthy way of our healthy life. All type of cleanliness is very necessary for our good health whether it is personal cleanliness, surrounding cleanliness, environment cleanliness, pet animal cleanliness or work place cleanliness (like school, college, office etc.) We all should be highly aware about how to maintain cleanliness in our daily lives. It is very simple to include cleanliness in our habit. We should never compromise with cleanliness, it is necessary as food and water for us. It should be practiced from the childhood which can only be initiated by each parent as a first and foremost responsibility.

(2) Problem of Uncleanliness-People of India, in general are not aware of the loss due to uncleanliness. Modiji drew attention of the people of India toward uncleanly habits. It is a great hindrance on the path of progress. We throw refuse anywhere on the roads, on public places like bus-stands, railway stations, hospitals, in buses and trains etc. This makes our surroundings ugly and spreads diseases. Stray animals too spread dirtyness. This also creates wrong impression on foreigners. They laugh at us. Foreign tourists also avoid coming to India.

(3) Cleanliness Drive-Clean India Mission is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4041 statutory towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.

This campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself cleaned the road. It is India’s biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event. The mission was started by Prime Minister Modi, who nominated nine famous personalities for the campaign, and they took up the challenge and nominated nine more people and so on (like the branching of a tree). It has been carried forward since then with people from all walks of life joining it.

(4) Other Activities-Modiji in a public meeting administered the oath Qf cleanliness to several political workers, students and other people. He asked them to make cleanliness a habit. They should stop throwing refuse in public places like hotels, restaurants, parks etc.

(5) Model-Our country should be neat and clean like other modern countries. Our roads should be neat and clean. A programme of cleaning our rivers the Ganga and Yamuna has also been started. Our cities and villages should be models. Our countrymen have given their whole hearted support to this programme.

(6) Conclusion-Modiji wants that our country should become like other modern countries. It should be a model country in the world. It should again be leader in the world. For this we should whole heartedly support the government. Specially our youth must come forward and make our country great. We should keep our houses, surroundings, villages, cities and towns clean. They should look beautiful and joyful in living.

17. The Value Of Games And Sports [2011]
Or
Importance Of Sports And Games [2013, 15]

(1) Introduction-Games and sports are an important part of education. They help in the development of the physique and mind of the student. A sound body possesses a sound mind. If we are weak and §ick we cannot have a fertile brain. Games keep us active and make us smart.

The importance of health in human life could be very well understood from the following Arabian proverb “He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.”

(2) Physical and Mental Education-Gandhiji said, “Physical training should have as much place in curriculum as mental training’. Mere bookish knowledge would not lead to proper development of a personality. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Mere studies would not suffice. Similarly mere sports won’t do. The two should be blended in a suitable proportion so that the students can have the best of them. They should not only develop the mind but also the body. Both are essential for a wholesome personality.

(3) Other Benefits-Games and sports do not merely keep us healthy and physically fit, they also inculcate in young people the duty of loyalty. These qualities can be summed up in a word ‘sportsmanship’. The first and the foremost thing that games teach us is to take victory and defeat alike. In every game, there are two parties. One wins and the other loses. The winners need not be over-zealous and the loser ones should not get asperated. Both the parties should greet each other heartily after the game. Secondly, games and sports teach us discipline. Every player must obey his or her captain. He has to play obeying all the rules of the games. He has also to abide by the decision of the referee or umpire. Thirdly, games broaden our outlook. The players need have no bias. They should treat other players alike.

The player ought not to differentiate between one another on the basis of nationality, caste, creed or colour. The games promote international brotherhood and affection amongst the people of the world. Thus, they promote world peace too. The Reliance Cup 1987 organised jointly by Pakistan and India is an example. unemployment. As the age of machines advances, an ever-increasing number of people are thrown out of service. Lack of enterprise and hard labour among youth is also responsible for unemployment. Our youth hesitates to undertake any enterprise. They lack adventurous nature. They also abhor jobs in which hard labour and continuous work for a long time is needed. Hence, they shirk doing strenuous work and as such remain without work, while work is waiting for them.

(4) Remedies-The problem of unemployment is an economic one. It is essential, therefore, that the economic policy of the country be overhauled. Government has taken several steps in this direction. The banks have been nationalised. Banks are granting soft loans to unemployed persons who wish to start some factory, shop, or some other business. Various steps have been taken under 20-points programme to solve the rural unemployment problem. Several new jobs have been created. With the advancement of technology and mechanical advancement, job opportunities have increased. ‘Jawahar Rojgar Yojana’ has been started to solve the unemployments However, these measures do not outweigh the problem.

The increasing population is also to be controlled. Government is giving many incentives to the people to control the birth of children under family planning programmes. A lot has been achieved in this field too and much is left.

Wise use of machinery should also be made. Ill-planned and reckless industrialization has posed big problems. This needs deep thinking. Our government has become aware of this and many steps have been taken in this direction.

More stress should be laid on technical and vocational education. The present bookish education which produces clerks should be changed.

(5) Conclusion-Our country cannot advance economically, politically or socially unless this problem is solved. Many a social evil is spread through the unemployed. Unrest and disorder increase in society. It is a matter of satisfaction that the top priority has been given to this problem in our Five Year Plans.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Composition Based on Visual Input

Example 1.
Given ahead is a picture of two bulls and one lion in a jungle. Write a short composition based on it of 80-100 words. [2008]

Answer:

The Lion’S Trick

There were two bulls living in a jungle. They were fast friends. They helped each other. There was a lion. He wanted to eat them. But even the lion was afraid of them. So he thought a plan to separate them and kill them one by one. One day he whispered something in the ear of the first bull. The next day he whispered something in the ear of the second bull. Thus, the lion succeeded in separating them. One day he killed one of them. Another day he killed the other. The story teaches us a lesson that union is a strength.

Example 2.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below: [2009]

Answer:

The Clever Fox

Once a fox fell into a well. He tried, again and again, to jump out, but he failed. The well was too deep. After a little while a goat passed by. She was thirsty. She looked into the well. She saw the fox in it. She asked the fox, “What are you doing there?” The cunning fox replied, “I am drinking water. It is very cool.” As the goat was thirsty, she jumped into the well. The fox jumped upon the goat’s back and jumped out of the well and ran away. He did not stay to help the goat out. It is rightly said, “Look before you leap.”

Example 3.
Give a short description covering the details from the picture given below. [2011]

Answer:
There are many religions in the world namely-Hindu, Islam, Christian, Buddhism, Jews etc. All of them teach man to live a virtuous life. They ask him to be kind and loving, sympathic, peaceful and tolerant. But some of the leaders of these religions think that their religion is better than all the other religions. They ask people to hate and hurt other religion’s people and compel them ot adopt their religion. They spread violence and cruelty. Such person are a great threat to the peace in the world. In our country the various followers of many religions live happily with the people of other religions. They are tolerant and consider all human beings as their brothers. This is the real spirit of religion. We can make progress and prosperity only when there is peace and happiness.

Example 4.
Given below is a picture of a boat trip. Write a short composition based on the picture. [2009]

Answer:

A Boat-Trip

During the last summer vacation, I went to Mumbai. Two friends of mine were also with me. We visited several places there. Lastly, we decided to see the Elephanta Caves. They are on an island. It is about thirty kilometers from Mumbai.
It was a beautiful day. The weather was excellent. After a few minutes of sailing a lady got up. She announced herself our guide. She told us that the boat would reach the island in an hour. She pointed towards the harbour. Several ships were anchored there.

The most charming sight was that of the sea. It looked like a blue saucer. The sky was like a bowl put upside down. The waves hit our boat. White foam was produced. Sometimes water came over our faces. One foreigner had a guitar with him. We requested him to play on it. He played many lovely songs. Time flew fast. We reached our destination in almost no time.

Example 5.
Write a short description covering the details of the picture given below in 80-100 words.

Answer:

Mischief Hurts, Sometimes

A king’s elephant was daily taken for a bath in a river. On the way there was a tailor’s shop. The elephant used to place his trunk near the tailor through a window. The tailor gave him something or other to eat. One day the tailor-made mischief. The elephant put his trunk in as he always did. The tailor pricked his trunk with his needle. The elephant drew back his trunk and went away in pain.

The elephant went to the river. After bathing he filled his trunk with mud and water. When he passed by the tailor’s shop, he thrust his trunk into the tailor’s shop and poured the muddy water into the shop. All the new clothes were spoiled. It was tit for tat.

Example 6.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given on next page in 80-100 words.
Answer:

Unity Is Strength

A king had three sons. But the king was not happy as his sons were always quarreling among themselves. One day the king brought a bundle of sticks and asked his Sons to break it. Each of them tried his best but could not break it. Then the king untied the bundle and asked his sons to break the sticks separately. They broke the sticks very easily. The king told them that none of them could break the sticks when they were tied together. But

when they were untied, they were broken easily. Remember, ‘united we stand, divided we fall’. Real strength lies in unity.

Example 7.
Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below: [2008]

Answer:

Shepherd And His Sheep

A shepherd takes great care of his sheep. From morning to evening he wanders with his sheep. He loves every one of his sheep. When he hears the lamb’s innocent call his heart is full ofjoy. He also hears Ewe’s (i.e., female sheep) reply. All the sheep also love him very much. They feel safe because they know that their master is near them. A story in the Bible describes how a shepherd lost his one sheep and he searched it. His 99 sheep were safe, yet he found the lost sheep with much labour. He did not take rest until he found the lost one. ¡n the picture the shepherd is feeding his sheep.

Example 8.
Smoking harms the smoker as well as the non- smoker. It should be banned in public places. Look at the picture given on next page and write your views on the subject in an article for publication in your school magazine. Your article should not exceed 100 words.

Give a short description covering the details of the picture given below:

Ban Smoking

The dangers of smoking are very serious. We cannot dismiss them lightly. Practically all major disorders are caused by smoking as well as aggravated and made worse. High B.P., heart disorders and cancer are the major killer diseases caused by smoking. Few people realise that non- smokers can also suffer from the diseases induced by smoking if they go on inhaling the smoke from other people’s smoking. Our government has realised the harms of smoking and has put ban on smoking in public places.

Exercise

1. The picture below shows the various forms of child labour. Write a paragraph using the picture in 80-100 words.

2. During the summer vacation, Rajesh visited his grandfather living in his native village Gauripur. It was a very pleasant yet unusual experience for him. Look at the pictures given below and write about this and other such experiences in 80-100 words.

3. Write a short composition covering the details of the picture given below. [2009]

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Report Writing

Example 1.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up .on the Farewell to the English teacher in 40-50 words.
(i) The teacher and his services,
(ii) His personality,
(iii) Function decision,
(iv) The meeting,
(v) Honour of the teacher,
(vi) Speeches delivered,
(vii) Teacher’s speech. [2014]
Answer:

Farewell To The English Teacher

Our English teacher Mr. R. S. Negi retired last month. He served for a long period. His distinguished services were for more than forty years. He was a perfect gentleman with an imposing personality. The school decided to hold a farewell function in his honour. It was held on 20th of October in him a long, healthy and peaceful life. Other speakers too showered praises on such a great and sincere teacher. He was given several gifts. Mr. Negi made his speech, blessed the students and wished for their bright future. In he end tea and refreshment were served.

Example 2.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on an N. C. C. a scout camp in about 70-80 words :
(i) Location of camp,
(ii) The N. C. C. Officer Scout master,
(iii) 300 Cadets,
(iv) Opeaning of ground,
(v) Activities of Cadets,
(vi) Enjoyed the camp.
Answer:

N.C.C scout Camp [2008]

N. C. C./Scout camp was organised on the grounds of M. S. H. S. School, Indore from 26th Dec. to 29th Dec. Our N. C. C. oflficer Scout master Mr. Raviranjan Mehta was our leader. We went to Indore by train. Our berths were reserved by our Principal. We reached the M. S. H. S. School ground on 25th Dec. at about 10 p.m. There were camps for all of us. Nearly about 300 cadets from several schools attended it. In the morning, after warming up we were given the task of cleaning the ground. We did it with pleasure. Several activities were arranged for the cadets, these included races, hurdle races, jumping etc. A cultural programme was also organised. We were given nice meal. We made several friends. I enjoyed the camp very much.

Example 3.
With the help of the words given below, prepare a write-up on the topic given in 40-50 words :
“An Election Scene”.
(a) Age limit,
(b) Propaganda of elections,
(c) Canvassing by candidates,
(d) Promises made,
(e) Voting,
(f) Polling over. [2015]
Answer:

An Election Scene

People rule today through votes. We elect representatives to Panchayats, Corporations, Assemblies and Parliament. At present, the age limit of voters is 18 years. Very recently we saw elections in five states that were under President’s rule. Candidates in the fray were in large number. The propaganda of election was stopped twenty-four hours before the polling date. Candidates went from door to door to contact their voters. Even money was given by some contestants to some voters. All sorts of promises were made. At last, the day of voting came. But voters had no zeal. They were led to polling booths by party workers. When the election was over they waited for the result.

Example 4.
With the help of the words given, produce a write up (report) on a Looted Tourist Bus in 40-50 words.
(i) Details of bus, date and time,
(ii) The place of incident,
(iii) Details of looting,
(iv) Complaint to the police.
Answer:

Tourist Bus Looted

A dare devil act of loot was reported by the passengers of an ill-fated deluxe tourist bus which was going from Pune to Indore in the night of 16th April. It passed Shirdi around 11.20 p.m. When the bus reached near Malegaon the driver noticed road blocks and indicators of diversion. He Applied brakes. Just then some miscreants appeared from the cover of darkness. Two of them engaged the driver in conversation while the two managed to enter the bus. They threatened to shoot the conductor and a passenger, they compelled the driver to take the approach road. The bus reached a wilderness. All the miscreants became active. They surrounded the passengers and forced ladies to part»>vith their jewelry and compelled men to surrender cash and costly items. A case has been registered for robbery but still no offender could be arrested.

Example 5.

With the help of these words produce a write-up :
(i) Place of accident,
(ii) People who died – 50 and injured – 127,
(iii) Causes of accident,
(iv) Help from NGO’s and other local people. [2013]
Answer:

Bus Collides With A Train
(By our own correspondent)

A bus going from Indore to Bhopal collided with a train coming from Bhopal near Dewas on Thursday. Eyewitnesses say that the bus was overloaded. A railway crossing had no barrier and so the bus was crossing it. Suddenly the train came and the driver lost control over the bus due to anxiety resulting in to a collision. The collision was so terrible that the engine got off the track and a general compartment bogie next to the engine was damaged. As soon as the accident took place, the local people came running for help and put their efforts in taking the affected people for treatment. The accident took the lives of 50 people and around 127 are reported to be injured. Many NGO’s have come forward to provide help to the affected persons.

Example 6.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on a match between India and New Zealand in 40-50 words:
(i) Venue of the match,
(ii) Weather,
(iii) The toss,
(iv) The winning team,
(v) Man of the match,
(vi) Reaction of the spectators. [2009]
Answer:

An Amazing Match

India scored a convincing victory over New Zealand in the third One Day International Cricket Match held at New Delhi today. Ganguli won the toss and decided to bat first. The opening pair put up 150 runs in thirty overs. Then came the debacle. Four wickets collapsed in four overs for seven runs. The whole team bundled out for 247 runs. Now it was the turn of the Kiwis. They thrashed Indian fast bowlers all around the wicket and scored at will. The spin of Kumble proved the turning point. He got 6 wickets for 26 runs in ten overs. He was declared the Man of the Match. India won by 29 runs.

Example 7.
With the help of the words given below, produce a report on the “Polio Camp” :
(i) The date and time,
(ii) Venue and queue of parents,
(iii) How many children involved,
(iv) The scene of the camp. (2010)
Answer:

The Polio Camp

It was a polio Sunday. On this day children whose age is 5 years were given two drops of life i.e., polio drops. It prevents occurring of polio disease at later age. Polio makes a person disabled for the whole life. I saw a polio camp on a Sunday (8th Aug 20…) at a primary school. People brought their children (1-5 years) for polio drops. There was a long queue but they were patient for their turn. About 80-85 children were there. The attendants were from the Health Department. They performed their duties cheerfully.

Example 8.
With the help of the following input write an article on corruption in India:

Corruption is spreading like cancer from top to bottom-politicians and officials-corruption everywhere-priorities have changed-simple living and high thinking no more the ideals-even the Prime Minister and Ministers are not free from suspicion-effective steps to curb parallel black money and corruption. [2013, 16]
Answer:
Corruption has become a way of life in India. It has entrenched itself deeply in the social, political, economic and religious life of the nation. To be true, right from the Prime Minister down to the ordinary clerk in the office, no one is free from the suspicion of being a corrupt person. The criminalization of social and political life has only sanctified Corruption in every walk of life. It seems corruption filters down from top to bottom. In India, a parallel economy of black money works controlled and regulated by the dons of the underworld.

Simple living and high thinking used to be the ideals of our leaders during the struggle for independence. But now the priorities have changed.

These days scams and scandals- dominate their political and social life. The God of wealth has corrupted their minds and morals. Top posts and jobs can be bought. The members of State Legislatures and the Parliament are vulnerable to corrupt practices and bribery. The need of the hour is an inspiring leadership equipped with a firm political will to fight and root out the growing cancer of corruption.

Example 9.
With the help of the words given below, prepare a write up on the topic given (in 40-50 words) ‘Essay Competition’.
(i) Topic,
(ii) Time and date,
(iii) Time given,
(iv) Judgment,
(v) The prize winners,
(vi) Distribution of prizes. [2008, 14]
Answer:

Essay Competition

[Context-I study in class XI in Tagore Memorial School, Seoni Malwa, 125/88 Hoshangabad]. On 5th September every year we celebrate ‘TEACHERS DAY’. This is an important day. This year it became more significant as our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi himself honored the teachers and spoke about them in a reverent manner. He said, ‘A teacher never retires’. On 5th September he met students through network and answered their questions.

Our student leaders, and the Principal decided to organise an Essay Competition on ‘Importance of Teachers in Society.’ It was organised on 6th September in the school. The time was from 10 am. to 11:30 am. About 30 students participated. The M.P. of our area donated the prizes.’ The prizes were ₹ 1001, ₹ 501, ₹ 251 for First, Second and Third winners. 5 consolation prizes were of? 101. The judge were one Professor, one retired Lecturer and one frpm management committee. At about 2 pm. the results were declared and prizes were given. Mr. S.M. Gupta a judge gave away the prizes. Ramesh Mehta, Class XII was the 1st winner, Om Prakash Jain, Class X was second and Vidhya Makwana Class XI was the third. The Principal thanked the guests and judges.

Example 10.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write upon ‘Grow More Trees’,
(a) Food to eat,
(b) Houses fbr shelter,
(c) Support life,
(d) Cause rain,
(e) Medicinal plants. [2016]
Answer:

Grow More Trees

Trees are very important to us. They are just like a friend to a man. They are the gifts of nature to man. They give us fruits to eat and firewood to bum. They also support the life of living things. They give us oxygen. We make furniture and houses by providing us timber. Trees cause rainfall. Now-a-days due to various reason many trees are being cut. It causes ecological imbalance. Global warming increases. There is a need to plant new trees. Tree plantation should be made a compulsory drive throughout the nation and every citizen should actively participate in it and do tree plantation. Trees also supply many medicines. Neem tree has great medicinal value.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary Writing Examples

Reading Comprehension के इस भाग में एक Unseen Passage देकर आपको उस पर Notes बनाने को कहा जायेगा। अर्थात् उसके महत्वपूर्ण Points निकालने हैं जिसकी सहायता से Passage की Summary या Precis बनाई जा सकें। इसके अतिरिक्त Vocabulary पर प्रश्न होंगे।

Division of Marks
Note Making – 7 marks
Vocabulary – 3 marks

First, let us know about Note making.

Note Making

Notes are a short-written record of facts to aid the memory. Notes are generally taken to record a speech or dictation while listening to it or after reading a book, magazine or article. They are referred back whenever needed and may be reproduced in the desired way.

टिप्पण, स्मृति की सहायता के लिए संक्षिप्त रेकार्ड लेखन है। किसी भाषण, उद्बोधन को सुनते वक्त या किसी पुस्तक, निबन्ध या किसी पत्रिका के पढ़ते वक्त टिप्पण लिखे जाते हैं। इनकी सहायता से हम पूर्वानुभव को वापस प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।

The Necessity Of Note Making

Knowledge is vast, but our memory is limited. We cannot remember all the information all the time. So note-making is essential. With its help, we can recall the complete information read/heard months ago. Note making is very useful to students preparing so many subjects. At the time of examination, it is not possible to go through voluminous books. At such critical times, notes are quite handy. So note-making fulfills three useful functions-

1. Keeps a lot of information in short.
2. Helps us reconstruct what was said or written.
3. Comes in handy in any expression.

