Class 9

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण विलोम या विपरीतार्थी शब्द

किसी शब्द का विपरीत या उल्टा अर्थ देने वाले शब्द विपरीतार्थी या विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।
यहाँ कुछ शब्दों के विलोम या विपरीतार्थी शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं-

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण अनेकार्थक या अनेकार्थी शब्द

अनेकार्थक या अनेकार्थी शब्द वे शब्द कहलाते हैं, जिनके अर्थ एक से अधिक होते हैं। जैसे – ‘कल’। ‘कल’ शब्द का अर्थ ‘शोर’ भी है, ‘मशीन’ भी है, ‘शांति’ भी है और ‘आने वाला अथवा बीता हुआ दिवस’ भी है। इस प्रकार के कई शब्द एक भाषा में रहते हैं। इनसे परिचित होना अत्यंत आवश्यक है।

नीचे कुछ शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं–

• अक्षर – नष्ट न होने वाला, स्वर – व्यंजन वर्ण, ईश्वर।
• अनन्त – न अंत होने वाला, ईश्वर।
• अम्बर – आकाश, कपड़ा, एक सुगंधित द्रव्य।
• अमर – शाश्वत, देवता।
• अर्थ – धन, व्याख्या, के लिए।
• अलि – भँवरा, सखी।
• अंक – गोद, गणना के अंक, मध्य।
• उत्तर – जवाब, बाद का, दिशा का नाम।
• कल – चैन, बीता हुआ कल, आने वाला दिन, मशीन, शोर।
• कोट – किला, पहनने का एक वस्त्र।
• ग्रहण – लेना, चाँद – सूर्य का ग्रहण।
• गुण – विशेषता, रस्सी। गुरु – शिक्षक, बड़ा (महत्त्वपूर्ण)।
• जड़ – मूल, मूर्ख।
• जेठ – पति का बड़ा भाई, महीना विशेष।
• खग – पक्षी, आकाश।
• नव – नया, नौ।
• नाग – साँप, हाथी।
• पतंग – सूर्य, उड़ाई जाने वाली, गुड़िया, विशेष प्रकार का कीड़ा।
• पय – दूध, पानी, अमृत।
• फल – परिणाम, सेब, केला आदि, छुरी – बाण आदि का नुकीला भाग।
• मधु – मीठा शहद, शराब।
• लाल – रंग, बेटा, मूल्यवान पत्थर।
• वर्ण – जाति, रंग, अक्षर।
• विधि – ब्रह्मा, भाग्य, पद्धति, रीति।
• हरि – विष्णु, सूर्य, इन्द्र, सिंह, सर्प।
• हार – पराजय, आभूषण – विशेष।
• श्री – शोभा, लक्ष्मी, धन – वैभव।

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण पर्यायवाची

एक अर्थ प्रकट करने के लिए प्रत्येक भाषा में कई शब्द होते हैं। ऐसे शब्द समानार्थी या पर्यायवाची शब्द कहलाते हैं। वास्तव में तो एक–एक शब्द के सभी पर्यायवाची शब्दों का अर्थ एक समान नहीं होता, उनमें सूक्ष्म अंतर होता है। हवा, प्रभंजन, समीर, झंझा पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं।

नीचे कुछ पर्यायवाची शब्द दिए जा रहे हैं–

• अग्नि – आग, पावक, अनल, वह्नि।
• अमृत – सुधा, अमिय, सोम पीयूष।
• आकाश – नभ, गगन, आसमान, अंबर।
• आँख – नेत्र, लोचन, नयन, दृग।
• कमल – सरोज, जलज, पंकज, राजीव।
• घर – गृह, गेह, सदन, मंदिर।
• चंद्रमा – शशि, विधु, चंद्र मयंक।
• जल – पानी, नीर, वारि, सलिल।
• पर्वत – शैल, गिरि, पहाड़, अचल।
• पुष्प – फूल, कुसुम, सुमन, प्रसून।
• बादल – मेघ, घन, पयोद, नीरद।
• मनुष्य – नर, मानव, आदमी, मानुष।
• रात – रात्रि, निशा, रैन, यामिनी।
• राजा – नृप, भूप, नरेश, नरेन्द्र।
• समुद्र – सागर, जलधि, सिंधु, रत्नाकर।
• सूर्य – भानु, रवि, दिवाकर, आदित्य।
• सिंह – शेर, मृगेन्द्र, नाहर, मृगराज।
• सर्प – भुजंग, विषधर, नाग, साँप।
• स्त्री – नारी, भार्या, कांता, वधू।
• हवा – वायु, समीर, बयार, अनिल।
• हाथी – गज, करी, नाग, गयंद।
• घोड़ा – अश्व, बाजि, तुरंग, तुरग।
• कृष्ण – हरि, केशव, घनश्याम, मोहन।
• कोयल – कोकिला, पिक, अलि, श्यामा।
• पक्षी – विहग, खग, पखेरू, चिड़िया।
• पुत्र – सुत, तनय, बेटा, पूत।
• पुत्री – सुता, तनया, बेटी, तनूजा।
• महादेव – शिव, शंभु, शंकर, गिरीश।
• माता – मां, जननी, अम्ब, मातृ।।
• मोर – केकी, मयूर, कलापी, सारंग।
• सरस्वती – शारदा, भारती, वीणापाणि, गिरा।
• सोना – कंचन, कनक, हेम, स्वर्ण।
• हनुमान – पवनसुत, महावीर, कपीश्वर, रामदूत।
• आम – रसाल, आम्र, अमृतफल, सहकार।
• दुःख – क्लेश, विषाद, वेदना, संताप।
• विष – गरल, हलाहल, जहर, माहुर।
• सेना – सैन्य, दल, चमू, फौज।
• शत्रु – रिपु, अरि, अमित्र, वैरी।
• सुंदर – ललित, रम्य, चारु, सुरम्य।
• मित्र – सखा, मीत, सुहृद, अंतरंग।
• लक्ष्मी – कमला, पद्मा, श्री, हरिप्रिया।
• पत्थर – पाषाण, उपल, पाहन, प्रस्तर।

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण शब्द विचार

प्रश्न 1.
शब्द की परिभाषा दें।
उत्तर-
शब्द की परिभाषा-निश्चित अर्थ को प्रकट करने वाले वर्ण-समूह को शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे-घर, रोटी, अर्थ, विचार, शब्द आदि।

प्रश्न 2.
शब्द के कितने रूप हैं? उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तरउत्पत्ति के आधार पर हिंदी में शब्द के चार भेद हैं

1. तत्सम,
2. तद्भव,
3. देशज,
4. विदेशी।

1. तत्सम-संस्कृत भाषा के ऐसे शब्द, जो हिंदी में भी अपने मूल रूप में प्रचलित हैं, तत्सम कहलाते हैं। जैसे-वायु, नारी, सत्य, छात्र, समुद्र आदि।
2. तद्भव-जो शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के शब्दों से बिगड़ कर हिंदी में प्रचलित हैं, तद्भव कहलाते हैं। जैसे-सपना (स्वप्न), दूध (दुग्ध)।
3. देशज-जो शब्द स्थानीय पदार्थ के रूप में, कार्य के रूप में अथवा ध्वनि के अनुसार प्रसिद्ध और प्रचलित हैं, देशज कहलाते हैं। ये शब्द देश की विभिन्न बोलियों से लिये गए हैं। जैसे–पेट, खिड़की, थूक, चीनी।
4. विदेशी-वे शब्द, जो अंग्रेज़ी, अरबी, फारसी, तुर्की, पुर्तगाली, फ्रांसीसी आदि विदेशी भाषाओं से हिंदी में आए हैं, विदेशी कहलाते हैं। जैसे-स्कूल, बटन, आलू, गरीब, किताब, लाश।

