MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

Relations and Functions Important Questions

Relations and Functions Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Let f : R → R te a function defined as f(x) = 8x:
(a) f is one – one onto (c) / is one-one but not onto
(b) f is many – one onto
(c) f is one – one but not onto
(d) f is neither one – one nor onto
Answer:
(a) f is one – one onto (c) / is one-one but not onto

Question 2.
Let f : R → R be a function is defined as f (x) = \(\frac { e^{ x^{ 2 } }-e^{ -x^{ 2 } } }{ e^{ x^{ 2 } }+e^{ -x^{ 2 } } } \):
(a) f is one – one but not onto
(b) f is one – one onto
(c) f is neither one – one nor onto
(d) f is many one onto
Answer:
(a) f is one – one but not onto

Question 3.
If f : R → R be given by f(x) = \((3-x^{ 3 })^{ 1/3 }\) then (fof) x is:
(a) x \(x^{ 1/3 }\)
(b) x\(x^{ 3 }\)
(c) x
(d) \((3-x^{ 3 })\)
Answer:
(c) x

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Consider a binary operation * on N defined as a*b = \(a^{ 3 }\) + \(b^{ 3 }\):
(a) Is * both associative and commulative
(b) Is * commutative but not associative
(c) Is * associative but not commutative
(d) Is * neither commutative nor associative
Answer:
(b) Is * commutative but not associative

Question 5.
Number of binary operations on the set {a,b} are:
(a) 10
(b) 16
(c) 20
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 16

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. Number of equivalance relation in the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1,2) is …………………………….
  2. If f : R → R, when f(x) = 5x – 7,∀x∈R, then value of \(f^{ -1 }\) (7) is ……………………….
  3. If f : R → R, be defined by f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, then f {f(x)} ……………………………
  4. If f : R → R, be defined by f(x) = 2x + 5, then \(f^{ -1 }\) (y) ………………………………
  5. If f : R → R, be defined by f(x) = x3 the f is ………………………………….

Answer:

  1. 2
  2. 0
  3. x4 – 6x3 + 10x2 – 3x
  4. \(\frac{1}{2}\) (y – 5)
  5. Is one – one

Question 3.
Write True/False:

  1. Let R = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3)} be a relation defined on A = {1, 2, 3}. Then R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
  2. If f : A → B is bijective function, then the inverse of \(f^{ -1 }\) of f is unique.
  3. The composition of funtion is commutative
  4. Every function is invertible
  5. Let a binary operation * on the set Q+ of positive rational numbers be defined by a*b = \(\frac{ab}{3}\), ∀a,b ∈ Q+. Then the inverse of 4*6 is \(\frac{9}{8}\)

Answer:

  1. False
  2. True
  3. False
  4. False
  5. True

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Write the answer in one word/sentence:

  1. Write the identity relation on the set A = {a, b, c}
  2. What is the range of the function f(x) = \(\frac{|x – 1|}{x – 1}\)?
  3. Write the domain of real valued function f defined by f(x) = \(\sqrt { 25-x^{ 2 } } \)
  4. Let * be a binay operation defined by a*b = 3a + 4b – 2, then find 4*5
  5. Let fg : R → R, defined f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2 – 2, ∀x ∈ R respectively. Then find fog.

Answer:

  1. {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c)}
  2. {-1,1}
  3. [-5,5]
  4. 30
  5. 4x2 + 4x – 1

Relations and Functions Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
Show that the relation R in set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b} is an equivalence relation? (NCERT)
Solution:
R is reflexive as 2 divides (a – a) for all Z.
Let (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ 2, divides (a – b)
⇒ 2,divides – (b – a)
(a,b) e R ⇒ (b,a) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Let (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ 2, divides (a -b)
(b,c) ∈ R ⇒ 2, divides (b – c)
(a – b) and (b – c), are divisible by 2
(a – b) + (b – c), are divisible by 2
Hence (a – c) is also divisible by 2
∴ (a,b) ∈ R,(b,c) ∈ R ⇒ (a,c) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
∴ R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Therefore R is an equivalence relation in Z. Proved.

Question 2.
Let R be the relation defined in the set A = {1,2,3,4, 5,6,7} by R = {(a, b): both a and b are either odd or even}
Show that R is an equivalence relation. Further, show that all the elements of the subset {1,3,5,7} are related to each other and all the elements of the subset {2,4,6} are related to each other but no element of the subset {1,3,5, 7} is related to any element of the subset {2,4, 6}? (NCERT)
Solution:
Given any element a in A, both a and a must be either odd or even. So that (a, a) ∈ R .
Further (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ both a and b must be either odd or even (a,b) ∈ R
Similarly (a,b) ∈ R (b,c) ∈ R ⇒ all the elements of the a, b, c must be either even or odd simultaneously ⇒ (a,c) ∈ R .
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
All elements of {1,3,5,7} are related to each other, as all the elements of this subset are odd. Similarly, all the elements of the subset {2, 4, 6} are related to each other(MPBoardSolutions.com) as all of them are even. Also no elements of the subset{ 1, 3, 5, 7} can be related to any elements of {2,4, 6} as elements of {1, 3, 5, 7} are odd, while elements of {2, 4, 6} are even.

Question 3.
Let N is set of natural numbers. If R is a relation defined in set N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d). If ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Prove that R is an equivalence? (CBSE 2015)
Solution:
Reflexive: For every (a,b) ∈ N × N
ab (b + a) = ba (a + b)
⇒ (a, b) R {a, b)
∴ R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let (a,b) (c,d) ∈ N × N
(a,b) R (c,d) ⇒ ab(b + c) = bc (a + d)
⇒ bc (a + d) = ab(b + c)
(a,b) R (c,d) ⇒ (c,d) R (a,b)
∴ R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (a, b) R(c,d) and (c, d) R (e,f)
⇒ ad (b + c) = bc (a + d)
and cf (d + e) = de (c+f)
⇒ \(\frac{ad (b+c)}{abcd}\) = \(\frac{bc (a+d)}{abcd}\)
and \(\frac{cf(d+e)}{cdef}\) = \(\frac{de(c+f)}{cdef}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{c}\) + \(\frac{1}{b}\) = \(\frac{1}{d}\) + \(\frac{1}{a}\)
and \(\frac{1}{e}\) + \(\frac{1}{d}\) = \(\frac{1}{f}\) + \(\frac{1}{c}\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{c}\) + \(\frac{1}{b}\) + \(\frac{1}{e}\) + \(\frac{1}{d}\) = \(\frac{1}{d}\) + \(\frac{1}{a}\) + \(\frac{1}{f}\) + \(\frac{1}{c}\), (by adding)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{b}\) + \(\frac{1}{e}\) = \(\frac{1}{a}\) + \(\frac{1}{f}\)
⇒ \(\frac{b+e}{be}\) = \(\frac{a+f}{af}\)
⇒ af (b+e) = be (a+f)
(a,b) R (c,d) R (e,f) ⇒ (a,b) R (e,f)
∴ R is transitive
∴ R is reflecxive, symmetric and transitive, hence, equivalence.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Let A = {1,2,3,4,5} and R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is divided by 2}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also form equivalence class?
Solution:
A = { 1, 2, 3,4, 5 } and R = {(a, b ) : |(a – b) is divisible by 2}
R = {(1, 1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (1,3), (1,5), (2,4), (3,5), (3,1) (5,1), (4,2),(5,3)}
∀a eA(a,a) E R R is reflexive.
Since (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) ∈ R
(a,b) ∈ R ⇒ (b,a) ∈ R
(1, 3), (1, 5), (2,4), (3, 5), (3, 1), (5, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
∀(a,b) ∈ R, (b,c) ∈ R ⇒ (a,c) ∈ R
Since (1,3), (3,1) ∈ R ⇒ (1,1) ∈ R
R is transitive.
R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence R is equivalence. Proved.
Equivalence class:
[1] = { a : a and 2 is divided by |a – 1|}
[1] = {a : a ∈ A and a – 1 = 2 k}
[1] = {1, 3, 5}
[2] = { a : a and 2, is divided by |a – 2 |}
[2] = {a : a and a – 2 = 2k}
[2] = {2,4}. Proved.

Question 5.
Let for all n ∈ N
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 1
defines a function f : N → N.
Tell, is the function f one – one onto? Justify your answer also? (NCERT)
Solution:
In f : N → N
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 2
f (1) = \(\frac{1+1}{2}\) = 1
f (2) = \(\frac{2}{2}\) = 1
Here, f (1) = f (2) ⇒ 1 ≠ 2.
In co – domain there is only one image 1 of the two elements 1 and 2 of domain. Hence, f is not an one – one function.