Characteristics :

1. Short and compact.
2. Complete information.
3. Must be in a logical way.
4. Understandable.

The Art Of Taking Notes
[टिप्पण लेने की कला]

Taking and preparing NOTES is very essential, useful and helpful in learning any subject. While studying you must have a note-book or a diary in which you may make notes. These notes prove very useful and make you sharp and impressive in future.
शिक्षा ग्रहण करने में टिप्पण लेना व लिखना बहुत ही अर्थपूर्ण व उपयोगी है।

Utility and Importance

1. Focus of attention-When we read an article or a lesson, our mind and attention slips away and we lose the grip and interest in reading, Taking notes keeps your mind and attention fixed and busy. They do not loiter here and there. You achieve concentration which is very essential in learning,
यह हमारे ध्यान को एकान रखता है।

2. Improvement of Memory-Taking notes helps you in memorizing facts and figures, quotations, main points etc. which makes it easy to keep the whole article in mind. Writing makes an exact man.
यह हमारी स्मृति को तेज रखता है।

3. Help in Writing Summary or Precis-By rearranging the ideas from notes, you may prepare agist or precis of the article.
सारांश लिखने में सहायता मिलती है।

4. Useful Quotations-The notes help us in quoting important things to support our speech or expressions.
उद्धरण हमारे कथन या लेख को पुष्ट करते हैं।

5. Dictionary Consultation Habit-While taking notes you must consult the dictionary. This habit will increase your vocabulary and knowledge.
शब्दकोश देखने की उपयोगी आदत हमारे ज्ञान को विस्तृत करती है।

6. Art of Editing-We learn the art of editing which proves to be very useful in future.
सम्पादन कला सीखने को मिलती है।

7. Books or Magazine Neat and Clean-Our book or magazine remains clean of markings or underlining.
पुस्तकें साफ व स्वच्छ रहती हैं।

8. Helpful in Examination-While solving the question paper answers spring up in our mind.
परीक्षा में उत्तर हमें याद आ जाते हैं।

9. Help in Composition-This habit helps us in composing an original article.
मौलिक रचना करने में सहायता मिलती है।

10. Improves Handwriting-Our handwriting improves because of practice.

हस्तलेखन सुन्दर होता है।

How to take Notes?
Essential Material

1. The Book or Magazine.
2. A Nice Pen.
3. A Note Book or a Diary.
4. A Dictionary.
5. Other Reference Books.

The Method

1. Write main points in a notebook or a diary.
मुख्य बिन्दु नोटबुक में या डायरी में लिखें।

2. Write meaningful sentences and figures.
तथ्यपरक वाक्य व अंक लिखें।

3. Write appealing and important sentences occurring in the article. You may modify them so as to make them applicable without previous reference.
महत्त्वपूर्ण व दिल को छूने वाले वाक्य लिखें।

4. Write the meaning of new and difficult words or phrases with the help of dictionary.
शब्दकोश की सहायता से नये व महत्त्वपूर्ण शब्दों के अर्थ लिखें।

5. Sometimes you may have to write the whole paragraph or stanza of apoem.
कभी-कभी पूरा अनुच्छेद या कविता का पद लिखना पड़ सकता है।

6. Take the help of some reference book. Write the referred material with page no. etc.
किसी सन्दर्भ पुस्तक से सहायता लें।

7. Write beautiful and impressive quotations.
सुन्दर प्रभावोत्पादक उद्धरण लिख लें।

Section : A-2

हम यहाँ सरल से कठिन व संक्षिप्त से विस्तृत Passages अध्यापन हेतु दे रहे हैं।

Solved Exercises

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 1

A tree is a woody plant usually with a single stem. A large area well covered with woody plants is a forest. The woody plants called shrubs and bushes are smaller than trees and have usually more than one main stem. Trees are the largest living things on the earth, and they live longer than any animal. The tallest trees are the ‘mountain ashes’ which have grown to well over 300 feet. The oldest trees are the ‘Californian pines’, some of which are more than 4,500 years old. The age of a tree can be told by counting the rings in its trunk. In most kinds of temperate trees (those which grow in neither very hot nor very cold climates), new wood is formed every year in a layer outside the wood of the previous year. The layers of wood, as seen on the cut end of a felled tree, are circular and are called annual rings. Each ring in the trunk of the wood represents one year of the tree’s life. In a year a good rainfall, the ring formed is wider than one formed in the drier year. A record of rainfall can thus be read in tree rings.

Trees are important to our world for a number of reasons. Like all green plants, they build up their food by the process known as photosynthesis. The by-product of this process is oxygen which human beings and other animals take from the atmosphere as they breath. That is why the great forest have been called the ‘Lungs of the world’. They make much of the oxygen we need to live.

[Word Meanings : Stem – वृक्ष का तना। Layer = परत। Photosynthesis -प्रकाश-संश्लेषण]

Questions :
A. Make notes and give a suitable title to the above passage.
B. Do as directed :
Find words from the passage which have the similar meaning as given below:
(a) A large plant with several stems
(b) The process by which green plants make food
(c) The regular pattern of weather condition
Answers:
A Title-Importance of Trees.

Notes-

1. Tree, a woody plant has a single stem.
2. A large area well covered with woody plants is a forest.
3. Trees are largest and longest living, live longer than any animal. The oldest trees are 4,500 years old.
4. The age of a tree can be determined by no. of rings in its trunk.
5. Trees are important :
   (a) They gave us oxygen.
   (b) Called the ‘lungs of the world’.

B.
(a) Shrubs and bushes.
(b) Photosynthesis.
(c) Temperate. [2016]

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 2

Tourism has emerged as the world’s largest industry. Growing rapidly in the last two decades, today it accounts for 6% of the world output and employs some 100 million people around the globe.

Tourism-the travel-based recreation-provides people with a change of place and a break from the monotony of daily life. It brings people of different nations together, allowing them to come into close contact with each other’s customs and other aspects of life. It reveals the scenic beauty and past herit¬age of a country. It can lead to greater understanding and tolerance and foster world peace.

The contribution of tourism can be nowhere seen more clearly than on the economic front. A study conducted by the United Nations has shown that developing countries, in particular, can reap handsome benefits out of tourism which greatly boosts national income.

Tourism generates employment and adds to the wealth of a nation.

Questions:
A. (a) On the basis of reading of the above passage make notes on it using recognizable abbreviations.
(b) Supply title to it.
B. (a) Find the word from the above passage which means ‘dullness due to lacking change’.
(b) Write the word opposite meaning to ‘advantage’ using a prefix.
(c) Give the adjective form of custom’.
Answers :
A. (a) Notes-
1. Tourism emerged as world’s largest industry.
2. (i) accounts for 6% of world output.
(ii) employs 100 millions people.

3. Tourism-the travel based recreation.

1. change of place and a break from the monotony.
2. brings people of different nations together.
3. reveals the scenic beauty and past heritage.
4. can lead to greater understanding, tolerance, foster world peace.
5. boosts national income.
6. generates employment.

(b) Title-Tourism: An Emerging Largest Industry.
(a) monotony,
(b) disadvantage,
(c) customary. [2009, 14]

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 3

Speeches are of two kinds, informal or conversational and formal or public. They are arts and perfection can be achieved by constant practice. Both are important in life and help to make a person achieve great things. While writing has its own place in society and writers have earned name and fame if their works are landmarks in their respective fields. Speech has an equally important place in society.

A good conversationalist can impress the people he comes in contact with. He can bring home his point of view in day to day life and create an impact on the people he converses with. A sweet tongue, clear pronunciation, proper arrangement of ideas, good or proper control oyer the language go to make a person attractive and impressive. For interesting conversations, it is desirable to go slow and steady. It is never good to appear important while conversing. Before you speak out your ideas, you must listen to the other side. To keep to the point and to use the minimum words for expressing maximum ideas is an art which carl be attained by gradual practice.

[Word Meanings : Formal = following a particular pattern औपचारिक Achieve = attain प्राप्त करनाI Conversationalist = talker वार्ताकार impact = influence प्रभाव।]

Questions :
A. Read the passage carefully, make notes on it and suggest a title.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give a word from the passage that means ‘regular’.
(b) Give noun form of ‘pronounce’.
(c) Give adjective form of ‘attract’.
Answers ;
A. Title-The Art of Speaking Notes-
1. Two kinds of speeches
(a) Informal or Conversational
(b) Formal or Public.
2. These arts require practice. .
3. Writing and speaking both are equally important.
4. Qualities of a good Conversationalist
(a) Impact on people.
(b) (i) Sweet tongue.
(ii) Clear pronunciation.
(iii) Proper arrangement of ideas.
(iv) Control over the language.
5. For interesting conversation
(i) Go slow.
(ii) don’t feel important.
(iii) listen to the other side.
B. (a) constant,
(b) pronunciation,
(c) attractive.

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 4

A business letter is one that gets results. The best way to get results is to develop a letter that in appearance, style and content conveys information efficiently. To perform this function, a business letter must be concise, clear and courteous.

The business letter must be concise. Don’t waste words, little introduction or preliminary chat is necessary. Get to the point, state the point directly and leave it. It is safe to assume that your letter is being read by a very busy person with all kinds of papers to deal with.

The business letter must be clear. You should have a very firm idea of what you want to say and you should let the reader know it. Use the structure » of the letter, the paragraphs, topic sentences, introduction, conclusion-to guide your reader point by point from your thesis, through your reasoning to your conclusion.

[Word Meanings : Concise = short संक्षिप्त।Courteous = polite नम्र I Assume = take as true before there is proof सच मान लेना I Thesis = written after great thinking सोच-विचार कर लिखा कथन।]

Questions :
A. Read the passage carefully, make notes and supply a title.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Sarcasm. (Give adjective form)
(b) Courteous. (Give noun form)
(c) Belief or opinion that is the result of reasoning. (Give a word that has this meaning.)
Answers :
A Title-The Art of Writing a Business Letter Notes-
1. Features of a good business letter
(a) conveys information efficiently to get results.
(b) is concise.
(c) is clear.
(d) is courteous.

2. How to write a concise letter
(a) Introduction must be brief.
(b) Get to the point.
(c) Understand that the reader has a little time to read it.

3. Business letter must be clear.
(a) Have a firm idea of what you say.
(b) Use the proper structure of the letter.

4. Business letter must be courteous.
(a) No Sarcasm or insults.
(b) Point out your ideas politely.
(c) There should be no errors or omissions.
(a) sarcastic, (b) courtesy, (c) conclusion. [2010]

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 5

People look upon poverty as a great evil and it seems to be an accepted belief that if people only had plenty of money, they would be happy and useful and get more out of life. As a rule, there is more genuine satisfaction in and more obtained from life in the humble cottages of the poor men than in the palaces of the rich. I always pity the sons and daughters of the rich men, who are attended by servants and have governesses at a late age at the same time. I am glad to think that they do not know what they have missed.

It is because, I know how sweet and happy and pure the home of the honest poverty is, how free from perplexing care and from social envies and jealousies, how loving and united its members are in the common interest of supporting the family that I sympathize with the rich man’s boy and congratulate the poor man’s son. If you read the list of the immortals who are not born to die, you will find that most of them have been poor.

[Word Meanings : Evil = पाप Perplexing = confusing उलझन भर Immortal = living for ever अमर]

Questions :
A. Read the passage carefully, make notes on it and give a suitable title.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give the opposite word of ‘happy’.
(b) Give the adverb form of ‘humble’.
(c) Give the word from the passage that gives the meaning “The state of being very poor.”
Answers :
A. Title-Poverty Vs Richness.

Note-
1. Public opinion :
Poverty a curse.

• 1.1. Plenty of money : guarantee for happiness & success.

2. Reality: Different

• 2.1. More happiness in cottages.
• 2.2. Children of the rich miss a lot of important things.
• 2.3. More genuine satisfaction and more obtaining in life in cottages.

3. Home of honest poverty

• 3.1. Contains sweetness, happiness and purity.
• 3.2. Free from care, envy and jealousy.
• 3.3. Love, unity and support is abundant.

(B) (a) unhappy, (b) humbly, (c) poverty.

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 6

A headache is usually caused due to spinal misalignment to the head, due to poor posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head turned to one side and bending over positions for a long time make it worse.

In migraine headaches, the pain is usually on one side of the head. It is with nausea, vomiting, irritability and bright spots or flashes of light. This .headache is made worse by activity, especially bending. The pain in the head gets worse by noise and light. Chocolate, caffeine, smoking, etc., cause it. The pain may last from eight to twenty-four hours and there may be a hangover for two-three days.

Migraines have before them changes in sight and sensation. There is usually a family history of migraine.

In a headache, the pain starts not from the nerves of muscles, blood vessels and bones. These send pain signals to the brain which then judges the degree of distress and sends it to appropriate sites. The pain may sometimes be referred to sites other than the problem areas. This is known as referred pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus though most headaches start at the base of the skull, the referred pain is felt typically behind the eyes.

[Word Meanings: Spinal = of the spine रीढ़ की हड्रडी सम्बन्धी I Misalignment = disconnection असम्बद्ध। Posture = mode तरीकाI Nausea = sickness जी मिचलाना। Irritability = irritation चिड़चिड़ापन। Hangover = after effect बाद का प्रभाव। Distress = pain दर्द]

Questions ;
A. Read the passage carefully, suggest a title to it and make notes on it.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give adjective form of ‘continue’.
(b) Find out a word from the passage that means-‘suited to’, ‘in keeping with’.
(c) Give noun form of irritable’.
Answers :
A. Title-Headache
Notes-
(a) Causes and duration

• Causes-spinal misalignment due to poor posture.
• Duration-usually short, can last for some days.

(b) Migraine Headache

• Symptoms-pain on head-one side, nausea, irritabilty, bright spots.
• Causes-Certain foods, smoking, genetic.
• Duration-8-24 hrs. hangover possible.

(c) Pain in brain

• signals of stress received
• pain at other places also.
• called referred pain.

B. (a) continuous, (b) appropriate, (c) irritability.

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 7

The work of heart can never be interrupted. The heart’s job is to keep oxygen-rich blood flowing through the body. All the body’s cells need a constant supply of oxygen especially those in the brain. The brain cells live only four to five minutes after their oxygen is cut off and death comes to the entire body.

The heart is a specialized muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is divided into four chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers work to keep the blood- flowing through the body in a circle.

At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the first of the four chambers. Its oxygen has been used up and it is on its way back to the lung to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon dioxide it has accumulated. From the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads to the. lungs. In the lungs the blood gives up its carbon- dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen. Then it travels to the third chamber, the left atrium. When this chamber is filled it forces the blood through a valve to the left ventricle. From here it is pushed into a big blood vessel called aorta and sent round the body by way of arteries.

[Word Meanings : Interrupted disturbed विधन डालना Constant = regular लगातार। Muscle = tissue मांसपेशी। Chambers = room-like structures कक्ष। Circuit = circle चक्कर  Atrium = entrance प्रांगण। Ventricle = निलय, खोह। Contracts = shrinks सिकुड़ती है Pulmonary = relating to heart दिल सम्बन्धी]

Questions ;
A. Read the passage carefully, supply a title and make notes on it.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give a word from the passage that means ‘put obstacle and check.’
(b) Give the noun form of ‘divide’.
(c) Give the meaning of ‘chamber’.
Answers
Title-Heart and Its Working Notes-
(1) Uninterrupted work of Heart.

Functions-
(a) Supply of Oxygen-rich blood.
(b) Keep the brain cells alive.

Heart-a special muscle-Serves as a pump.
Parts of heart-
(a) Right Atrium.
(b) Right Ventricle.
(c) Left Atrium.
(d) Left Ventricle.

Working of heart.
Veins carry impure blood → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Lungs » Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body.

B.
(a) interrupt, (b) division, (c) room. [2011]

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 8

Man’s journey of life from childhood to old age is very charming and colourful. Youth is the most exciting period of man’s life, when it is time to grow and dream. A young man is fiill of hope, energy and zeal. Nothing is difficult or impossible or dangerous for him. The old people say that youth is not daring but thoughtless. A young man bums the candle at both ends. He commits mistakes and learns only after burning the fingers. Sometimes the young men misuse their freedom and thus invite difficulties and hardships.

They are full of strength, energy and enthusiasm. They become rebels and are no longer afraid of facing the forces of realities. A young man accepts the challenge of evil difficulties. To win or lose the game of life is the mission of his career. He loves to lead an adventurous life and has a keen desire to build up a new world of his dream.

But the period of youth does not last long. Soon it is followed by old age, when he regrets his past mistakes and failures. The weak old man feels helpless, depressed and disappointed. He becomes unfit for any adventure. But some fortunate old people never grow old and continue to feel young and active and make the most even in the last years of their lives. It will not be wrong to say that youth brings honour and old age commands respect.

Questions :
A. Read the passage carefully, make notes on it and supply a suitable title.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give a word from the passage that means ‘courage’.
(b) Give the noun form of the word ‘disappointed’
(c) Give the adjective form of ‘energy’.
Answers :
A. Title-Man’s Journey of life.

Notes-

1. Man’s Journey of life-Charming and colorful
2. Youth- The most exciting period :
   • full of hope, energy and zeal.
   • daring and thoughtless.
   • sometimes misuse their freedom.
   • result-difficulties and hardships.
   • full of strength, energy and enthusiasm.
   • love to lead an adventurous life.
3. Old age :
   • regrets past mistakes and failures.
   • weak old man : helpless, depressed and disappointed.
   • some lucky old men make the most even in the last years of their lives.
4. Youth brings honor and old age commands respect.

B. (a) dare (b) disappointment (c) energetic.

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 9

Books are, by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples fall into ruin, pictures and statues decay, but books survive. Time does not destroy the great thoughts which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds ages ago. What was then thought and said stili speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed pages. The only effect of time has been to throw out of currency the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society, they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did, we see them as if they were really alive, we sympathize with them, enjoy with them and grieve with them. In a way we move in their company and their experiences become ours. Without books no fresh ideas are possible and without fresh ideas no cultured society is possible. No wonder that the world keeps its books with great care.

[Word Meanings : Lasting = लम्बे समय तक चलने वाल Products yield = उत्पादन। Ruin = downfall नष्ट हो जाना। Decay = decline क्षय, सड़ना। Survive = to remain alive जीवित रहना। Vividly = striking bright चमकने के साथ]

Questions :
A. Read the passage carefully, make notes on it and supply a suitable title.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Write the verb form of the word ‘product’.
(b) Give the opposite word of ‘ruin’.
(c) Find out the word from the passage that gives the meaning ‘attempt’.
Answers :
Title-Importance of Books.

Notes-

1. Other things are destroyed; Books remain immortal.
2. They are ever fresh and evergreen; Bad books go out of currency.
3. Books take us to the best society.
4. We move in the company of greatest minds.
5. Fresh ideas are possible only by books; Fresh ideas are necessary for cultured society.
   (a) produce, (b) survive, (c) effort. [2013]

MP Board Class 11th General English Note Making and Summary 10

The invention of computers has been one of the greatest advancements in modem technology. Computers are used not only in industries but also in universities. Computers have been used in the service of man in all spheres. Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning. They can solve the most complicated mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. These machines can be put to various uses. For instance, they can provide information in the best way to prevent traffic accidents or they can count the number of times a word has been used in the Bible. The computer’s work for us has been called ‘automation’ may enable human beings for more leisure than they have today.

Questions :
A Make notes and give a title to the passage.
B. Do as directed :
(a) Give the opposite of ‘related’.
(b) Give the noun form of ‘prevent’.
(c) Write comparative of greatest.
Answers :
A. 1. Title-Computers : Modem Miracle.
2. Notes-

1. Computers : One of the greatest advancements in modern technology.
2. Used-
   • in industries
   • in universities
   • in the service of man in all spheres.

3. Advantages :

• Can do complicated work
• Solve complicated mathematical problems
• Various uses
• Prevent traffic accidents
• Bring more leisure to man.