प्रश्न 3.
तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्द रूपों के अन्तर उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द-

तत्सम शब्द-
हिंदी में संस्कृत के कुछ शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों (यथावत्) ले लिया है। ऐसे शब्द तत्सम कहलाते हैं।

तद्भव शब्द-
संस्कृत के कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं, जिनका रूप परिवर्तन करके हिंदी में अपनाया गया है। ऐसे शब्दों को तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं। यहाँ कुछ तद्भव शब्द और उनके तत्सम रूप दिए जा रहे हैं

प्रश्न 4.
हिन्दी में प्रयुक्त होने वाले कुछ विदेशी शब्दों के उदाहरण दें?
उत्तर-
अंग्रेजी-स्टेशन, राशन, सिनेमा, टेलीविजन, टिकट, फीस, रेडियो, डॉक्टर, बैंक आदि।
अरबी-मौलवी, अदालत, अमीर, मालिक, दुनिया, फकीर, तारीख, किताब, कसर आदि।
फारसी-जिंदगी, बाग, चश्मा, खरगोश, चाकू, कारखाना, रूमाल, शिकायत, जल्दी, खरीद, तमाम, ज़मीन, फौज़, काग़ज़, हज़ार, दुकान, बादाम आदि।
पुर्तगाली-प्याला, आलू, साबुन, नीलाम, पिस्तौल, आदि।
ग्रीक-सुरंग, दाम आदि।
तुर्की-दारोगा, तमगा, काबू, लाश, कालीन, तोप आदि।
फ्रांसीसी-कूपन, अंगरेज़, कारतूस आदि।

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण वर्तनी

प्रश्न 1.
वर्तनी की परिभाषा दें।
उत्तर-
‘वर्तनी’ का अर्थ है उच्चारण के अनुरूप वर्ण-विन्यास। इसे अंग्रेजी में (spelling) कहते हैं। सामान्यतया लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं। वर्तनी की शुद्धता के लिए उच्चारण की शुद्धता आवश्यक है। यदि उच्चारण गलत हुआ तो वर्तनी भी गलत होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
वर्तनी संशोधन के नियमों पर प्रकाश डालें।
उत्तर-
वर्तनी संबंधी कुछ नियम हैं, जिनका पालन करने से शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखे जा सकते हैं।
1. किसी भी स्वर के साथ किसी अन्य स्वर की मात्रा नहीं लगनी चाहिए।

जैसे-

‘अ’ अिस, ओक, अपर-ये अशुद्ध रूप हैं।
इस, एक, ऊपर-ये शुद्ध रूप हैं।

2. भाववाची-ति, नि, धि, टि से समाप्त होने वाली स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञाओं की अंतिम ‘इ’ ह्रस्व होती है।

जैसे-

भक्ति, शक्ति, नीति, प्रीति, रीति, जाति आदि।

3. संस्कृत के तत्सम पुल्लिंग शब्द के अंतिम इ, उ, प्रायः ह्रस्व होते हैं।

जैसे-

कवि, कपि, हरि, रवि, वाल्मीकि, उदधि आदि।

4. तद्भव तथा विदेशी भाषाओं में आए पुल्लिंग शब्दों के अंतिम इ, उ दीर्घ होते हैं।

जैसे-

अंग्रेजी, फ्रांसीसी, आलू, भालू, डाकू, लड़ाकू।

5. ‘ऋ’ स्वर है। कभी-कभी उसका उच्चारण, रि, रु इस प्रकार करके इसी से शब्द लिखते हैं, वह अशुद्ध रूप है। ‘ऋ’ प्रारंभ में लगने वाले शब्द को ‘र’ से नहीं ‘ऋ’ से लिखना चाहिए

जैसे-

ऋतु लिखना चाहिए, रितु नहीं।
शुद्ध रूप-ऋचा, ऋग्वेद, ऋण, वृष्टि, कृषक, कृष्ण, तृण, तृष्णा आदि।

6. ‘घ’ तथा ‘ध’ वाले शब्द-‘घ’-घर, घोड़ा, घनश्याम, घड़ा, घमण्ड आदि।

‘ध’-धैर्य, धर्म, धन, धमाका, धाम आदि।

7. ‘व’ और ‘ब’ में अंतर-‘व’ के उच्चारण में होठ’ (ओठ) खुले रहते हैं और ‘ब’ के उच्चारण में बंद हो जाते हैं।

‘व’ वाले शब्द-वह, वर्ण, विवाहर, विश्व इत्यादि।
‘ब’ वाले शब्द-बाहर, बंद, बंदर, बँटवारा, बाप, बतासा, बनावट, बारात इत्यादि।

8. श, ष, स का अन्तर-‘श’ वाले शब्द-शहर, शरबत, शेर इत्यादि।

‘ष’ वाले शब्द-षट्कोण, नष्ट, कष्ट, राष्ट्र, युधिष्ठिर, विशिष्ट इत्यादि।
‘स’ वाले शब्द-समाज, सपेरा, समय, सावन, स्वागत, सरौता, सबेरा, स्वर्ग इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 3.
परसर्ग या कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग कहाँ किया जाता है?
उत्तर-
परसर्ग या कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग-संज्ञा शब्दों के साथ होना चाहिए। इस प्रकार जैसे-राम ने, मोहन को, घर में सर्वनाम के साथ प्रयोग-जैसे-मैंने, आपने, उन्होंने, उनको, जिसको इत्यादि।

प्रश्न 4.
योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग सोदाहरण समझाइये।
उत्तर-
योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग समानपद में करना चाहिए।

जैसे-

माता-पिता,
भाई-बहन,
पाप-पुण्य,
सरस्वती – वन्दना,
शोध-संस्था,
रात-दिन आदि।

प्रश्न 5.
शुद्ध एवं अशुद्ध वर्तनी को उदाहरण सहित समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
जैसे-

प्रश्न 6.
वर्ण तथा शब्द में क्या अंतर है?
उत्तर-
ध्वनि का लिखित रूप वर्ण कहलाता है। वर्ण भाषा की सबसे छोटी इकाई है। इन्हें विभाजित नहीं किया जा सकता, परन्तु वर्णों के सार्थक समूह से शब्दों का निर्माण होता है।

जैसे-

अ, आ, इ, ई वर्ण हैं जबकि र् + आ + म् + अ = ‘राम’ शब्द है।

प्रश्न 7.
हिन्दी की लिपि का नाम बताएँ।
उत्तर-
हिन्दी की लिपि का नाम देवनागरी लिपि है। प्रश्न 8. वर्तनी के नियमों में से कोई भी दो नियम लिखिए।
उत्तर-
1. किसी भी स्वर के साथ किसी अन्य स्वर की मात्रा नहीं लगती है।