Case I.
When n is odd
n = 2r + l, r ∈ N
Then, 4r + 1 ∈ N exists such that,
f (4r + 1) = \(\frac{4r+1+1}{2}\) = \(\frac{4r+2}{2}\) = 2r + 1.
Clearly, there is a pre – image in domain of the each element of co – domain. Hence, f is onto function.

Case II.
When n = 2r (even number)
Then, 4r ∈ N exists such that,
f (4r) = \(\frac{4r}{2}\) = 2r
Clearly, there is a pre – image in domain of the each element of co – domain.
Hence, f is onto function.
Thus, f is one – one onto function

Question 6.
Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Discuss the function f : A → B defined by f (x) = \(\frac{x-2}{x-3}\), is the function is one – one and onto? Justify your answer also? (NCERT)
A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}.
Solution:
f: A → B, f(x) = \(\frac{x-2}{x-3}\) , A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}.
Let x,y ∈ A is such that,
f (x) = f (y)
⇒ \(\frac{x-2}{x-3}\) = \(\frac{y-2}{y-3}\)
⇒ (x – 2) (y – 3) = (y – 2) (x – 3)
⇒ xy – 3x – 2y + 6 = xy – 3y – 2x + 6
⇒ – 3x – 2y = – 3y – 2x
⇒ x = y
Here, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x = y.
∴ f is one – one function.
Let y ∈ B = R – {1}
f is onto if, x ∈ A is such that,
f (x) = y
\(\frac{x-2}{x-3}\) = y
⇒ x – 2 = y (x-3)
⇒ x – 2 = xy – 3y
⇒ xy – x = xy – 3y – 2
⇒ x (y – 1) = 3y – 2
⇒ x = \(\frac{3y-2}{y-1}\) ∈ A
For each y ∈ B, x ∈ A, then
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions
f (x) = y
∴ f(x) is onto function,
∴ f is one – one function.

Question 7.
Prove that function defined below f : N → N is one – one and onto: (NCERT)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 4
Solution:
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
If x1 is odd and x2 is even, then
x1 + 1 = x2 – 1
x1 – x2 = – 2
Which is impossible.
There is no chance that x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Hence either x1 and x2 both are even or odd.
Let x1, x2 both are odd.
f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
⇒ x1 = x2
Let x1 and x2 both are even.
f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x1 – 1 = x2 – 1
⇒ x1 = x2
∴ f is one – one
Odd number 2r + 1 of co – domain N is image of number 2r + 2 of N and any even number of co – domain N. i.e; 2r is image of number 2r – 1 of N.
∴ f is onto.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Discuss on function given by f(x) = 4x + 3, f : R →R. Prove that f is invertible. Find also the inverse of f? (NCERT)
Solution:
f : R → R, f(x) = 4x + 3
Domain and co – domain of the function is R.
Let, x,y ∈R are such that,
f(x) = f(y)
4x + 3 = 4y + 3
⇒ 4x = 4y
∴ x = y
Thus, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x = y
f is one – one.
Let y is any element of co – domain R.
∴ y = f(x)
y = 4x + 3
⇒ 4x = y – 3
⇒ x = \(\frac{y – 3}{4}\)
y is real. Then, x = \(\frac{y – 3}{4}\) is also real. i.e., there is pre – image in domain of each of the element in co – domain.
i.e., range = co – domain
f is onto.
Hence, f is one – one and onto.
Let f – image of x is y. Then,
y = f(x)
y = 4x + 3, y ∈R
4x = y – 3, [f(x) = y ∴x \(f^{ -1 }\) (y)]
⇒ \(f^{ -1 }\) (y) = \(\frac{y – 3}{4}\)
∴ \(f^{ -1 }\) (x) = \(\frac{x – 3}{4}\)

Question 9.
Let y = {n2: n ∈ N] ⊂ N consider f : N → y as f(n) = n2 Show that/is invertible. Find the inverse of f? (NCERT)
Solution:
y = f(n) = n2
n = \(\sqrt { y } \)
From g(y) = \(\sqrt { y } \) is defined g : y → N.
gof (n) = g[f(n)]
= g[n2]
= \(\sqrt { n^{ 2 } } \). [ ∵g (n) = \(\sqrt { n } \) ⇒ g(n2) = \(\sqrt { n^{ 2 } } \) = n]
(gof) n = n
and (fog) y = f [g(y)]
= f \(\sqrt { y } \), [ ∵f (n) = n2 ⇒ f ( \(\sqrt { y } \)) = ( \(\sqrt { y } \))2 = y]
= y
Clearly, gof = In and fog = Iy
Hence, f is invertibel and f-1 = g. Proved.

Question 10.
If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined as f(x) = cosx and g(x) = 3x2. Find gof and fog. Prove that gof ≠ fog? (NCERT)
Solution:
Given:
f(x) = cosx
g(x) = 3x2
(gof) x = g[ f(x)]
(gof) x = g [cosx]
Given: f(x) = cos x …………….. (1)
g (x) = 3x2
g(cosx) = 3 cos2x
From eqns. (1) and (2)
(gof) x = 3 cos2x ………………. (2)
(fog) = f [g(x)]
= f [3x2] …………………….. (3)
Given: g(x) = 3x2
f (x) = cosx
f [3x2] = cos3x2 ………………………… (4)
From eqns. (3) and (4),
(fog)x = cos 3x2
For x = 0
3 cos2x ≠ cos 3x2
Hence, gof ≠ fog.

MP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Let f : {1,2,3} → {a,b,c} given by f(1) = a, f(2) = b, f(3) = c. Find f-1 and show that (f-1)-1 = f?
Solution:
Given:
f : {1,2,3} → {a,b,c}
f(1) = a, f(2) = b, f(3) = c
Let g: {a,b,c} → {1,2,3}
g(a) = 1, g(b) = 2, g(c) = 3
(fog)a = f[g(a)]
= f[1] = a
(fog)b = f[g(b)]
= f(2) = b
(fog)c = f[g(b)]
= f(3) = c
and (gof) (1) = g[f(1)]
= g(a) = 1
(gof) (2) = g[f(2)]
= g(b) = 2
(gof) (3) = g[f(3)]
= g(c) = 3
Hence gof = Ix and fog = Iy
Where x = {1,2,3} and y = {a,b,c}
Inverse of f exists
and f-1 = g
∴ f-1 → {a,b,c} {1,2,3}
f-1(a) = 1, f-1(b) = 2, f-1(c) = 3
Now, find inverse of f-1 i.e.,g.
Let h : {1,2,3} → {a,b,c}
h(1) = a, h(2) = b, h(3) = c
(goh) 1 = g [h(1)] = g(a) = 1
(goh) 2 = g [h(2)] = g(b) = 2
(goh) 3 = g [h(3)] = g(c) = 3
and (hog) a = h[g(a)] = h(1) = a
(hog) b = h [g(b)] = h(2) = b
(hog) c = h [g(c)] = h(3) = c
∴ goh = Ix and hog = Iy
Where, x = {1,2,3} and y = {a,b,c}
Inverse of g exists and g-1 = h = (f-1)-1 = f
∴ h = f
∴ (f-1)-1 = f. Proved.

Question 12.
Show that the relation defined in the set A of all polygons as R = {(P1,P2): P1 and P2 have same number of sides } is an equivalence relation. (MPBoardSolutions.com) What is the set of all elements in A related of the right angle triangle T with sides 3,4 and 5? (NCERT)
Solution:
Given, A = set of all polygons
R = {(P1, P2): P1 and P2 have same number of sides}
In each polygon P the number of sides of polygon P are equal.
(P,P) ∈ R, ∀P ∈ A
Let (P1,P2) ∈ R
⇒ The number of sides in polygon P1 and Polygon P2 are same.
⇒ The sides of polygon P2 and polygon P1 are same.
(P1,P2) ∈ R ⇒ P2P1 ∈ R
∴ R is a symmetric relation.
Let (P1,P2) ∈ R and P2,P3) ∈ R.
The number of sides of polygon P1 and P2) are same.
∴ (P1,P2) ∈ R , (P2,P3) ⇒ (P1,P3) ∈ R
∴ Relation R is transitive.
The number of polygon realated with right angle traingle with sides 3, 4, 5 be three. Hence polygon realted with right angles traingle with sides 3, 4, 5 is a traingle. Proved.