B. (a) unrelated, (b) prevention, (c) greater.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Biology Solutions Chapter 18 शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन NCERT प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
रक्त के संगठित पदार्थों के अवयवों का वर्णन कीजिए तथा प्रत्येक अवयव के एक प्रमुख कार्य के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रक्त के प्रमुख संगठित अवयवों के नाम हैं –

• लाल रुधिर कणिकाएँ (R.B.Cs. or Erythrocytes)
• श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएँ (W.B.Cs. or Leucocytes) एवं
• प्लेटलेट्स (Platelets), ये सभी अवयव रक्त के 45% भागों का निर्माण करते हैं।

प्रमुख कार्य:
1. लाल रुधिर कणिकाएँ (R.B.Cs. or Erythrocytes) – ये कणिकाएँ, शरीर के अन्दर गैसीय विनिमय (O₂) तथा CO₂) में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

2. श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएँ (W.B.Cs. or Leucocytes) – श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाएँ विभिन्न प्रकार के संक्रमण (Infections) से शरीर को बचाने का कार्य करते हैं।

3. प्लेटलेट्स (Platelets) – प्लेटलेट्स या थ्रॉम्बोसाइट्स, रक्त का थक्का जमाने (Clotting of Bloods) की क्रिया में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। प्लेटलेट्स की संख्या में कमी होने पर थक्का जमने की क्रिया धीमी पड़ जाती है, जिसके कारण शरीर के कटे हुए हिस्से से रक्त का बहाव अनवरत जारी रहता है।

प्रश्न 2.
प्लाज्मा प्रोटीन का क्या महत्व है ?
उत्तर:
प्लाज्मा प्रोटीन को मुख्यत: तीन वर्गों में विभाजित किया गया है –

1. सीरम ऐल्ब्यूमिन
2. सीरम ग्लोब्यूलिन
3.  फाइब्रिनोजेन।

प्लाज्मा प्रोटीन के महत्व:

1. शरीर प्रतिरोधकता-ग्लोबिन प्रोटीन एण्टिबॉडी के समान कार्य करती है।
2. रुधिर हानि को रोकना-फाइब्रिनोजेन, जिसका संश्लेषण यकृत में होता है, रूधिर का थक्का जमाने में सहायक है।
3. रुधिर को तरल बनाए रखना-एल्ब्यूमिन, ग्लोब्यूलिन में जल-धारण करने की क्षमता अधिक होती है, जिसके कारण रुधिर द्रव रूप में बना रहता है।

यह परिवहन में सहायक है।

1. यह रुधिर का pH नियंत्रित करती है।
2. यह शरीर में समान तापक्रम बनाए रखता है।
3. यह ऊष्मा का संवहन करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
स्तंभ-I का स्तंभ-II से मिलान कीजिए –

उत्तर:

1. (c) संक्रमण प्रतिरोधन
2. (e) गैस परिवहन (अभिगमन)
3. (b) सर्व अदाता
4. (a) रक्त जमाव (स्कंदन)
5. (d) हृदय संकुचन

प्रश्न 4.
रक्त को एक संयोजी ऊतक क्यों मानते हैं ?
उत्तर:
लगभग एक ही परिमाण तथा आकार की कोशिकाओं का समूह जो उत्पत्ति, विकास, रचना तथा कार्य के विचार से एक समान हो, ऊतक कहलाता है। संरचना तथा कार्य की दृष्टि से रुधिर संयोजी ऊतकों के ही समान होता है। इसमें संयोजी ऊतकों के ही समान एक आधात्री होती है जिसमें रुधिर कोशिकाएँ बिखरी होती हैं, लेकिन यह आधात्री संयोजी ऊतकों के विपरीत तरल रूप में होती है। कार्य की दृष्टि से भी शरीर के सभी अंगों में सम्बन्ध स्थापित करता है। रुधिर की संयोजी ऊतकों से इसी कार्यात्मक तथा रचनात्मक समानता के कारण इसे ‘तरल संयोजी’ ऊतक कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
रुधिर एवं लसीका में अन्तर बताइए।
उत्तर:
रुधिर एवं लसीका में अन्तर –

रुधिर (Blood):

• R.B.Cs. पाये जाते हैं।
• W.B.Cs. कम, न्यूट्रोफिल्स अधिक संख्या में जाते हैं।
• विलेय प्रोटीन अधिक मात्रा में एवं अविलेय प्रोटीन कम मात्रा में पाई जाती हैं।
• O₂ एवं पोषक पदार्थ अधिक मात्रा में पाये जाते हैं
• उत्सर्जी पदार्थ एवं CO₂ की मात्रा कम होती है।
• यह लाल रंग का द्रव है।

लसीका (Lymph):

• R.B.Cs. नहीं पाये जाते हैं।
• W.B.Cs. अधिक, लिम्फोसाइट अधिक मात्रा में पाये पाये जाते हैं।
• विलेय प्रोटीन कम एवं अविलेय प्रोटीन अधिक मात्रा में पाई जाती है।
• O₂ एवं पोषक पदार्थ कम मात्रा में पाये जाते हैं।
• उत्सर्जी पदार्थ एवं CO₂ की मात्रा अधिक पाई जाती है।
• यह रंगहीन द्रव है।

प्रश्न 6.
दोहरे परिसंचरण तन्त्र से क्या समझते हैं ? इससे क्या लाभ हैं ?
उत्तर:
वह परिसंचरण जिसमें रक्त हृदय से दो बार होकर बहता है, वह दोहरा परिसंचरण तन्त्र कहलाता है। पहले शरीर का O₂ विहीन रुधिर महाशिराओं द्वारा हृदय में लाया जाता है। वहाँ से यह फेफड़े में जाता है, वहाँ O₂ युक्त रक्त पुनः हृदय में आता है, तब इसे सम्पूर्ण शरीर में वितरित किया जाता है। लाभ-इस परिसंचरण तन्त्र में O₂ युक्त तथा O₂ विहीन रुधिर अलग-अलग रहता है।

प्रश्न 7.
भेद स्पष्ट कीजिए –

1. रक्त एवं लसीका
2. खुला व बंद रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र
3. प्रकुंचन तथा अनुशिथिलन (4)P तरंग तथा T तरंग।

उत्तर:

1. रक्त एवं लसीका-उपर्युक्त प्र.क्र. 5 का उत्तर देखिए।
2. खुला रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र एवं बन्द रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र में अंतर –

खुला रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र (Open blood vascular system):

• रुधिर प्रवाह रुधिर वाहिनियों में नहीं होता है।
• देहगुहा रुधिर से भरी रहती है, जिसे हीमोसील कहते हैं।
• हीमोसील में उपस्थित द्रव को हीमोलिम्फ कहते हैं।
• रुधिर दबाव के साथ प्रवाहित नहीं होता है।
• उदाहरण-ऑर्थोपोड्स, घोंघा।

बन्द रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र (Closed blood vascular system)

• रुधिर प्रवाह बन्द नलियों या रुधिर वाहिनियों में होता है।
• देहगुहा रुधिर से भरी नहीं रहती है।
• देहगुहा में लसीका द्रव पाया जाता है।
• रुधिर दबाव के साथ प्रवाहित होता है।
• केंचुआ एवं सभी कशेरुक जन्तु।

(3) प्रकुंचन तथा अनुशिथिलन में अंतर –

(i) प्रकुंचन (Systole):
हृदचक्र में नियमित रूप से हृदय की धमनी एवं शिराओं में फैलती एवं सिकुड़ती रहती है। हृदय के सिकुड़ने की क्रिया को प्रकुंचन (Systole) कहते हैं। इस क्रिया में हृदय के अन्दर रक्त उच्च दाब के साथ बाहर की ओर ढकेल दिये जाते हैं।

(ii) अनुशिथिलन (Diastole):
इस क्रिया में हृदय का सिकुड़न समाप्त होकर आरामावस्था में पहुँच जाता है अथवा शिथिल हो जाता हैं । इससे हृदय का आयतन बढ़ जाता है तथा रक्त वाहिनियों का रुधिर शरीर से हृदय में भर जाता है।

(4) P तरंग तथा T तरंग में अंतर –

(i) P तरंग (P-wave):
यह एक छोटी आरोही तरंग है, जो S.A नोड से संपूर्ण अलिन्द (Auricle) में आवेग के विस्तार अर्थात् अलिंद के निध्रुवण (Depolarization) को इंगित करती है।

(ii) T तरंग (T-wave):
T तरंग निलयी संकुचन की अंतिम प्रावस्था तथा इसके क्रमिक अनुशिथिलन की सूचक होती है।

प्रश्न 8.
कशेरुकी के हृदयों में विकासीय परिवर्तनों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कशेरुकी के हृदयों में विकासीय परिवर्तन –
(1) मछलियों का हृदय (Fish heart):
मछलियों का हृदय दो कोष्ठों, एक आलिन्द (Auricle) एवं एक निलय (Ventricle) का बना होता है। इन दोनों कोष्ठों में ऑक्सीजनरहित रुधिर आता है तथा यहाँ से यह रुधिर ऑक्सीजनीकरण (Oxygenation) के लिये गलफड़ों (Gills) में पम्प किया जाता है। अतः मछलियों के हृदय को बैँकियल (Branchial) या वीनस हृदय (Venous heart) कहते हैं। गलफड़ों में रुधिर का ऑक्सीजनीकरण होने के पश्चात् पृष्ठ महाधमनी के द्वारा शरीर के विभिन्न भागों में भेजा जाता है।

(2) उभयचरों का हृदय (Amphibian heart):
उभयचरों का हृदय तीन कोष्ठों, दो आलिन्द तथा एक निलय का बना होता है। शरीर के विभिन्न भागों का रुधिर शिरापात्र में एकत्रित होकर दाहिने आलिन्द में जाता है। यहाँ से यह निलय से होते हुए फेफड़ों में ऑक्सीजन युक्त होने के लिए जाता है, वहाँ से यह लौटकर पुनः हृदय के बायें आलिन्द में होते हुए निलय में आता है।

इस प्रकार निलय में ऑक्सीजन युक्त तथा ऑक्सीजन विहीन दोनों रुधिर एक साथ आते हैं। इस प्रकार मेढक के आलिन्द में तो ऑक्सीजन युक्त और ऑक्सीजन विहीन रुधिर अलग – अलग रहते हैं लेकिन निलय में मिश्रित हो जाते हैं। यह मिश्रित रुधिर ही कैरोटिड (Carotid) तथा सिस्टेमिक (Systemic) चापों द्वारा शरीर के विभिन्न भागों को वितरित कर दिया जाता है।

(3) सरीसृपों का हृदय (Reptilian heart):
कम विकसित सरीसृपों का हृदय तीन कोष्ठों लेकिन विकसित सरीसृपों का चार कोष्ठों, 2 आलिन्द तथा 2 निलय का बना होता है। सरीसृपों में शरीर के विविध भागों से एकत्रित ऑक्सीजन विहीन रुधिर दाहिने आलिन्द में तथा फेफड़ों से आया ऑक्सीजन युक्त रुधिर बायें आलिन्द में आता है।

आलिन्दों के संकुचित होने पर आलिन्दों का रुधिर निलय में चला जाता है लेकिन निलय में दो कोष्ठ होने के कारण वहाँ पर भी यह नहीं मिलता है। निलय संकुचन के बाद दाहिने भाग का रुधिर फेफड़ों में ऑक्सीजन युक्त होने के लिए चला जाता है जबकि बायें निलय का ऑक्सीजन युक्त रुधिर धमनियों द्वारा शरीर के विविध भागों में वितरित हो जाता है।

(4) पक्षियों एवं स्तनियों का हृदय (Avian and mammalian heart):

(i) पक्षियों का हृदय स्पष्ट रूप से चार कोष्ठों का बना होता है। शरीर के विभिन्न भागों से एकत्रित ऑक्सीजन विहीन रुधिर दाहिने आलिन्द से, दाहिने निलय, दाहिने निलय से पल्मोनरी महाधमनी (Pulmonary aorta) द्वारा ऑक्सीजन युक्त होने के लिए फेफड़ों में चला जाता है, जो लौटकर पुन: बायें आलिन्द में आता है और वहाँ से बायें निलय में होते हुए कैरोटिको सिस्टेमिक आर्च (Carotico systemic arch) द्वारा शरीर के विभिन्न भागों में चला जाता है। इस प्रकार पक्षियों के हृदय के दाहिने भाग में ऑक्सीजन विहीन तथा बायें भाग में ऑक्सीजन युक्त रुधिर रहता है।

(ii) स्तनी वर्ग के जन्तु प्रकृति के सबसे विकस्ति तथा जटिल शरीर वाले जीव हैं। इनके सभी तन्त्र भी विकसित तथा जटिल होते हैं। इनका परिसंचरण तन्त्र बन्द तथा दोहरा (Closed and double) होता है। मनुष्य का हृदय भी अन्य विकसित कशेरुकियों के समान चार कोष्ठों का बना होता है।

प्रश्न 9.
मानव हृदय को पेशीजनक (मायोजेनिक) क्यों कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
ऐसे हृदय जिनका स्पन्दनिक संकुचन या तो रूपान्तरित पेशियों के द्वारा प्रेरित किया जाता है अथवा तंत्रिकाओं के द्वारा नियंत्रित मायोजेनिक पेशियों के द्वारा प्रेरित किया जाता है। मायोजेनिक पेशियाँ ऐसी विशिष्ट ऊतक होती हैं, जो कि एक पेस मेकर की भाँति कार्य करती हैं। इन्हें निकालने के कुछ समय पश्चात् ही हृदय का स्पन्दन रुक जाता है। ऐसा हृदय मनुष्य, मोलस्क एवं कशेरुकियों में पाया जाता है।

प्रश्न 10.
शिरा आलिंद पर्व (कोटरालिंद गाँठ SAN) को हृदय का गति प्रेरक (पेसमेकर) क्यों कहा जाता है ?
उत्तर:
साइनो ऑरिकुलर नोड हृदय के दाहिने आलिन्द के ऊपरी भाग में स्थित होता है। इससे ही हृदय के स्पन्दन की क्रिया का प्रारम्भ होता है, इसी कारण इसे हृदय का पेसमेकर या गति निर्धारक कहते हैं। कभीकभी जब साइनो ऑरिकुलर नोड ठीक से कार्य नहीं करता या कार्य करना बन्द कर देता है, तब हृदय की गति अनियमित, धीमी या बन्द हो जाती है।

पहली दो स्थितियों में हृदय रुधिर को पूरे शरीर में ठीक से आवश्यकतानुसार पम्प नहीं कर पाता। ऐसी परिस्थिति में एक कृत्रिम पेसमेकर लगाया जाता है, जो प्राकृतिक साइनो ऑरिकुलर नोड के समान ही कार्य करता है और हृदय की गति को सामान्य कर देता है।

प्रश्न 11.
आलिंद निलय गाँठ (AVN) तथा आलिंद निलय बंडल (AVB) का हृदय के कार्य में क्या महत्व है।
उत्तर:
आलिंद निलय गाँठ (AVN):
A.V. नोड-S.A. नोड के ही समान पेशियों तथा तन्त्रिकीय ऊतकों का बना एक ऊतक समूह दोनों आलिन्दों के बीच के पट के आधार पर पाया जाता है, जिसे A.V. नोड कहते हैं। यह S.A. नोड के आवेगों से प्रेरित होकर तन्त्रिकीय शाखाओं जिन्हें हिज बण्डल कहते हैं, के द्वारा निलयों के संकुचन तथा शिथिलन को नियन्त्रित करता है।

आलिंद निलय बंडल (AVB):
हिज (His, 1893) ने सर्वप्रथम मानव हृदय मेंA.V. नोड (A.V. Node) की खोज की। इसे बाद में ‘हिज के समूह’ (Bundle of His) के नाम से जाना गया। यह एक विशेष प्रकार के पेशी तन्तु का बना होता है, जो कि औतिकी की दृष्टि में हृदय पेशी की तुलना में भिन्न होता है । यह दाँये आलिन्द से निलय में प्रेरणा संवाह के लिए संयोजक का कार्य करता है। उद्दीपन A.V. नोड द्वारा निलय में उपस्थित सेप्टम में पहुँचती है, जो कि हिज के समूह (Bundle of His) द्वारा दोनों निलय में उपस्थित पुर्किन्जे तन्तु में पहुँचती है।

प्रश्न 12.
हृद चक्र तथा हृद निकास को परिभाषित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
1. हृद चक्र (Cardiac cycle):
हृदय में एक स्पंदन या धड़कन की समाप्ति से लेकर अगले स्पंदन की समाप्ति तक हृदय में होने वाले परिवर्तनों को हृदचक्र (Cardiac Cycle) कहते हैं।

2. हृद निकास (Cardiac output):
रक्त की वह मात्रा, जो निलयों द्वारा प्रति मिनट निर्गत या निकास की जाती है, हृद निकास कहलाती है।

प्रश्न 13.
हृदय ध्वनियों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जब रुधिर हृदय में आता है तथा वहाँ से शरीर के विभिन्न भागों में भेजा जाता है, तो हृदयी चक्र के दौरान धड़कन होती है। इस क्रिया में कुछ ध्वनियाँ उत्पन्न होती हैं, जिन्हें हृदयक ध्वनि कहते हैं। उदाहरणDub एवं Lubb ध्वनि। लब ध्वनि द्विवलन कपाट (Bicuspid valve) तथा त्रिवलन कपाट (Tricuspid valve) के बन्द होने के कारण पैदा होती है। यह निलय संकुचन के आरम्भ को प्रदर्शित करती है। डब ध्वनि अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकर कपाटों के बन्द होने के कारण पैदा होती है और निलय शिथिलन के आरम्भ को व्यक्त करती है।

प्रश्न 14.
एक मानक ई. सी.जी. को दर्शाइए तथा उसके विभिन्न खण्डों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
इलेक्ट्रोकार्डियोग्राम (E.C.G.):
हृदय स्पंदन में तंत्रिका एवं पेशियों द्वारा उत्पादित वैद्युत संकेतों को बताता है तथा लिपिबद्ध करता है। इलेक्ट्रोकार्डियोग्राम हृदय के आवेगों को एक कागज के ऊपर ग्राफ के रूप में व्यक्त करता है, जो कि इलेक्ट्रोकार्डियोग्राफ कहलाता है। प्राय: E.C.G. में एक P – तरंग (लहर), एक QRS सम्मिश्रण तथा एक T-तरंग होता है।

 

QRS में तीन अलग-अलग तरंग Q, R एवं S होता है। P – तरंग छोटा तथा ऊपर की ओर जाने वाला तरंग होता है, जो कि आलिंद (Auricle) के निध्रुवीकरण (Depolarization) को या साइनस नोड से आरंभ होकर सारे आलिंद में फैल रहे आवेग को दर्शाता है। दूसरा तरंग QRS, P तरंग के बाद आता है। QRS, लघु अधोमुखी निक्षेप Q – के रूप में आरंभ होता है। उसके बाद यह ऊपर की ओर जाने वाली बड़ी त्रिकोणी तरंग R बन जाती है।

अंत में अधोमुखी तरंग S होती है। इलेक्ट्रोकार्डियोग्राफ में P स्थिति शिरा आलिंद नोड में आवेग P की उत्पत्ति P- Q के बीच का स्थान आलिंदों के संकुचन, Q से QS R का उत्थान शिरा आलिंद नोड के आवेग, R-5 के बीच का स्थान हिज बण्डलों में आवेग के संचरण और S एवं T के बीच का स्थान निलय के संकुचन को व्यक्त करता है एवं T लहर निलय के शिथिलन के प्रारंभ को प्रदर्शित करती है।

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन अन्य महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –
1. लसीका को परिभाषित कर सकते हैं –
(a) W.B.Cs. के साथ रुधिर
(b) बिना R.B.Cs. के रुधिर
(c) बिना प्लेटलेट के रुधिर
(d) प्लाज्मा के साथ रुधिर।
उत्तर:
(a) W.B.Cs. के साथ रुधिर

2. बाइकस्पिड कपाट कहाँ पाया जाता है –
(a) दायें आलिन्द व पल्मोनरी धमनी में
(b) पश्च महाशिरा के आलिन्द में
(c) बायें आलिन्द व बायें निलय में
(d) दायें आलिन्द व दायें निलय में।
उत्तर:
(c) बायें आलिन्द व बायें निलय में

3. फेफड़ों से बाहर जाने वाले रुधिर में फेफड़ों के अन्दर वाले रुधिर से किसकी मात्रा अधिक होती है –
(a) CO₂
(b) H₂
(c) O₂
(d) HO
उत्तर:
(c)O₂

4. एक सामान्य व्यक्ति का रुधिर दाब होता है –
(a) 120/80 mmHg
(b) 18/100 mmHg
(c) 80/120 mmHg
(d) 100/80 mm Hg.
उत्तर:
(a) 120/80 mmHg

5. जन्तु शरीर में रुधिर बैंक क्या है –
(a) तिल्ली
(b) फेफड़ा
(c) हृदय
(d) यकृत।
उत्तर:
(a) तिल्ली

6. किसमें पेशीय भित्ति नहीं होती –
(a) केशिका
(b) धमनी
(c) शिरा
(d) धमनिका।
उत्तर:
(a) केशिका