जैसे-

अशुद्ध-ओक, शुद्ध-एक।

2. ‘ऋ’ स्वर का शुद्ध उच्चारण

जैसे-

रितु-अशुद्ध, ऋतु-शुद्ध शब्द है।

प्रश्न 9.
मानक वर्तनी क्या है? सोदाहरण समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
वर्तनी संबंधी कुछ महत्वपूर्ण नियम हैं। शुद्ध शब्द उच्चारण के लिए, उनका पालन करने से मानक शुद्ध वर्तनी प्रस्तुत होती है।
जैसे-
‘ष’ के स्थान पर ‘श’ संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ।
अशुद्ध शब्द – मानक (शुद्ध) वर्तनी
द्वेश – द्वेष
निर्दोष – निर्दोश

प्रश्न 10.
निम्नांकित शब्दों के (मानक) शुद्ध रूप लिखिए।
उत्तर-
अशुद्ध रूप – मानक (शुद्ध रूप)

1. उज्वल – उज्ज्व ल
2. क्षन – क्षण
3. एकलौता – इकलौता
4. सौंदर्यता – सौंदर्य
5. आशीर्वाद – आशीर्वाद
6. चाहिये – चाहिए
7. अनाधिकार – अनधिकार
8. मैथली – मैथिली
9. उपरोक्त – उपर्युक्त
10. अनुग्रहित – अनुगृहीत

प्रश्न 11.
‘ऋ’ तथा ‘रि’ से बनने वाले कोई चार शब्द लिखिए।
उत्तर-
‘रि’ –

1. रिगवेद
2. रितु
3. रिषि
4. रिचा।।

‘ऋ’ –

1. ऋग्वेद
2. ऋतु
3. ऋषि
4. ऋचा।

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण प्रत्यय

प्रश्न 1.
प्रत्यय किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर-
मूल शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाए जाते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में जो शब्दांश शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नये-नये शब्दों का निर्माण करते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रत्यय कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? उत्तर-प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं-कृत और तद्धित।

प्रश्न 3.
कृत प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ:
उत्तर-
कृत प्रत्यय-क्रिया शब्दों के अंत में जो शब्दांश जोड़े जाते हैं, वे कृत प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं,

जैसे-

पढ़ना + ई = पढ़ाई ; लिखना + ई = लिखाई।

क्रिया में प्रत्यय जोड़कर संज्ञाएँ भी बनाई जाती हैं और विशेषण भी। संज्ञा बनाने वाले हिंदी के प्रमुख कृत् प्रत्यय निम्नलिखित हैं-

विशेषण बनाने वाले प्रत्यय

प्रश्न 4.
तद्धित प्रत्यय को सोदाहरण समझाएँ।
उत्तर-
तद्धित प्रत्यय-जो प्रत्यय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण के साथ जुड़कर नये शब्द बनाते हैं, उन्हें तद्धित प्रत्यय कहते हैं।

संज्ञा बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

विशेषण बनाने वाले तद्धित प्रत्यय-

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General Hindi व्याकरण उपसर्ग

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर-
उपसर्ग वे अविकारी (अव्यय) शब्दांश होते हैं, जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व में जुड़कर मूल शब्द के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
उपसर्ग की विशेषता बताइये।
उत्तर-
उपसर्ग किसी भी शब्द को परिवर्तित कर देता है। इससे

1. शब्द के अर्थ में एक नयी विशेषता आ जाती है।
2. शब्द का अर्थ बदल जाता है।
3. कहीं-कहीं शब्द के अर्थ में कोई विशेष अंतर नहीं आता। हिंदी में जो उपसर्ग मिलते हैं, वे संस्कृत, हिंदी और उर्दू भाषा के हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
उपसर्ग कितने तरह के होते हैं? उनके उदाहरण दें।
उत्तर-
संस्कृत उपसर्ग

हिंदी उपसर्ग

MP Board Class 9th Hindi Solutions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 8th Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 4 सबके चेहरे खिल उठे PDF download, Chapter 4 Hindi Class 8 Mp Board, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 8 Hindi Sugam Bharti Chapter 4 Sabke Chehre Khil Uthe Question Answer MP Board

Hindi Sugam Bharti 8 Solutions Chapter 4 Sabke Chehre Khil Uthe Question Answers MP Board

सुगम भारती कक्षा 8 पाठ 4 सबके चेहरे खिल उठे प्रश्न उत्तर

प्रश्न अभ्यास

अनुभव विस्तार

MP Board Class 8 Hindi Chapter 4 प्रश्न 1.
वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न
(क) सही जोड़ी बनाइए
(अ) मानवाधिकार – 1. सद्भाव
(ब) सांप्रदायिक – 2. संरक्षण
(स) राष्ट्रीय – 3. आयोग
(द) कानूनी – 4. हित
उत्तर-
(अ) – 3
(ब) – 1
(स) – 4
(द) – 2

MP Board Class 8th Hindi Chapter 4 प्रश्न 2.
दिए गए विकल्पों से रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए
(अ) रामू के काका को पुलिस …………………. के लिए पकड़कर ले जा रही थी। (गिरफ्तार करने, पूछताछ करने)
(ब) पुलिस की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी ………………….. (जनता को सताना, नागरिकों की सुरक्षा)
(स) पुलिस अपराधी को …………………… घंटे के भीतर मजिस्ट्रेट के सामने ले जाती है। (चौबीस, बत्तीस)
उत्तर-
(अ) पूछताछ,
(ब) नागरिकों की सुरक्षा,
(स) चौबीस।

Class 8 Hindi Chapter 4 MP Board प्रश्न 2.
अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न
(अ) पुलिस से क्यों नहीं डरना चाहिए?
(ब) पुलिस लोगों से पूछताछ क्यों करती है?
(स) पुलिस विभाग के उच्चाधिकारी कौन-कौन से हैं?
(द) हम पुलिस का सहयोग किस प्रकार कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर-
(अ) पुलिस हमारी रक्षा के लिए है। इसलिए हमें पुलिस से नहीं डरना चाहिए।
(ब) जब कोई अप्रिय घटना या अपराध हो जाता है, तब पुलिस लोगों से पूछताछ करती है।
(स) जिला पुलिस अधीक्षक, डी.आई.जी., रेंज एवं राज्य के पुलिस महानिदेशक पुलिस विभाग के उच्चाधिकारी हैं।
(द) कानून व्यवस्था को बनाए रख करके, सूचना का आदान-प्रदान करके, कानून एवं नियमों का स्वेच्छा से पालन करके और कानून व संविधान में आस्था रख करके हम पुलिस का सहयोग कर सकते हैं।

Class 8 MP Board Hindi Chapter 4 प्रश्न 3.
लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न-
(अ) पुलिस किस-किस स्थिति में हथकड़ी लगा सकतीहै?
उत्तर-
यदि पुलिस को विश्वास हो कि अपराधी भाग जाएगा, तो वह उसे हथकड़ी लगा सकती है। यह भी कि यदि कोई खतरनाक आरोपी है, तो न्यायालय की अनुमति मिलने पर भी पुलिस उसे हथकड़ी लगा सकती है।

(ब) पुलिस को सहयोग करना क्यों आवश्यक है?
उत्तर-
पुलिस असामाजिक और आपराधिक तत्त्वों के विरुद्ध कार्यवाही करके अपराध को रोकती है। इसके लिए वह हमारा सहयोग चाहती है। इसलिए पुलिस को सहयोग करना आवश्यक है।

