Class 8

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi Chapter 19 प्रियदर्शिनी इन्दिरा

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Chapter 19 अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत(एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) इन्दिरायाः भाषणानि कीदृशानि आसन्? (इन्दिरा के भाषण कैसे थे?)
उत्तर:
ऊर्जस्वलानि। (तेजस्वी)

(ख) इन्दिरायाः उच्चशिक्षा कुत्र अभवत्? (इन्दिरा की उच्च शिक्षा कहाँ हुई?)
उत्तर:
ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालये। (ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में।)

(ग) नेहरूः स्वपुत्रीं कथं द्रष्टुमैच्छत्? (नेहरू अपनी पुत्री को कैसा देखना चाहते हैं?)
उत्तर:
ऊर्जस्वलाम्। (तेजस्वी)

(घ) इन्दिरा कुत्र भारतीयसेनाम् प्रेषितवती? (इन्दिरा ने कहाँ भारतीय सेना को भेजा?)
उत्तर:
बङ्ग्लादेशम्। (बंग्लादेश में)

(ङ) इन्दिरायाः का उद्घोषणा आसीत्? (इन्दिरा की क्या उद्घोषणा थी?)
उत्तर:
दरिद्रतामपनय। (दरिद्रता हटाओ)

प्रश्न 2.
एकवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत(एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) दिवङ्गतापि का अस्माकं कृते वर्तमानेवास्ति? (मरकर भी कौन हमारे लिए उपस्थित ही है?)
उत्तर:
दिवङ्गतापि इन्दिरा अस्माकं कृते वर्तमानेवास्ति। (मरकर भी इन्दिरा हमारे लिए उपस्थित ही है।)

(ख) इन्दिरायाः जन्म कदा अभवत्? इन्दिरा का जन्म कब हुआ?)
उत्तर:
इन्दिरायाः जन्म १९१७ तमे ख्रिस्ताब्दे अभवत् (इन्दिरा का जन्म 1917 वीं ईस्वी में हुआ।)

(ग) इन्दिरायाः जन्म कुत्र अभवत्? (इन्दिरा का जन्म कहाँ हुआ?)
उत्तर:
इन्दिरायाः जन्म प्रयागनगरे अभवत्। (इन्दिरा का जन्म प्रयाग नगर में हुआ।)

(घ) जवाहरलालनेहरुः किं कुर्वन् कारागारमगच्छत्? (जवाहरलाल नेहरू क्या करते हुए जेल गये?)
उत्तर:
जवाहरलालनेहरुः स्वतन्त्रतायै आन्दोलनं कुर्वन् कारागारमगच्छत्। (जवाहरलाल नेहरू स्वतन्त्रता के लिए आन्दोलन करते हुए जेल गए।)

(ङ) इन्दिरायाः समाधिस्थलं केन नाम्ना प्रसिद्धमस्ति? (इन्दिरा का समाधि स्थल किस नाम से प्रसिद्ध है?)
उत्तर:
इन्दिरायाः समाधिस्थलं ‘शक्तिस्थलम्’ इति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धमस्ति। (इन्दिरा का समाधिस्थल ‘शक्तिस्थल’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध है।)

प्रश्न 3.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत(रिक्त स्थान भरो-)
(क) ………. इन्दिरायाः पिता आसीत्।
(ख) सर्वे ………. तत्रागच्छन्।
(ग) तया ……….. नाम्नी बालकानां सङ्घटना कृता।
(घ) ……… सहयोगेन बङ्ग्लादेशः स्वतन्त्रः जातः।
(ङ) सर्वे जनाः तां ……… इति रूपेण स्मरन्ति।
उत्तर:
(क) जवाहरलाल नेहरु
(ख) राष्ट्रियाः नेतारः
(ग) वानरसेना इति
(घ) भारतस्य
(ङ) शान्तिदूती।

प्रश्न 4.
नामोल्लेखपूर्वकं समासविग्रहं कुरुत(नाम का उल्लेख करते हुए समास-विग्रह करो-)
(क) पुष्पमालाः
(ख) देशभक्तेः
(ग) सीमानिर्धारणम्
(घ) वीरगतिम्।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 5.
नामोल्लेखपूर्वकं सन्धिविच्छेदं कुरुत(नाम का उल्लेख करते हुए सन्धि-विच्छेद करो-)
(क) दर्शनमनेकधा
(ख) स्वतन्त्रतान्दोलनस्य
(ग) तत्रागच्छन्
(घ) दरिद्रतामपनय
(ङ) द्रष्टुमैच्छत्।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितशब्दान् आधृत्य वाक्यरचनां कुरुत (नीचे लिखे शब्दों के आधार पर वाक्य रचना करो-)
(क) कृते
(ख) समाप्य
(ग) कुर्वन्
(घ) सह
(ङ) अङ्गीकृत्य।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 7.
उचितं योजयत(उचित को जोड़ो-)

उत्तर:
(क) → (v)
(ख) → (iii)
(ग) → (iv)
(घ) → (ii)
(ङ) → (i)

प्रश्न 8.
भिन्नप्रकृतिकं शब्दं चिनुत (भिन्न प्रकृति के शब्द को चुनो-)
(क) इन्दिरा, पार्वती, अहिल्या, लक्ष्मीबाई।
(ख) अक्टूबरमासः, अगस्तमासः, चैत्रमासः, जूनमासः।
(ग) जलसेना, वानरसेना, थलसेना, वायुसेना।
(घ) प्रधानमन्त्री, वित्तमन्त्री, रक्षामन्त्री, महामन्त्री।
उत्तर:
(क) पार्वती
(ख) चैत्रमासः
(ग) वानरसेना
(घ) महामन्त्री।

प्रियदर्शिनी इन्दिरा हिन्दी अनुवाद

अस्माभिः प्रियदर्शिन्याः इन्दरायाः दर्शनमनेकधा कृतम्। कोटिजनैः तस्या ऊर्जस्वलानि भाषणानि श्रुतानि। सहस्रैः बालकैः तस्याः हस्ताभ्यां सस्नेहं प्रदत्ताः पुष्पमाला: गृहीता अतः दिवङ्गतापि सा देवी अस्माकं कृते वर्तमानेवास्ति।

तस्याः जन्म प्रयागनगरे १९१७ तमे ख्रिस्ताब्दे आनन्दभवनामके पैतृकगृहे अभवत्। जवाहरलाल नेहरुः तस्याः पिता कमलानेहरु च जननी अभवत्।

अनुवाद :
हम सबके द्वारा सुन्दर इन्दिरा का दर्शन कई बार किया गया। करोड़ों लोगों के द्वारा उनके तेजस्वी भाषणों को सुना गया। हजारों बालकों के द्वारा उनके हाथों से प्रेमपूर्वक दी गयी पुष्पमाला ली गई, इसलिए मरकर भी वह देवी हमारे लिए उपस्थित ही है।

उनका जन्म प्रयाग (इलाहाबाद) नगर में 1917 ईस्वी में आनन्दभवन नामक पैतृक घर पर हुआ। जवाहरलाल नेहरू उनके पिता और कमला नेहरू माता थीं।