7. स्तनियों में शिरा की तुलना में एक धमनी –
(a) की दीवार पतली होती है
(b) शरीर की सतह के निकट होती है
(c) किसी अंग से रक्त ले जाती है
(d) में भीतर कपाट नहीं होते।
उत्तर:
(d) में भीतर कपाट नहीं होते।

8. धमनी में –
(a) दीवार महीन, रक्त दाब कम
(b) दीवार मोटी, रक्त दाब उच्च
(c) दीवार महीन, रक्त दाब उच्च
(d) दीवार मोटी, रक्त दाब कम।
उत्तर:
(b) दीवार मोटी, रक्त दाब उच्च

9. नाड़ी दर मापी जाती है –
(a) शिरा
(b) धमनी
(c) तन्त्रिका
(d) केशिका।
उत्तर:
(b) धमनी

10. कपाट की आवश्यकता शिराओं में होती है धमनियों में नहीं क्योंकि
(a) शिराओं में अशुद्ध रक्त बहता है
(b) शिराएँ रक्त को हृदय से दूर ले जाती हैं
(c) शिराओं की दीवार अधिक पेशीय होती है
(d) शिराएँ रक्त को हृदय की ओर ले जाती हैं।
उत्तर:
(c) शिराओं की दीवार अधिक पेशीय होती है

11. शिरा किस लक्षण में धमनी से अन्तर प्रदर्शित करती है –
(a) पतली गुहा
(b) रंगायुक्त दीवार
(c) अधिक पेशीय दीवार
(d) कपाट की उपस्थिति।
उत्तर:
(d) कपाट की उपस्थिति।

12. उच्च रक्त दाब वाले व्यक्तियों को रक्त दाब की वृद्धि को रोकने के लिए –
(a) अधिक सोना चाहिए
(b) उत्तेजना एवं भावुकता से बचना चाहिए
(c) अधिक समय तक खड़ा नहीं रहना चाहिए
(d) शरीर का भार बढ़ाना चाहिए।
उत्तर:
(b) उत्तेजना एवं भावुकता से बचना चाहिए

13. कौन-सा विटामिन रक्त का थक्का जमाने में मदद करता है –
(a) विटामिन ‘E’
(b) विटामिन ‘K’
(c) विटामिन ‘C’
(d) विटामिन ‘D’
उत्तर:
(b) विटामिन ‘K’

14. स्तनियों में लसीका गाँठों का प्रमुख कार्य है –
(a)R.B.Cs. विनाश
(b) हॉर्मोन्स का स्राव
(c)W.B.Cs. निर्माण
(d) विषाणुओं एवं रोगाणुओं का विनाश।
उत्तर:
(b) हॉर्मोन्स का स्राव

15. रक्त में रोग उत्पन्न करने वाले जीवाणुओं को नष्ट करने वाली कोशिकाएँ हैं –
(a) प्लेटलेट्स
(b) लाल रुधिराणु
(c) श्वेत रुधिराणु
(d) त्वचीय कोशिकाएँ।
उत्तर:
(c) श्वेत रुधिराणु

16. किस वाहिनी में सबसे कम यूरिया होता है –
(a) फुफ्फुसीय शिरा में
(b) यकृत निवाहिका शिरा में
(c) यकृत शिरा में
(d) वृक्क शिराओं में।
उत्तर:
(d) वृक्क शिराओं में।

17. यूस्टेकियन कपाट कहाँ पाया जाता है –
(a) मध्य कर्ण एवं ग्रसनी के सन्धि स्थान पर
(b) मध्य कर्ण
(c) हृदय के बाँयें निलय में
(d) हृदय के दाहिने आलिन्द में।
उत्तर:
(d) हृदय के दाहिने आलिन्द में।

18. रुधिर दाब व हृदय स्पन्दन की दर का नियन्त्रण किस हॉर्मोन द्वारा होता है –
(a) थायरॉक्सिन
(b) एड्रीनेलिन
(c) गैस्ट्रीन
(d) सिक्रेटीन।
उत्तर:
(b) एड्रीनेलिन

19. साइनो ऑरिकुलर नोड कहाँ पाया जाता है –
(a) मस्तिष्क में
(b) यकृत में
(c) प्लीहा में
(d) हृदय में।
उत्तर:
(d) हृदय में।

20. मनुष्य के रक्त चाप को किस धमनी द्वारा मापते हैं –
(a) बँकियल धमनी
(b) रेडियल धमनी
(c) सियाटिक धमनी
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(a) बँकियल धमनी

21. वयस्क मनुष्य की प्लीहा हटा देने पर –
(a) लाल रुधिर कणिकाओं का निर्माण कम हो जायेगा
(b) प्रतिरक्षी निर्माण कम हो जायेगा
(c) मृत लाल रुधिर कणिकाओं का निस्पन्दन नहीं होगा
(d) श्वेत रुधिर कणिकाओं का निर्माण हो जायेगा।
उत्तर:
(c) मृत लाल रुधिर कणिकाओं का निस्पन्दन नहीं होगा

22. मनुष्य के हृदय में A.V. नोड होता है –
(a) पेसमेकर में
(b) पेसमेकर से संबंधित नहीं
(c) पुरकिंजे तन्तु में
(d) हिंज के समूह में।
उत्तर:
(d) हिंज के समूह में।

23. रुधिर प्लेटलेट्स स्रोत होते हैं –
(a) फाइब्रिनोजेन का
(b) कैल्सियम का
(c) थ्रॉम्बोप्लास्टिन का
(d) हीमोग्लोबिन का।
उत्तर:
(c) थ्रॉम्बोप्लास्टिन का

24. मायोकार्डियल संक्रमण में कौन-सी धमनी प्रभावित होती है –
(a) बाँयी अग्रधमनी
(b) दाँयी वलय कोरोनरी धमनी
(c) दाँयी कोरोनरी धमनी
(d) बाँयी वलय कोरोनरी धमनी।
उत्तर:
(c) दाँयी कोरोनरी धमनी

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिये –

1. एम्फीबियन जीवों के हृदय में ………….. कक्ष होते हैं।
2. स्पंजों में ………….. संवहन तंत्र पाया जाता है।
3. न्यूरोजेनिक हृदय ………….. में पाया जाता है।
4. फेफड़ों से ऑक्सीकृत रक्त हृदय के बाएँ आलिन्द में ……….. द्वारा पहुँचता है।
5. रुधिर निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को ………….. कहते हैं।
6. पेरीकार्डियम ………….. स्तरीय होता है।
7. ………….. एक लिम्फेटिक अंग है।
8. स्तनियों में …………. हृदय पाया जाता है।
9. ………….. रुधिरोत्पादक ऊतक है।
10. मानव के R.B.Cs. में ………….. नहीं होता।

उत्तर:

1. 3
2. जल
3. मेढक
4. पल्मोनरी शिरा
5. हीमोपोएसिस
6. दो
7. प्लीहा
8. मायोजेनिक
9. अस्थि मज्जा
10. केन्द्रक।

प्रश्न 3.
उचित संबंध जोड़िए –

उत्तर:

1. (c) A.V. बण्डल
2. (d) पेसमेकर
3. (b) सिस्टेमैटिक सर्कुलेशन
4. (e) अर्द्धवलयाकार कपाट
5. (a) A.V. कपाट

उत्तर:

1. (e) चार कक्ष
2. (d) तीन कक्ष
3. (a) तंत्रिका तन्तु
4. (b) प्लीहा
5. (c) बायाँ आलिन्द एवं बायाँ निलय

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
एककोशिकीय जीवों में किस प्रकार का परिवहन पाया जाता है ?
उत्तर:
एककोशिकीय जीवों में प्लाज्मा झिल्ली द्वारा पदार्थों का आदान – प्रदान होता है, जो कि सीधे बाह्य वातावरण के सम्पर्क में रहती है इस कारण इसमें परिवहन तंत्र का अभाव होता है। इसमें सामान्य विसरण द्वारा गैसीय विनिमय एवं भोज्य पदार्थों का आवागमन होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
हृदय अवरोध (Heart block) क्या है ?
उत्तर:
जब हिज बण्डल ठीक से कार्य नहीं करते तब आलिंद नोड का हृदय धड़कन आवेग निलय तक नहीं पहुँच पाता जिसके कारण निलय में गति नहीं होती और परिसंचरण रुक जाता है, इस पूरी अवस्था को ही हृदय अवरोध कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
कार्बामीनोहीमोग्लोबिन क्या है ?
उत्तर:
हीमोग्लोबिन, ऊतकों में CO₂ से संयुक्त होकर एक यौगिक बनाता है, जिसे कार्बामीनोहीमोग्लोबिन कहते हैं। यह शिराओं के रुधिर को नीला रंग प्रदान करता है।
Hb + CO₂ → HbCO₂

प्रश्न 4.
थॉम्बोसाइट्स क्या हैं ? ये मनुष्य के शरीर में कहाँ पैदा होते हैं ?
उत्तर:
ये मनुष्य के रुधिर में पायी जाने वाली अनियमित आकार की कणिकाएँ हैं, जो रुधिर के थक्का बनने में सहायक होती हैं। ये अस्थि मज्जा में कोशिकाओं के टूट-फूट से बनती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
श्वसनीय गैसों का आंशिक दाब किस प्रकार ऑक्सीजन के रुधिर केशिकाओं से ऊतकों में विसरित होने को नियन्त्रित करता है ?
उत्तर:
ऊतकों में श्वसन गैसों (ऑक्सीजन) का आंशिक दाब लगभग 40 mm (अर्थात् कम) होता है। इस कारण O₂ हीमोग्लोबिन से अलग होकर ऊतकों में चली जाती है और CO₂ रुधिर में मिल जाती है, क्योंकि इसका आंशिक दाब लगभग 46 mm होता है।

प्रश्न 6.
नाड़ी (Pulse) क्या है ? मनुष्य की सामान्य नाड़ी दर कितनी होती है ?
उत्तर:
हृदय की प्रत्येक धड़कन (एक प्रकुंचन तथा एक शिथिलन) के समय धमनी के रुधिर में एक दाब लहर पैदा होती है, जिसे नाड़ी (Pulse) कहते हैं। एक स्वस्थ युवक की नाड़ी एक मिनट में 72 बार लहर दाब पैदा करती है। बच्चों में यह दर 120 तथा वृद्धों में 60 होती है।

प्रश्न 7.
हृदय की स्पन्दन गति का नियमन किस प्रकार होता है ?
उत्तर:
हृदय की स्पन्दन गति का नियमन तीन विधियों के द्वारा होता है –

• तंत्रिकीय नियमन – इस प्रकार का नियंत्रण मेड्यूला ऑब्लांगेटा में उपस्थित कार्डियक केन्द्र द्वारा होता है।
• हॉर्मोनल नियमन – थायरॉक्सिन एवं ऐड्रीनेलिन हॉर्मोन स्वतन्त्र रूप से हृदय की धड़कन को नियंत्रित करते हैं।
• रासायनिक नियमन – ऐसा नियंत्रण रुधिर में उपस्थित ऐसीटिल कोलीन नामक रासायनिक पदार्थ के द्वारा होता है।

प्रश्न 8.
धमनियों की दीवार, शिराओं की अपेक्षा मोटी होती है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
हृदय में होने वाले क्रमिक स्पंदनों के कारण रुधिर रुक-रुक कर अधिक दाब के साथ धमनियों में बहता रहता है। इसी कारण धमनियों की दीवार, शिरा की अपेक्षा मोटी होती है।

प्रश्न 9.
पेरिकार्डियल द्रव के दो कार्य लिखिये।
उत्तर:

• पेरिकार्डियल द्रव हृदय को बाहरी धक्कों से बचाता है।
• यह द्रव हृदय को सूखने व रगड़ से बचाता है।

प्रश्न 10.
रुधिर वाहिकाओं में बहते रुधिर में थक्का नहीं बनता, क्यों?
उत्तर:
रुधिर में प्रतिजामन पाया जाता है। संयोजी ऊतक की मास्ट कोशिकाएँ हिपेरीन नामक एक संयुक्त पॉलीसैकेराइड मुक्त करती हैं जो रुधिर को रुधिर वाहिकाओं में जमने से रोकता है।

प्रश्न 11.
हीमोसील क्या है, यह किसमें पाया जाता है ?
उत्तर:
ऑर्थोपोडा एवं मोलस्का वर्ग के जन्तुओं में रुधिर बंद नलिकाओं में न बहकर पूरी देहगुहा में स्वतंत्र रूप से बहता है इस प्रकार की देहगुहा को, जिसमें रुधिर भरी रहती है, रुधिर गुहा या हीमोसील कहते हैं।

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निलय शिथिलन के समय रक्त आलिन्द से निलय में क्यों आ जाता है ?
उत्तर:
निलय शिथिलन के समय फैल जाता है, जिसके कारण इसकी गुहा का आयतन बढ़ जाता है। फलतः इसके अंदर का दाब धमनियों की तुलना में कम हो जाता है, जिससे धमनियों का रुधिर निलय गुहा में आने के प्रयास में इनके अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकर कपाट को बन्द कर देता है।

इन कपाटों के बन्द होने के बावजूद भी निलय शिथिलन अवस्था में ही रहते हैं, जिसके कारण इसकी गुहा का दाब कम ही बना रहता है, तब इस दाब को संतुलित करने के लिए आलिन्द-निलय कपाट खुल जाते हैं और रुधिर आलिन्दों से निलय में आने लगता है और गुहा को भर देता है।

अब इसके बाद निलय संकुचित होता है, जिससे इसकी गुहा का रुधिर पुनः धमनियों में चला जाता है। संकुचन के बाद निलय पुनः शिथिलन में आने लगता है। निलय संकुचन तथा शिथिलन का क्रम इस प्रकार एक के बाद एक चलते रहता है।

प्रश्न 2.
रुधिर दाब से आप क्या समझते हैं ? सिस्टोलिक एवं डायस्टोलिक रुधिर दाब को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
शरीर में परिवहन करते हुए रुधिर के द्वारा रुधिर वाहिकाओं पर डाले गये दाब को रुधिर दाब (Blood pressure) कहते हैं। इसे दो रूपों में व्यक्त करते हैं सिस्टोलिक दाब-निलय के तीव्र गति से संकुचन के कारण धमनियों में बहते रुधिर का दाब अधिकतम हो जाता है, रुधिर वाहिनियों के इसी अधिकतम रुधिर दाब को सिस्टोलिक रुधिर दाब कहते हैं।

वयस्क व्यक्ति का सिस्टोलिक रुधिर दाब 120 mm. Hg होता है। डायस्टोलिक दाब-जब निलय में शिथिलन होता है, तब रुधिर वाहिनियों का दाब न्यूनतम होता है, रुधिर वाहिनियों के इस न्यूनतम दाब को डायस्टोलिक रुधिर दाब कहते हैं। वयस्क व्यक्ति का डायस्टोलिक दाब 80 mm. Hg होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
धमनी और शिरा में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
धमनी और शिरा में अंतर –

धमनी (Artery):

• इनके द्वारा रुधिर हृदय से शरीर के अंगों में प्रवाहित होता है।
• इनमें ऑक्सीजनित रुधिर होता है। (केवल फुफ्फुसीय शिरा को छोड़कर)
• इनकी दीवार लचीली और मोटी होती है।
• धमनियाँ गहरे लाल रंग की दिखाई देती हैं, क्योंकि इसमें ऑक्सीजनित रुधिर बहता है।

शिरा (Vein):

• इनके द्वारा रुधिर शरीर के अंगों से हृदय में लाया जाता है।
• इनमें ऑक्सीजन रहित रुधिर बहता है। (केवल फुफ्फुसीय धमनी को छोड़कर)
• इनकी दीवार पतली होती है।
• शिराएँ नीले रंग की होती हैं। यह रंग रक्त में उपस्थित CO₂ के कारण होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
खुला तथा बन्द परिसंचरण तंत्र को समझाइए। बन्द परिसंचरण तंत्र के दो लाभ लिखिए।
अथवा
बन्द परिवहन तंत्र का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
बन्द परिसंचरण तंत्र-वह परिसंचरण तंत्र है, जिसमें परिसंचरण करने वाला द्रव चारों ओर से बन्द लचीली रक्त वाहिनियों में बहता है। इस तंत्र में द्रव खुले रूप में अन्तराकोशिकीय अवकाशों में नहीं बहता। जैसे-केंचुआ एवं मनुष्य। खुला परिसंचरण तंत्र-वह परिसंचरण तंत्र है, जिसमें परिसंचरणीय द्रव रक्त वाहिनियों में न बहकर खुले रूप में अन्तराकोशिकीय अवकाशों तथा देह गुहा में बहता है और ऊतकों को परोक्ष रूप से भिगोते रहता है। जैसे – कॉकरोच।

बन्द परिसंचरण तंत्र के लाभ:

• यह परिसंचरण वर्णकयुक्त होता है, जिससे ऑक्सीजन का परिवहन ज्यादा प्रभावी ढंग से होता है।
• यह उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को ज्यादा तीव्रता से बाहर निकालने में सहायता करता है।
• इसकी वाहिनियों में उपस्थित कपाट उल्टे परिवहन को रोकते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
मानव हृदय में द्विवलनी, त्रिवलनी एवं अर्द्धचन्द्राकार कपाट कहाँ स्थित होते हैं ? इनके कार्य लिखिए।
उत्तर:
द्विवलनी कपाट:
मानव हृदय में द्विवलनी कपाट बायें आलिंद व निलय के मध्य होता है। यह अशुद्ध रुधिर को निलय से आलिंद में जाने से रोकता है। त्रिवलनी कपाट-मानव ह्दय में त्रिवलनी कपाट दाहिने आलिंद व निलय के मध्य होता है। यह रुधिर को निलय से आलिंद में जाने से रोकता हैं। अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट-जिस समय से दोनों महाधमनियाँ निकलती हैं वहाँ पर 3-3 की संख्या में होती हैं। ये रुधिर को महाधमनियों से निलयों में जाने से रोकते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
साइनो ऑरिकुलर (S.A.) नोड तथा ऑरिकुलो वेण्ट्रिकुलर (A.V.) नोड की तुलना चार बिन्दुओं में कीजिए।
उत्तर:
S.A. नोड तथा A.V. नोड की तुलना –
साइनो ऑरिकुलर (S.A.) नोड:

• यह दाँये आलिन्द में स्थित होता है।
• यह हृदय की पूर्णगति का नियन्त्रण करता है।
• इसके उद्दीपन से दोनों आलिन्द संकुचित होते हैं।
• इससे अतिरिक्त शाखाएँ सम्बन्धित नहीं होती।

ऑरिकुलो वेण्ट्रिकुलर (A.V.) नोड:

• यह आलिन्द एवं निलय के सम्पर्क वाले स्थान पर स्थित होता है।
• यह गति नियन्त्रण में आंशिक रूप से मदद करता है।
• इसके उद्दीपन से निलय संकुचित होता है।
• इससे दो अतिरिक्त शाखाएँ संबंधित होती हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
मिट्रल कपाट एवं अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए
उत्तर:
मिटूल कपाट एवं अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट में अंतर –
मिट्रल कपाट (Mitral valve):

• बायाँ आलिन्द निलय छिद्र में मिट्रल कपाट या बाइकस्पिड कपाट पाये जाते हैं।
• मिट्रल कपाट आलिन्द से निलय में रुधिर प्रवाह बनाए रखते हैं परन्तु रुधिर को निलय से आलिन्द में नहीं जाने देते।

अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकारकपाट (Semilunar valve):

• आलिन्द एवं बायाँ निलय के प्रारम्भिक बिन्दु पर अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट या ट्राइकस्पिड कपाट पाये जाते हैं।
• अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट रुधिर बहाव को दिशात्मक बनाए रखते हैं।

शरीर द्रव तथा परिसंचरण निष्कासन दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित के कारण स्पष्ट कीजिए –

1. डॉक्टर द्वारा इन्जेक्शन शिराओं में लगाये जाते हैं।
2. शिराओं की दीवार में कपाट पाये जाते हैं, जबकि धमनी की दीवार में नहीं। क्यों?
3. शिराएँ नीली दिखाई देती हैं, जबकि धमनी लाल।

उत्तर:
(1) डॉक्टर द्वारा इन्जेक्शन शिराओं में लगाये जाते हैं-शिराओं द्वारा रुधिर हृदय में लाया जाता है, जिससे इन्जेक्शन लगाने पर दवा पूरे रुधिर (हृदय) में मिल जाती है एवं धमनियों द्वारा वितरण पूरे शरीर में हो जाता है। शिरा शरीर सतह पर स्थित होती है, जबकि धमनी गहराई में स्थित होती है। यदि धमनी में इन्जेक्शन लगाया जाए तो दवा का प्रभाव केवल उस धमनी क्षेत्र तक ही सीमित रहता है।