Question 13.
If f(x) = \(\frac{4x+3}{6x-4}\) , x ≠ \(\frac{2}{3}\) then, prove that for all x ≠ \(\frac{2}{3}\), fof(x) = x. What is inverse function of f?
Solution:
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 5
Let, inverse function of f-1 (x) = y .
Then f(y) = x
∴ \(\frac{4y+3}{6y-4}\) = x
⇒ 4y +3 = 6xy – 4x
⇒ 6xy – 4y = 3 + 4x
⇒ y (6x – 4) = 3 + 4x
⇒ y = \(\frac{3+4x}{6x-4}\)
⇒ f-1 (x) = \(\frac{3+4x}{6x-4}\) = f(x)
∴ f-1 = f.

Question 14.
Prove that the function given by f : [-1,1] → R, f(x) = \(\frac{x}{x+2}\) is one – one. Find the inverse function of function f : [-1,1] → (Range of f).
Solution:
f(x) = \(\frac{x}{x+2}\)
f : [-1,1] → R
Here f(x) = f(y)
⇒ \(\frac{x}{x+2}\) = \(\frac{y}{y+2}\)
⇒ xy + 2x = xy + 2y
⇒ 2x = 2y
⇒ x = y
∴ f is one – one
Let f-1(x) = y
∴ f(y) = x
⇒ \(\frac{y}{y+2}\) = x
⇒ y = xy + 2x
⇒ y (1 – x) = 2x
∴y = \(\frac{2x}{1-x}\)
⇒ f-1(x) = \(\frac{2x}{1-x}\).

MP Board Solutions

Question 15.
If f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}\), ∀x ∈ R and g(x) = \(\frac{x}{1-|x|}\) , ∀x ∈ R where -1 < x < 1, then find gof and fog? Show that fog = gof?
Solution:
Given: f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}\)
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 6
MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 1 Relations and Functions img 6a
∴ gof (x) = x
∴ From eqns. (1) and (2),
fog = gof.

Question 16.
Consider f : N → N, g : N → N and h : N → R defined as f(x) = 2x, g(y) = 3y + 4 and h(z) = sin z ∀ x, y and z ∈ N. Show that ho(gof) = (hog)of? (NCERT)
Solution:
ho(gof) x = h[gof(x)]
= h[g[f(x)]
= h(g(2x))
= h[3(2x) + 4]
= h[6x + 4]
= sin (6x + 4) ……………………. (1)
Similarly, ((hog)of)x = (hog) f(x)
= (hog) 2x
= h(g(2x))
= h[3(2x) + 4]
= h [6x + 4]
= sin (6x + 4) ……………………… (2)
From eqns. (1) and (2),
ho(gof) = (hog)of. Proved.

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Important Questions

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points :
CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3. (NCERT)
Answer:
CH3CH2CH3 < CH3O CH3 < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH.
This order can be predicted on the basis of inter-molecular force operating between them, these are having comparable molecular mass. CH3CH2OH undergoes the strongest H – bonding. In CH3OCH3 and CH3CHO dipole – dipole attraction is more in CH3CHO, since CH3CHO is more polar than CH3OCH3 therefore its boiling point is more than CH3 – O – CH3. Propane being non – polar therefore, weak van der Waals’ forces exist between them.

Question 2.

  1. Why ketones are less reactive than aldehydes?
  2. Benzaldehyde is less reactive than Acetaldehyde. Why?

Answer:
1. Ketones are less reactive than aldehydes because in ketones there are two alky group attached with carbonyl group, due to the positive inductive effect (+I) of both the alkyl group the positive charge on carbon atom decreases. Hence, the sensitivity of ketones to the nucleophilic reagents decreases. In aldehydes, they have only one alkyl group so they are more reactive than ketones.

2. – CHO group of benzaldehyde becomes stable due to resonance with benzene ring whereas resonance is not found in acetaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is aromatic and alde – hyde is aliphatic.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
How is urotropine obtained from formaldehyde? Write its chemical name and structural formula.
Answer:
When formaldehyde is treated with ammonia, urotropine is formed. Its chemical name is hexamethylene tetra ammine or hexa ammine.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 1
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 2

Question 4.
Write a short note on Tollen’s reagent.
or,
What is Tollen’s reagent? Write its reaction with acetaldehyde.
Answer:
Tollen’s Reagent:
Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution is known as Tollen’s reagent. When Tollen’s reagent is heated with aldehyde, aldehyde reduces Ag+ to Ag and forms a bright silver mirror on the wall.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 3
Ketones do not give this test.

Question 5.
Why boiling point of carboxylic acid is higher than alcohols having same molecular mass?
Answer:
Carboxylic acid exist as dimer due to hydrogen bond. These bonds are more stronger in acids compared to alcohols, therefore boiling point of carboxylic acid is higher than alcohol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 4

Question 6.
Explain Fehling reaction with equation.
Answer:
Fehling Reaction:
Sodium, Potassium tartarate associated with alkaline CuSO4 is known as Fehling solution. When aldehyde is heated with Fehling solution, then aldehyde is oxidized and red precipitate of cuprous oxide is obtained. This is known as Fehling test.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 5
Ketones do not give this test.

Question 7.
Why is the boiling point of ketone little higher than its corresponding isomeric aldehyde?
Answer:
Ketones are comparatively more polar than their corresponding isomeric alde – hyde because the >C=O group in ketone is linked with two electron releasing alkyl group. Thus, the dipole attractive force of ketone is comparatively higher. This is the reason that the boiling point of ketone is comparatively higher than its corresponding isomeric aldehyde.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Among formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone which is more reactive and why? Explain.
Answer:
Among HCHO, CH3CHO and CH3COCH3, HCHO is more reactive. This can be explained on the basis of:
1. Electron releasing effect:
Alkyl groups are electron releasing in nature due to which magnitude of positive charge on carbonyl carbon decreases and hence it becomes less susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

2. Steric effect:
The bulkier groups in ketones hinders approach of the nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon. This is known as steric effect. Thus, HCHO with negligible electron releasing effect as well as steric effect is more reactive.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 6

Question 9.
Compare acidic strength of acetic acid, formic acid and chloroacetic acid.
Answer:
Chlorine atom present in chloroacetic acid has strong negative inductive effect (-I). Due to this, electrons of O – H bond easily displaced towards oxygen and it releases H+ easily. CH3 group present in CH3COOH which produces (+I) effect causes decrease in acidic nature.

In formic acid there is no such group which produces (+1) or (-1) effect. Hence, formic acid is stronger than acetic acid and chloroacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid. In short chloroacetic acid is stronger than formic acid and formic acid is stronger than acetic acid.

Question 10.

  1. What is Hell – Volhard – Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction?
  2. What happens when formic acid is heated?

Answer:
1. Hell – Volhard – Zelinsky Reaction:
When carboxylic acid is treated with Cl2 or Br2 in presence of phosphorus, α – halogenated carboxylic acid is formed. This reaction is known as Hell – Volhard – Zelinsky reaction (HVZ).
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 7

2. When formic acid is heated to 160°C it dissociates into CO and H2O.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 8

MP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why? (NCERT)
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 9
In carboxylate ion negative charge is delocalised over two oxygen atoms which are highly electronegative whereas in phenoxide ion negative charge is delocalised over only one oxygen atom. Carboxylate ion is more stable than phenoxide ion that is why carboxylic acid is more acidic than phenols.

Question 12.
Give chemical equation of the following :

  1. Acetaldehyde from formaldehyde.
  2. Formaldehyde from acetaldehyde.
  3. Acetic acid from formic acid.

Answer:
1. Acetaldehyde from formaldehyde :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10

2. Formaldehyde from acetaldehyde :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 11

3.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 12

Question 13.
Write down the difference between formic acid and acetic acid on the basis of following points :

  1. Effect of heat.
  2. Reaction with acidified KMnO4.
  3. Distillation of Ca salt.
  4. Reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution.
  5. Reaction with PCl5.

Answer:
Differences between Formic Acid and Acetic Acid :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 13

Question 14..
Explain Stephen’s reaction and Benzoin condensation with example.
Answer:
stephen’s reaction:
Alkyl cyanide on reduction with acidified stannous chloride (i.e., SnCl2 + HCl) at room temperature forms aldimine hydrochloride, which on hydrolysis with boiling water gives aldehyde. This specific type of reduction of cyanide is known as Stephen’s reaction.
SnCl2 + 2HCl → SnCl4 + 2H
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 14

Benzoin condensation:
Two molecules of benzaldehyde in presence of alcoholic KCN or NaCN condenses to form benzoin.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 15

Question 15.