इन्दिरायाः प्रारम्भिकी शिक्षा प्रयागे पूनानगरे चाभवत्। तेषु दिवसेषु आनन्दभवनं स्वतन्त्रतान्दोलनस्य केन्द्रमासीत्। सर्वे राष्ट्रियाः नेतारः तत्रागच्छन्। इन्दिरा तेभ्यः देशभक्तेः सङ्घर्षशीलतायाश्च संस्कारानगृह्णात्। प्राथमिकी शिक्षा समाप्य सा शान्तिनिकेतनमगच्छत्। तत्र गुरुदेवस्य रवीन्द्रनाथठाकुरस्य सान्निध्ये भारतीयसंस्कृतेः मानवप्रेम्णः च महतीं शिक्षाम् प्राप्नोत्। तस्याः उच्चशिक्षा इङ्ग्लैण्डदेशे आक्सफोर्डविश्वविद्यालये सम्पन्ना।

अनुवाद ;
इन्दिरा की प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा प्रयाग और पूना नगर में हुई। उन दिनों में आनन्दभवन स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन का केन्द्र था। सभी राष्ट्रीय नेता वहाँ आते थे। इन्दिरा ने उनसे देशभक्ति और संघर्षशीलता के संस्कारों को ग्रहण किया। प्राथमिक शिक्षा को समाप्त करके वह शान्ति निकेतन गयीं। वहाँ गुरुदेव रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर के पास से भारतीय संस्कृति और मानव प्रेम की महान् शिक्षा प्राप्त की। उनकी उच्च शिक्षा इंग्लैण्ड देश में ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में सम्पन्न हुई।

जवाहरलालनेहरुः बहुधा स्वतन्त्रतायै आन्दोलनं कुर्वन् कारागारमगच्छत्। कारागारात् सः इन्दिरायै अनेकपत्राणि प्रेषितवान्। एतानि पत्रााणि ‘पुत्र्याः कृते पितुः पत्राणि’ इति नाम्ना पुस्तकरूपेण प्रसिद्धानि सन्ति। तेभ्यः ज्ञायते यत् नेहरुः स्वपुत्रीं विदुषीं दूरदर्शिनी ऊर्जस्वलां च द्रष्टुमैच्छत्।

अनुवाद :
जवाहरलाल नेहरू बहुत बार स्वतन्त्रता के लिए आन्दोलन करते हुए जेल गये। जेल से उन्होंने इन्दिरा के लिए अनेक पत्र भेजे। ये पत्र ‘पुत्री के लिए पिता के पत्र’ इस नाम से पुस्तक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। उनसे जाना जाता है कि नेहरू अपनी पुत्री को विदुषी, दूरदर्शिनी और तेजस्वी देखना चाहते थे।

इन्दिरायाः एते गुणाः प्रसिद्धाः सन्ति। स्वमातु: कमलानेहरुतः सत्यस्य शुद्धान्तःकरणस्य च शिक्षामलभत्। बाल्यकाले एव तया ‘वानरसेना’ इति नाम्नी बालकानां सङ्घटना कता। – तस्याः विवाहः फिरोजगान्धिना सहाभवत्। तौ दम्पती स्वाधीनतान्दोलने कारागारं गतवन्तौ। १९६० तमे खिस्ताब्दे तस्याः पतिः स्वर्गमगच्छत्।

अनुवाद :
इन्दिरा के ये गुण प्रसिद्ध है। अपनी माता कमला नेहरू से सत्य और शुद्ध अन्त:करण (मन) की शिक्षा को प्राप्त किया। बाल्यकाल में ही उनके द्वारा ‘वानरसेना’ नाम से बच्चों का संघटन किया गया।

उनका विवाह फिरोज गान्धी के साथ हुआ। वे दोनों पति-पत्नी स्वाधीनता के आन्दोलन में जेल गये। 1960 वीं ईस्वी में उनके पति (फिरोज गान्धी) स्वर्गवासी हो गये।

लालबहादुरशास्त्रिणः मृत्योरनतरं सा भारतस्य। ‘प्रधानमन्त्री’ अभवत्। तत्पदमङ्गीकृत्य सा देशसेवायां। सर्वभावेन संलग्ना जाता। अधिकोषाणां राष्ट्रियकरणम् भूतपूर्वराज्ञां विशिष्टाधिकाराणां समाप्तिः तेषां नैजधनदानस्य (प्रिवीपस) अन्तः भूमिसम्पत्योः सीमानिर्धारणं चेत्यादीनि कार्याणि तस्याः महत्त्वम् उद्भासयन्ति। बङ्ग्लादेशस्य मुक्तिसङ्ग्रामे भारतीयसेनां प्रेष्य तया अपूर्वसाहसे कृतम्। भारतस्य सहयोगेनैव बङ्गलादेशः स्वतन्त्रः जातः। सा जीवनपर्यन्तम् भारतस्य कल्याणाय निर्धानानामुत्थानाय च प्रयत्नमकरोत्। दरिद्रतामपनय इति तस्या उद्घोषणासीत्।

अनुवाद :
लालबहादुर शास्त्री की मृत्यु के बाद वह भारत की ‘प्रधानमन्त्री’ हुईं। उस पद को स्वीकार करके वह देश सेवा में पूर्णरूप से संलग्न हो गयीं। बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण, भूतपूर्व राजाओं के विशिष्ट अधिकारों की समाप्ति, उनके अपने धन के दान का (प्रिवीपर्स) अन्त, भूमि और सम्पत्ति की सीमा का निर्धारण इत्यादि कार्य उनके महत्व को प्रकट करते हैं। बांग्लादेश की मुक्ति संग्राम में भारतीय सेना को भेजकर उनके द्वारा अपूर्व साहस किया गया। भारत के सहयोग से ही बांग्लादेश स्वतन्त्र हुआ। उन्होंने जीवन पर्यन्त भारत के कल्याण और निर्धनों के उत्थान के लिए प्रयत्न किया। दरिद्रता को दूर हटाओ’ यह उनका नारा था।

१९८४ तमस्य ख्रिस्ताब्दस्य अक्टूबरमासे एकत्रिंशदिनाङ्के सा एकस्य स्वरक्षकस्यैव गोलिकाभिः वीरगतिम् प्राप्नोत्।

सर्वे जनाः तां ‘शान्तिदूती’ इति रूपेण श्रद्धया स्मरन्ति। तस्याः समाधिस्थलं शक्तिस्थलमिति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धमस्ति।

अनुवाद :
1984 वी ईस्वी की अक्टूबर महीने की इक्तीस दिनांक की वह अपने एक रक्षक की ही.गोलियों से वीरगति को प्राप्त हुईं।

सभी लोग उनको ‘शान्तिदूती’ के रूप में श्रद्धा से याद करते हैं। उनका समाधि स्थल ‘शक्तिस्थल’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध है।

प्रियदर्शिनी इन्दिरा शब्दार्थाः

अनेकधा = कई बार। अधिकोषः = बैंक। कोटिजनैः = करोड़ों लोगों के द्वारा। सान्निध्ये = पास में। उर्जस्वलानि = तेजस्वी/तेजपूर्ण। उद्भासयन्ति = प्रगट करते हैं। सर्वभावेन = पूर्णरूप से। अपनय = दूर करो/हटाओ। अङ्गीकृत्य = स्वीकार करके। अवहन् ले जाते थे। अतीताः= भूतकाल की। उद्घोषणा = नारा।

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 बीजीय व्यंजक एवं सर्वसमिकाएँ Ex 9.2

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित एकपदी युग्मों का गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए –

1. 4, 7p
2. – 4p, 7p
3. – 4p, 7pq
4. 4p³ – 3p
5. 4p, 0.