(2) शिराओं की दीवार में कपाट पाये जाते हैं, जबकि धमनियों की दीवार में नहीं-शिराओं में रुधिर कम दाब एवं समान गति से प्रवाहित होता है। यदि इसमें कपाट न हो तो रुधिर के विपरीत दिशा में प्रवाहित होने की सम्भावना अधिक होती है । इसे रोकने के लिए शिराओं की दीवार में कपाट पाये जाते हैं। धमनी में रुधिर अधिक दाब एवं झटके के साथ प्रवाहित होता है, जिससे रुधिर के विपरीत दिशा में प्रवाह की सम्भावना कम होती

(3) शिराएँ नीली दिखाई देती हैं, जबकि धमनी लाल-धमनियों में ऑक्सीजनित रुधिर प्रवाहित होता है, जिसका रंग लाल होता है इसलिए धमनी लाल रंग की दिखाई देती है। शिराओं में अनॉक्सीकृत रुधिर प्रवाहित होता है, जिसका रंग नीला होता है। इसलिये शिराओं का रंग नीला दिखाई देता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित कथनों के कारण स्पष्ट कीजिये –

1. दाँये निलय की तुलना में बाँये निलय की दीवार अधिक मोटी होती है।
2. आलिन्द की तुलना में बाँये निलय की दीवार अधिक मोटी होती है।
3. लसीका, प्लाज्मा की तुलना में कम प्रोटीनयुक्त होती है।
4. बन्द परिवहन तंत्र, खुले परिवहन तंत्र की तुलना में श्रेष्ठ हैं।
5. सिस्टोल के समय निलय एक बन्द कक्ष होता है।

उत्तर:
(1) दाँये निलय की तुलना में बाँये निलय की दीवार अधिक मोटी होती है-दाँये निलय में अशुद्ध रुधिर पाया जाता है। पल्मोनरी धमनी में रुधिर प्रवाह के लिए दाँये निलय में कम दाब की आवश्यकता होती है कम दाब सहन करने में दायें निलय की दीवार सक्षम होती है। (शेष के लिए (2) भी देखें)

(2) आलिन्द की तुलना में बाँये निलय की दीवार अधिक मोटी होती है-बाँये निलय में रुधिर दाब अधिक होता है, जो कि पूरे शरीर में रुधिर प्रवाह को बनाए रखता है। इस रुधिर दाब को सहन करने के लिए बाँये निलय की दीवार अधिक मोटी होती है।

(3) लसीका, प्लाज्मा की तुलना में कम प्रोटीनयुक्त होती है-लसीका में उपस्थित केशिका भित्ति (Capillary wall) अपारगम्य (Impermeable) होती है। इस कारण लसीका में प्लाज्मा की तुलना में प्रोटीन की मात्रा कम पाई जाती है।

(4) बन्द परिवहन तंत्र, खुले परिवहन तंत्र की तुलना में श्रेष्ठ है-खुले परिवहन तंत्र में रुधिर बन्द नलियों में नहीं प्रवाहित होता है। रुधिर हीमोसील में पाया जाता है एवं सीधे अंगों के सम्पर्क में आता है। खुले परिवहन में रुधिर दाब अल्प होता है। जैसे-तिलचट्टा, घोंघा। बन्द परिवहन में रुधिर धमनी, केशिका, शिरा एवं हृदय से घिरा रहता है।

बंद परिवहन उच्च श्रेणी के जन्तुओं में पाया जाता है। इस परिवहन में रुधिर बन्द नलियों के द्वारा तेजी से प्रवाहित होता है एवं अल्प समय में यह फिर से हृदय में वापस आ जाता है। इस प्रकार शरीर के ऊतकों में पदार्थों का शीघ्रता से आदान-प्रदान होता है। इस प्रकार खुले परिवहन तंत्र में इस प्रकार का नियन्त्रण नहीं होता है। इस कारण बन्द परिवहन खुले परिवहन की तुलना में श्रेष्ठ है।

(5) सिस्टोल के समय निलय एक बन्द कक्ष होता है-निलय सिस्टोल के समय निलय में दाब आलिन्द की तुलना में अधिक होता है इस कारण रुधिर आलिन्द से निलय में आता है। एट्रियो वेण्ट्रिकुलर कपाट बन्द हो जाने से रुधिर का प्रवाह विपरीत दिशा में नहीं हो पाता है। निलय दाब, पल्मोनरी धमनी दाब की तुलना में कम होने के कारण अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट (Semilunar valve) बन्द हो जाते हैं। इस प्रकार निलय बन्द कक्ष के रूप में संकुचित होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
रक्तदान कौन तथा किसे कर सकता है ? रक्तदान करते समय क्या सावधानी बरतनी चाहिये?
उत्तर:
रक्तदान मुख्यतः रक्त समूह पर निर्भर होता है अत:

• A रक्त समूह के व्यक्ति का रुधिर A एवं AB वर्ग के व्यक्ति को दिया जा सकता है।
• B वर्ग का व्यक्ति B एवं AB रक्त समूह वाले व्यक्ति को रक्त दे सकता है।
• AB वर्ग का व्यक्ति केवल AB रक्त समूह वाले व्यक्ति को ही रक्त दे सकता है।
• O वर्ग का व्यक्ति सार्वत्रिक दाता है, परन्तु यह केवल O रक्त समूह का रक्त ही ले सकता है।

इसी प्रकार AB रक्त समूह वाले व्यक्ति को सभी रक्त समूह वाले व्यक्ति का रक्त दिया जा सकता है। अतः इसे सार्वत्रिक प्राप्यक कहते हैं।

रक्तदान में सावधानियाँ (Precautions for blood donation):

1. रक्त दान के समय सर्वप्रथम दाता एवं ग्राह्य व्यक्ति के रक्त समूह की भली-भाँति जाँच करवा लेना चाहिए ताकि ऐग्लूटिनेशन की समस्या न आये।
2. आजकल कई प्रकार के घातक रोग रक्त के माध्यम से फैलते हैं । अत: दाता व्यक्ति के रुधिर का HIV परीक्षण एवं हिपेटाइटिस विषाणु का परीक्षण अनिवार्य रूप से करने के पश्चात् ही रुधिर दान एवं आधान करना चाहिए।
3. एक व्यक्ति को एक बार में अधिकतम 500 ml रुधिर ही दान करना चाहिए।
4. वर्ष में दो बार से अधिक रक्तदान नहीं करना चाहिए।
5. रक्तदाता पूर्णरूप से स्वस्थ होना चाहिए।
6. समस्त उपकरण पूर्णरूप से निजीकृत होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
मनुष्य के हृदय रोगों का संक्षिप्त विवरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य के हृदय में होने वाले प्रमुख रोग निम्नलिखित हैं –
(1) निलयी तन्तुकता (Ventricular fibrillation):
इस रोग में निलय का प्रत्येक भाग अलग-अलग संकुचित होता है।

(2) कपाटीय रोग (Valvular disease):
वह रोग है, जिसमें कपाटों की खराबी के कारण हृदय में रुधिर उल्टा बहने लगता है। इस रोग को ऑपरेशन द्वारा ठीक किया जा सकता है।

(3) एन्जाइना (Angina):
यह वह रोग है, जिसमें थक्का बनने या कोरोनरी धमनी के संकुचन के कारण हृदय की भित्ति को ठीक से रुधिर प्राप्त नहीं होता और सीने तथा कन्धे में तेज दर्द होता है।

(4) मायोकार्डियल इनफ्रैक्शन (Myocardial infraction):
जब कोरोनरी धमनी में अवरोध के कारण हृदय पेशियों को पर्याप्त रुधिर प्राप्त नहीं होता तब ये क्षतिग्रस्त हो जाती हैं और अपना कार्य पूरी क्षमता से नहीं कर पाती, इस अवस्था को मायोकार्डियल इनफ्रैक्शन या हृदय आघात कहते हैं।

(5) रिामैटिक हृदय रोग (Rheumatic heart disease);
इस रोग में जीवाणु (Streptococcus viridans) के संक्रमण के कारण हृदय के कपाट ठीक से कार्य नहीं कर पाते।

(6) पेरिकार्डियोटिस (Pericardiotis):
इसमें जीवाणु संक्रमण के कारण हृदयावरण में सूजन आ जाती है और हृदय का आकार बड़ा दिखाई देने लगता है तथा इसे दबाव में काम करना पड़ता है।

प्रश्न 5.
निवाहिका तंत्र किसे कहते हैं ? मनुष्य के यकृत निवाहिका तंत्र का वर्णन कीजिये।
उत्तर:
उन शिराओं को जो रुधिर को सीधे हृदय में न लाकर किसी अन्य अंग में केशिकाओं का जाल बनाती हैं, निवाहिका शिराएँ कहलाती हैं। इन शिराओं से बने तंत्र को निवाहिका तंत्र (Portal system) कहते है।

मनुष्य का यकृतीय निवाहिका तंत्र (Hepatic Postcaval portal system of man):
मनुष्य के यकृतीय निवाहिका तंत्र की शिराएँ आहारनाल की विविध भागों से रुधिर एकत्रित कर सीधे हृदय में न जाकर यकृत में रुधिर ले जाती हैं। यकृत में आया यह रुधिर एक जोड़ी रुधिर शिराओं के माध्यम से पश्च शिरा में जाता है, जो इसे हृदय में पहुँचा देती है।

चूँकि आहारनाल से रुधिर लाने वाली शिराएँ यकृत में आकर समाप्त होती हैं। इस कारण इस निवाहिका तन्त्र को यकृतीय निवाहिका तन्त्र कहते हैं तथा इन शिराओं को यकृत निवाहिका शिराएँ कहते हैं। इस तन्त्र में निम्नलिखित शिराएँ सम्मिलित होती हैं –

1. लिनियोगैस्ट्रिक शिरा (Lineogastric vein) – यह शिरा आमाशय की दीवार तथा प्लीहा से रुधिर लाती हैं।
2. ड्यूओडिनल शिरा (Duodenal vein) – यह ड्यूओडिनम से रुधिर लाती है।
3. अग्र आन्त्र योजनी शिरा (Anterior mesenteric vein) – यह शिरा छोटी आँत, सीकम तथा कोलन से रुधिर एकत्रित करती है।
4. पश्च आन्त्र योजनी शिरा (Posterior mesenteric vein) – यह शिरा मलाशय एवं गुदा से रुधिर लाती है।

प्रश्न 6.
दोहरा परिवहन से क्या समझते हो? मनुष्य में दोहरा परिवहन का आरेख चित्र सहित वर्णन कीजिए।
अथवा
मनुष्य में किस प्रकार का परिसंचरण तंत्र होता है ? धमनी व शिरा में कोई चार अंतर लिखिये।
उत्तर:
दोहरा परिवहन (Double circulation):
ऐसा परिवहन जिसके एक चक्र में रुधिर हृदय से दो बार प्रवाहित होता है, उसे दोहरा परिवहन कहते हैं। पहले शरीर का ऑक्सीजनविहीन रुधिर महाशिराओं द्वारा हृदय में लाया जाता है, वहाँ से यह फेफड़ों में जाता है, वहाँ से ऑक्सीजनयुक्त रक्त एक बार पुनः हृदय में आता है तब इसे सम्पूर्ण शरीर में वितरित किया जाता है। स्तनधारियों के हृदय में दोहरा परिवहन पाया जाता है। दोहरे परिवहन में दो प्रकार के परिवहन पाये जाते हैं –

• सिस्टेक परिवहन
• पल्मोनरी परिवहन।

(a) मिसिस्टेमिक परिवहन (Systemic circulation) – यह परिवहन शरीर के संपूर्ण अंगों से संबंधित है।
(b) पल्मोनरी परिवहन (Pulmonary circulation) – इस प्रकार का परिवहन केवल फेफड़ों (Lungs) से संबंधित है।

स्तनधारियों में शुद्ध एवं अशुद्ध रुधिर आपस में नहीं मिल पाता, क्योंकि निलय दो कक्षों में विभाजित रहता है। उभयचर एवं सरीसृप में निलय के एक कक्षीय होने के कारण शुद्ध एवं अशुद्ध रुधिर आपस में मिल जाता है। अग्र एवं पश्च महाशिरा द्वारा लाया गया रुधिर दाँये आलिन्द में पहुँचता है। दाँये आलिन्द का रुधिर पल्मोनरी धमनी द्वारा फेफड़ों तक पहुँचता है।

पल्मोनरी शिरा द्वारा रुधिर बाँये आलिन्द (शुद्ध) में आता है। बाँयें आलिन्द से रुधिर निलय में पहुँचता है। निलय से रुधिर धमनियों द्वारा सम्पूर्ण शरीर में पहुँचाया जाता है। स्तनधारियों में शुद्ध रुधिर बाँये आलिन्द एवं बाँये निलय तथा अशुद्ध रुधिर दाँये आलिन्द एवं दाँये निलय में पाया जाता है।

दोहरे परिवहन को संक्षिप्त रूप में निम्न प्रकार से समझाया जा सकता है –
बाँया आलिन्द → बाँया निलय → कैरोटिको सिस्टेमिक धमनी → अन्तरांग → ऊतक → शिराएँ → अग्र एवं पश्च महाशिरा→ दाँया आलिन्द → दाँया निलय → पल्मोनरी महाधमनी → धमनी → फेफड़ा → पल्मोनरी शिरा → बाँया आलिन्द, रुधिर केशिकाएँ ऊतक की प्रत्येक कोशिका तक नहीं जातीं इसलिए रुधिर केशिकाओं से कोशिकाओं तक विविध पदार्थों के आवागमन के लिए कोशिकाओं के अन्तरा कोशिकीय अवकाशों में एक विशिष्ट द्रव पाया जाता है, जिसे लसीका कहते हैं।

वास्तव में यह रुधिर केशिकाओं से छना हुआ रुधिर है जिसमें R.B.Cs. नहीं पायी जाती लेकिन W.B.Cs. पायी जाती है। लसीका भी हमारे शरीर में खुले तंत्र के रूप में बहता है।

टीप:

धमनी (Artery):

• इनके द्वारा रुधिर हृदय से शरीर के अंगों में प्रवाहित होता है।
• इनमें ऑक्सीजनित रुधिर होता है। (केवल फुफ्फुसीय शिरा को छोड़कर)
• इनकी दीवार लचीली और मोटी होती है।
• धमनियाँ गहरे लाल रंग की दिखाई देती हैं, क्योंकि इसमें ऑक्सीजनित रुधिर बहता है।

शिरा (Vein):

• इनके द्वारा रुधिर शरीर के अंगों से हृदय में लाया जाता है।
• इनमें ऑक्सीजन रहित रुधिर बहता है। (केवल फुफ्फुसीय धमनी को छोड़कर)
• इनकी दीवार पतली होती है।
• शिराएँ नीले रंग की होती हैं। यह रंग रक्त में उपस्थित CO₂ के कारण होता है।

प्रश्न 7.
स्तनियों के हृदय की रचना बताइए।
अथवा
हृदय की संरचना एवं कार्यविधि का वर्णन कीजिए।
अथवा
हृदय की खड़ी काट का नामांकित चित्र बनाइये।
उत्तर:
हृदय की स्थिति (Position of Heart):
हृदय वक्षगुहा में बाँयी ओर दोनों फेफड़ों के मध्य में स्थित होता है। यह 12 सेमी लम्बा एवं 9 सेमी चौड़ा होता है। हृदय की बाह्य संरचना-हृदय पेरिकार्डियम गुहा में सुरक्षित रहता है। यह पेरिकार्डियम नामक दोहरी झिल्ली द्वारा घिरा रहता है। बाहरी झिल्ली को पेरिकार्डियम एवं भीतरी झिल्ली को ऐपिकार्डियम झिल्ली कहते हैं।

पेरिकार्डियम गुहा में पेरिकार्डियम द्रव पाया जाता है, जो कि हृदय को नम बनाये रखता है एवं बाहरी आघात व घर्षण से बचाता है। ऐम्फिबिया, रेप्टेलिया में हृदय तीन एवं पक्षी, मैमेलिया में हृदय चार कक्षों में विभाजित होता है। हृदय में 2 आलिन्द (Auricle) एवं 2 निलय (Ventricle) पाये जाते हैं।

हृदय की आन्तरिक संरचना:
हृदय पेशियों द्वारा हृदय का मध्य स्तर बना होता है, जिसे मायोकार्डियम (Myocardium) कहते हैं। दाँये एवं बाँये आलिन्दों को अलग करने वाली पट्टी को अन्तरा-आलिन्द पट्टी (Inter Auricular Septum) कहते हैं। अन्तरा आलिन्द पट्टी के पिछले भाग पर एक छोटा अण्डाकार गड्ढा होता है, जिसे फोसा-ओवेलिस (Fossa-ovalis) कहते हैं। पश्च महाशिरा के छिद्र से फोसा ओवेलिस तक एक झिल्लीनुमा संरचना पायी जाती है, जिसे यूस्टेकियन कपाट (Eustachian valve) कहते हैं। बाँयी अग्र महाशिरा के छिद्र पर थीबेसियन कपाट (Thebasian valve) पाया जाता है।

दोनों आलिन्दों को पृथक् करने वाली पट्टी को अन्तरा-निलय पट्टी (Intra-ventricular septum) कहते हैं। बाँये निलय की दीवार दाँये निलय की तुलना में काफी मोटी होती है। आलिन्द एवं निलय के बीच आलिन्द निलय छिद्र (Auriculo – ventricular aperture) पाया जाता है। दाँये आलिन्द निलय छिद्र में तीन वलय वाले ट्राइकस्पिड कपाट (Tricuspid valve) पाये जाते हैं।

बाँये आलिन्द निलय छिद्र में दो वलय वाले कपाट पाये जाते हैं, जिसे बाइकस्पिड कपाट (Bicuspid valve) कहते हैं। बाँये निलय से कैरोटिकोसिस्टेमिक चा (Carotico-systemic arch) एवं दाँये निलय से पल्मोनरी चाप निकलता है। इन चापों में अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट (Semilunar valve) पाये जाते हैं। भ्रूण अवस्था में डक्टस आर्टिरिओसिस (Ductus Arteriosis) होती है, जो कि भ्रूणावस्था की समाप्ति के साथ खत्म हो जाती है।

प्रश्न 8.
हृदय की कार्यविधि का वर्णन कीजिये।
अथवा
मनुष्य के हृदय की क्रियाविधि समझाइए।
उत्तर:
हृदय की कार्यविधि-हृदय की पम्पिन्ग क्रिया उसकी पेशीयुक्त भित्तियों के संकुचन पर निर्भर करती है। आलिन्द तथा निलय का एकान्तरित संकुचन एवं शिथिलन का कार्य चलता रहता है।
(1) आलिंद संकुचन:
हृदय में संकुचन एवं शिथिलन का कार्य दाँये आलिन्द की भीतरी दीवार पर स्थित साइनोऑरिकुलर नोड (S.A. Node) द्वारा प्रारम्भ होता है। संकुचन क्रिया आलिन्द से प्रारम्भ होती है और सबसे पहले दोनों आलिन्द सिकुड़ते हैं एवं इनका रक्त अपने – अपने तरफ के ऑरिकुलो वेण्ट्रिकुलर छिद्र द्वारा दाँये और बाँये निलय में आ जाता है।

वास्तव में आलिन्द में रक्त भरते ही साइनोऑरिकुलर नोड से संकुचन तरंग उठती है। यह संकुचन तरंग सम्पूर्ण आलिन्द में फैल जाती है, इसी कारण दोनों आलिन्द एक साथ सिकुड़ते हैं। आलिन्द में संकुचन समाप्त होने के बाद ये फिर अपनी पहली जैसी स्थिति में आना प्रारम्भ करते हैं। जैसे-जैसे शिथिलन अधिक होता जाता है, इसमें शिराओं से रक्त आता जाता है।

निलय में रक्त भर जाने के बाद इसमें आलिन्द की अपेक्षा अधिक तेजी से संकुचन होता है, जिससे इनमें भरे रक्त पर भी दबाव पड़ता है। निलय का संकुचन इसके संकुचन केन्द्र आलिन्द-निलय नोड (A.V. Node) जो अन्तः आलिन्द पट के करीब दायें आलिन्द की दीवार पर पाया जाता है, से संकुचन तरंगें प्रारम्भ होती हैं और यहाँ से ये तरंगें दोनों निलय की दीवारों में फैल जाती हैं।