  1. Write a short note on Perkin’s reaction.
  2. What happens when acetone is heated with H2SO4?

Answer:
1. Perkin’s reaction:
When aromatic aldehyde is heated in presence of sodium salt of aliphatic acid with anhydride of aliphatic acid, then α, β unsaturated acid is obtained.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 16

2. In presence of H2SO4 three molecules of acetone get condensed and form mesitylene.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 17

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the difference between compounds containing aldehydic group and ketonic group.
Answer:
Differences between Aldehydic group and Ketonic group :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 18

Question 2.
Describe the following: (NCERT)

  1. Acetylation
  2. Cannizzaro reaction
  3. Cross – aldol condensation
  4. Decarboxylation.

Answer:
1. Acetylation:
The introduction of an acetyl functional group into an organic compound is known as acetylation. It is usually carried out in the presence of a base such as pyridine, dimethylaniline, etc. This process involves the substitution of an acetyl group for an active hydrogen atom. Ecetyl chloride and acetic anhydride are commonly used as acety – lating agents.
For example, acetylation of ethanol produces ethyl acetate.
CH2CH2OH + CH3COCl → CH3COOC2H5 + HCl

2. Cannizzaro reaction:
Aldehydes which do not contain α – hydrogen like HCHO, C6H5CHO react with cone. NaOH solution to form methyl alcohol and formic acid. This reaction is called Cannizzaro reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 19

3. Cross – aldol condensation:
When aldol condensation is carried out between different aldehydes or two different ketones or an aldehyde and a ketone, then the reaction is called a Cross – aldol condensation. If both the reactants contain α – hydrogens, four compounds are obtained as products.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 20

4. Decarboxylation:
Decarboxylation refers to the reaction in which carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons when their sodium salts are heated with soda – lime.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 21
Decarboxylation also takes place when aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids are electrolysed. This electrolytic process is known as Kolbe’s electrolysis.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Describe the laboratory method of preparation of acetone. Draw labelled diagram and write down chemical equations.
Answer:
In laboratory, acetone is prepared by dry distillation of anhydrous calcium acetate.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 22
Method 30 – 40 gm of calcium acetate mixed with equal amount of sodium acetate is heated in a glass retort fitted with a condenser and receiver. Acetone is collected in the receiver. The acetone so obtained is not pure. To purify this, it is shaken with saturated solution of sodium bisulphite then crystals of acetone sodium bisulphite salt separate out. The crystal is washed and heated with sodium carbonate and then dried over anhydrous and CaCl2 then distilled at 56°C to get pure acetone.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 23
(CH3)2C = O + NaHSO3 → (CH3)2C(OH)SO3Na
2(CH3)2C(OH)SO3Na + Na2CO3 → 2(CH3)2C = O + 2Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2.

Question 4.
Write down the following reaction giving example and equation :

  1. Iodoform reaction
  2. Tischenko reaction
  3. Gattermann – Koch synthesis
  4. Rosenmund’s reaction.

Answer:
1. Iodoform (Haloform) reaction:
Acetaldehyde or methyl ketone reacts with iodine in presence of alkali to form yellow coloured iodoform. This reaction is known as Iodoform test.
2NaOH + I2 → NaI + NaOI + H2O
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 24

2. Tischenko reaction:
Two molecules of benzaldehyde is coupled together in presence of aluminium ethoxide or isopropoxide then benzylbenzoate (ester) is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 25

3. Gattermann – Koch synthesis:
Mixture of CO and HCl bubbled through a solution of aromatic hydrocarbon in ether solution in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3, then benzaldehyde is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 26

4. Rosenmund’s reaction:
Aldehydes are obtained by the reduction of acid chloride with hydrogen in boiling xylene in presence of a catalyst Pd suspended in BaSO4.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 27
This reaction is called Rosenmund reaction.

Question 5.
Give quick vinegar method of preparation of acetic acid. Give its reaction with phosphorus pentaoxide and phosphorus pentachloride and write its two uses.
Answer:
In this process, a dilute aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol is oxidized in presence of enzyme Mycoderma aceti.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 28
In this process, a wooden vat is fitted with two wooden plates having holes. Between these plates is filled by beech wood savings, moistened with old vinegar solution which is the chief source of Mycoderma aceti. A 10% aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol is dropped slowly from the top of the vat and air is passed at a controlled rate through the holes near the bottom of the vat. Ethyl alcohol is oxidized to acetic acid. This process is called quick vinegar process because vinegar is formed very quickly.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 29

(a) Reaction with P2O5:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 30

(b) Reaction with PCl5:
CH3CHOOH + PCl5 → CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl

Uses:

  1. As a reagent and solvent in the lab.
  2. As vinegar in the preparation of pickel, chutney etc.
  3. In the preparation of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and other esters.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Write a brief note on :

  1. Claisen condensation
  2. Benzoin condensation.

Answer:
1. Claisen condensation:
When aromatic aldehyde reacts with aliphatic alde – hyde or ketone with α – hydrogen, in presence of weak base, α, β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone is formed. This type of condensation is called Claisen condensation.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 31

2. Benzoin condensation:
Two molecules of benzaldehyde in presence of alcoholic KCN or NaCN condenses to form benzoin.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 32

Question 7.
How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds : (NCERT)
(i) Butan – 1,3 – diol
(ii) But – 2 – enal
(iii) But – 2 – enoic acid.

Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 33

Question 8.
What happens when, (only equation):

  1. On reacting acetone with Grignard reagent?
  2. Reaction of acetone with chloroform in presence of KOH?
  3. Benzaldehyde reacts with aniline?
  4. On heating sodium salt of carboxylic acid with soda lime?
  5. Benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl3?

Answer:
1. Reaction of acetone with Grignard reagent.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 34
2. Reaction of acetone with chloroform.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 35
3. Reaction of benzaldehyde with aniline
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 36
4. Reaction of sodium salt of carboxylic acid with soda lime.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 37
5. Reaction of benzene with CH3COCl.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 38

Question 9.
How will you obtain the following from acetic acid (Give only equations):

  1. Acetamide
  2. Ethyl acetate
  3. Acetic Anhydride
  4. Trichloro acetic acid.

Answer:
1. Acetamide:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 39

2. Ethyl acetate:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 40

3. Acetic anhydride:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 41

4. Trichloro acetic acid:
CH3 – COOH + 3Cl2 → CCl3 – COCH + 3HCl

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 वैश्वीकरण

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 21 वैश्वीकरण Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 वैश्वीकरण

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 पाठान्त अभ्यास

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण ने जीवन-स्तर में सुधार किया है
(i) गरीब वर्ग का
(ii) उच्च वर्ग का
(iii) ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों का
(iv) समाज के सभी वर्गों का।
उत्तर:
(ii) उच्च वर्ग का

प्रश्न  2.
वैश्वीकरण से कौन-से उद्योग बन्द हो गए हैं ?
(i) बड़े पैमाने के उद्योग
(ii) बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियाँ
(iii) लघु उद्योग
(iv) सभी प्रकार के उद्योग।
उत्तर:
(iii) लघु उद्योग

प्रश्न  3.
भारत में वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया प्रारम्भ हुई है –
(i) सन् 1947 में
(ii) सन् 1951 में
(iii) सन् 1991 में
(iv) सन् 2001 में
उत्तर:
(iii) सन् 1991 में

प्रश्न  4.
विश्व व्यापार संगठन की स्थापना हुई है –
(i) सन् 1985
(ii) सन् 1995
(iii) सन् 2001
(iv) सन् 2005
उत्तर:
(ii) सन् 1995

प्रश्न  5.
वैश्वीकरण का मुख्य आधार है
(i) विदेशी व्यापार
(ii) आन्तरिक व्यापार
(iii) उन्नत कृषि व्यापार
(iv) लघु उद्योग।
उत्तर:
(i) विदेशी व्यापार

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

  1. वर्तमान में आरक्षित उद्योगों की संख्या ……………. है। (2009)
  2. वैश्वीकरण के अन्तर्गत विभिन्न अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के मध्य वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं का ……………. आवागमन होता है।
  3. विभिन्न देशों में उत्पादन करने वाली कम्पनियों को ……………. कहा जाता है। (2009)

उत्तर:

  1. तीन
  2. एक देश से दूसरे देश में
  3. बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
वर्ष 1991 से पूर्व भारत के विदेशी व्यापार की नीति क्या थी?
उत्तर:
वर्ष 1991 तक आयातों पर नियन्त्रण रखा गया। इस अवधि में केवल अनिवार्य वस्तुओं; जैसे-मशीनरी, उर्वरक और पेट्रोलियम का ही मुख्य रूप से आयात किया गया। देश के उत्पादकों को विदेशी प्रतियोगिता से बचाए रखने के लिए संरक्षण की नीति को अपनाया गया। परिणामस्वरूप इस अवधि में व्यापार धीमी गति से बढ़ा।