हल:

1. 4 x 7p = 28pq
2. – 4p x 7p = – 28p²
3. – 4p x 7pq = – 28p²q
4. 4p³ x (-3p) = – 12p⁴
5. 4p x 0 = 0

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित एकपदी युग्मों के रूप में लम्बाई एवं चौड़ाई रखने वाले आयतों का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए:
(p, q) ; (10m, 5n) ; (20x², 5y²) ; (4x, 3x²) ; (3mn, Anp).
हल:
क्षेत्रफल = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई
∴ क्षेत्रफल = p x q = pq
= 10m x 5n = 50mn
= 20x² × 5y² = 100x²y²
= 4x × 3×2 = 12x³
= 3mn x 4np = 12mn²p

प्रश्न 3.
गुणनफलों की सारणी को पूरा कीजिए।
हल:

प्रश्न 4.
ऐसे घनाकार बक्सों का आयतन ज्ञात कीजिए जिनकी लम्बाई, चौड़ाई और ऊँचाई क्रमशः निम्नलिखित है –

1. 5a, 3a², 7a⁴
2. 2p, 4q, 8r
3. xy, 2x²y, 2xy²
4. a, 2b, 3c.

हल:
घनाकार बक्से का आयतन = लम्बाई x चौड़ाई x ऊँचाई

1. आयतन = 5a x 3a² x 7a⁴ = 105 a¹ + 2 + 4 = 105a⁷
2. आयतन = 2p x 4qx 8r = 64pqr
3. आयतन = xy × 2x²y × 2xy² = 4x¹⁺²⁺¹y¹⁺¹⁺² = 4x⁴y⁴
4. आयतन = a x 2b x 3c = 6abc

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित का गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए –

1. xy, yz, zx
2. a, – a², a³
3. 2, 4y, 8y2, 16y³
4. a, 2b, 3c, 6abc
5. m, – mn, mnp.

हल:
1. गुणनफल = xy × yz × zx = x¹⁺¹y¹⁺¹z¹⁺¹
= x²y²z²

2. गुणनफल = a x – a² x a³ = (1 x (-1) x 1)(a¹⁺²⁺³)
= (-1)a⁶ = – a⁶

3. गुणनफल = 2 x 4y x 8y² x 16y³
= (2 x 4 x 8 x 16) (1,1 + 2 + 3) = 102476

4. गुणनफल = a x 2b x 3c x 6abc
= (1 x 2 x 3 x 6)(a x b x c x abc)
= 36a²b²c²

5. गुणनफल = m x – mn x mnp
= (1x (-1)x 1)(m x mn x mnp)
= (-1) (m³n²p) = – m³n²p

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 153

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.7)

प्रश्न 1.
गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए:

1. 2x(3x + 5xy)
2. a²(2ab – 5c).

हल:
1. 2x(3x + 5xy) = 2x × 3x + 2x × 5xy
= 6x² + 10x²y

2. a²(2ab – 5c) = a² x 2ab – a² x 5c
= 2a³b – 5a – ca

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.8)

प्रश्न 1.
(4p² + 5p + 7) x 3p का गुणनफल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
(4p² + 5p + 7) x 3p
= 4p² x 3p + 5p x 3p + 7 x 3p
= 12p³ + 15p² + 21p

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 बीजीय व्यंजक एवं सर्वसमिकाएँ Ex 9.1

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित व्यंजकों में से प्रत्येक के पदों एवं गुणांकों को पहचानिए –

(i) 5xyz² – 3ry
(ii) 1 + x + 2
(iii) 4xy² – 4x²y²z² + z²
(iv) 3 – pq + qr – rp
(v) \(\frac{x}{2}\) + \(\frac{y}{2}\) – xy
(vi) 0.39 – 0.6ab + 0.5b.

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित बहुपदों को एकपदी, द्विपद एवं त्रिपद के रूप में वर्गीकृत कीजिए। कौन-सा बहुपद इन श्रेणियों में से किसी में भी नहीं है?
x + y, 1000, x + x² + x³ + 14, 7 + y + 5x, 2y – 3y², 2y – 3y² + 4y², 5x – 4y + 3xy, 4z – 15z²,
ab + be + cd + da, pqr, p²q + pq², 2p + 2q.
हल:

• एकपदी: 1000, Pqr
• द्विपदी: x + y, 2y – 3y², 4 – 15z², P²q – pq², 2p + 24
• त्रिपदी: 7 + y + 5x, 2y – 3y² + 4y³, 5x – 4y + 3xy

वे बहुपद जो उपर्युक्त श्रेणियों में नहीं आते हैं:
x + x² + x³ + x⁴, ab + bc + cd + da

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित का योग ज्ञात कीजिए –

1. ab – bc, bc – ca, ca – ab
2. a – b + ab, b – c + bc, c – a + ac
3. 2p² – q² – 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq – 3pq²
4. l² + m², m² + n², n² + l², 2lm + 2mn + 2nl

हल:

1.

2.

3.

4.

अथवा = 2(l² + m² + n² + lm + mn + nl)

प्रश्न 4.

1. 2a – 9ab + 5b – 3 में से 4a – 7ab + 3b + 12 को घटाइए।
2. 5xy – 2yz – 2x + 10xyz में से 3xy + 5ye – 7zx को घटाइए।
3. 18 – 3p – 11q + 5pq – 2pq² + 5p²q में से 4p²q – 3pq + 5pq² – 8p + 7q – 10 को घटाइए।

हल:
1.

2.

3.

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 150

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.5)

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप ऐसी और दो परिस्थितियों के बारे में सोच सकते हैं जहाँ हमें बीजीय व्यंजकों को गुणा करना पड़ सकता है?
उत्तर:
हाँ, सोच सकते हैं, जहाँ हमें बीजीय व्यंजकों का गुणा करना पड़ सकता है।

1. चाल और समय (∴ x समय या d = s x t)
2. साधारण ब्याज (∴ S.I. = \(\frac{PxRxT}{100}\))

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 151

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.6)

प्रश्न 1.
4x × 5y × 7. ज्ञात कीजिए:
सर्वप्रथम 4x × 5y ज्ञात कीजिए और फिर उसे 7z से गुणा कीजिए, अथवा सर्वप्रथम 5y × 7. ज्ञात कीजिए और इसे 4x से गुणा कीजिए। क्या परिणाम एक जैसा है? आप क्या विचार करते हैं? क्या गुणा करते समय क्रम का महत्व है?
हल:
4x × 5y × 7z = (4x × 5y) × 7z
= 20xy × 7z = 140xy
और 4x × 5y × 7z = 4x × (5y × 7z)
= 4x × 35yz = 140xyz
(4x × 5y) × 7z = 4x × (5y × 7z) = 140xyz
हाँ, परिणाम एक जैसा है।
यहाँ, स्पष्ट है कि बहुपदों का गुणनफल साहचर्य है।
गुणा करते समय क्रम का कोई महत्व नहीं है।