(2) निलय संकुचन:
इसके बाद दोनों निलय एक साथ संकुचित होते हैं। संकुचन के फलस्वरूप निलय में एकत्रित रुधिर पर दबाव पड़ता है, रक्त के दबाव से आलिन्द निलय छिद्रों पर पाये जाने वाले ट्राइकस्पिड और बाइकस्पिड वाल्व खिंचकर इन छिद्रों को बन्द कर देते हैं, जिससे रुधिर आलिन्द में वापस नहीं जा पाता। इस प्रकार दायें निलय का पूर्ण ऑक्सीजन विहीन रुधिर पल्मोनरी चाप के प्रवेश द्वार पर लगे हुए सेमील्यूनर वाल्व को धकेलता हुआ पल्मोनरी चाप में चला जाता है तथा बायें निलय का रुधिर कैरोटिड सिस्टेमिक ऐओर्टा में चला जाता है।

(3) निलय शिथिलन:
निलय के फैलने या प्रारम्भिक अवस्था में आने को निलय शिथिलन कहते हैं । निलय शिथिलन निलयों के फैलने के कारण धमनियों के अर्द्ध-चन्द्राकार कपाट बन्द हो जाते हैं और आलिन्द-निलय कपाट खुल जाते हैं तथा आलिन्दों का रुधिर निलयों में आ जाता है। इसके बाद पुनः आलिन्द संकुचन की क्रिया होती है । इस पूरी क्रिया का नियन्त्रण मस्तिष्क में स्थित कार्डियक केन्द्र होता है।

प्रश्न 9.
हृदय स्पन्दन की सामान्य गति का नियन्त्रण किस प्रकार होता है ?
उत्तर:
हृदय स्पन्दन की सामान्य गति का नियन्त्रण:
हृदय स्पन्दन की सामान्य गति का नियन्त्रण दाहिने आलिन्द के ऊपरी भाग में स्थित ऊतकों के एक समूह द्वारा होता है, जिसे शिरा आलिन्द नोड (S.A. Node) कहते हैं। हृदय गति पर नियन्त्रण करने के कारण ही इसे हृदय गति निर्धारक कहते हैं।

ठीक ऐसा ही एक नोड आलिन्द और निलय के पट पर स्थित होता है, जिसे आलिन्द निलय नोड (A.V. Node) कहते हैं। दोनों नोड पेशियों, तन्त्रिका तन्तुओं और तन्त्रिका कोशिकाओं के बने होते हैं। आलिन्द निलय नोड (A.V. Node) से दो शाखाएँ निकलकर दोनों निलयों को जाती हैं, जिन्हें हिज बण्डल या पुरकिन्जे तन्तु कहते हैं।

हृदय स्पन्दन का आवेग शिरा आलिन्द नोड (S.A. Node) से हमेशा विद्युत् चुम्बकीय तरंगों के रूप में निकलता रहता है। ये तरंगें जिन पेशियों से गुजरती हैं, वे संकुचित हो जाती हैं। जब ये तरंगें आलिन्द निलय नोड (A.V. Node) पर पहुँचती हैं तो यह उत्तेजित होकर इस आवेग को निलयों को पहुँचा देता है। इन तरंगों के कारण ही पहले आलिन्द संकुचित होता है, जिससे रुधिर आलिन्द से निलय में चला जाता है।

इसके बाद निलय संकुचित होता है। जब निलय संकुचित होता है, तब रुधिर धमनियों से होता हुआ शरीर के विविध भागों को चला जाता है। जब आलिन्द शिथिल रहता है तब निलय संकुचित लेकिन जब निलय शिथिल रहता है, तो आलिन्द संकुचित अवस्था में रहता है। यह क्रम हमेशा चलता रहता है। शिरा आलिन्द नोड (S.A. Node) का नियन्त्रण मेड्यूला ऑब्लांगेटा में स्थित एक नियन्त्रण केन्द्र से होता है, जिसे कार्डियक सेण्टर कहते हैं।

इस केन्द्र में दो भाग होते हैं, पहला भाग अर्थात् कार्डियो निरोधक भाग वैगस तन्त्रिका द्वारा अपने आवेगों को शिरा आलिन्द नोड (S.A. Node) को जबकि दूसरा भाग सिम्पैथिटिक तन्त्रिका द्वारा अपने आवेगों को शिरा आलिन्द नोड (S.A. Node) को भेजता रहता है। पहला भाग हृदय गति को धीमा तथा दूसरा तेज करता है। इसके अलावा थायरॉक्सिन, ऐड्रीनेलीन तथा ऐसीटिल कोलीन हॉर्मोन व कुछ रसायन भी हृदय स्पन्दन को प्रभावित करते हैं।

MP Board Class 11th Biology Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Important Extracts from the Poems

Read the following lines taken from your textbook carefully and answer the questions that follow: [2016]

My captain does not answer,
His lips are pale and still.
My father does not feel my arm,
He has no pulse nor will.

Questions :
(i) Who is the captain in above lines?
(ii) Why does he not answer?
(iii) What makes the poet think that the captain is dying?
Answers
(i) The captain is Abraham Lincoln.
(ii) Because he is dying.
(iii) The poet makes think that captain is dying by telling that his lips are pale and still, he does not feel the poet’s arm and he has no pulse nor will.

2. I shall be telling with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence
Two roads diverged in a wood, and
I took the one less travelled by,
And that has made all the difference. [2009]

Questions
(i) What does ‘diverged’ mean in the poem?
(ii) Find out the word that gives the meaning ‘deep breath’.
(iii) What does the poet mean by ‘I took the one less travelled by’?
Answers :
(i) Diverged means that the two roads go in two different directions.
(ii) sigh.
(iii) The road which is less travelled by denotes a less common path and the poet moved on the same path.

3. “Go not to the temple to put flowers upon the feet of God, [2015]
First fill you house with the fragrance of love.
Go not to the church to light candles before the altar of God,
First remove the darkness of sin from your heart.”

Questions :
(i) Find out the word from the lines which has the same meaning as “a holy table” in a Church.
(ii) What does the poet suggest to do before offering flowers to God?
(iii) Write the name of the poet.
Answers :
(i) altar
(ii) The poet suggests that we should first fill our house With the fragrance of love.
(iii) Rabindra Nath Tagore.

4. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveller, long I stood
And looked down as far as could. [2009, 13]

Questions :
(i) Name the poet and the poem. [2009]
(ii) Count how many words represent numbers in the given lines. [2009]
(iii) Diverged means [2009]
(iv) What does the word ‘road’ stand for? [2013]
(v) Find out the word similar in meaning to ‘separated’ from the poem extract. [2013]
(vi) Where did the two roads diverge? [2013]
Answers
(i) The poet is Robert Frost and the poem is ‘The Road Not Taken’. 00 Two (Two, one).
(iii) Took different directions.
(iv) The word ‘road’ signifies a path which a man-needs to choose among the various choices available during his life.
(v) diverged.
(vi) Two roads diverged in a yellow wood.

5. How sweet is shepherd’s sweet lot,
From the mom to the evening he strays
He shall follow his sheep all the day
And his tongue shall be filled with praise.

Questions
(i) What does the ‘lot’ stand for?
(ii) What does the shepherd do all the day?
(iii) Give the opposite of ‘sweet’.
Answers :
(i) Luck.
(ii) Follows his sheep.
(iii) Bitter.

6. For he hears the lamb’s innocent call,
And he hears the Ewe’s tender reply;
He is watchful while they are in peace,
For they know when their shepherd is nigh.

Questions :
(i) Write the name of the poem and the poet.
(ii) Give the antonym of peace.
(iii) Who is watchful?
Answers :
(i) Poem is ‘The Shepherd’ and poet is William Blake.
(ii) Disturbance.
(iii) The Shepherd.

7. Lo ! The trees of the wood are my next of kin.
And the rock alive with what beats in me.
The Clay is my flesh, and the fog my skin.
I am fierce with the gadfly arad sweet with the bee. [2009]

Questions :
(i) Write the name of the poem and the poet.
(ii) ………… are the nearest relatives of the nature. (Fill in the blanks)
(iii) Give antonym of ‘Dead’.
Answers :
(i) Poem is ‘Waves on the Sleepless Sea’ and the poet is Swami Ramtirtha.
(ii) The trees of the wood.
(iii) Alive.

8. O Captain ! My Captain ! our fearful trip is done.
The ship has weather’d every rack the prize we sought is won.
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting.
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring. [2012]

Questions
(i) Meaning of ‘Keel’ is
(ii) ‘Ship’ is looking
(iii) How do people react as the ship approaches the port?
Answers :
(i) Structure on which the framework of ship stands.
(ii) Weather’d.
(iii) The people feel exulted when approaches the port.

9. The great dawn breaks, the mournful night is past,
From her deep age-long sleep she wakes at last !
Sweet and long-slumbering buds of gladness ope
Fresh lips to the returning winds of hope.

Questions
(i) The title of the poem is [2009, 14]
(ii) Name the poet. [2011, 14]
(iii) Find out the word from the lines given above which has the same meaning as ‘sad’. [2009, 11]
(iv) What does the poet mean by ‘The great dawn breaks, the mournful night is past’ [2009, 11, 14]
(v) What is meant by age-long sleep? [2014]
Answers :
(i) The Broken Wing.
(ii) Walt Whitman.
(iii) mournful.
(iv) The poet means that the days of slavery, for the country are over. The period of independence has come.
(v) Death.

10. “The flower is naught but the bloom of my love,
And the waters run down in the tune
I dream The Sun is my flower up hung above,
I cannot die though forever Death.” [2008, 10]

Questions :
(i) Write the name of the poem and the poet.
(ii) Give the opposite of love.
(iii) Who cannot die? Give the answer in one word.
Answers :
(i) The poem is ‘Waves on the Sleepless Sea’. The poet is Swami Ramtirtha.
(ii) Hate.
(ii) Nature.

11. “Shall spring that wake mine ancient land again,
Call to my wild suffering heart in vain?
Or fate’s blind arrows still the pulsing note,
Of my far-reaching frail unconquered throat?” [2009, 15]

Questions :
(i) Write the name of the poem and the poet.
(ii) What does ‘spring’ stand for?
(iii) Frail means
Answers :
(i) Poem is ‘Broken Wing’ and the poet is Sarojini Naidu.
(ii) ‘spring’ stands for freedom.
(iii) Weak and delicate.

12. Go not to the temple to light candles before the altar of God,
First remove that darkness of sin from your heart.
Go not to the temple to bow down your head in prayer,
First learn to bow in humility before your fellow men.

Questions
(i) Name of Poem is
(ii) Altar of God means
(iii) What should we learn before bowing our heads in prayer?
Answer:
(i) True worship.
(ii) A raised platform before God.
(iii) Before bowing our head in pray we should leam to bow in humility before our fellow men.

13. And having perphaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear,
Though as for that the passing there,
Had worn them really about the same. [2012]

Questions :
(i) The poet of this poem is
(ii) What does ‘it’ in second line stand for?
(iii) Why does the poet think ‘it’ better?
Answers :
(i) Robert Frost.
(ii) ‘It’ stands for the road.
(iii) The poet thinks ‘it’ better because it was grassy and wanted wear.

14. I cannot die, through for ever death
Weave back and fro in the warp of me.
I was never bom, yet my births of breath.
Are as many as waves on the sleepless sea. [2013, 16]

Questions
(i) Who was the poet and name the poem.
(ii) Give opposite of ‘always’ from the extract.
(iii) Why does the poet describe sea as sleepless?
(iv) What waves in the warp of nature.
Answers:
(i) SwamiRamtirtha(Poet)
Waves on the Sleepless Sea (Poem).
(ii) never.
(iii) He describes it so because its waves keep on rising and Ming day and night.
(iv) Death waves in the warp of nature.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Biology Solutions Chapter 19 उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन NCERT प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
गुच्छीय निस्यंद-दर (GFR) को परिभाषित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
वृक्कों के द्वारा प्रति मिनट निस्पंदित (Filter) की गई मात्रा गुच्छीय निस्यंद-दर (GFR,Glomerulus Filterate Rate) कहलाती है। एक स्वस्थ व्यक्ति में यह दर 125 मिली प्रति मिनट होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
गुच्छीय निस्यंद दर (GFR) की स्वनियमन क्रियाविधि को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
गुच्छीय निस्वंद दर के नियमन (Regulation) के लिए वृक्कों के गुच्छीय आसन्न तंत्र द्वारा एक अतिसूक्ष्म छनन (Ultrafiltration) की क्रिया संपन्न की जाती है। यह विशेष तंत्र अभिवाही (Afferent) एवं अपवाही (Efferent) धमनिकाओं (Arterioles) के संपर्क स्थल पर दूरस्थ कुण्डलित नलिका (Distal convoluted tubules) के रूपान्तरण से बनता है। गुच्छीय निस्यंद – दर (GFR) में गिरावट के इन आसन्न गुच्छ केशिकाओं (Glomerular capillaries) को रेनिन (Renin) के स्रावण के लिए सक्रिय करती है, जो वृक्कीय रुधिर का प्रवाह, बढ़ाकर गुच्छ निस्यंद-दर को पुनः सामान्य कर देती है।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित कथनों को सही अथवा गलत में इंगित कीजिए –

1. मूत्रण प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया द्वारा होता है।
2. A.D.H. मूत्र को अल्पपरासरी बनाते हुए जल के निष्कासन में सहायक होता है।
3. हेनले-लूप मूत्रण के सांद्रण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।
4. बोमन-सम्पुट में रक्त प्लाज्मा से प्रोटीनरहित तरल निस्पंदित होता है।
5. समीपस्थ संवलित नलिका (PCT) में ग्लूकोस सक्रिय रूप से पुनः अवशोषित होता है।

उत्तर:

1. सही
2. गलत
3. गलत
4. गलत
5. सही।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्तनधारी सांद्रित मूत्र का उत्पादन करते हैं। इस कार्य में हेनले लूप (Henle’s loop) तथा वासा इरेक्टा (Vasa erecta) महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं NaCI और यूरिया आदि का परिवहन, हेनले लूप तथा वासा इरेक्टा की विशेष व्यवस्था द्वारा सुगम बनाया जाता है, जिसे प्रतिधारा क्रियाविधि (Counter currentmechanism) कहते हैं।

यह क्रियाविधि मध्यांश के अंतरकोशीय की प्रवणता को बनाए रखती है। इस प्रकार की अंतरकोशीय प्रवणता संग्रहण नलिका (Collecting duct) द्वारा जल के सहज अवशोषण (Absorption) में योगदान करती है और निस्यंद (Filterate) का सांद्रण करती है।
हमारा वृक्क प्रारंभिक निस्यंद की अपेक्षा लगभग चार गुना अधिक सांद्र मूत्र उत्सर्जित करते हैं। यह निश्चित ही जल के ह्रास (Loss) को रोकने की मुख्य क्रियाविधि है।

प्रश्न 5.
उत्सर्जन में यकृत, फुफ्फुस तथा त्वचा का महत्व बताइए।
उत्तर:
यकृत-उत्सर्जन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। यह रुधिर के अतिरिक्त अमीनो अम्लों को ऑक्सीडेटिव डिएमीनेशन द्वारा अमोनिया और पाइरुविक अम्ल में बदल देता है। पाइरुविक अम्ल ऑक्सीकरण द्वारा ऊर्जा देता है जबकि अमीनो अम्ल को यकृत की कोशिकाएँ कम हानिकारक पदार्थ यूरिया में बदल देती है जिसे वृक्क रुधिर से अलग कर देता है।

इसके अलावा यकृत पुरानी मृत R.B.Cs को परिसंचरण तंत्र से विखण्डित करके अलग कर देता है और इसके हीमोग्लोबिन को उपयोगी पित्त वर्णकों में बदल देता है। यह कोलेस्ट्रॉल के अलावा आंत्र से अवशोषित स्केटॉल तथा इण्डोल को भी कम हानिकारक पदार्थों में परिवर्तित करके रक्त परिवहन में मिला देता है, जो वृक्क द्वारा रुधिर से अलग कर दिये जाते हैं।त्वचा व फेफड़े सहायक उत्सर्जी अंग हैं –

त्वचा (Skin):
अन्य कार्यों के अलावा मनुष्य की त्वचा में तैलीय (Sebaceous) तथा स्वेद ग्रन्थियाँ (Sweat glands) पायी जाती हैं । ये ग्रंथियाँ अपने स्रावों क्रमश: सीबम (Sebum) तथा पसीने के साथ कुछ उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को भी शरीर से बाहर करती हैं, इस कारण त्वचा को उत्सर्जी अंग कहते हैं।

फफ्फुस / फेफड़ा (Lungs):
हमारे फेफड़े प्रतिदिन भारी मात्रा में CO₂ (18 L/day) एवं जलवाष्प का प्रतिदिन निष्कासन करते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
मूत्रण की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मूत्र उत्सर्जन की क्रिया मूत्रण (Urination) कहलाती है और इसे संपन्न करने वाली क्रियाविधि मूत्र-प्रतिवर्त कहलाती है। एक वयस्क मनुष्य प्रतिदिन औसतन 1-1.5 लीटर मूत्र उत्सर्जित करता है। मूत्र एक विशेष गन्ध वाला जलीय तरल है, जो रंग में हल्का पीला तथा थोड़ा अम्लीय (pH-6) होता है औसतन प्रतिदिन 25-30 ग्राम यूरिया का उत्सर्जन होता है। विभिन्न अवस्थाएँ मूत्र की विशेषताओं को प्रभावित करती हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
स्तंभ-I के बिन्दुओं का खण्ड स्तंभ-II से मिलान कीजिएस्तंभ –

उत्तर:

1. (c) अस्थिल मछलियाँ
2. (e) वृक्क नलिका।
3. (d) मूत्राशय
4. (a) पक्षी
5. (b) जल का पुनः अवशोषण

प्रश्न 8.
परासरण नियमन का अर्थ बताइये।
उत्तर:
परासरण नियमन का अर्थ-जीव शरीर या कोशिका या रुधिर में उपस्थित जल की मात्रा का परासरण की क्रिया द्वारा नियन्त्रण परासरण नियन्त्रण (Osmoregulation) कहलाता है। हमारे शरीर में यह कार्य वृक्क द्वारा किया जाता है, शेष जन्तु भी इस कार्य को उत्सर्जी अंगों के द्वारा ही करते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
स्थलीय प्राणी सामान्यतया यूरिया या यूरिक अम्ल उत्सर्जित करते हैं तथा अमोनिया का उत्सर्जन नहीं करते हैं, क्यों?
उत्तर:
जल की हानि को रोकने के लिए स्थलीय प्राणी यूरिया या यूरिक अम्ल का उत्सर्जन करते हैं, अमोनिया का उत्सर्जन जलीय जीवों के द्वारा किया जाता है। शुष्क वातावरण में रहने वाले जन्तुओं के शरीर में उपापचयी क्रियाओं में बनी अमोनिया को यकृत कोशिकाओं द्वारा यूरिक अम्ल में बदल दिया जाता है, इसके बाद इस यूरिक अम्ल को शरीर से बाहर किया जाता है। यह यूरिक अम्ल न ही विषैला होता है और न ही जल में घुलनशील।

जल में अघुलनशील होने के कारण यूरिकोटेलिज्म उत्सर्जन करने वाले जन्तुओं में उत्सर्जन के कारण जल की हानि अपेक्षाकृत कम होती है और इसे ठोस रवों (Crystals) के रूप में जल की बहुत कम मात्रा के साथ मूत्र के रूप में उत्सर्जित किया जाता है। ये जन्तु कुछ यूरिक अम्ल को मल के साथ भी बाहर करते हैं। यूरिकोटेलिज्म उत्सर्जन करने वाले जन्तुओं को यूरिकोटेलिक जन्तु (Urecotelic animals) कहते हैं। वास्तव में इन जन्तुओं में यह उत्सर्जन शुष्क वातावरण के लिए एक रूपान्तरण है, जिसके द्वारा ये जल हानि को रोकते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
वृक्क के कार्य में जक्स्टा गुच्छ उपकरण (JGA) का क्या महत्व है ?
उत्तर:
जब शरीर में पानी की कमी होती है, तब वृक्क अधिक गाढ़े और कम मात्रा में मूत्र का उत्सर्जन करके शरीर से जल हानि को रोकता है । इस क्रिया का श्रेय जक्स्टा मेडुलरी वृक्क नलिकाओं को जाता है। शरीर में वैसोप्रेसिन के अधिक स्रावण के फलस्वरूप ही यह क्रिया होती है । इस क्रिया को वृक्क एक विशिष्ट प्रक्रिया द्वारा सम्पन्न करता है, जिसे प्रति प्रवाह प्रक्रिया (Counter current mechanism) कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
नाम का उल्लेख कीजिए –

1. एक कशेरुकी, जिसमें ज्वाला कोशिकाओं द्वारा उत्सर्जन होता है।
2. मनुष्य के वृक्क के वल्कुट के भाग, जो मध्यांश के पिरामिड के बीच से रहते हैं।
3. हेनले-लूप के समानांतर उपस्थित कोशिका का लूप।

उत्तर:

1. प्लेनेरिया।
2. बर्टीनी स्तंभ (Column of Bertini)।
3. यू (U) आकार की संरचना वासा इरेक्टा बनाती है।

प्रश्न 12.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिये –

1. हेनले-लूप की आरोही भुजा जल के लिए ………..जबकि अवरोही भुजा इसके लिए …….. है।
2. वृक्क नलिका के दूरस्थ भाग द्वारा जल का पुनरावशोषण …………….. हॉर्मोन द्वारा होता है।
3. अपोहन द्रव में …………….. पदार्थ के अलावा रक्त प्लाज्मा के अन्य सभी पदार्थ उपस्थित होते हैं।
4. एक स्वस्थ वयस्क मनुष्य द्वारा औसतन ……………… ग्राम यूरिया का प्रतिदिन उत्सर्जन होता है।

उत्तर:

1. अपारगम्य (Impermeable), पारगम्य (Permeable)
2. एण्टी-डाइयूरेटिक एंजाइम (ADH)
3.  नाइट्रोजन अपशिष्ट (Nitrogenous wastes)
4. 25 – 30.