प्रश्न 2.
एक से अधिक देशों में उत्पादन करने वाली कम्पनियों को क्या कहा जाता है ? उत्तर-एक से अधिक देशों में उत्पादन करने वाली कम्पनियों को बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी कहा जाता है। प्रश्न 3. वैश्वीकरण से किस उपभोक्ता वर्ग को अधिक लाभ हुआ है ?
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण का लाभ समाज के सभी उपभोक्ता वर्गों को नहीं मिला है। समाज के शिक्षित. कशल और सम्पन्न उपभोक्ता वर्ग के लोगों ने वैश्वीकरण से मिले नये अवसरों का सर्वाधिक एवं सर्वोत्तम उपयोग किया है। इसके विपरीत अशिक्षित एवं निर्धन उपभोक्ता वर्ग को लाभ में हिस्सा नहीं मिला है। इस प्रकार यह कहा जा सकता है कि समाज का कमजोर एवं निर्धन उपभोक्ता वर्ग वैश्वीकरण के लाभों से प्रायः वंचित ही रहा है।

प्रश्न 4.
बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों से आप क्या समझते हैं ?
उत्तर:
एक बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी वह है जो एक से अधिक राष्ट्रों में उत्पादन करती हैं। ये कम्पनियाँ बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादन करती हैं और उत्पादित वस्तुओं को अनेक राष्ट्रों में बेचती हैं।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 लघु उत्तराय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
विदेशी व्यापार क्या है ?
उत्तर:
विदेशी व्यापार से आशय-“विदेशी व्यापार से आशय दो या दो से अधिक पृथक् सत्ताधारी राष्ट्रों के बीच वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के विनिमय से है।” यदि क्रेता और विक्रेता अलग-अलग सत्ताधारी देशों में रहते हों तो उनके बीच हुआ क्रय-विक्रय विदेशी व्यापार कहलाता है। इस प्रकार विदेशी व्यापार में वस्तुएँ एक देश की सीमाओं को पार करके दूसरे देश की सीमाओं में प्रवेश करती हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, बांग्लादेश तथा भारत के बीच होने वाला व्यापार विदेशी व्यापार कहलायेगा। विदेशी व्यापार तीन प्रकार का होता है –

  1. आयात व्यापार – आयात व्यापार से आशय दूसरे राष्ट्रों में माल अपने देश में मँगवाने से है।
  2. निर्यात व्यापार – निर्यात व्यापार से आशय अपने देश से विदेशों को माल भेजे जाने से है।
  3. निर्यात हेतु आयात – जब वस्तुएँ किसी एक देश में दूसरे देश से स्थानीय उपयोग के लिए आयात नहीं की गई हों वरन् वहाँ से किसी अन्य देश को निर्यात करने के उद्देश्य से आयात की गई हों, तो ऐसे व्यापार को “निर्यात हेतु आयात” कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
बाजारों का एकीकरण क्या है ?
उत्तर:
बढ़ते हुए विदेशी व्यापार के कारण विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजारों एवं उनमें बेची जाने वाली वस्तुओं में एकीकरण हुआ है। विदेशी व्यापार की बढ़ती हुई प्रवृत्ति ने अब विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजारों को बहुत निकट ला दिया है। उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी ने इस निकटता में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की है और सम्पूर्ण विश्व को एक बड़े गाँव में बदल दिया है। यही वैश्वीकरण है, जहाँ विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजार परस्पर जुड़कर एक इकाई के रूप में कार्य करते हैं। इससे सम्पूर्ण विश्व में बाजार शक्तियाँ स्वतन्त्र रूप से कार्य करने लगती हैं और परिणामस्वरूप वस्तुओं की कीमत सभी राष्ट्रों में लगभग समान हो जाती है। इस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण के परिणामस्वरूप सम्पूर्ण विश्व के बाजारों का एकीकरण हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
वैश्वीकरण का छोटे उत्पादकों पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा है ? (2009, 14)
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण का छोटे उत्पादकों पर प्रभाव-छोटे उत्पादकों पर वैश्वीकरण का बुरा प्रभाव पड़ा है। विदेशी उत्पादित माल से प्रतियोगिता करने में छोटे उद्योग सक्षम नहीं हैं। परिणामस्वरूप अनेक छोटे उद्योग बन्द हो गए हैं। बैटरी, संधारित्र, प्लास्टिक, खिलौने, टायर, डेयरी उत्पादों एवं खाद्य तेल के उद्योगों की स्थिति अत्यधिक खराब है। यहाँ यह उल्लेखनीय है कि भारत में लघु उद्योगों में कृषि के बाद सबसे अधिक लोगों को रोजगार प्राप्त है।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण से आप क्या समझते हैं ? वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया को प्रोत्साहित करने वाले कारणों की विवेचना कीजिए। (2009, 13)
अथवा
वैश्वीकरण को प्रोत्साहित करने वाले प्रमुख चार कारक लिखिए। (2009, 17)
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण का आशय – वैश्वीकरण का शाब्दिक अर्थ अर्थव्यवस्था को विश्व की अर्थव्यवस्था के साथ एकीकृत करने से लगाया जाता है। इसमें प्रत्येक राष्ट्र का अन्य राष्ट्रों के साथ वस्तु, सेवा, पूँजी एवं बौद्धिक सम्पदा का अप्रतिबन्धित आदान-प्रदान होता है। यह वस्तुतः खुली अर्थव्यवस्था की विचारधारा पर आधारित है जिसमें विश्व के विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के मध्य व्यापारिक दृष्टिकोण से सार्वजनिक सीमाओं को अधिक महत्व नहीं दिया जाता है, बल्कि व्यापारिक लेन-देन या तो स्वतन्त्र रूप से या सीमित नियन्त्रण के अधीन चलते रहते हैं। अत: यह कहा जा सकता है कि वैश्वीकरण एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसके अन्तर्गत सभी व्यापारिक क्रियाओं का अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयकरण हो जाता है और वे एक इकाई के रूप में कार्य करने लगती हैं।

वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया को प्रोत्साहित करने वाले कारक

वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया को प्रोत्साहित करने वाले कारक निम्नलिखित हैं –

(1) तकनीक – पिछले पाँच दशकों में तकनीक ज्ञान का तेजी से विकास हुआ है। परिवहन प्रौद्योगिकी ने अब लम्बी दूरियों तक वस्तुओं को कम लागत पर भेजना सम्भव बनाया है दूरसंचार सुविधाओं; जैसे-इन्टरनेट, मोबाइल फोन, फैक्स आदि ने विश्व भर में एक-दूसरे से सम्पर्क करने के कार्य को आसान बना दिया है। संचार उपग्रहों ने इन सुविधाओं का विस्तार कर क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन कर दिया है जिससे वैश्वीकरण का तेजी से विस्तार हुआ है।

(2) प्रतियोगिता – पूँजीवादी आर्थिक प्रणाली में प्रतियोगिता का विशेष महत्त्व होता है। इस प्रणाली में विभिन्न उत्पादक कम्पनियाँ बाजारों पर कब्जा करने का उद्देश्य से प्रतियोगिता का सहारा लेती हैं। इसके लिए ये कम्पनियाँ कीमत कम करने के साथ-साथ विज्ञापनों एवं प्रचार-प्रसार के विभिन्न माध्यमों का उपयोग करती हैं।

(3) बाजार का विस्तार – पिछले कुछ वर्षों में उपभोक्ताओं की आय में वृद्धि, उपभोक्ता प्रवृति, रुचि एवं आदतों में परिवर्तन आदि से वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं की माँग में वृद्धि हुई है। प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास से उत्पादनों की किस्म एवं गुणवत्ता में सुधार हुआ है। फलतः नई-नई वस्तुओं का उत्पादन सम्भव हुआ है जिससे बाजारों का विस्तार हुआ है।

(4) बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों का विस्तार – बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों की पहली विशेषता यह है कि इनकी क्रियाएँ किसी राष्ट्र में सीमित न होकर अनेक राष्ट्रों में चलती हैं। ये कम्पनियाँ उन राष्ट्रों में उत्पादन के लिए कारखाने स्थापित करती हैं, जहाँ उन्हें सस्ता श्रम एवं अन्य साधन मिलते हैं। इससे उत्पादन लागत में कमी आती है तथा कम्पनियों की प्रतियोगिता करने की क्षमता बढ़ जाती है। बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियाँ केवल वैश्वीकरण स्तर पर ही अपने उत्पादन नहीं बेचीं वरन अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण यह है कि वे वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन विश्व स्तर पर करती हैं।