प्रश्न 2.
एक आयत के, जिसकी लम्बाई और चौड़ाई दी हुई है, क्षेत्रफल की सारणी को पूरा कीजिए।
हल:

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Solutions Surbhi Chapter 20 हट्टभ्रमणम्

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Chapter 20 अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तरं लिखत(एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) ग्रीष्मावकाशे स्वग्रामं कः आगतवान्? (गरमी की छुट्टियों में अपने गाँव कौन आया?)
उत्तर:
गिरिराजनायकः। (गिरिराज नायक)

(ख) कस्मिन् ग्रामें हट्टः भवति? (किस गाँव में हाट होती है।)
उत्तर:
मेलखेडाग्रामे। (मेलखेड़ा गाँव में)

(ग) हट्टः कस्मिन् दिवसे भवति? (हाट किस दिन होती है?)
उत्तर:
मङ्गलवासरे। (मंगलवार को)

(घ) विक्रेतारः कुत्र आपणान् आयोजयन्ति? (दुकानदार कहाँ परं दुकानों को लगाते हैं?)
उत्तर:
वृक्षच्छायायाम्। (पेड़ की छाया में)

(ङ) हट्टदिने के आगच्छन्ति? (हाट के दिन कौन आते हैं?)
उत्तर:
ग्रामीणाः। (गाँववासी)

प्रश्न 2.
एकवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत- (एक वाक्य में उत्तर लिखो-)
(क) ग्रामम् परितः के सन्ति? (गाँव के चारों ओर क्या हैं?)
उत्तर:
ग्रामम् परितः लघु-लघु ग्रामाः सन्ति। (गाँव के चारों ओर छोटे-छोटे गाँव हैं।)

(ख) पञ्चशाकानां नामानि लिखत? (पाँच सब्जियों के नाम लिखो।)
उत्तर:
पञ्चशाकानां नामानि आलुकम्, पलाण्डुः, कूष्माण्डम्, शिम्बाम् मूलिका च इति सन्ति। – (पाँच सब्जियों के नाम आलू, प्याज, कहू, सेम और मूली हैं।)

(ग) पञ्चनाम् अन्नानां नामानि लिखत? (माँच अन्नों के नाम लिखो।)
उत्तर:
पञ्चानाम् अन्नानां नामानि गोधूमाः, चणकाः, यवाः तण्डुलानि द्विदलानि च इति सन्ति। (पाँच अन्नों के नाम गेहूँ, चना, जौ, चावल और दाल हैं।)

(घ) ग्रामीणाः परस्परम् मिलित्वा किं कुर्वन्ति? (ग्रामीण परस्पर मिलकर क्या करते हैं?)
उत्तर:
ग्रामीणाः परस्परम् मिलित्वा मुदिताः भवन्ति। (ग्रामीण परस्पर मिलकर प्रसन्न होते हैं।)

(ङ) हट्टस्थाने के के वृक्षाः सन्ति? (हाट की जगह पर कौन-कौन से पेड़ हैं?)
उत्तर:
हट्टस्थाने जम्बुः, कदम्ब, वटः, पिप्पलस्य च वृक्षाः सन्ति। (हाट की जगह पर जामुन, कदम्ब, बरगद और पीपल के पेड़ हैं।)

प्रश्न 3.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत(रिक्त स्थान भरो-)
(क) अहं ग्रीष्मावकाशे …………. आगतवान्।
(ख) अत्रागत्य पश्यतु …………
(ग) ……….. हट्टम् भवति।
(घ) हट्टस्थानं विस्तृतं रमणीयं …………..।
(ङ) परस्परम् मिलित्वा …………. मुदिताः भवन्ति।
उत्तर:
(क) स्वग्रामम् ह्यः
(ख) ग्राम्यजीवनम्
(ग) प्रतिमङ्गलवासरे
(घ) चास्ति
(ङ) सर्वे।

प्रश्न 4.
अर्थानुसारं योजयत(अर्थ के अनुसार जोड़ो-)

उत्तर:
(क) → (ii)
(ख) → (i)
(ग) → (v)
(घ) → (iii)
(ङ) → (iv)

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखितपदानाम् मूलशब्दं विभक्ति वचनं च लिखत (नीचे लिखे शब्दों के मूल शब्द, विभक्ति और वचन लिखो-)
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नांकित अव्ययानां वाक्ये प्रयोगं कुरुत (नीचे दिये अव्ययों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो-)
यथा- तत्र जनाः आगच्छन्ति।
(क) ह्यः
(ख) अत्र
(ग) च
(घ) अपि
(ङ) प्रति।
उत्तर:

(डाकिया दरवाजे पर बिजली की घण्टी को बजाता है। विभु दरवाजा खोलता है। डाकिये से पत्र लेकर पिता को प्रसन्नता से बताता है-हे पिताजी! मेरे मित्र गिरिराज का यह पत्र आया है। यह सुनकर पिताजी उससे कहते हैं तो सुनाओ। वह जोर से पत्र पढ़ता है।)

हट्टभ्रमणम्हि न्दी अनुवाद

साठखेडाग्रामतः
दिनाङ्क : २०-६-२००६

प्रिय मित्र विभो!
सप्रेम नमस्कारः
अहं ग्रीष्मावकाशे स्वग्रामंह्य आगतवान्। स्वगृहे स्थित्वा ग्राम्यजीवनस्य आनन्दम् अनुभवामि। प्रार्थयामि यत् भवान् अपि नगरीयकोलाहलात् किञ्चित् कालम् अत्रागत्य पश्यतु ग्राम्यजीवनम्।

अनुवाद :

साठखेड़ा गाँव
दिनाङ्क : 20-06-2006

प्रिय मित्र विभु!
सप्रेम नमस्कार
मैं गर्मी की छुट्टियों में कल अपने गाँव आया हूँ। अपने घर में रहकर गाँव के जीवन का आनन्द अनुभव कर रहा हूँ। प्रार्थना करता हूँ कि आप भी नगरीय कोलाहल (शोर) से कुछ समय यहाँ आकर गाँव के जीवन को देखो।

मम ग्रामस्य समीपे एव मेलखेडा नाम्नि ग्रामे प्रतिमङ्गलवासरे हट्टः भवति। ग्रामम् परितः लघु-लघु ग्रामाः सन्ति। तत्रत्याः ग्रामीणाः मित्रैः परिवारैश्च सह हट्टदिने अत्रागच्छन्ति। हट्टस्थानं विस्तृतं रमणीयं चास्ति। अस्मिन् हटे जम्बुः, कदम्बः, वटः, पिप्पलस्य च वृक्षाः सन्ति। विक्रेतारः वृक्षच्छायायाम् आपणान् आयोज्य गोधूमाः, चणकाः, यवाः तण्डुलानि, द्विदलानि इत्यादीनि धान्यानि विक्रीणन्ति। एतद् अतिरिक्तम् अन्येषां वस्तूनाम अपि विक्रयणम् अत्र भवति।