(स) महिलाओं से पूछताछ के लिए क्या-क्या सावधानियाँ जरूरी हैं?
उत्तर-
महिलाओं से पूछताछ के लिए निम्नलिखित सावधानियाँ जरूरी हैं

1. पुलिस हिरासत में उनके साथ कोई दुर्व्यवहार न हो।
2. कोई अपमानजनक बात न हो।
3. उनके साथ कोई अपराध घटित होने पर या महिला उत्पीड़न से संबंधित कोई भी रिपोर्ट थाने पर प्राप्त होने पर उसे तत्काल खोजकर उनको उचित संरक्षण और कानूनी सहायता प्रदान हो।

(द) नागरिकों के पुलिस के प्रति क्या कर्त्तव्य हैं?
उत्तर-
नागरिकों के पुलिस के प्रति निम्नलिखित कर्त्तव्य हैं

1. प्रत्येक नागरिक का यह कर्त्तव्य है कि वह सामाजिक शांति, सांप्रदायिक सद्भावना एवं राष्ट्रीय हित को प्रभावित करने वाली कोई भी महत्त्वपूर्ण सूचना पुलिस को दे।
2. प्रत्येक नागरिक का यह कर्तव्य है कि दुर्घटनाग्रस्त लोगों को निकट के अस्पताल में पहुँचाकर पुलिस को सूचना दे।
3. प्रत्येक नागरिक का यह भी कर्तव्य है कि राष्ट्रीय एवं सार्वजनिक संपत्ति, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज आदि की सुरक्षा और सम्मान करना एवं उनकी खोज संबंधी सही गवाही पुलिस को दे।

भाषा की बात

Hindi Chapter 4 Class 8 MP Board प्रश्न 1.
बोलिए और लिखिए-
दृष्ट्या, अधीक्षक, मजिस्ट्रेट, गिरफ्तार, उत्पीड़न, विशेष, अनुसंधान, संरक्षण।
उत्तर-
दृष्ट्या, अधीक्षक, मजिस्ट्रेट, गिरफ्तार, उत्पीड़न, विशेष, अनुसंधान, संरक्षण।

Class 8 Hindi Chapter 4 Question Answer MP Board प्रश्न 2.
रेखांकित शब्दों के विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिखकर वाक्य बनाइए
(अ) दोषी व्यक्ति को दण्ड मिलता है।
(ब) सज्जनों का सभी सम्मान करते हैं।
(स) अपराधी जितने दूर हों उतना अच्छा।
(द) मैं आज कक्षा में उपस्थित रहूँगा।
उत्तर-
(अ) निर्दोषी व्यक्ति को सम्मान मिलता है।
(ब) दुर्जनों का सभी अपमान करते हैं।
(स) अपराधी जितने पास हों, उतना बुरा।
(द) मैं कल कक्षा में अनुपस्थित रहूँगा।

Class 8 Hindi Bhasha Bharti Chapter 4 प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरण के अनुसार ई प्रत्यय लगाकर नए शब्द लिखिए
उत्तर-
‘ई’ प्रत्यय लगाकर नए शब्द

♦ प्रमुख गद्यांशों की संदर्भ-प्रसंग सहित व्याख्याएँ

1. गिरफ्तारी का मतलब पुलिस अपने रिकॉर्ड में लिखते हुए उसे अपनी हिरासत में रखेगी, गिरफ्तार करने के बाद उसे 24 घंटे के भीतर ही मजिस्ट्रेट के सामने प्रस्तुत करेगी। पूछताछ की और जरूरत होने पर मजिस्ट्रेट उसे पुलिस को अपने पास रखने की अनुमति देंगे या फिर जेल भेज देंगे। हो सकता है किसी की जमानत पर उसे छोड़ भी दे।

शब्दार्थ-रिकॉर्ड-लिखित विवरण। हिरासत-निगरानी। मजिस्ट्रेट-दंडाधिकारी। अनुमति-आदेश, आज्ञा।।

संदर्भ-प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘सुगम्र भारती’ (हिंदी सामान्य) भाग-8 के पाठ-4 ‘सबके चेहरे खिल उठे’ से ली गई हैं।

प्रसंग-प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में लेखक ने पुलिस द्वारा गिरफ्तार किए जाने के विषय में जानकारी देते हुए कहा है कि

व्याख्या-जब पुलिस किसी को गिरफ्तार करती है तो उसका खास मतलब होता है। वह यह कि इससे वह अपने लिखित विवरण में जरूरी बातों को दर्ज कर लेती है। इसके बाद वह अपनी निगरानी में रख लेती है। फिर वह उसे दंडाधिकारी के सामने अपना अगला कदम उठाने के लिए पेश करती है। यह कदम वह किसी को गिरफ्तार करने के 24 घंटे के अंतर्गत ही उठाती है। दंडाधिकारी पर यह निर्भर करता है कि वह क्या कदम उठाता है। वह उसे पुलिस के पास रखने का आदेश देता है अथवा उसे जेल की सजा सुनाता है। यह भी वह कदम उठा सकता है कि वह उसे जमानत पर भी रिहा कर दे।

विशेष-

• पुलिस की कार्यविधि को स्पष्ट किया गया है।
• भाषा मिली-जुली है।

2. पुलिस विभाग अपराध पर नियंत्रण रखने के लिए हमसे असामाजिक एवं आपराधिक तत्त्वों के विरुद्ध कार्यवाही में सकारात्मक सहयोग चाहता है। कानून व्यवस्था बनाए रखना, सूचना का आदान-प्रदान करना, कानून एवं नियमों का स्वेच्छा से पालन करना, कानून व संविधान में आस्था बनाए रखना भी पुलिस विभाग को सहयोग करना ही है।

शब्दार्थ-नियंत्रण-वश। असामाजिक-समाज विरोधी। आपराधिक-अपराध करने वाले। स्वेच्छा-अपने-आप। आस्था-विश्वास। सहयोग-सहायता।

संदर्भ-पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग-इन ,पंक्तियों में लेखक ने पुलिस द्वारा अपराध रोकने के लिए उठाए जाने वाले कदम के विषय में बतलाते हुए कहा है कि

व्याख्या-पुलिस विभाग हमेशा किसी प्रकार के सामाजिक-असामाजिक तत्त्वों द्वारा किए जा रहे अपराधों पर रोक लगाने की पूरी कोशिश करती है। इसके लिए वह अपराधियों के विरुद्ध कदम उठाती है। इस दिशा में वह अधिक-से-अधिक हम सभी की सहायता-सहयोग चाहती है। यह तभी संभव है जब हम अपने देश के नियम-कानून का पालन करें। परस्पर सूचना और संपर्क बनाए रखें । स्वतंत्र रूप से कानून-नियम का न केवल पालन करें, अपितु आस्था और विश्वास भी रखें। ऐसा करके भी हम पुलिस विभाग को सहायता-सहयोग प्रदान कर सकते हैं।

विशेष-

• किसी प्रकार के अपराध पर नियंत्रण रखने के लिए पुलिस विभाग का सहयोग करने की आवश्यकता बतलायी है।
• यह अंश ज्ञानवर्द्धक है।

MP Board Class 8 Hindi Sugam Bharti Question Answer

• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 1
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 2
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 3
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 4
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 5
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 6
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 7
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 8
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 9
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 10
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 11
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 12
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 13
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 14
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 15
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 16
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 17
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 18
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 19
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 20
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 21
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 22
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 23
• भाषा भारती कक्षा 8 solutions chapter 24

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 Election

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
Out of these, who can be granted adult Franchise –
(a) Minor male and female
(b) Only male
(c) Adult male and female
(d) Only Female.
Answer:
(c) Adult male and female

Question 2.
Who does not have right to vote –
(a) Insane or mentally handicapped
(b) Minor age group
(c) Declared bankrupt by court
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 3.
In India, the election procedure is said to start after which of the following –
(a) After filing of nomination paper by candidate
(b) After notification of election
(c) After beginning of campaigning
(d) With organizing public meetings.
Answer:
(b) After notification of election

Fill in the blank:

1. In our country all citizens who have attained the age of …………… years have the right to vote.
2. When few parties to gather form a government, that is …………… called as government.
3. …………….. commission has been formed for registration and recognition of political parties.
4. The granting of the right to vote an adult citizen of the country without any discriminate is called ………………….