(5) उदारीकरण की प्रक्रिया – बीसवीं शताब्दी के मध्य तक उत्पादन मुख्यतः राष्ट्रों की सीमाओं के अन्दर ही सीमित था। अनेक राष्ट्रों ने अपने द्वारा उत्पादित वस्तुओं को विदेशी प्रतियोगिता से बचाने के लिए अनेक प्रकार के कठोर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिये थे। किन्तु 1970 एवं 1990 के दशकों में अनेक ऐसे परिवर्तन हुए जिनसे ‘विदेशी व्यापार को उदार बनाने की प्रक्रिया प्रारम्भ हुई। सन् 1995 में विश्व व्यापार संगठन की स्थापना के बाद प्रायः विश्व के सभी राष्ट्रों ने अपने आयात करों में कमी की है और अपने राष्ट्रों के बाजार को अन्य राष्ट्रों के लिए खोल दिया है। परिणामस्वरूप वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया को प्रोत्साहन मिला है।

प्रश्न 2.
विदेशी व्यापार विभिन्न देशों के बाजारों के एकीकरण में किस प्रकार मदद करता है ? लिखिए।
उत्तर:
विदेशी व्यापार ने आज विश्व के देशों को परस्पर जोड़ दिया है। विश्व की अनेक बड़ी कम्पनियाँ । जिन्हें बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियाँ कहा जाता है, अपने उत्पादों की बिक्री अनेक राष्ट्रों में करती हैं। ये कम्पनियाँ बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादन करती हैं और उत्पादित वस्तुओं को सभी देशों में बेचती हैं।

बढ़ते हुए विदेशी व्यापार के कारण विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजार एवं उनमें बेची जाने वाली वस्तुओं में एकीकरण हुआ है। विदेशी व्यापार की बढ़ती हुई प्रवृत्ति ने अब विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजारों को बहुत निकट ला दिया है।

बाजारों का एकीकरण – बढ़ते हुए विदेशी व्यापार के कारण विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजारों एवं उनमें बेची जाने वाली वस्तुओं में एकीकरण हुआ है। विदेशी व्यापार की बढ़ती हुई प्रवृत्ति ने अब विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजारों को बहुत निकट ला दिया है। उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी ने इस निकटता में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की है और सम्पूर्ण विश्व को एक बड़े गाँव में बदल दिया है। यही वैश्वीकरण है, जहाँ विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के बाजार परस्पर जुड़कर एक इकाई के रूप में कार्य करते हैं। इससे सम्पूर्ण विश्व में बाजार शक्तियाँ स्वतन्त्र रूप से कार्य करने लगती हैं और परिणामस्वरूप वस्तुओं की कीमत सभी राष्ट्रों में लगभग समान हो जाती है। इस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण के परिणामस्वरूप सम्पूर्ण विश्व के बाजारों का एकीकरण हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
वैश्वीकरण के बाद भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति की व्याख्या कीजिए व वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न समस्याओं की विवेचना कीजिए।
अथवा
वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न प्रमुख समस्याओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (2009, 10, 15)
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण के बाद भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति

वर्ष 1991 के बाद देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में हुए सुधार एवं वैश्वीकरण के प्रभाव निम्नलिखित हैं –

(1) आयात-निर्यात – वर्ष 1991 में घोषित आयात-निर्यात नीति में निर्यात के विकास पर जोर दिया गया। इस उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति हेतु आयात एवं निर्यात पर लगे प्रतिबन्धों को कम किया गया। व्यापार नीति (2004-09) में आयातों एवं निर्यातों को और अधिक सुविधाजनक बनाया गया है। यहाँ यह उल्लेखनीय है कि भारत विश्व व्यापार संगठन का प्रारम्भ से ही सदस्य है। पिछले वर्षों में आयात शुल्क कम करने का भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर अनुकूल प्रभाव पड़ा है। कुल विश्व व्यापार में भारत के विदेशी व्यापार का योगदान वर्ष 1990 में 0.6 प्रतिशत से बढ़कर वर्ष 2013 में 2.1 प्रतिशत हो गया।

(2) औद्योगीकरण – भारत सरकार ने विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था के साथ अन्त:सम्बन्ध स्थापित करने तथा वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण शक्ति के रूप में उभरने से सन् 1991 के मध्य से व्यापक आर्थिक सुधार का कार्यक्रम शुरू किया। वर्तमान में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत आरक्षित उद्योगों की संख्या केवल 2 रह गई है। इसका आशय यह है कि निजी क्षेत्र को अपने विस्तार के पर्याप्त अवसर प्राप्त हो गए हैं। अर्थव्यवस्था के अनेक क्षेत्र अब विदेशी निवेश के लिए खोल दिए गए हैं और वे नई औद्योगिक नीति के परिणामस्वरूप विकास की ओर अग्रसर हो रहे हैं।

(3) विदेशी निवेश में वृद्धि – वैश्वीकरण के बाद अनेक बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों ने भारत में अपने निवेश में वृद्धि की है। इससे देश में उत्पादन एवं प्रौद्योगिकी का विकास हुआ और रोजगार के अवसर उत्पन्न हुए। इस प्रकार कहा जा सकता है कि 1991 के बाद देश में विदेशी निवेश में वृद्धि हुई है और फलस्वरूप अर्थव्यवस्था को लाभ हुआ है।

(4) उपभोक्ता की प्रभुता – वैश्वीकरण के बाद विदेशी एवं स्थानीय उत्पादकों के मध्य परस्पर प्रतियोगिता में वृद्धि हुई है और परिणामस्वरूप अनेक वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं की कीमतें कम हुई हैं। इससे उपभोक्ताओं को श्रेष्ठ वस्तुएँ प्राप्त हो रही हैं। फलस्वरूप उपभोक्ता वर्ग पहले की तुलना में उच्चतर जीवन स्तर का लाभ प्राप्त कर रहे हैं।

(5) भारतीय कम्पनियों को लाभ – वैश्वीकरण ने अनेक भारतीय कम्पनियों को बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों के रूप में स्थापित किया है। उदाहरण के लिए टिस्को, टाटा मोटर्स, रैनबैक्सी, हिन्डाल्को, इन्फोसिस आदि। इन कम्पनियों ने अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अपने क्रियाकलापों का विस्तार किया है।

वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न समस्याएँ

वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न प्रमुख समस्याएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

(1) श्रमिकों के जीवन पर प्रभाव – वैश्वीकरण के कारण श्रमिकों के जीवन पर व्यापक प्रभाव पड़ा है। बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण अधिकांश नियोक्ता इन दिनों श्रमिकों को रोजगार देने में लचीलापन पसन्द करते हैं। इसका आशय है कि श्रमिकों का रोजगार अब सुनिश्चित नहीं है।

(2) छोटे उत्पादकों पर प्रभाव – छोटे उत्पादकों पर वैश्वीकरण का बुरा प्रभाव पड़ा है। विदेशी उत्पादित माल से प्रतियोगिता करने में छोटे उद्योग सक्षम नहीं हैं। परिणामस्वरूप अनेक छोटे उद्योग बन्द हो गए हैं। बैटरी, संधारित्र, प्लास्टिक, खिलौने, टायर, डेयरी उत्पादों एवं खाद्य तेल के उद्योगों की स्थिति अत्यधिक खराब है। यहाँ यह उल्लेखनीय है कि भारत में लघु उद्योगों में कृषि के बाद सबसे अधिक लोगों को रोजगार प्राप्त है।

(3) सभी लोगों को लाभ नहीं-वैश्वीकरण का लाभ समाज के सभी वर्गों को नहीं मिला है। शिक्षित, कुशल और सम्पन्न लोगों ने वैश्वीकरण से मिले नये अवसरों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग किया है। इसके विपरीत, अनेक लोगों को लाभ में हिस्सा नहीं मिला है। इस प्रकार यह कहा जा सकता है कि समाज का कमजोर एवं गरीब वर्ग वैश्वीकरण के लाभों से दूर है।

(4) विकसित राष्ट्रों का आधिपत्य-वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया विश्व व्यापार संगठन के निर्देशानुसार क्रियान्वित की जा रही है, किन्तु संगठन में विकसित राष्ट्रों का वर्चस्व अधिक है। ये राष्ट्र उन्हीं नीतियों एवं कार्यक्रमों का समर्थन करते हैं जिनसे उन्हें लाभ प्राप्त होता है। श्रमिकों के लिए इन राष्ट्रों ने अपने बाजार नहीं खोले हैं। इसी प्रकार कृषि को दी जाने वाली सब्सिडी पर भी कोई निर्णय नहीं हुआ है। अत: यह आवश्यक है कि विकसित राष्ट्रों के वर्चस्व को समाप्त किया जाए और वैश्वीकरण को विकसित किया जाए जिसमें सभी राष्ट्रों को लाभ हो।