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन अन्य महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए –
1. यूरीनीफेरस नलिका में होते हैं –
(a) साधारण घनाकार एपीथीलियम ऊतक
(b) साधारण सीलियायुक्त एपीथीलियम
(c) स्क्वैमस एपीथीलियम
(d) स्ट्रेटीफाइड एपीथीलियम।
उत्तर:
(b) साधारण सीलियायुक्त एपीथीलियम

2. परानिस्यन्दन किस कारण होता है –
(a) ऑस्मोटिक सान्द्रता
(b) ग्लोमेरुलस हाइग्रोस्टेटिक दाब
(c) रुधिर परिवहन
(d) स्रावण।
उत्तर:
(b) ग्लोमेरुलस हाइग्रोस्टेटिक दाब

3. स्तनधारी वृक्क में बोमन सम्पुट कहाँ स्थित होते हैं –
(a) मेडुला में
(b) कॉर्टेक्स में
(c) पेल्विस में
(d) हाइलम में।
उत्तर:
(b) कॉर्टेक्स में

4. जब A.D.H. की मात्रा कम होती है तो मूत्र विसर्जन की दर –
(a) कम होती है
(b) बढ़ती है
(c) वैसी ही रहती है
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
उत्तर:
(b) बढ़ती है

5. निम्न में से कौन-सा भाग प्रोटोजोआ संघ की संकुचनशील रिक्तिका के कार्य के समरूप होता है –
(a) पसीना ग्रन्थियाँ
(b) वृक्क
(c) हृदय
(d) आहारनाल।
उत्तर:
(b) वृक्क

6. स्तनियों का मुख्य उत्सर्जी पदार्थ होता है –
(a) अमीनो अम्ल
(b) अमोनिया
(c) यूरिया
(d) यूरिक अम्ल।
उत्तर:
(c) यूरिया

7. यूरिया की सबसे कम मात्रा किसमें होती है –
(a) पल्मोनरी शिरा में
(b) यकृतीय धमनी में
(c) निवाहिका शिरा में
(d) वृक्कीय शिरा में।
उत्तर:
(d) वृक्कीय शिरा में।

8. मनुष्य के मूत्र में प्रोटीन उपापचय से बने वर्ण्य पदार्थ होते हैं –
(a) यूरेसिल, अमोनिया, यूरिया
(b) यूरिया, यूरिक अम्ल, सोडियम क्लोराइड
(c) यूरिया, मिलैनिन, ग्वानीन
(d) यूरिया, यूरिक अम्ल, क्रिएटिनिन।
उत्तर:
(d) वृक्कीय शिरा में।

9. ग्लोमेरुलर निस्यन्द होता है –
(a) रुधिराणु रहित रुधिर
(b) जल, अमोनिया, रुधिराणुओं का मिश्रण
(c) रुधिराणु एवं प्लाज्मा प्रोटीन रहित रुधिर
(d) मूत्र।
उत्तर:
(c) रुधिराणु एवं प्लाज्मा प्रोटीन रहित रुधिर

10. स्तनी प्राणियों की उदर गुहा में दोनों वृक्क अनियमित स्थिति में होते हैं, बायाँ वृक्क कुछ पीछे या पश्च स्थित होता है। यह किसकी उपस्थिति के कारण होता है –
(a) स्प्लीन के
(b) आमाशय के
(c) सीकम तथा कोलन के
(d) बड़े मलाशय के।
उत्तर:
(b) आमाशय के

11. स्तनधारी के वृक्क में बोमन सम्पुट कहाँ स्थित होते हैं –
(a) मेडुला में
(b) कॉर्टेक्स में
(c) पेल्विस में
(d) हाइलम में।
उत्तर:
(b) कॉर्टेक्स में

12. डाइयूरेसिस अवस्था जिसमें –
(a) मूत्र की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है
(b) मूत्र की मात्रा घट जाती है
(c) वृक्क मूत्र निर्माण बन्द कर देते हैं
(d) रुधिर का जल आयतन समाप्त हो जाता है।
उत्तर:
(a) मूत्र की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है

13. वृक्क बहुत सूक्ष्म कोशिकाओं तथा नलिकाओं का बना होता है जो कहलाती है –
(a) ऐक्जॉन्स
(b) डेण्ड्रॉन
(c) न्यूरॉन्स
(d) नेफ्रॉन्स।
उत्तर:
(d) नेफ्रॉन्स।

14. मानव मूत्र में यूरिया किसके टूटने से बनता है –
(a) ग्लूकोज के
(b) अमीनो अम्ल के
(c) वसा के
(d) यूरिक अम्ल के।
उत्तर:
(d) यूरिक अम्ल के।

15. वृक्क में जल का पुनः अवशोषण किस हॉर्मोन के नियन्त्रण में होता है –
(a) STH के
(b)ACTH के
(c) LH के
(d) ADH के।
उत्तर:
(d) ADH के।

16. सामान्य अवस्था में वृक्क नलिकाओं द्वारा कौन-सा पदार्थ पुनः पूर्णरूप से अवशोषित कर लिया जाता है –
(a) यूरिया
(b) यूरिक अम्ल
(c) लवण
(d) ग्लूकोज।
उत्तर:
(d) ग्लूकोज।

17. वृक्कों द्वारा रुधिर के संगठन के नियन्त्रण को सन्तुलित करने की क्रिया कहलाती है –
(a) ऑस्मोरेगुलेशन
(b) होमियोस्टेसिस
(c) कन्जरवेशन
(d) प्रभावी फिल्टरन।
उत्तर:
(b) होमियोस्टेसिस

18. केशिका गुच्छ के उत्सर्जी पदार्थों का निस्यन्द होता है –
(a) अवशोषण द्वारा
(b) परासरण द्वारा
(c) विसरण द्वारा
(d)अतिसूक्ष्म निस्यन्द द्वारा।
उत्तर:
(d)अतिसूक्ष्म निस्यन्द द्वारा।

19. स्तनी में हेनले का लूप वृक्क नलिकाओं का भाग है जो पाये जाते हैं –
(a) मेडुला में
(b) कॉर्टेक्स में
(c) पेल्विस में
(d) विर्डर नाल में।
उत्तर:
(a) मेडुला में

20. मनुष्य का वृक्क होता है –
(a) प्रोनेफ्रॉन
(b) मीसोनेफ्रॉन
(c) मेटानेफ्रॉन
(d) ओपिस्थोनेफ्रॉन।
उत्तर:
(c) मेटानेफ्रॉन

प्रश्न 2.
रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिये –

1. जलीय जन्तु नाइट्रोजनी उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को ……………. के रूप में बाहर छोड़ते हैं।
2. मूत्र के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को बढ़ाने वाले पदार्थ ………….. कहलाते हैं।
3. शरीर से उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को कृत्रिम रूप से बाहर करना ……………. कहलाता है।
4. ……………. मूत्र के सान्द्रण हेतु उत्तरदायी होता है।
5. मूत्र का पीला रंग ……………. नामक वर्णक के कारण होता है।
6. यूरिया का निर्माण ……………. में होता है।
7. वृक्कों की क्रियात्मक इकाइयाँ ……………. होती हैं।
8. झींगा का उत्सर्जन अंग …………… है।
9. केंचुए का उत्सर्जन अंग …………. है।
10. जब मूत्र में जल और सोडियम की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है तो इसे ………….. रोग कहते हैं।

उत्तर:

1. अमोनिया
2. डाइयूरेटिक्स
3. हीमोडायलिसिस
4. हेनले लूप
5. बिलिरुबिन
6. यकृत
7. नेफ्रॉन
8. ग्रीन लैण्ड
9. नेफ्रीडिया
10. एडीसन।

प्रश्न 3.
उचित संबंध जोडिए –

उत्तर:

1. (d) पित्त रस
2. (a) यूरिकोटेलिक
3. (e) यूरिया
4. (b) ग्रीन ग्रंथि
5. (c) वृक्क

प्रश्न 4.
एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए –

1. मूत्र में उपस्थित वर्णक का नाम बताइये।
2. मूत्र में सोडियम एवं पोटैशियम के उत्सर्जन को कौन-सा पदार्थ नियन्त्रित करता है ?
3. मूत्र के आयतन को नियन्त्रित करने वाले कारक कौन-से हैं ?
4. हाइड्रा के उत्सर्जन अंग का नाम लिखिए।
5. वृक्क नलिका के उस भाग का नाम बताइए जो A.D.H. द्वारा उत्तेजित होता है।
6. उस हॉर्मोन का नाम बताइए जो नेफ्रॉन में मूत्र निर्माण को नियन्त्रित करता है।
7. मनुष्य के प्रमुख उत्सर्जी पदार्थों के नाम बताइए।
8. हेनले लूप क्या है ?
9. उस धमनी का नाम बताइए जो वृक्क में रक्त ले जाती है।
10. यूरिया का निर्माण कहाँ होता है ?
11. कॉकरोच के उत्सर्जी अंग का नाम लिखिए।
12. वृक्क की संरचनात्मक इकाई क्या है ?
13. यूरिया का निर्माण यकृत में किस रासायनिक चक्र द्वारा होता है ?
14. प्रोटीन के डी-एमीनेशन से कौन-सा पदार्थ बनता है ?
15. प्रॉन के उत्सर्जी अंग का नाम लिखिए।

उत्तर:

1. यूरोक्रोम
2. एल्डोस्टीरॉन
3. वैसोप्रेसिन हॉर्मोन
4. शरीर की कोशिकाएँ
5. दूरस्थ कुंडलित नलिका
6. वैसोप्रेसिन
7. यूरिया
8. नेफ्रॉन की U आकार की नलिका
9. रीनल आर्टरी
10. यकृत
11. मैल्पीघी नलिकाएँ
12. नेफ्रॉन
13. आर्निथीन चक्र द्वारा
14. अमोनिया
15. ग्रीन
16. ग्लैण्ड।

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
यूरियोटेलिक जन्तुओं में इस उत्सर्जन के महत्व को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
इस प्रकार के उत्सर्जन में जन्तु नाइट्रोजनी उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को यूरिया के रूप में उत्सर्जित करते हैं। यूरिया प्रकृति में अन्य उत्सर्जी पदार्थों के अनुपात में कम हानिकारक होती है। इस प्रकार उत्सर्जन या तो जलीय जन्तुओं में या उन स्थानीय जन्तुओं में पाया जाता है, जिनको जल के संरक्षण की आवश्यकता नहीं होती अर्थात् उन जन्तुओं में यह उत्सर्जन एक प्रकार से उपर्युक्त परिस्थितियों के लिए अनुकूलन है।

प्रश्न 2.
यूरिया के स्थान पर यूरिक अम्ल का उत्सर्जन पक्षियों एवं सरीसृपों के लिए ज्यादा उपयोगी है, क्यों?
उत्तर:
यूरिक अम्ल तथा इसके लवण अपेक्षाकृत कम विषैले तथा जल में अघुलनशील होते हैं। इस कारण इनका उत्सर्जन ठोस रूप में किया जाता है। फलत: जल की हानि नहीं होती जबकि यूरिया के उत्सर्जन में जल की हानि होती है। इस प्रकार पक्षियों तथा सरीसृपों में यूरिक अम्ल का उत्सर्जन जल की हानि को रोकने का एक रूपान्तरण है।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित जन्तुओं के उत्सर्जी अंगों के नाम लिखिए –

1. प्रोटोजोआ
2. सीलेन्ट्रेट्स
3. मोलस्क
4. ऑर्थोपोड्स
5. एनीलिडा।

उत्तर:

1. प्रोटोजोआ-संकुचनशील धानियाँ, प्लाज्मा झिल्ली।
2. सीलेन्ट्रेट्स-कोशिका झिल्ली से सीधा विसरण।
3. मोलस्क-रीनल अंग या वृक्क।
4. ऑर्थोपोड्स-मैल्पीषियन नलिकाएँ।
5. एनीलिडा–नेफ्रीडिया।

प्रश्न 4.
ऊँट में कूबड़ क्यों पाया जाता है ?
उत्तर:
ऊँट में कूबड़ पाया जाता है, जिसमें काफी मात्रा में वसा संगृहीत होती है। इसी वसा में जल संचित रहता है। मरुस्थलीय जन्तु होने के कारण जल उपलब्ध नहीं होने पर वसा के विघटन से प्राप्त जल शारीरिक क्रियाओं के काम आता है। इस प्रकार कूबड़, ऊँट में जल की कमी को पूरा करने के लिए एक अनुकूल है।

प्रश्न 5.
शरीर के किस अंग के द्वारा अमोनिया को यूरिया में परिवर्तित किया जाता है ?
उत्तर:
यकृत।

प्रश्न 6.
यदि किसी मनुष्य के यकृत में डी-एमीनेशन की क्रिया बन्द कर दी जाये तो उत्सर्जन की क्रिया पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा?
उत्तर:
अमोनिया का आगे यूरिया में परिवर्तित होकर शरीर से बाहर निकलना बन्द हो जाएगा, क्योंकि छोटी आँत से यकृत में आयी हुई अमीनो अम्ल की अधिक मात्रा से अमीनो भाग को हटाकर शर्करा का निर्माण बन्द हो जाएगा, फलतः पायरुविक अम्ल और अमोनिया का बनना बन्द हो जाएगा। इस प्रकार इस क्रिया के कारण हमारे शरीर की दूसरी जैविक क्रियाएँ भी प्रभावित होंगी और शरीर में हानिकारक पदार्थ एकत्रित होते रहेंगे।

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
दूरस्थ कुण्डलित तथा संग्राहक कुण्डलित नलिका की पारगम्यता किस प्रकार नियन्त्रित की जाती है ? जिसके कारण शरीर में जल की मात्रा का नियन्त्रण किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
जब हमारे शरीर में जल की मात्रा अधिक होती है, तब वृक्क के नेफ्रॉन्स इसे रुधिर से अवशोषित करके मूत्र को तनु और अधिक मात्रा में बनाते हैं, लेकिन जब शरीर में जल की मात्रा कम हो जाती है तब वृक्क नलिकाएँ जल अवशोषण को कम कर देती हैं, जिससे मूत्र कम तथा गाढ़ा हो जाता है। मूत्र की प्रकृति में ये परिवर्तन नेफ्रॉन्स की दूरस्थ कुण्डलित नलिकाओं और संग्रह नलिकाओं की पारगम्यता में परिवर्तन के कारण पैदा होते हैं और इनकी पारगम्यता का नियन्त्रण दो हॉर्मोनों के द्वारा किया जाता है।

पहला हॉर्मोन ऐल्डोस्टीरॉन (Aldosteron) है, जो वृक्क नलिकाओं के निस्यद (Filtrate) से Na’ के पुनः अवशोषण को बढ़ाता है, जिससे शरीर के आन्तरिक वातावरण में Na’ की उचित मात्रा बनी रहे। दूसरा हॉर्मोन वैसोप्रेसिन (Vasopressin) मूत्र की तनुता और सान्द्रता का नियन्त्रण करता है । ऐल्डोस्टीरॉन का निर्माण ऐड्रीनल ग्रन्थि के कॉर्टेक्स तथा वैसोप्रेसिन का निर्माण पीयूष ग्रन्थि की पश्च पालि में होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
वृक्क के किन्हीं चार कार्यों को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
वृक्क का मुख्य कार्य नाइट्रोजन युक्त उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को शरीर से बाहर निकालना है। इसके अलावा ये निम्नलिखित कार्यों का भी सम्पादन करते हैं
1. जल सन्तुलन (Water balance):
वृक्क शरीर में जल की मात्रा को सन्तुलित बनाये रखने का कार्य करते हैं। ये जल की अतिरिक्त मात्रा को शरीर से बाहर निकालते हैं।

2. लवण संतुलन (Salt balance)
अतिरिक्त लवणों को भी वृक्क मूत्र के साथ बाहर निकाल देते हैं। इस प्रकार रुधिर में आवश्यकता से अधिक लवण नहीं हो पाते।

3. अम्ल-क्षार सन्तुलन (Acid-Base balance)
वृक्क शरीर में अम्ल-क्षार का सन्तुलन बनाये रखते हैं।

4. हानिकारक पदार्थों का संतुलन (Balance of harmful substances)
वृक्क शरीर में अनावश्यक रूप से उत्सर्जी पदार्थों, जैसे-विष, दवाइयों इत्यादि को भी मूत्र के साथ बाहर निकालते हैं और इस प्रकार हानिकारक पदार्थों का संतुलन बनाये रखते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
नेफ्रॉन का चित्र बनाकर निम्न को नामांकित कीजिये –
(1) ग्लोमेरुलस
(2) बोमेन्स कैप्सूल
(3) हेनले का लूप
(4) संग्रहण नलिका।
अथवा
मनुष्य के नेफ्रॉन का नामांकित चित्र बनाइये।
उत्तर:

टीप:
तारांकित स्थानों पर नामांकन दिखाया गया है।

प्रश्न 4.
ऐल्डोस्टीरॉन का क्या कार्य है ? समझाइए।
उत्तर:
ऐल्डोस्टीरॉन हॉर्मोन ऐड्रीनल ग्रन्थि द्वारा स्रावित होता है। यह रुधिर में Na+ आयन की मात्रा को नियन्त्रित करता है। पुनः अवशोषण का नियन्त्रण रेनिन (Renin) हॉर्मोन द्वारा होता है, जो कि वृक्क द्वारा स्रावित होता है। रेनिन हॉर्मोन द्वारा ऐन्जियोटेन्सिनोजन का एन्जियोटेन्सिन (Angiotensin) में परिवर्तित करता है। ऐन्जियोटेन्सिन ऐड्रीनल कॉर्टेक्स में ऐल्डोस्टिरॉन के स्रावण को उत्प्रेरित करता है।

प्रश्न 5.
नेफ्रोस्टोम (Nephrostome) क्या है ? इसकी कार्यविधि को समझाइए।
उत्तर:
यह कीप के समान संरचना है, जिसके मुख पर रोम पाये जाते हैं। इसकी चौड़ी शिरा देहगुहा एवं सँकरी शिरा वृक्क शिराओं में खुलती है। मुख में उपस्थित रोम की गति से देहगुहा का द्रव वृक्क शिरा (Renal vein) में आता है। नेफ्रोस्टोम मेढक की भ्रूणीय अवस्था में पाये जाते हैं जो बाद में नष्ट हो जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
होमियोस्टेसिस एवं डाइयूरेसिस से क्या समझते हैं ?
उत्तर:
होमियोस्टेसिस (Homeostasis):
शरीर के अंदर के वातावरण को स्थायी एवं नियन्त्रित बनाये रखना होमियोस्टेसिस कहलाता है। नेफ्रॉन या वृक्क नलिकाओं द्वारा स्थायी नियन्त्रण बना रहता है। इनके द्वारा जल, खनिज लवण एवं अन्य पोषक पदार्थों का अवशोषण होता है एवं उत्सर्जी पदार्थों को शरीर से बाहर करती हैं।

डाइयूरेसिस (Diuresis)-मूत्र स्रावण की मात्रा बढ़ जाने की क्रिया को डाइयूरेसिस कहते हैं। ऐसे पदार्थ जो मूत्र स्रावण की मात्रा बढ़ाते हैं, वे डाइयूरेटिक (Diuretic) पदार्थ कहलाते है। यूरिया एक प्रकार का डाइयूरेटिक है, जो कि मूत्र स्रावण को बढ़ा देता है। ग्लूकोज, कैफीन भी डाइयूरेटिक पदार्थ हैं।