Answer:

1. 18
2. Coalition
3. Election
4. Universal Adult Franchise.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by election? Write.
Answer:
Election is a process through which people of democratic countries elect their representatives for a fixed period of time.

Question 2.
What is franchise? Write.
Answer:
The granting of right to vote to an adult male or female of country without any discrimination, is called as franchise or universal adult franchise.

Question 3.
What are political parties? Write.
Answer:
Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology who are committed to their policies and programmers.

Question 4.
Who appoints the chief election commissioner?
Answer:
The president appoints the chief election commissioner.

Question 5.
In India, where is the office of the Election Commission situated?
Answer:
The office of Election commission is situated at Delhi.

Question 6.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
When there is no majority of single party then two or more parties unite to form the government. This type of government is called coalition government.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is known as National Political Parties? Write.
Answer:
National political parties are formed at national level. The party symbol of such parties remains identical in the whole country. Although a party is a national party but it does not mean that it will have equal popularity in every state. The influence of national parties varies from state to state.

To be recognized as a national political parties, any one of the following conditions should be fulfilled. Any political party which obtains at least 6% in the election of parliament or legislative or if any political parties obtains at least 2 per cent of total seats of the parliament and this place should be minimum in three states.

Question 2.
Write about the characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Characteristics of political parties are as following:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To opine clearly regarding policy matters.
• To obtain continuously public opinion in support of its policy.
• Registration in election commission.
• United by govern by one regulation.
• Main aim to win election for obtaining power.
• To create public opinion against anti-public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 3.
What is mid – term election?
Answer:
It the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly are dissolved before their tenure is over, then the elections which take place are mid – term election. Mid – term elections are held due to the failure of any party to form the majority government.

Question 4.
Write about the main functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

Question 5.
What is an electoral roll? Write its uses.
Answer:
Electoral roll is the list of citizens who are eligible to vote. This is prepared by the Election Commission before elections. Preparation of electrical roll is the most important stage of election. Without it elections can’t be held.

Question 6.
Write four functions of political parties.
Answer:
Political parties have many important functions is democracy. Four of them are given below:

• They work as a bridge between Government and public.
• They form public opinion in favor of national interest.
• They make efforts to control the arbitrariness of the ruling party.
• The main function of political parties is to get victory in elections and to form government.

Question 7.
Write four characteristics of political parties.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for. parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organized group of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work is form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

Four of them are:

• To maintain clear identity.
• To obtain continuously public opinion to support its policies
• To create public opinion against anti – public policies by keeping an eye on ruling party.
• An election symbol for identity.

Question 8.
Describe the role of the opposition party.
Answer:
The parties which are not in government are called parties of the opposition. Opposition parties have an important role to play in a democracy. They protect the rights of citizens in restricting the anti – people activities of government. Thus, existence of opposition is necessary to correct the wrong. One of the most important functions of the opposition is to criticize the government.

The opposition exposes the anti – people activities of the government. The opposition also provides the political alternative. In case the government some time fails to continue its rule owing to the different reasons, the opposition is given an opportunity to prove their majority and form the government. The opposition parties also play an important role in the formation of public opinion.

In fact, opposition makes democracy real and effective. The opposition parties play an important role in the working of the democratic setup. Opposition may delay legislation by opposing it in the parliament or by creating the public opinion against it. It is however important to not that opposition parties do help in making laws.

Question 9.
Write the function of Election Commission.
Answer:
The main functions of Election Commission are:

• Delimitation of the constituencies.
• Preparation of electoral rolls.
• Allotment of election symbols.
• Registration and recognition of political parties.
• Holding election.
• Give opinion for fixation of dualities of member of parliament and legislature.
• Preparation and implementation of moral code of conduct.
• Miscellaneous functions.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the type of political parties on the basis of the number of political parties.
Answer:
In any country, on the basis of number of political parties the party system is divided into three categories.

1. Single Party System:
It in a country where there is only one political party then it is called single – party system. In the constitution of the countries having single – party system generally describes that political party for example, them is single party is recognized, existence of other ideologists are restricted.

2. Bi – party System:
In a country if only two main parties exist and the ruling power shifts between these two parties only, then this system is called Bi – party system. For example in America the main two parties are democratic and republican parties, and in Britain Labor and Conservative Parties. Thus the bi – party system is prevalent in United States of America and Britain.

3. Multiparty System:
When in a country several political parties exist then it is called multi – party system. We have multiparty system in our country. In election majority of one party is not necessary. When there is no majority of single party then coalition government is formed in the country or state. Two or more parties are united in a collation government.

The main demerit of multi – party system is changing of party. During election several types of problems arise. In this system it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the policies of different political parties. Number of individual parties increases in the multiple party system. Due to political ambitions, begins the formation of new parties and breaking of political parties.

Question 2.
What is the political party system? Explain its importance.
Answer:
Different political parties are essential for parliamentary type of democracy. Political parties are organised groups of citizens having similar ideology. They are committed to their policies and programmers. They work in form of power and they are always attempting to gain power and continue it. There are some general characteristics of political parties.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:

• Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.
• Today adult franchise is adopted by all countries of the world. Parties nominate their candidates from their parties and campaign for them.
• Today in the huge democratic ruling system, opposition parties are essential minorities or opposite parties have equal importance in democracy like parties with majority.

Question 3.
Explain the major demerits of the Indian Election procedure.
Answer:
The future of the democracy depends upon the unbiasedness of elections and independent voting i.e. without any inducement and pressure. The Election Commission makes efforts for an unbiased and independent election even then there are some problems. Following are the main defects of our electoral system

1. Lack of Complete Participation of Voting:
The aim of universal Adult Franchise is to make every citizen participate in the government indirectly. We have seen that a large number of voters do not exercise their right to vote in the parliamentary and state legislative elections. Therefore the elected candidate getting maximum votes does not represent the public. Therefore participation of all citizens in franchise is desirable.

2. Use of Money in Elections:
The increasing expenses in elections is a big problem. For every election ceiling on election expenses is fixed but a lot of money is spent by the candidates. Therefore sometimes due to lack of money honest and wise person are not able to contest the election. Tire use of money in elections is an immoral act on the part a person, which is a very serious problem from the point of view of reformation in election system.