(5) क्षेत्रीय असमानताएँ-वैश्वीकरण से क्षेत्रीय विषमताएँ बढ़ी हैं जिस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण से विकासशील राष्ट्रों की तुलना में विकसित राष्ट्रों को अधिक लाभ मिला है, ठीक उसी प्रकार राष्ट्र के अन्दर भी विकसित क्षेत्रों को पिछड़े क्षेत्रों की तुलना में अधिक लाभ प्राप्त हुआ है। इस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण के लाभ सभी क्षेत्रों के लोगों को प्राप्त नहीं हुए हैं।

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MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 अन्य परीक्षोपयोगी प्रश्न

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

बहु-विकल्पीय

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित में कौन-सी क्रिया आर्थिक सुधारों के अन्तर्गत आती है ?
(i) वैश्वीकरण
(ii) उदारीकरण
(iii) निजीकरण
(iv) उक्त सभी।
उत्तर:
(iv)

प्रश्न 2.
नवीन आर्थिक नीति को अपनाया गया –
(i) 1984
(ii) 1988
(iii) 1990
(iv) 1991
उत्तर:
(iv)

रिक्त स्थानों की पर्ति कीजिए

  1. प्रशासकीय नियन्त्रणों को कम करके स्वतन्त्र व्यापार की नीतियों को अपनाना ……………………… कहलाता है।
  2. वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं की कीमतों में हुई वृद्धि को ……………………… कहा जाता है। (2014)

उत्तर:

  1. उदारीकरण
  2. मुद्रा-स्फीति

सत्य/असत्य

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण से भारत में गरीबों को अधिक लाभ नहीं मिला है।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 2.
एक बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनी वह है जो केवल अपने राष्ट्र के लिए उत्पादन करती है।
उत्तर:
असत्य

प्रश्न 3.
विश्व व्यापार संगठन की स्थापना सन् 1995 में हुई थी।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 4.
वैश्वीकरण ने संचार प्रौद्योगिकी का विस्तार किया है।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 5.
वैश्वीकरण से क्षेत्रीय विषमताएँ कम हुईं।
उत्तर:
असत्य।

जोड़ी मिलाइए
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 वैश्वीकरण 1
उत्तर:

  1. → (ग)
  2. → (घ)
  3. → (क)
  4. → (ङ)
  5. → (ख)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
विश्व व्यापार संगठन के वर्ष 2006 में कितने सदस्य राष्ट्र थे ?
उत्तर:
149

प्रश्न 2.
किस वर्ष में भारत को विदेशी मुद्रा संकट का सामना करना पड़ा था ?
उत्तर:
1990 में

प्रश्न 3.
निर्यात व्यापार में वृद्धि के उद्देश्य से निजी उद्यमियों को उद्योग लगाने हेतु प्रेरित करने की योजना का नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र

प्रश्न 4.
आर्थिक सुधार कब प्रारम्भ हुए ? (2009)
उत्तर:
वर्ष 1991 में

प्रश्न 5.
वर्ष 1951 से 1991 की अवधि में राष्ट्रीय आय में औसत वृद्धि दर कितनी रही ?
उत्तर:
5.4.0%

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण से किस उपभोक्ता वर्ग को अधिक लाभ हुआ है ?
उत्तर:
शिक्षित, कुशल और सम्पन्न लोगों ने वैश्वीकरण से मिले नये अवसरों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग किया है।

प्रश्न 2.
श्रम विभाजन क्या है ?
उत्तर:
किसी वस्तु की उत्पाद प्रक्रिया को विभिन्न उप-क्रियाओं में बाँटना और प्रत्येक उपक्रिया को अलग-अलग श्रमिकों से कराना श्रम विभाजन कहलाता है।

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MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण का सेवा क्षेत्र पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा है ?
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण ने संचार प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में नवीन लाभप्रद सेवाओं का विस्तार किया है। एक भारतीय कम्पनी द्वारा लन्दन स्थित कम्पनी के लिए पत्रिका का प्रकाशन और कॉल सेन्टर्स इसके उदाहरण हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त डाटा एन्ट्री, लेखाकरण, प्रशासनिक कार्य, इन्जीनियरिंग जैसी कई सेवाएँ भारत में उपलब्ध हैं। ये सेवाएँ विकसित राष्ट्रों को निर्यात की जाती हैं। भारत को ‘सॉफ्टवेयर की सेवाओं के निर्यात के द्वारा बड़ी मात्रा में विदेशी मुद्रा का अर्जन हो रहा है।

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MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 21 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
वैश्वीकरण का अर्थ बताइए। वैश्वीकरण से किन लोगों को लाभ हुआ है ?
अथवा
वैश्वीकरण क्या है ? इससे उत्पन्न समस्याओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (2018)
उत्तर:
वैश्वीकरण – वैश्वीकरण का शाब्दिक अर्थ अर्थव्यवस्था को विश्व की अर्थव्यवस्था के साथ एकीकृत करने से लगाया जाता है। इसमें प्रत्येक राष्ट्र का अन्य राष्ट्रों के साथ वस्तु, सेवा, पूँजी एवं बौद्धिक सम्पदा का अप्रतिबन्धित आदान-प्रदान होता है। यह वस्तुतः खुली अर्थव्यवस्था की विचारधारा पर आधारित है जिसमें विश्व के विभिन्न राष्ट्रों के मध्य व्यापारिक दृष्टिकोण से सार्वजनिक सीमाओं को अधिक महत्व नहीं दिया जाता है, बल्कि व्यापारिक लेन-देन या तो स्वतन्त्र रूप से या सीमित नियन्त्रण के अधीन चलते रहते हैं। अत: यह कहा जा सकता है कि वैश्वीकरण एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसके अन्तर्गत सभी व्यापारिक क्रियाओं का अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयकरण हो जाता है और वे एक इकाई के रूप में कार्य करने लगती हैं।

वैश्वीकरण के लाभ –

वैश्वीकरण से उत्पन्न प्रमुख समस्याएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

(1) श्रमिकों के जीवन पर प्रभाव – वैश्वीकरण के कारण श्रमिकों के जीवन पर व्यापक प्रभाव पड़ा है। बढ़ती प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण अधिकांश नियोक्ता इन दिनों श्रमिकों को रोजगार देने में लचीलापन पसन्द करते हैं। इसका आशय है कि श्रमिकों का रोजगार अब सुनिश्चित नहीं है।

(2) छोटे उत्पादकों पर प्रभाव – छोटे उत्पादकों पर वैश्वीकरण का बुरा प्रभाव पड़ा है। विदेशी उत्पादित माल से प्रतियोगिता करने में छोटे उद्योग सक्षम नहीं हैं। परिणामस्वरूप अनेक छोटे उद्योग बन्द हो गए हैं। बैटरी, संधारित्र, प्लास्टिक, खिलौने, टायर, डेयरी उत्पादों एवं खाद्य तेल के उद्योगों की स्थिति अत्यधिक खराब है। यहाँ यह उल्लेखनीय है कि भारत में लघु उद्योगों में कृषि के बाद सबसे अधिक लोगों को रोजगार प्राप्त है।

(3) सभी लोगों को लाभ नहीं-वैश्वीकरण का लाभ समाज के सभी वर्गों को नहीं मिला है। शिक्षित, कुशल और सम्पन्न लोगों ने वैश्वीकरण से मिले नये अवसरों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग किया है। इसके विपरीत, अनेक लोगों को लाभ में हिस्सा नहीं मिला है। इस प्रकार यह कहा जा सकता है कि समाज का कमजोर एवं गरीब वर्ग वैश्वीकरण के लाभों से दूर है।

(4) विकसित राष्ट्रों का आधिपत्य-वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया विश्व व्यापार संगठन के निर्देशानुसार क्रियान्वित की जा रही है, किन्तु संगठन में विकसित राष्ट्रों का वर्चस्व अधिक है। ये राष्ट्र उन्हीं नीतियों एवं कार्यक्रमों का समर्थन करते हैं जिनसे उन्हें लाभ प्राप्त होता है। श्रमिकों के लिए इन राष्ट्रों ने अपने बाजार नहीं खोले हैं। इसी प्रकार कृषि को दी जाने वाली सब्सिडी पर भी कोई निर्णय नहीं हुआ है। अत: यह आवश्यक है कि विकसित राष्ट्रों के वर्चस्व को समाप्त किया जाए और वैश्वीकरण को विकसित किया जाए जिसमें सभी राष्ट्रों को लाभ हो।

(5) क्षेत्रीय असमानताएँ-वैश्वीकरण से क्षेत्रीय विषमताएँ बढ़ी हैं जिस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण से विकासशील राष्ट्रों की तुलना में विकसित राष्ट्रों को अधिक लाभ मिला है, ठीक उसी प्रकार राष्ट्र के अन्दर भी विकसित क्षेत्रों को पिछड़े क्षेत्रों की तुलना में अधिक लाभ प्राप्त हुआ है। इस प्रकार वैश्वीकरण के लाभ सभी क्षेत्रों के लोगों को प्राप्त नहीं हुए हैं।

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen

Hydrogen Important Questions

Hydrogen Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which compound the oxidation state of hydrogen is negative?
Answer:
CaH2.