अनुवाद :
मेरे गाँव के पास में ही मेलखेड़ा नामक गाँव में प्रत्येक मंगलवार को हाट होती है। गाँव के चारों ओर छोटे-छोटे गाँव हैं। वहाँ के गाँववासी मित्रों और परिवारों के साथ हाट के दिन वहाँ आते हैं। हाट का स्थान विस्तृत और सुन्दर है। इस हाट में जामुन, कदम्ब, बरगद और पीपल के पेड़ हैं। दुकानदार पेड़ों की छाया में दुकानों को लाकर गेहूँ, चना, जौ, चावल, दालें इत्यादि धान्य बेचते हैं। इनके अलावा अन्य वस्तुओं की भी बिक्री होती है।

अत्र मोदकम्, कुण्डलीम्, अमृतीम्, रसगोलकम् इत्यादीनि मिष्ठान्नानि च मिलन्ति। मिष्ठान्नानि मा रोचन्ते। शाकानाम्, फलानां चापि अत्र हट्टे विक्रयः भवति। तेषु आलुकम्, पलाण्डुः, कूष्माण्ड, शिम्बाम्, मूलिका, कर्कटिकादीनि शाकानि तथा च कदलीफलम्, आम्रम्, खर्जूरादीनि बहूनि फलानि प्राप्नुवन्ति। अत्र लौहकारस्य, कुम्भकारस्य, स्वर्णकारस्य चापि आपणाः भवन्ति। एवम् बहवः आपणाः अत्र सन्ति।

अनुवाद :
यहाँ लड्डू, जलेबी, इमरती और रसगुल्ला इत्यादि मिठाइयाँ मिलती हैं। मिठाइयाँ मुझे अच्छी लगती हैं। सब्जी और फलों की भी यहाँ हाट में बिक्री होती है। उनमें आलू, प्याज, कडू, सेम, मूली, ककड़ी आदि सब्जियों और केला, आम, खजूर आदि बहुत से फल मिलते हैं। यहाँ लुहार, कुम्हार, सुनार की भी दुकानें होती हैं। इस प्रकार बहुत-सी दुकानें यहाँ हैं।

अस्य हट्टस्य महत्त्वपूर्णपक्षोऽयं यत् अत्र दूर-दूराद् आगत्य ग्रामीणजनाः परस्परम् मिलन्ति। ते अत्र संवादं वार्तालापं च कुर्वन्ति। एवं ते परम्परम् मिलित्वा सर्वे मुदिताः भवन्ति।

मित्र! त्वम् अत्र अवश्यमेव आगच्छ। अस्तु, पत्रं समापयामि। स्वकीयपितृपादेषु मम प्रणतिं समर्पय। मम गृहे सर्वे कुशलिनः सन्ति।
प्रतीक्षायाम्।

भवदीयः
गिरिराजनायकः

अनुवाद :
इस हाट का महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष यह है कि यहाँ दूर-दूर से आकर गाँववासी परस्पर मिलते हैं। वे यहाँ चर्चा और बातचीत करते हैं। इस प्रकार वे सभी परस्पर मिलकर प्रसन्न होते हैं।

मित्र! तुम यहाँ अवश्य ही आओ। अच्छा, पत्र समाप्त करता हूँ। अपने पिताजी के चरणों में मेरा प्रणाम समर्पित करना। मेरे घर में सभी कुशल हैं।
प्रतीक्षा में।

आपका
गिरिराज नायक

हट्टभ्रमणम्श ब्दार्थाः

आगत्यः = आकर। हट्टः= हाट। तत्रत्याः = वहाँ के। परितः = चारों ओर। आपणः = दुकान। द्विदलम् = दाल। कुण्डली = जलेबी। रसगोलकम् = रसगुल्ला। अमृती = इमरती। गोधूमाः = गेहूँ। शिम्बः =सेम। कूष्माण्डः = कट्छ। कर्कटिकाककड़ी।

MP Board Class 8th Sanskrit Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Miscellaneous Questions 3

Write the correct options to the following questions:

Question 1.
Who was the President of Congress?
(a) W.C. Banerjee
(b) Motilal Nehru
(c) Surendra Nath Banerjee
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer:
(a) Motilal Nehru

Question 2.
Which woman revolutionary first on English Club?
(a) Cromilla
(b) Prti Lata
(c) Shantighosh
(d) Sunita Chaudhary
Answer:
(b) Prti Lata

Question 3.
Who gave the slogan of ‘Do or Die’?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Bhimrao Ambedkar
Answer:
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose

Question 4.
At present in which state is the Nathular Puss?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Sikkim
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Himachal Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Sikkim

Question 5.
Which international organization comes in force after First World War?
(a) United Nations
(b) League of Nations
(c) Non-Aligned Movement
(d) None of die above
Answer:
(b) League of Nations

Question 6.
The Coral rocks covers an area of along the North-East Coast of Australia?
(a) 920 kms
(b) 209 kms
(c) 1920 kms
(d) 9120 kms
Answer:
(c) 1920 kms

Question 7.
The tool used by Australian aboriginals is?
(a) Arrow-bow
(b) Boomrang
(c) Spears
(d) Cage
Answer:
(b) Boomrang

Fill in the blanks:

1. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started …………… Newspapers
2.  ……………….. was founders of Forward Block
3. The International Monetary Fund’s office is at ……………
4. The areas surrounded by the three sides by sea is called ……………
5. The labours who rear sheep are called …………….

Answer:

1. Al Hilal
2. Subhash Chander Bose
3. Washington D.C.
4. peninsula
5. Jack aroobs

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which states comprised Bengal during the division?
Answer:
At that time Bengal comprised of Bihar and Orissa.

Question 2.
What was the slogan of second phase revolutionaries?
Answer:
We do not beg mercy. Our war is till the last verdict. And the verdict is success or death was the slogan of second phase revolutionaries.

Question 3.
Write about objectives of the International Labour Organisation?
Answer:
ILO became a specialised agency of the United Nations in 1946. Its objectives are to promote social justice and to improve conditions of labourers.

Question 4.
What is an Island?
Answer:
An Island is the land surrounded by sea from all sides.

Question 5.
Opal metal is used air which industry?
Answer:
Opal metal is used in an industry which makes bangles and rings.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Elaborate about the importance of Surat Sesson of Congress?
Answer:
In 1907 the Surat Session of Congress failed to see the moderates and extremist on the one form. This time Ras Behari Bose was elected President. The extremists, wanted Bal Gangadhar Tilak as their President. The created difference and Tilak and his followers were separated.

Question 2.
What were the announcement made by Bhikaji Camma?
Answer:
Madan Cama was first to unfurl the Indian flag in Internation Socialist Conference in Germany, the announced that this is the flag of India independence. It is purified by the blood of Indian martyrs. The appealed to Indians worldwide to unite and cooperate to achieve freedom from British rule.

Question 3.
What was the commercial front ? Explain.
Answer:
British Prime Minsiter Mac Donald declared award in 1932 making separate electorate board for Harijans in India. It was a diplomatic move by British Govt.

To devide castes in India. It was a major set back for congress in Indira Gandhi and Baba Sahib Ambedkar trial to solve this through the Pooma Pact.