3. Influence of Muscle Power in Elections:
Sometimes the candidates try to win the election by any type of means. For this they take help of criminals also. Often with the use of muscle power, booth capturing is restored to and voters are made to vote in one’s favor by threatening them or illegal voting is exercised.

4. Misuse of Government Machinery:
Before the time of election charming promises being done by the ruling party. During the elections, high officials are transferred and government, money ‘and vehicles and other means are misused. They also try to influence the election officers. All these influence the unbiasedness of elections.

5. Number of Independent Candidates:
Sometimes there are too many numbers of candidates in the elections. This creates problems to the election management. Thus too many independent candidates enter the election area and confuse the voters.

6. To Influence the Sentiments of the Voters:
At the time of election some candidates try to influence the sentiments of the voters on the basis of religion, caste, region and language. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste. The biggest defect of the Indian election system is to influence the election by provoking the sentiments of the public.

7. Hypothetical Franchise:
Sometimes some persons vote in place of other persons, to include ones name in more than one electoral roll, casting of vote without the inclusion of his name in the electoral roll etc. all are hypothetical franchise. This is also a big problem of our election system.

8. Other Defects:
The name of the citizen should compulsorily be included in the electoral roll to vote for a candidate in an election. We often see that several names of the voters are not included in the electoral roll while the names of persons who have left that constituency or have expired are not deleted from the electoral rolls. The political parties do not originate awareness among the people.

Too many numbers of voters on one voting booth is also a cause of problem. Sometimes one candidate contest from more than one constituency. If he wins in both the constituencies then he resigns from one constituency- In that condition bi – elections takes place. The government money as well as the money of the candidates is again used, it is surely extravagancy.

In our country the Election Commission is continuously trying for free and impartial election. The Election Commission makes efforts to remove the defects of elections. The identity card system of the voters are the gift of the Election Commission. Continuous efforts are being made to remove the defects of our election system.

Question 4.
Write about the Indian election procedure.
Answer:
Election is an important task. It is done through a specific procedure. You are the future citizen of India therefore its necessary for you to know about it. The election procedure is same weather it is general election, mid-term election or bi-election. The whole procedure of election can be complied in the following way:

1. Preparation of Electoral Rolls:
This is the first and the most important stage of election. Before each and every election electoral rolls are prepared by District Election Officer as per the directions of Election Commission. Any Indian citizen who is 18 years of age can get his name included in this. Voters Identity Cards are also prepared by the district election officer. In the absence of voters identity card the citizens have to bring other documents for their identity.

2. Notification of Election:
Every election procedure begins with notification of election. Notification of general, mid-term or bi-election to parliament is issued by the President, notification to State Legislative Assembly is issued by the Governor.

After the deliberation with the Election Commission the notification is published in the Government Gazette. After issuing the election notification the Election Commission announces the election programmer. Along with this the moral code is enforced for the political parties.

3. Nomination for Election:
Different political parties decide the names of their candidate for participation in the election. The candidates who want to fight election file their nomination papers and deposit them in front of the election officer. After the scrutiny of. the nomination papers the list of nominees is announced on a fixed date. Within a fixed period any candidate can withdraw his name. The final list of nominees is issued after the time for withdrawal of name expires.

4. Election Symbols:
The election symbol of each recognized party is already fixed. The election symbol of their part)’ is allotted to the concerning candidate. At the time of election, the election symbol of candidate is printed on ballot papers, against his name. In India, a large number of voters are illiterate, therefore the election symbols are helpful for the identification of the candidate.

5. Election Campaign:
Election campaign is an important aspect of the voting procedure. Each candidate presents his party’s programmer on election manifesto regarding the work which will be done by his party in the coming five years, before the people and try to get favor of the voters in different ways.

The political parties issue their election manifesto which consists of their programmer and policies. Public meetings and rallies are arranged. Newspapers, posters, banners, pamphlets are used for canvassing. Now time is given to political parties on radio and television also. Canvassing is stopped forty-eight hours before the polling.

6. Polling:
Each constituency is divided into many polling centers. The polling centers are fixed for each voter, where he casts his vote on the day of polling. An identity card bearing the photograph of the voter is issued to each voter for his identity. This is known as identity card of the voter. The voters’ who do not possess their identity card, can prove their identity through his ration card, driving licence or any document related to his identity.

On a poling booth a presiding officer and polling officers are appointed as per the requirement. On the day of polling voters come and line up in a queue. Before casting of vote the voter’s identity is verified then the voter who has come to cast his vote has to append his signature / thumb impression on the voters’ list. If electronic voting machine is used then the voter appends his signature or thumb impression on the counterfoil of the ballot. After the marking of indelible ink he can cast his vote.

Voting can be done in two ways:

• by Electronic Voting Machine
• Old Ballot System.

To keep the vote confidential two or more polling booths are made at every polling center, where electronic voting machine or ballot box is kept. In electronic voting machine, the vote is cast by pressing the button in front of the name of the candidate and its corresponding election symbol. In the ballot paper voting system, a ballot paper with the signature of election officer is given to the voters.

The voter goes to the polling room with that, ballot paper and puts tire seal on the symbol of the desired candidate. The ballot paper is folded and put in the ballot box. After the period of voting is over, the electronic voting machine is closed and sealed. After the ballot box are used, these are closed first, then through the special paper seal obtained along with the voting material, these boxes are sealed.

7. Counting:
All ballot boxes and electronic voting machines are collected on a fixed date. Counting takes place in front of district election officer. The candidate who attains maximum number of votes is declared elected. The elected candidate is the representative of his area. After the result of election are declared the elected candidate gets a certificate of winning the election through the district election officer.

Question 5.
Describe the importance and functions of political parties.
Answer:
Importance of Political Parties The party system makes democratic rule possible. In modern age the work of government is done with the help of political parties. They help government make policies. Also by their help it becomes easier to bring changes in the polices.’Due to party system, the government becomes welfare eaten and works in the interest of people.

They stop arbitrariness of government. The desires and expectations of public reach the government through them. They impart political education to people. Everybody gets an opportunity to become a part of government through these parties. Political parities protect the independence of citizens. They establish unity of nation.

The importance of political parties in democracy can be explained in the following way:
1. Formation and expression of public opinion is possible only through political parties. The political parties organised processions and conferences for the formation of public opinion.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions Chapter 16 Poverty: An Economic Challenge for India

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Text Book Questions

Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
The bases of the comparison of income level is –
(a) absolute poverty
(b) relative poverty
(c) complete poverty
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) relative poverty

Question 2.
The state having maximum population of poor in India –
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Assam
(c) Bihar
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(a) Meghalaya

Question 3.
For how many days is employment provided under the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 –
(a) 25 days
(b) 50 days
(c) 75 days
(d) 100 days.
Answer:
(d) 100 days.

Fill in the blank:

1. An average income obtained by a person in a financial year is called ………………
2. ……………. Poverty means disparity of income.
3. The concept of ………………. as first given by the Indian economist Shri Dandekar.
4. The poorest district of Madhya Pradesh is ……………..
5. To measure the poverty in India generally two criteria are used first is absolute poverty and second …………….

Answer:

1. per capital income
2. Relative
3. poverty line
4. Jhabua
5. relative poverty.