उत्सर्जी उत्पाद एवं उनका निष्कासन दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
मनुष्य के वृक्क की संरचना को संक्षेप में समझाइए।
उत्तर:
वृक्क की बाह्य संरचना (External structure of kidney):
वृक्क कशेरुक दण्ड के नीचे उदर में स्थित सेम के बीज के समान संरचना है, जिसकी लम्बाई 10 cm एवं चौड़ाई 6 cm होती है। इसका भार लगभग 150 gm होता है। वृक्क मनुष्य का मुख्य उत्सर्जी अंग है। वृक्क के दोनों ओर ऐड्रीनल ग्रन्थियाँ पायी जाती हैं। वृक्कों द्वारा रुधिर में उपस्थित पदार्थ पृथक् किये जाते हैं, जिसे मूत्र द्वारा शरीर के बाहर कर दिया जाता है। वृक्क के अंदर अवतल किनारा हाइलम कहलाता है। इस स्थान से मूत्रवाहिनी एवं वृक्क शिरा बाहर निकलती हैं और वृक्क धमनी प्रवेश करती है।

वृक्क की आंतरिक संरचना (Inter to Urinary bladder nal structure of kidney):
वृक्क की आंतरिक संरचना में दो भाग स्पष्ट दिखाई देते हैं-बाहरी भाग कॉर्टेक्स (Cortex) तथा भीतरी भाग मेड्यूला (Medulla) कहलाता है। मेड्यूला (Medulla) से घिरे मूत्र वाहिनी के विस्तृत भाग को वृक्क श्रेणी या पेल्विस कहते हैं। वृक्क में अनेक कुण्डलित इकाइयाँ (नलियाँ) पायी जाती हैं, जिन्हें वृक्क नलिकाएँ कहते हैं। प्रत्येक वृक्क नलिका (Uriniferous tubular) का आरम्भ मेड्यूला भाग से होता है।

इनके सिरे पर एक प्याली जैसी रचना बोमेन सम्पुट (Bowman capsule) होती है, जिसमें रक्त केशिकाओं का जाल ग्लोमेरुलस (Glomerulus) होता है। ग्लोमेरुलस का निर्माण एक अभिवाही धमनी (Afferent arteriole) द्वारा होता है, जो अपवाही धमनिका (Efferent arteriole) के रूप में बोमेन सम्पुट से बाहर निकलती है यह वृक्क के चारों ओर एक जाल बनाती है। ये केशिकाएँ आपस में मिलकर सूक्ष्म शिराएँ (Venules) बनाती हैं, जो मिलकर वृक्क शिरा (Renal vein) के रूप में बाहर निकलती हैं।

केशिका गुहा का निर्माण करने वाली धमनिकाएँ वृक्क धमनी (Renal artery) की शाखाएँ होती हैं। वृक्क नलिकाएँ संग्राहक नलिकाओं में खुलती हैं। यहीं मूत्र एकत्रित होता है। संग्रह नलिकाएँ ही मिलकर मूत्र वाहिनियों का निर्माण करती हैं। दोनों वृक्कों से आने वाली मूत्र वाहिनियाँ (Ureter) पीछे की ओर अलग-अलग छिद्रों द्वारा मूत्राशय में खुलती है।

है। यह यूरिक अम्ल न ही विषैला होता है और न ही जल में घुलनशील। जल में अघुलनशील होने के कारण यूरिकोटेलिज्म उत्सर्जन करने वाले जन्तुओं में उत्सर्जन के कारण जल की हानि अपेक्षाकृत कम होती है और इसे ठोस रवों (Crystals) के रूप में जल की बहुत कम मात्रा के साथ मूत्र के रूप में उत्सर्जित किया जाता है । ये जन्तु कुछ यूरिक अम्ल को मल के साथ भी बाहर करते हैं।

यूरिकोटेलिज्म उत्सर्जन करने वाले जन्तुओं को यूरिकोटेलिक जन्तु (Urecotelic animals) कहते हैं। वास्तव में इन जन्तुओं में यह उत्सर्जन शुष्क वातावरण के लिए एक रूपान्तरण है, जिसके द्वारा ये जल हानि को रोकते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
मूत्र निर्माण की क्रियाविधि का विस्तृत वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
शरीर में उपस्थित उपापचयी हानिकारक पदार्थों को बाहर करने की क्रिया को उत्सर्जन कहते हैं। नाइट्रोजन युक्त pressure उपापचयी उत्सर्जी पदार्थों का उत्सर्जन मूत्र के । रूप में होता है। वृक्क प्रमुख उत्सर्जी अंग है, जिसमें कार्यात्मक इकाई नेफ्रॉन उपस्थित रहता है। 30 mm Hg वृक्क के अंदर ही मूत्र (Urine) का निर्माण होता है।

मूत्र निर्माण की क्रियाविधि (Mecha Renal intratubular nism of urine formation):
यकृत में यूरिया का निर्माण होता है एवं रुधिर में पहुँचकर वक्क नलिकाओं में पहुँचता है। वक्क नलिकाओं द्वारा चित्र-अतिसूक्ष्म निस्यन्दन का भित्तीय प्रदर्शन मूत्र का निर्माण तीन भौतिक विधियों द्वारा होता है –

1. अतिसूक्ष्म निस्यन्दन (Ultrafiltration)
2. पुनः अवशोषण (Reabsorption)
3. स्रावण (Secretion)।

1. अतिसूक्ष्म निस्यन्दन (Ultrafiltration):
यह क्रिया वृक्क के बोमेन कैप्स्यूल में होती है। ग्लोमेरुलस एवं बोमेन कैप्स्यूल की भित्तियाँ आपस में सटी-सटी रहती हैं, जो कि छानने का कार्य करती हैं। अभिवाही धमनी से रुधिर जब ग्लोमेरुलस में आता है तो इसका दाब काफी बढ़ जाता है, क्योंकि अपवाही धमनी का व्यास कम होता है। ग्लोमेरुलस में रुधिर दाब को द्रवस्थैतिक दाब (Hydrostatic Pressure) कहते हैं। यह दाब 70 mm Hg होता है।

इस दाब के कारण रुधिर में उपस्थित यूरिया, यूरिक अम्ल, ग्लूकोज, लवण एवं अन्य पदार्थ विसरित होकर बोमेन सम्पुट में आ जाते हैं। छनित द्रव को ग्लोमेरुलस निस्यन्द (Glomerulus filtrate) कहते हैं। मनुष्य में प्रभावी निस्यन्दन दाब 10 mm Hg होता है जिससे छानने की क्रिया होती है। मानव में 125ml छनित द्रव दोनों वृक्कों से प्रति मिनट बनता है। एक दिन में लगभग 180 लीटर छनित द्रव प्राप्त होता है, जिसमें 0.8% ही मूत्र के रूप में परिवर्तित होता है।

2. पुनः अवशोषण (Reabsorption):
जैसा कि हम देखते हैं कि वर्ण्य या उत्सर्जी पदार्थों के साथ कुछ उपयोगी पदार्थों जैसे-ग्लूकोज, जल तथा लवण को भी ग्लोमेरुलस द्वारा छानकर अलग कर दिया जाता है। चूंकि ये पदार्थ शरीर के लिए उपयोगी होते हैं। अतः इन्हें मूत्र के साथ बाहर न करके पुनः अवशोषित कर लिया जाता है। वृक्क नलिकाओं के चारों तरफ रीनल धमनिका तथा रीनल शिराओं का जाल बिछा होता है, जब रुधिर से छना भाग कुण्डलित वृक्क नलिकाओं से गुजरता है तो वृक्क नलिकाओं की एपिथीलियल कोशिकाएँ इन उपयोगी पदार्थों को अवशोषित कर लेती हैं तथा इसे रुधिर कोशिकाओं में डाल देती हैं।

यहाँ पर पानी की अधिकांश मात्रा (लगभग 90%) भी अवशोषित कर ली जाती है, जिससे वृक्क नलिका का शेष द्रव गाढ़ा हो जाता है, अब इसे मूत्र कहते हैं। इससे कुछ जल, यूरिया तथा कुछ लवण घुले होते हैं। यह मूत्र संग्रह नलिकाओं, संग्रह वाहिनियों और मूत्र वाहिनी से होता हुआ मूत्राशय में एकत्र किया जाता है।

मूत्राशय की दीवार पारदर्शक तथा बाहर की ओर एपिथीलियम तथा बीच में अरेखित पेशियों व संयोजी ऊतकों की बनी होती है। जब ये अरेखित पेशियाँ संकुचित होती हैं तो मूत्र मूत्रमार्ग से होता हुआ शरीर से बाहर चला जाता है।
पुनः अवशोषण की क्रिया नेफ्रॉन या वृक्क नलिका के लावी भाग में होती है।

3. स्त्रावण (Secretion):
ग्लोमेरुलस में छनन के बावजूद रुधिर में कुछ उत्सर्जी पदार्थ शेष रह जाते हैं, जिन्हें वृक्क नलिका की दीवार की कोशिकाएँ अवशोषित कर लेती हैं, क्योंकि ग्लोमेरुलस से आने वाली कोशिकाएँ वृक्क नलिका के चारों तरफ जाल के रूप में स्थित होती हैं । वृक्क नलिका द्वारा अवशोषित ये वर्ण्य पदार्थ वृक्क नलिका की कोशिकाओं से विसरित होकर नलिका के मूत्र में शामिल हो जाते हैं। इस क्रिया को स्रावण कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिए –

1. नेफ्रिडियम
2. हरित ग्रन्थि।

उत्तर:
(1) नेफ्रिडियम (Nephridium):
यह एक उत्सर्जी अंग है, जो ऐनीलिडा संघ के जन्तुओं में पाया जाता है। नेफ्रिडियम, नेफ्रोस्टोम व शीर्षस्थ वाहिनी (Terminal duct) से मिलकर बना होता है। नेफ्रोस्टोम एक सिलिएटेड फनल द्वारा देहगुहा में खुलता है। नेफ्रोस्टोम के पीछे एक छोटी तथा सँकरी नलिका होती है, जो नेफ्रोस्टोम को शीर्षस्थ वाहिनी से जोड़ती है इसे ग्रीवा कहते हैं।

नेफ्रोस्टोम का शरीर लम्बी कुण्डलित नली का बना होता है जिसे दो पालियों में बाँटा जा सकता है-सीधी lobe पालि (Straight lobe) तथा वयावृत पालि (twisted lobe) नेफ्रोस्टोम की ग्रीवा से शीर्ष उत्सर्जन नलिका (Terminal excretory duct) है, जो सेप्टल उत्सर्जी नाल (Septal excretory duct) में खुलती है।

यह नाल अपने ही ओर की सुप्राइन्टेस्टाइनल उत्सर्जी नाल (Supra -intestinal excretory duct ) में खुलती है जो आहारनाल में खुलती है। इस प्रकार प्रत्येक नेफ्रिडियम देहगुहा तथा रुधिर से उत्सर्जी पदार्थ एकत्रित करके आहारनाल द्वारा शरीर से बाहर निकाल देता है।

(2) हरित ग्रन्थि (Green gland):
पैलीमोन आर्थोपोडा संघ के वर्ग क्रस्टेशिया का जन्तु हैं, जिसमें उत्सर्जी अंग हरित ग्रन्थि होती है। ये ऐण्टिनी में स्थित Glandular होते हैं। प्रत्येक हरित ग्रन्थि में एक एण्ड सैक (End sac), लेबिरिन्थ (Labyrinth) तथा आशय (Bladder) होते हैं। एण्ड सैक एक सेम के बीज के आकार की रचना है, जिसमें रुधिर रिक्तिकाएँ होती हैं।

यहीं सर्वप्रथम Renal sac / मूत्र का निर्माण होता है, जो लेबिरिन्थ की नलिकाओं से होता हुआ आमाशय में पहुँचता है। आमाशय एक सूक्ष्म मूत्र नलिका (Ureter) से जुड़ा रहता है और छिद्र द्वारा बाहर खुलता है, जिसे वृक्क छिद्र (Renal pores) कहते हैं। आशय एक नलिका द्वारा वृक्क थैली (Renal sacs) से भी जुड़ता है।

MP Board Class 11th Biology Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Process Writing

Example 1.
With the help of the words given below, produce a writeup on ’‘Preparing a cup of tea,” in about 70-80 words : [2008]
(i) Preparation is not easy but an art,
(ii) Cooking bowl,
(iii) Burning flame,
(iv) Clean water, tea leaves, sugar and milk,
(v) Boiling and filtering.
Answer:

Preparing A Cup Of Tea

The preparation of tea is also an art. It is not so easy as it seems. One has to master certain details to get a really good result. First measure three-fourth of a cup of water. Pour it into a pan and let it boil for some time. Put the required measure of tea leaves in the pan. The quality of tea leaves must be nice. Pour milk and drop a measure of sugar. Let the mixture boil for some time. Pour tea into a kettle filtering it. Tasty tea is ready to serve.

Example 2.
With the help of words given below, produce a write up on the process of “Dressing a wound”, in 40-50 words.
(i) Clean the wound,
(ii) Surrounding skin,
(iii) Antiseptic powder,
(iv) Spread ointment,
(v) Putting gauze,
(vi) Bandage.
Answer:

Dressing A Wound

One need not go to a doctor for getting his wound dressed. One can master this skill just by trials and errors. To bandage a cut or wound, the affected part and the surrounding skin must be properly cleaned and dried. Sprinkle some good antiseptic powder on the affected part. Take a gauze properly dipped into antiseptic lotion. Spread a thin layer of ointment on it. The gauze should be put on the wound and it should be so stretched that it covers all the affected parts. The wound should be bandaged properly.

However, if the wound is very deep and the bleeding doesn’t stop, then never hesitate to take prompt medical aid from a qualified doctor.

Example 3.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “Getting a bus pass made”, in 40-50 words.
(i) Buying a ticket daily,
(ii) Costly and troublesome,
(iii) Provision of passes,
(iv) Counters at several places,
(v) Form and money,
(vi) Pass ready.
Answer:

Getting A Bus Pass Made

City bus transport is a great facility for passengers going daily from one place to another. Daily purchasing a ticket is costly as well as troublesome. So passengers are provided monthly bus-passes.

These passes can be used to travel from one place to another as many times as one likes to travel. The passes are prepared at several points in the city. One has to go to those places and fill in an application form giving full details. The authorities check them. You are required to pay the charge of the pass and get yourself photographed. The clerical staff verifies all the details and prepares the pass and hands over to you. These passes are to be used by a particular person only. It cannot be transferred to any other person.

Example 4.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on “Crossing a busy street”, in 40-50 words.
(1) Crossing roads dangerous,
(ii) Zebra crossings,
(iii) Traffic rules,
(iv) Looking both sides of road.
Answer:

Crossing A Busy Street

So many precious lives are lost in road accidents. Many of them happen to be pedestrians Crossing a busy street in a city requires open eyes and alert mind. A false step can be very risky. A long row of cars, scooters, buses and vehicles of all sizes makes the job of crossing a street very difficult. Look out for the Zebra crossings or white strips painted on the road. They are meant only for the use of pedestrians We should obey the red, orange, green signals given to regulate the traffic. Attempt a crossing only when the traffic stands still at the red light. Look on either side of the road before you cross it. Cross the road with full confidence, without undue and indecent haste. If you obey or follow the general rules of the road you will have no trouble in crossing even the busiest road in the town.

Exercise

With the help of the words given, prepare a write up on the topic given in 40-50 words.
(1) Opening A Bank Account,

1. Enter the bank,
2. Application form,
3. Passport size photos,
4. Address proof,
5. Introduction by an existing account holder,
6. Deposit money on the counter,
7. Hand it over to the concerned clerk,
8. Receive the passbook.

(2) Planning a Picnic Party,

1. Choose an interesting place,
2. Things needed,
3. Spot near a river or a grassy lawn,
4. Activities at the picnic spot.

(3) Berth Reservation for a Journey,

1. Reservation chart,
2. Confirm availability,
3. Fill up reservation form,
4. Details in specified columns,
5. Hand over the form at the counter,
6. Required amount.

(4) Getting Ready to School, [2008]

1. Get up in the morning,
2. Check homework,
3. School bag,
4. Dress up,
5. Lunch-box,
6. Start for school.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th General English Incidents Write Up

Example 1.
With the help of the words given below produce a write up on ‘A Train Accident’ in 40-50 words.
(i) Date, time, place of accident,
(ii) Impact of incident,
(iii) Relief measures,
(iv) Probable causes,
(v) Reactions of passengers and railway staff.
Answer:

A Train Accident

A ghastly train accident occurred last night at Sohagpur when Indore bound Narmada Express rammed into a stationary goods train. The impact was so severe that two bogies of the express were mounted atop the engine of the goods train. The passengers who were asleep fell down. Some received, only minor injuries while others were badly wounded. About 150 persons were trapped in the two bogies. Relief measures were slow as it was a small town. The carelessness of the railway staff and mechanical failure led to the disaster resulting in the loss of 50 lives. The railway staff blamed the old equipment and fog for the train wreck.

Example 2.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on Celebration of Holi at Hostel in 40-50 words.
(i) Most colourful and enjoyable festival,
(ii) Celebration at hostel,
(iii) Enjoyment with fellow students,
(iv) The activities.
Answer:

Celebration Of Holi At Hostel

Holi is the most colourful and enjoyable festival of India. We observe this festival with great zeal and fanfare. This year I stayed back at the hostel at Holi and didn’t visit home. The experience was rewarding. Holi was celebrated with a lot of fanfare. The students embraced one another and smeared the faces with coloured powder called ‘Gulak. The more adventurous added fast colours in buckets of water and threw them on others. Everyone, shared the excitement and fun. With faces smeared with colours we looked like ghosts. Sweets and tea exchanged hands quite frequently. Dancing and singing lifted the spirits of even the gloomiest persons. The memories of celebration of Holi at Hostel make me smile even today.

Example 3.
With the help of the words given below, produce a write up on A Chain Snatching Incident in 40-50 words.
(i) Date, time, place of incident,
(ii) People around,
(iii) The motorcyclist’s description,
(iv) Registration number of the vehicle,
(v) The act of snatching,
(vi) Riding away,
(vii) Reactions of the lady and others.
Answer:

A Chain Snatching Incident

Last Monday, I was waiting for my school bus at Mhow-naka bus stop. It was bout 9 a.m. The office goers had started pouring in and formed queues for separate bus routes. .Suddenly a Motorcyclist came towards the shelter for passengers. The young man slowed his motorbike near a young lady, and in a twinkle of an eyelid snatched her necklace and purse and rode away fast. The screams of the young lady attracted the attention of others. I had written the registration number of the vehicle. I gave it to the lady. Some gentlemen took her to the police station to lodge a complaint against this chain-snatching incident. The lady and other gentlemen thanked me.

Example 4.
With the help of the words given below produce a write up on Demonstration by Adivasis in 40-50 words.
(i) Time,
(ii) The participants,
(iii) Cause,
(iv) What they carried,
(v) Weather and its effect.
Answer:
Demonstration By Adivasis
While returning from school yesterday afternoon, 1 came across a group of Adivasis. Adivasis living near the town and some political activists had organised a demonstration to register their annoyance and protest against their displacement for the dam to be constructed on the Mann River. They carried banners and placards with catchy slogans were. Some of the Adivasis seemed over-enthusiastic. They shouted vociferously. As it was a very hot afternoon, the weather took its toll and some of the volunteers collapsed under sunstroke and dehydration. They were rushed to nearby hospitals but the march of the protesters went on.

Exercise
With the help of the given words, prepare a write up on the topics given in 40-50 words.

1. A house on fire,
2. A house on fire,
3. Cries and shrieks,
4. People assemble,
5. Use of water,
6. Rescue of an injured woman and a child.

(2) Students’ strike,

1. Students on strike,
2. Demand for better facilities „ in games and sports,
3. Students assemble with banners and posters with slogans written on them,
4. Property damaged,
5. Classes suspended,
6. Negotiation expected.

(3) A Picnic,

1. Time of leaving,
2. The Journey,
3. The weather,
4. Reaching the lake,
5. The scene at the lake,
6. Music and dancing,
7. Taking food,
8. Sightseeing,
9. Return.

(4) A Minor Earthquake Experience,

1. Sitting watching TV,
2. The starting of the earthquake,
3. The windows, doors and furniture trembling,
4. Running out of the houses,
5. Scene at the road,
6. Stopping of the earthquake,
7. The results-the clefts of the roads and of the houses.

MP Board Class 11th English Solutions