Question 4.
Describe the major factors of air pollutions?
Answer:

1. Smokes and poisonous gases emitted from factories pollute the air vehicles, emit poisoners gases
2. Cutting of trees increase CO₂, it pollutes the air. Aeroplanes also give out gases like arosole.

Question 5.
Which are the main rivers of Australia?
Answer:
Murray and Darling are the major rivers of Australia.

Question 6.
Which are the major Cities and parts of Australia?
Answer:
Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra Hobart, Wellington etc. are the major cities of Australia. Sydney is the biggest city of Australia, capital of the country and a first class harbour.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Miscellaneous Questions 3 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the works done for social reforms by Gandhiji?
Answer:
Gandhiji was a great critic of untouchability. He had set up, during the freedom struggle, organisations which included the Anti-Untouchability Leauge. He called them, “Harijans”, or the people of God. Gandhiji, thought it in human to consider a class of people untouchable simply because they have been treated so by the society in the past.

Question 2.
Write notes:

1. Basudev Phadke,
2. Khudiram Bose
3. Simon Commission.

Answer:

1. Basudev Phadke:
Basudev Phadke was the leader of revolutionary movement in Maharashtra. With the help of few people he occupied Dhamri, Balte Palspe villages in 1879. Later on, he was arrested same year and was sent to Cellular Jail in Andaman Island.

2. Khudiram Bose:
Barindra Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Profulla Chaki, Narendra Gosai, Hemchandra Das were the prominent revolutionaries in Bengal. P. Mitra. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Profulla Chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of the defamed judge Kingsford thinking that the judge was in it but their guess was wrong.

Actually, two British women were killed in this incident. Soon after Chaki shot himself dead and Khudiram Bose arrested tried and hanged to death.

3. Simon Commission:
An act was passed by the British govt, in 1919. The British govt, had declared that the functioning of Commission will be revised after ten years. But a Commission was set up in Nov. 1927. Sur John Simon was its President.

All the seven members of it were English. This is known a Simon Commission. The Congress, and the Muslim League boycotted the Simon Commission in India on 3rd Feb. 1928.

Question 3.
Write about the relations between India and Sri Lanka?
Answer:
Since the ancient time India has deep relation with Sri Lanka. Emperor Ashoka had gone to Sri Lanka to spread the message of Buddhism. We have good trade relations with Sri Lanka. In recent years, ethnic crises in Sri Lanka is matter of concern.

Tamils settled there are in minority. They are demanding separate state. This is the Tamil problem. In July 1987 Indian peace-keeping forces helped the govt, of Sri Lanka to resolve her ethnic problem.

Question 4.
Explain about the Social and Financial’s Councils of United Nations?
Answer:
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the social and economic work of United Nations. It is concerned with the welfare of children and women’s rights. It promotes higher standard of living. It aims at solving international economic, social and health problems.

It promotes respect and observance of human rights for all. It has 54 members. Eighteen members are elected every year by the General Assembly.

Question 5.
Review the role of India in U.N.?
Answer:
From the very beginning India has supported the United Nations and its programmes. India always played a leading role in the United Nations in opposing the colonial rule in different parts of the world. India supported the cause of freedom in the countries like Indonesia, Libya, Ghana etc. She protested racist regime in South Africa. India sent its peace-keeping forces to Korea, Congo, Cyprus etc.

Question 6.
Write about the life of Aboriginals of Australia.
Answer:
The original people of Australia are known as Aboriginals while the people of New Zealand are called Maories. They use Boomerang tool for hunting. This tool when targeted for attack comes back to the man after hunting. The Aboriginals worship Yuluroo a red colour in the middle of Australia.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 बीजीय व्यंजक एवं सर्वसमिकाएँ Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 9 पाठान्तर्गत प्रश्नोत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 145

व्यंजक क्या है?

प्रश्न 1.
y के कुछ अन्य दिए हुए मानों के लिए व्यंजक 2y – 5 के मान ज्ञात कीजिए।
उत्तर:

1. जब y = 1, 2y – 5 = 2 (1) – 5 = – 3
2. जब y = – 2, 2y – 5 = 2 (-2) – 5 = – 9
3. जब y = 3, 2y – 5 = 2 (3) – 5 = 1
4. जब y = – 3, 2y – 5 = 2 (-3) – 5 = – 11
5. जब y = 5, 2y – 5 = 2 (5) – 5 = 5

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 146

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.1)

प्रश्न 1.
एक चर वाले और दो चरों वाले व्यजकों के पाँच-पाँच उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
एक चर वाले व्यंजक:

1. 4y
2. 7 + y
3. 6 – x
4. 12x + 3
5. -25x + 9

दो चर वाले व्यंजक:

1. x + 4y
2. x – 3y
3. 6x + y
4. 7x – y
5. 11x + 9y

प्रश्न 2.
x, x – 4, 2x + 1, 3x – 2 को संख्या रेखा पर दर्शाइए।
उत्तर:
1. x संख्या रेखा पर चर x की स्थिति X है।

2. x – 4
x – 4 का मान X के बाईं ओर 4 इकाई की दूरी पर होगा। इसे p से निरूपित किया गया है।

3. 2x + 1

यहाँ 2x की स्थिति A पर होगी। मूल बिन्दु O से A की दूरी
X की दूरी से दो गुना होगी। 2x + 1 की स्थिति P, A के दायीं तरफ 1 इकाई की दूरी पर होगी।

4. 3x – 2

यहाँ, 3x की स्थिति बिन्दु B पर होगी। मूल बिन्दु 0 से B की दूरी X की दूरी की तीन गुना होगी। 3x – 2 की स्थिति P, B के बायीं तरफ 2 इकाई दूरी पर होगी।

पद, गुणनखण्ड और गुणांक

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.2)

प्रश्न 1.
व्यंजक x² y² – 10x²y + 5xy² – 20 के प्रत्येक पद के गुणांक को पहचानिए।
हल:

• पद x²y² में x²y² गुणांक = 1
• पद – 10x²y में xy का गुणांक = – 10
• पद 5xy² में xy का गुणांक = 5

एकपदी, द्विपद एवं बहुपद

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.3)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित बहुपदों को एकपद, द्विपद एवं त्रिपद के रूप में वर्गीकृत कीजिए:
z + 5, x + y + z, y + x + 100, ab – ac, 17.
हल:

• एकपदी: 17
• द्विपद: z + 5, ab – ac
• त्रिपद: x + y + z, y + z + 100

प्रश्न 2.
बनाइए:

1. तीन ऐसे द्विपद जिनमें केवल एक चर x हो।
2. तीन ऐसे द्विपद जिनमें x और चर हों।
3. तीन एकपद जिनमें x और y पद हों।
4. चार अथवा अधिक पदों वाले 2 बहुपद।

हल:

1. ऐसे द्विपद जिनमें केवल एक चर x है: 3x – 3, 2x + 5, 7 – x
2. ऐसे द्विपद जिनमें x और y चर हैं: 3x + 5y, xy – 8, 11x – 3y
3. एक पद जिनमें x और y पद हैं: xy, 13x²y, – 4xy²
4. चार एवं अधिक पदों वाले बहुपद: x³ – 3x² + 4x + 3, 7 – 5x + x² – 3x³ – 8x⁴