True or False:

1. Rapid growth of population increases the poverty.
2. Punjab is the poorest state of India.
3. Employment Guarantee Act provides 5 kilograms of cereals and a minimum 20 percentage wages in cash.
4. People are considered as below poverty live in India who
5. are unable to obtain nutrition of 2100 calories per day in urban areas.
6. According to the report of planning commission in 2005 Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh is the poorest district in India.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main economic challenges before India?
Answer:
Poverty, rapidly increasing population, widespread unemployment, rapidly increasing prices, regional imbalance and increasing economic disparities are the main economic challenges before India.

Question 2.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 3.
Mention the name of three states of India having the largest population of poorer.
Answer:
Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim.

Question 4.
Write about the social causes responsible for poverty.
Answer:
The social causes responsible for poverty are ignorance, fatalism, conservation etc.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does growth of population increase poverty? Explain.
Answer:
The population in India is rapidly increasing. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to the existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of j population in India during the decade of 1991 – 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard  of living. It promotes poverty.

Question 2.
What changes have occurred in the condition of poverty during the last years in India? Mention.
Answer:
In India during the past years there has been a continuous decline in the population of people living below poverty line. In the year 1973 – 74 these were 54.9 per cent and in year 1993 – 94 36 per cent. It is estimated that in’the year 2006 – 07 the number of poor will reach 22 – 01 i.e. 19.3 per cent.

Question 3.
Explain the state-wise condition of poverty in India.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write about the main characteristics of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The chief goal of the Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this program me it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one – third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

Question 5.
What is the basis to measure poverty?
Answer:
There are two criteria which are used to measure poverty. First absolute poverty and second relative poverty.

Absolute Poverty:
Absolute poverty is inability to be offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health). All those people living below poverty line are included under it.

Relative Poverty:
It means disparity of inc e. It implies international income, economic inequalities and regional economic disparities.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the reasons responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
The main reasons responsible for poverty in India are:

1. Defective Development Strategy:
In India strategy a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen because the benefits of development are limited to only some people.

As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer. Opportunities for further progress are available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due – to scarcity of wealth. The Government has made job opportunities available but its progress is very slow.

2. Unemployment:
Unemployment in India is widespread. According to an estimate there are about 5 crore unemployed people in India. The number of unemployed persons is increasing continuously, which is an important factor for poverty. In rural areas disguised unemployment also exists along with unemployment and seasonal unemployment. The increasing number of unemployed people decreases the productivity of individuals and the standard of income.

3. Low Per Capital Income:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 Dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-). Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

4. Rapid Growth of Population:
The population in India is increasing rapidly. As regards population India ranks second in the world. Every year about 1.81 crore people are added to The existing population in India. According to the census of 2001 the annual growth of population in India during the decade of 1991 2001 was 1.93. This leads to low per capital income and consumption and low standard of living. It promotes poverty.

5. Use of Natural Resources:
Minerals, forest wealth and .human resources etc. in India are in abundance. But till now they have not been used in a proper way. The scanty use of natural resources is also a reason of poverty.

6. Inflation and Price Rise:
A huge amount of wealth is spent on the accomplishment of the development tasks. It generates inflationary pressure on the economy and the prices start increasing. As a result the problem of poverty becomes more severe.

7. Low Standard of Technical Knowledge:
There s scarcity of the facilities for the technical education and research etc. in India. About 36 per cent of the population of India is illiterate. The productivity declines as there is lack of technical education and facilities of training.

8. Low Productivity:
In India the productivity is low, therefore, proper returns from tire resources are not obtained and the people remain poor. Low productivity in the agriculture sector is the chief reason for rural poverty.

9. Uncertainty in Agriculture:
The Indian economy is based on agriculture, which depends on monsoon for irrigation. Monsoon is always uncertain due to which there have been fluctuations in the agricultural production. These natural calamities affect agricultural production adversely, which results in poverty.

10. Lack of Means of Transport and Communication:
In India 1 the rapid growth of agriculture, industries, and the tertiary sector is not possible means of transport and communications are not fully developed.

11. Social Reason:
People of India spend a big amount of their income on various programmers because of socioculture customs. On one hand it decreases the saving and on the other hand it increases indebtedness. Apart from this, ignorance, fatalism, conservation are also the causes of poverty in India.

Here the question under consideration is that though India is endowed with enough natural wealth even then it is a poor country, and Indians are leading their lives in poverty and s unemployment. There are means of prosperity in India but due to inadequate use of these means of prosperity, Indians are living in poverty.

Question 2.
Describe in brief the main programmers for the eradication of poverty in India?
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning regarding the eradication of the problem of poverty. In this direction the government endeavored to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty- alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. Following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swarnjayanti Gram:
Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) Was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self-help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmer also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Swarnjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched on 11^th December, 1997 for the eradication of poverty in urban areas. The scheme aims at providing financial aid to the poor in the urban areas for self-employment and for building assets for the creation of salaried employment.

3. Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna:
The scheme started on 2nd October, 1993. It aims to create self – employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth of 18 to 35 years age – group in rural areas and small towns.

4. Grameen Rojgar Srajun Karyakram:
This scheme was launched in April 1995 with the aim to establish projects and create self – employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.

5. Annapoorna Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were illegible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not receiving it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food-grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 National Social Help Program was merged with it.

6. Janshri Yojna:
This scheme was launched in August 2000, to provide social security to the poor section of the society, under this scheme Rs. 20,000 in case of natural death, Rs. 50,000 in case of dearth or permanent disability in an accident and Rs. 25,000 in case of partial disability is provided to the concerned person.

7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the air the increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 – kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of the society.

8. Gram Sainradhi Yojna:
A declaration to launch this scheme was made in March 1999. The present existing Jawahar Rojgar Yojna will be changed in a way all the funds can be spent by the Gram Panchayats, so that the can use it in rural development programmers. Thus they will have power to prepare and implement annual plans related to this work.

9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December, 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 Kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

10. Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant with 15 days. If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one-third of minimum wages.

Question 3.
India is rich nation but its citizens are poor / Explain.
Answer:
Often it is said about India that India is a rich nation but its residents are poor. It is an ironical statement. India is a wealthy nation but the second part of the statement infers that Indians are poor. Lets understand the irony of this situation. India is a rich nation From ancient times India has been considered a geographically and culturally rich nation.

Here natural resources are in abundance for development. India’s geographical area is very vast, natural resources are good, climate is favorable, forest wealth is in adequate quantity, essential resources of energy are also available in adequate quantity and human power is also enough.

The chief reasons for calling India rich country are as below:

1. Geographical Position:
The geographical location of India is suitable from the point of view of development. In the north the Himalayas act as an alert watchman.

The peninsular location of the country and the presence of Indian Ocean links India with different international trade routes. India’s location for airways is also very suitable. Thus the geographical location of India is very appropriate for economic development and foreign trade.

2. Monsoon Climate:
The climatic conditions of India are monsoon – oriented, as a result of it different types of agricultural products are grown in the country. The different industries of our country obtain enough raw material from it. Owing to different type of climatic conditions we can grow different types of food and cash crops.

3. Abundance of Water Power:
We get water throughout the year from the perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas. These rivers play an important role in agricultural country like India. Today we use this water power for irrigation and to produce thousands of Kilowatt of electricity but we have not been able to make use of this resource to the fullest.

4. Forest Wealth:
Out of total area of India, the percentage of forest area is 19.39 We obtain fuel, oil, gums, timber wood, kattha, lac, leatherk, dying material etc. If the forest wealth of India is used efficiently then it may prove to be very useful in the development of country.

5. Availability of Means of Energy and Minerals in Abundance:
India is a rich country regarding minerals and means of power. Out of the total stock of iron in the world one-fourth stock is available in India. India also leads in production of manganese and mica. We have plenty of stock of coal, bauxite, gypsum, Thorium, Uranium materials which are used in production of atomic power.

6. Human Resources:
About 110 crore population of India is able, to – face any type of challenge. If this resource is used in a planned way then the development of the country can be enhanced. In spite of India being rich in the available resources Indians are poor.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Other Important Questions

Choose the Correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) Which is the poorest district in India?
(a) Dang
(b) Banswada
(c) Jhabua
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(a) Dang

Question 2.
The numbers of people living below the poverty line in India is maximum in –
(a) Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Sikkim
(b) Bihar, Orissa and Assam
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim
(d) Bihar, Sikkim and Jhabua.
Answer:
(c) Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim

Question 3.
Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna was started on –
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1994
(b) 2^nd Oct. 1995
(d) 2^nd Oct. 1992.
Answer:
(a) 2^nd Oct. 1993

Question 4.
Janshri Yojna was launched to provide –
(a) Job opportunities
(b) food security
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Social security to the poor section of the society

Question 5.
The extent of poverty in various states of India is –
(a) uniform
(b) not uniform
(c) similar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) not uniform

Fill in the blank:

1. Among economic challenges the most serious is the problem of ……………
2. …………….. persons per year are added to Indian population.
3. Prime minister Rojgar Youjna was started from …………………..
4. The condition in which value of currency decreases and prices increase is called ……………..
5. …………… scheme was started from 1 April, 1999.

Answer:

1. poverty
2. 1.81 crore
3. 2 October, 1993
4. Inflation,
5. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna.

True or False:

1. Under Antyodaya Anna Yojna 5 kg grain is provided.
2. About 36% population of India is illiterate.
3. Economy in India is agriculture based.
4. Geographical condition of India is not appropriate from point of view of growth.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of economy does India have?
Answer:
India has a developing economy.

Question 2.
What is the position of Indian economy in the world?
Answer:
Indian economy is placed among the most powerful economy of the world.

Question 3.
Which is the most severe economic challenge?
Answer:
The most severe economic challenge is the problem of poverty,

Question 4.
What is the reason of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty.

Question 5.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
By poverty line is meant that minimum economic standard which is necessary for their livelihood.

Question 6.
What do you mean by absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is inability to offered the basic amenities (food, clothing and health).

Question 7.
Which organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India?
Answer:
The National Sample Survey Organisation measures the population living below poverty line in India.

Question 8.
When was Annapurna Yojna launched?
Answer:
Annapurna Yojna was launched on 1^st April, 2000.

Question 9.
What is the other name for District Village Development Agency?
Answer:
Jila Gramya Vikas Adhikaran.

Question 10.
What is the main objective of the scheme Antyodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
The mam objective of this scheme is to provide food-grains to the people living below the poverty line.

Question 11.
Why is poverty expanding in India?
Answer:
Poverty is expanding in India because of low per capital income.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of poverty?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when majority of people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to majority of people of a society then it is called as situation of poverty.

Question 2.
How is low per capital income responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India poverty is expanding because of low per capital income. As compared to the developed countries of the world the per capital income in India is very low. According to the report of the World Bank of the year 2004 the per capital income in India is only 480 dollars (about Rs. 24,000/-) Low per capital income is the chief reason of poverty in India.

Question 3.
How is defective development strategy responsible for poverty in India?
Answer:
In India we see a contradiction of poverty with growth is seen. The reason behind it is that the benefits of development are limited to only some people. As a result of it the poor are becoming poorer and the rich richer.

Opportunities for further progress and available to the educated and people who have facilities while the poor are unable to obtain even higher and technical education, due to scarcity of wealth. Tire Government has made job opportunities available bin its progress is very slow.

Question 4.
Write about Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna?
Answer:
Swsarnjayanti Gram nvarojgar Yojna was started on 1st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within the period of three years by organizing them into self help group through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims to generate additional income for rural poorer s. This is being conducted through the District Village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

Question 5.
What is Antodaya Anna Yojna?
Answer:
Antyodaya Anna Yojna was launched on 25^th December 2001. The main objective of this scheme is to provide food grains to the people living below the poverty line, who are included under the targeted public distribution system. In this scheme 35 kilograms of cereal per month is distributed to 1.50 crore poor families on special concessional prices. The Central Issue Prices of wheat and rice under this scheme are Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per kilogram respectively.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Chapter 16 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Poverty? How can poverty be identified?
Answer:
Scarcity of wealth is the reason of poverty. The poor economic condition of some people does not lead to poverty but when a majority of the people of a society are unable to fulfill the minimum requirements of life then this situation is known as poverty. If essential facilities of housing, clothing and food are not available to the majority of people of a society then it is called a situation of poverty.

It is very easy.to identify poverty but it is difficult to define it. When we see shattered dwellings and families living in slums all around us, beggars begging at railway stations and cross roads, laborers working in agricultural farms, then we can call such deprived people as poverty stricken. The people living ‘below, the poverty line are defined as poor.

Question 2.
Which are main programmers for eradication of poverty in India? Explain any four.
Answer:
The Indian planners were concerned from the very beginning about the eradication of poverty. In this direction the government is endeavoring to promote economic growth. It has adopted many poverty – alleviation programmers and has launched many schemes to fulfill the needs of people of the rural areas. The following are the main programmers for the eradication of poverty.

1. Swamjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) – 1^st April, 1999
2.  Swamjayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojna – 11^th‘ December, 1997
3. Prime Minister Rojgar-Yojna – 2^nd October, 1993
4. Grameen Rojgar Srajan Karyakram – April 1995
5. Annapoorna Yojna – 1^st April, 2000
6. janshri Yojna – August 2000
7. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna
8. Gram Samradhi Yojna – March 1999
9. Antyodaya Anna Yojna – 25^th December, 2001.
10. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005) – 2^nd February, 2006

1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY):
It was started on 1^st April, 1999. The programmer aims at bringing the poor families above poverty line within a period of three years by organizing them into self help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. This programmed also aims at generating additional income for the rural poor. This is being conducted through the District, village Development Agency (Jila Gramya Vikas Abhikaran).

2. Annapooma Yojna:
This scheme was started on 1^st April, 2000. This scheme aims to provide food security to people of 65 years of age and above who were eligible to obtain pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme but are not getting it. Under this scheme per month per head 10 kilograms of food grains are provided free of cost. In the year 2002-03 the National Social Help Program was merged with it.

3. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna:
This scheme was launched in the rural areas with the aim of increasing job opportunities along with food security. The laborers working under this scheme are paid a minimum quantity of food i.e. 5 kilogram of cereals and a minimum 20 per cent wages in cash. The aim of this scheme is to provide security to the weaker sections of society.

4. Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Act (2005):
Its main aim is to provide 100 days employment every year to at least one adult of each rural or urban poor and low income family. Under this programmer it is necessary to provide employment to an applicant within 15 days.

If employment is not provided within the due time then an unemployment allowance will be given to the concerned person. The allowance would be at least one third of the minimum wages. This scheme was implemented on 2nd February, 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country.

MP Board Class 9th Social Science Solutions