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 147

प्रश्न 1.
7x एवं 7y समान पद क्यों नहीं हैं?
हल:
क्योंकि 7x और 7y में चर समान नहीं हैं, अतः ये समान पद नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
7x और 7xy समान पद क्यों नहीं हैं?
हल:
क्योंकि 7x और 77y में चर समान नहीं हैं, अतः ये समान पद नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
7x और 5x² समान पद क्यों नहीं हैं?
हल:
क्योंकि 7x और 5x² में चर समान नहीं हैं, अतः ये समान पद नहीं हैं।

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 9.4)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक के दो समान पद लिखिए –

1. 7xy
2. 4mn²
3. 2l

हल:

1. 7xy के समान पद: 9xy, – 17xy
2. 4mn² के समान पद: – 7n – m, 11mn²
3. 21 के समान पद: 4l, -3l

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 27 Our Life and Environment

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 27 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct alternative from the following:

Question 1.
Is not a biodegradable waste:
(a) vegetables
(b) fruits
(c) paper
(d) polythene bags
Answer:
(d) polythene bags

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 27 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What are industrial waste? Give examples.
Answer:
Almost every industry generates different types of wastes, many of which are hazardous to all types of life. The wastes can be solid, liquid or gaseous. These wastes can cause destruction to the environment. The waste material contains ignitable, corrosive, reactive and topic elements. Examples, as, dust, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, SO₂, CO₂, CO₂ gases and plastic waste etc.

Question 2.
What are the processes of manufacturing of goods?
Answer:
Manufacturing of goods involve three processes.

1. Assembly:
It is the combinations of parts to make the final product, for example, a bicycle is assembled by joining various parts.

2. Alteration:
It is the modifying of the raw material into a new material or final product for example sawing of trees into lumbar.

3. Extraction:
In this process one or more components from the raw material for example petrol is extracted from the crude oil.

There are many proofs of early production like bricks used in the buildings earthen pots to store grains etc. All there were produced with hands. As civilization grew the method of production improved because of innovation for example fibres take from different sources are processed to forms cloth.

Question 3.
Name the major components of industry?
Answer:
Most of the manufacturing industries need four imparts capital, raw material, technology and labour.

1. Capital:
Every industry needs two types of capital Finance capital and physical capital. The physical capital is building, machinary etc and finance capital is money.

2. Raw Material:
Most of the industries rely on raw materials provided by natural resources. These natural resources may be renewable on non renewable.

3. Technology:
The technology advancement have hed to tremendous industrial growth innovations in the field of technology can transform the culture of the society.

4. Labour:
It refers to the workforce. Labour unions are formed who negotiate their wages and work with the owners.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 27 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does agriculture and cattle affect the environment?
Answer:
In modern agriculture use of fertilizers is increasing day by day in order to enhance the production. Fertilizer are beneficial for increasing the production of foodgrains, it has an advance effect on environment 60% of fertilizers are used by plants, remaining fertilizer gets soluble in rain water and reaches lakes, revised and ponds by which the surface good ground water.

This gets polluted, various insecticides and pesticides which protect the crop from insects and diseases pollute the environment. Cattle are reared in large number to get animal products. Increasing number of cattle has adverse effect. Artificial reproduction of animals through cloning produce economically lucrative breeds, it may lead to diminishing bio-diversity.

Question 2.
Explain the methods of solid waste disposal?
Answer:
The various methods of solid waste disposal are:

1. Recycling:
It is very old method in which the waste materials are made reusable. All the metal products can be melted to make new products. Plastic, glass and paper is roofs recyclable.

2. Landfill:
It is the common method of disposing waste on land. It is also the cheapest means because transport cost is the only major expenditure. In a modem landfill the solid waste is spread in this layers. Each layer is solidified by bulldozer before the next layer is deposited on them trees are planted there.

3. Composting:
It is a process of decomposing solid waste to make fertilizers. Biodegradable waste is decomposed by microorganisms and it is used as a manner.

4. Incinerators:
In the incinerator the waste is burned so that it reduces weight and volume around 90%.

Question 3.
What do yo understand by environment friendly technology? Explain.
Answer:
Modern technology can makes industries safe and cost effective. Modern technology is designed to
recycle the various component of manufacturing system.

For example:

• The scrap steel of automobile industry can be useful to mixed with other metals produce a new metal.
• The smoke scrubbers remove all the dangerous gases and particulate matter from the discharge of industrial plants.
• Some industries release their chemical waste into rivers and lakes. Modem technologies have evolved many techniques to secure such waste.
• In transport sector use of CNG has reduced the pollution level.
• Modem computer aided machines have proved to be accurate and economical.
• As modem energy conservation sources the leaves of some plants are used to produce bio-diesel.

Question 4.
Describe the natural and regional environmental issues?
Answer:
National environmental issues. The govt, of India has created agencies to check the pollution and has passed Environment Protection Act, Factories Amusement Act, Central Motor Vehicle Trucks etc. Govt, agencies as well as NGO’s work to check the pollution govt, of India provided enough money for functioning these agencies and departments.

Pollution Central Board at national level as well as state level has been established. These boards has been authorised to survey the area and fix the responsibility. The guilty is persisted in the court.

Regional environmental issues:
At this level a variety of steps have been taken by the govt. NGO’s for the convservation of environment. At local level the municipality or municipal corporations plays a direct role in the water disposal. The sewage of the city is drained to distant parts from the city.

MP Board Class 8th Social  Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 26 Study of Local Map

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 26 Text Book Exercise

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 26 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the three main landforms of surface?
Answer:
Mountains, Plains and Plateaus are the major landforms.

Question 2.
Which are the two methods to show the landform?
Answer:

There are two methods to show the landforms:

1. Colour method
2. Contours method.

Question 3.
What are contour lines?
Answer:
Contour:
A contour is an imaginary line drawn on a map which joins the points of the same height above sea-level. Contrours are the most accurate and common form of showing the landforms.

Question 4.
In what colours plain, platform and mountain are shown in a map?
Answer:
Plains are shown in green colour, Dark green colour shows the high plains. The high rising places are shown in yellow colour, while the colour of high plateau is grey. The low height mountains is of dark grey or light brown colours and the high mountains are shown with the darkbrown colour.

Question 5.
Show the conical hill and plateau through contour lines?
Answer:
Conical hills:
The contour lines are also of equal distance and equal round. If you see such contour lines in the map you will easily know that this is conical hill.

Plateau:
The top of plateau is more or less flat is represented by very few contours but its sides are steep and they are shown by closely spaced contours on a map.

Question 6.
What do the light blue and dark blue colours indicate?
Answer:
Depth of sea is shown by various shades. The sea is shown in map by blue colour, sea nearby land surface is shown by light blue colour. As the depth of sea increases the blue colour becomes darker. The deep and trenches of sea is indicated by the very dark blue colour.

Project Work

Make a local map of your village or city and then discuss with colleagues in class.

The local map contains following conventional signs.

1. Contour lines
2. Road
3. Forest
4. Field
5. Pond
6. River
7. Residential areas.

With the help of local map, write in your exercise book.

Question 1.
Which landforms are being shown by the contour lines?

Question 2.
In which direction river is flowing?

Question 3.
Which landform is near forest?

Question 4.
Which is the landform between field and residential area?

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions Chapter 8 राशियों की तुलना Intext Questions

MP Board Class 8th Maths Chapter 8 पाठान्तर्गत प्रश्नोत्तर

पाठ्य-पुस्तक पृष्ठ संख्या # 127

प्रयास कीजिए (क्रमांक 8.1)

प्रश्न 1.
एक प्राथमिक विद्यालय में अभिभावकों से पूछा गया कि वे अपने बच्चों के गृह कार्य में सहायता करने के लिए प्रतिदिन कितने घण्टे व्यतीत करते हैं। 90 अभिभावकों ने \(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे से 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे तक सहायता की। जितने समय के लिए अभिभावकों ने अपने बच्चों की सहायता करना बताया उसके अनुसार अभिभावकों का वितरण संलग्न आकृति में दिखाया गया है जो इस प्रकार है –
20% ने प्रतिदिन 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे से अधिक सहायता की, 30% ने 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे से 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे तक सहायता की, 50% ने बिल्कुल नहीं की।

इसके आधार पर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए –

1. कितने अभिभावकों का सर्वे किया गया?
2. कितने अभिभावकों ने कहा कि उन्होंने सहायता नहीं की?
3. कितने अभिभावकों ने कहा कि उन्होंने 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे से अधिक सहायता की?

हल:
1. माना कि x अभिभावकों का सर्वे किया।
चूँकि 30% अभिभावकों ने \(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे से 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) घण्टे तक गृहकार्य कराने में अपने बच्चों की सहायता की। अब प्रश्नानुसार,
\(\frac{30}{100}\) × x = 90
x = \(\frac{90×100}{100}\) = 300
अतः कुल 300 अभिभावकों का सर्वे किया गया।

2. क्योंकि 50% अभिभावकों ने कहा कि उन्होंने सहायता नहीं की।
अतः ऐसे अभिभावकों की संख्या = 300 का 50%
= \(\frac{50}{100}\) x 300 = 150
अतः 150 अभिभावकों ने सहायता नहीं की।

3. 20% अभिभावकों ने 17 से अधिक सहायता की। अतः अभिभावकों की संख्या = 300 का 20%
= \(\frac{20}{100}\) x 300 = 60
अतः 60 अभिभावकों ने घण्टे से अधिक सहायता की।

MP Board Class 8th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions Chapter 24 Economic Development of Australia Continent

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 24 Economic Development of Australia Continent

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 24 Text Book Exercise

Choose the correct option of the following

Question 1.
From which metal aluminium is made?
(a) Copper
(b) Bauxite
(c) Mica
(d) Tin
Answer:
(b) Bauxite

Question 2.
The original people of New Zealand are called:
(a) Mawaris
(b) Aboriginal
(c) Eskima
(d) none of above
Answer:
(d) none of above

Question 3.
The capital of Australia is
(a) Sydney
(b) Canberra
(c) Perth
(d) Wellington
Answer:
(a) Sydney

Fill in the blanks:

1. The main crop of Australia continent is …………
2. The high quality wool is obtained from ………… sheep.
3. The worship place of Australian people is called …………
4. The farming is done in Australia on ………….. percent land.

Answer:

1. Wheat
2. Marino
3. Yuluroo
4. 4%

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 24 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of the biggest rail route in Australia Continent?
Answer:
The Trans-Australian Railways is the biggest rail network in Australia that runs between Sydney (eastern coast) and Perth (in the west) the total length of this route is 4000 kms.

Question 2.
Write the name of famous gold mines in Australia?
Answer:
Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie are the famous gold mines in western Australia.

Question 3.
Which island is situated in south-east of Australia?
Answer:
Tasmania Island lies in the south-east of Australia.

Question 4.
Which are labourers called who work on sheep-rearing centres?
Answer:
The labourers who work on sheep rearingh are called Jackarooes. They graze sheeps and attend them.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 24 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where and why grapes are cultivated in Australia continent?
Answer:
A variety of fruits are also grown in Australia. While in South grapes are grown in abundance. The climate of this region is suitable for grape-farming. The wine made of grapes is exported.

Question 2.
Which are the favourable conditions for the farming of wheat in Australia Continent?
Answer:
Wheat is the most important crop of Australia. Half of the total land under cultivation is used for producing wheat. There are big farms here. All the farming works are done by machines. The wheat is produced in winter.

The main wheat producing areas are downs, plains, coastal western-southern Australia and Kenterburry plains of New Zealand. Here the fertile soil, the temperature climate and normal rains are suitable for the wheat crop.

Question 3.
Which are the major minerals found in Australia ? Write the names of producing areas?
Answer:
In the major part of Australia there are mountains plateaus and deserts. It is one of the oldest land in the world. There are mines of iron ore, bauxite, manganese and gold. Besides these, silver, uranium, thorium, copper and tin mines in abundance in Australia. Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie are the famous gold mines in western Australia.

There are also big mines in Queensland. Bauxite is in plenty in Australia but fairly good amount is used by its own industries hence it is exported in less quantity. Aluminium is made of bauxite. Opal a milky colour metal is found here which is used in manufacturing of bangles and things.

Coal is found in the mines of New South Wales, Queensland and New Zealand. Natural Oil and Gas are found in the Downs and Western Coastal Australia.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Chapter 24 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why sheep rearing industry is advanced in Australia?
Answer:
Sheeps are mainly reared for wool in Australia. Few sheep are reared for meat also. Nearly 18 crore sheeps are reared in Australia Continent. Here sheeps are kept in big farm house which is called sheep rearing centre. These Centres spread in several kilometres.

The region lying near Murray-Darling rivers are most suitable for sheep rearing. New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and New Zealand are Chief Centres for sheep rearing. Marino sheeps are nearest for wool. Very high quality wool is achieved from Marino sheeps. The wool is taken by machines from the sheep.

The wool is graded and pressure into bales and then exported Marino wool fatches high prices so it is economically beneficial. Because sheeps are reared in abundance so this industry is becoming advance in Australia.

Question 2.
Where and why dense population is found in Australia?
Answer:
The high population is mostly in south-east, south-west and eastern coastal area in Australia. These regions are plains and agriculture is main occupation of the people of Australia like India, the original people of Australia is known as aboriginal and original people of New Zealand are known as Maories. So south-east, South-west and eastern coastal areas are densely populated.

Question 3.
Mention about two chief industries of Australia Continent?
Answer:
Australia has made treremendous progress in industrial sector and this all is due to the use of latest technology. The high-level administration capability cheap and skilled labour and competitive industrial policy are the main factors of industrial development in Australia.

The two main industries are:

1. Iron and Steel industry
2. Woollen clothes.

Most of the manufacturing industries are located in New South Wales, Victoria and New Zealand. Besides these two industries there are agriculture machines, motor vehicles, electrical goods, chemicals, papers, ships, machine tools and oil machines, milk products, cotton clothes tinned fruit and meat industries.

Project Work

Show the following in the map of Australia continent.

1. Any one wheat producing area
2. Goldmines of Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie
3. NewZealand, Tasmania islands
4. One state of sheep rearing
5. Melbourne Brisbane and Sydnv cities
6. The first last stations of Trans-Australian rail route.

MP Board Class 8th Social Science Solutions