Question 2.
The bleaching property of H2O2 is due to oxidation or reduction?
Answer:
H2O2 easily gives oxygen therefore, it is used as bleaching agent. This is due to oxidation property it is used in bleaching.
H2O2 → H2O + [O].

Question 3.
Who discovered hydrogen?
Answer:
Henry Cavendish.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
What is used as moderator in atomic reactors?
Answer:
Heavy water (D2O).

Question 5.
H2O2 reduces Cl2 in which compound?
Answer:
In HCl.

Question 6.
The bleaching property of H2O2 depends upon?
Answer:
Oxidation.

Question 7.
Which oxide forms H2O2 with dii. HCI?
Answer:
Na2O2 and BaC2.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Why the vapourisation of ethanol takes place faster than water?
Answer:
Due to weak hydrogen bonding.

Question 9.
Which type of compounds formed lattice carbides?
Answer:
d and f – block elements.

Question 10.
What is the use of lattice hydrides?
Answer:
For storage of H2 and to catalyze the hydrogenation reaction.

Question 11.
Which acts as propellant in rockets?
Answer:
H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide).

Question 12.
What is known as the absorbtion of hydrogen by palladium?
Answer:
Absorption.

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Which chemical compound is called calgon?
Answer:
Sodium hexa metaphosphate.

Question 14.
What is main difference between ortho and meta hydrogen?
Answer:
Nuclear Spin.

Question 15.
What is prepared by the combustion of kerosene?
Answer:
Oil gas.

Question 16.
What is used as trace to study the processes occuring in organisms?
Answer:
Heavy water.

Question 17.
What is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen?
Answer:
Tritium.

Question 18.
What is formed by the reaction of calcium phosphate with water?
Answer:
Phosphene.

MP Board Solutions

Question 19.
What is the bond angle in H – O – O in H2O2?
Answer:
97°.

Question 20.
Which hydrides are not in simple proportion?
Answer:
Interfacial hydrides.

Hydrogen Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What is the reason for the temporary and permanent hardness of water? Explain?
Answer:
The temporary hardness of water is due to calcium and magnesium carbonate and the permanent hardness is due to presence of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.

Question 2.
Write an expression to show the amphoteric nature of water?
Answer:
Water has amphoteric nature. It behaves both as acid and base. With strong acid it behaves as base and with strong bases it behaves as acid.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 1

Question 3.
How the impure hydrogen is purified?
Answer:
When hydrogen gas is passed on platinum black or palladium metal, the hydrogen gas is adsorbed this is called adsorption. The impure hydrogen gets purified.

Question 4.
Write the disadvantages of hard water?
Answer:

  1. Hard water cannot be used in laboratory and for injection in medical.
  2. Much quantity of soap is wasted if clothes are cleaned with hard water due to the formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium soap.
  3. Hard water is unuseful in dyeing and printing.
  4. Cooking with hard water take longer time and spoil the taste and quality of food.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Explain the Lane’s method to prepare hydrogen?
Answer:
By passing alternate currents of steam and water gas over red hot iron. The oxidation and reduction processes are alternatively carried out.

Oxidizing stage:
Superheated steam is passed over red hot iron at about 1023 K and 1073K, hydrogen gas is produced and magnetic oxides of iron (Fe3O4) is left.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2↑.

Question 6.
Write the method of removal of permanent as well as temporary hardness of water?
Answer:
By adding washing soda (Na2C03) when permanent hard water is treated with calculated quantity of sodium carbonate solution calcium and magnesium salts present in water get precipitated as insoluble carbonate. Soft water is then decanted off.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + Na2SO4
MgCl2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2NaCl
CaS04 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + CaCO3.

Question 7.
How the strength of H2O2 is expressed?
Answer:
Strength of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution:
The strength of hydrogen peroxide solution is expressed in terms of the volume of oxygen obtained from it. For example, 10 volume, 20 volume etc. (MPBoardSolutions.com) The strength is equal to the volume of oxygen produced at NTP which is obtained by heating one unit of that solution. The ‘10 volume’ solution of hydrogen peroxide will give 10 ml oxygen at NTP when 1 ml of the sample is heated.

Question 8.
Write the uses of hydrogen?
Answer:
Uses of hydrogen:

  1. As a reducing agent.
  2. On account of its lighter nature, it was previously used in filling of balloons and aeroplanes but due to its combustible nature, a mixture of inert gas helium (85%) and hydrogen (15%) is used now.
  3. In the manufacture of methyl alcohol, ammonia, synthetic petrol and fertilizers.
  4. For preparing vegetable ghee: Hydrogenation of vegetable oil gives vegetable ghee.
  5. Oxyhydrogen flame: Hygrogen produces high temperature when bums with oxygen which is used for welding and cutting purposes.
  6. Hydrogen is used as a rocket propellent.

MP Board Solutions

Question 9.
What is the difference between the terms “hydrolysis” and “hydration”?
Answer:
Hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis is the interaction of H+ and OH ions of water with the anion and cation of salt respectively to form acid and base.
Example:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 2

Hydration:
Hydration is the interaction of water with the salts to form co – ordinated or hydrated ions or hydrated salts.
Example:
1. Water molecules are co-ordinated to metal ion in a complex.
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3.

2. Water occupying interstitial sites in the crystal lattice.
BaCl2.2H2O.

Question 10.
What is oil gas? How it is prepared?
Answer:
Coal gas is a mixture of many gases. When a thin layer of kerosene is dropped on red hot retort, then big molecules break and converts into methane, ethylene, acetylene. It is used in burners.

Question 11.
What is coal gas? Write its constituent?
Answer:
Coal gas is mixture of many gases where hydrogen gas is main element.
H2 = 43.55%, N2 = 2.12%, CH4 = 25.35%, CO2 = 0.3%, CO = 4.11%, O2 = 0 – 1.5%.

Question 12.
When sodium reacts with water, which gas is released? Write name and formula?
Answer:
The more reactive metals (Na, K, Ca) react with water and metal hydroxide are formed and H2 gas is released.
2Na + 2H – OH → 2NaOH + H2
Ca + 2H – OH → Ca(OH)2 + H2
2K + 2H – OH → 2K—OH + H2↑.

Question 13.
Write the reason for hardness of water and how many types of hardness are there?
Answer:
Water which does not readily produce lather with soap solution and cause of hardness of water. It is due to the presence of bicarbonate, sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium in it. These salts get dissolved in it as it passes through the rock or ground.
Types of hardness:

  1. Temporary hardness: It is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium ion dissolved in water.
  2. Permanent hardness: It is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium, magnesium and iron in water.

Question 14.
What are hard and soft water?
Answer:
Hard water:
Water which does not readily produce lather with soap solution is known as hard water.
Soft water:
Water which readily produce lather with soap solution is known as soft water.

MP Board Solutions

Question 15.
What is distilled water? Give its one use?
Answer:
The water which is formed with the help of distillation, this water is called distilled water. Its main use is in medicines and to prepare reagents in laboratory.

Question 16.
Write the uses of heavy water?
Answer:
Deuterium oxide is known as heavy water, its chemical formula is D20. It contains two deuterium atom in place of normal hydrogen atom.
Uses of heavy water:
1. Heavy water is used in nuclear reactors to slow down the speed of neutrons to carry out many important reactions. It is also used in the preparation of deuterium D2. It is employed as a tracer in the study of reactions occurring in living organisms.

2. D2O is used in atomic reactors where it serves two purposes:

  • It acts as a coolant and
  • Act as a moderator.

3. The water of some rivers like the Ganga remains clear and pure even when kept for years. It is due to presence of heavy water in it.

Question 17.
Explain the oxidising and reducing nature of H2O2?
Answer:
1. H2O2 liberates oxygen atom easily so it is strong oxidising agent but when it reacts with other oxidising agent it easily extracts oxygen atom from them hence it possesses reducing property too.
Oxidising nature:

  1. PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O
  2. NaNO2 + H2O2 → NaNO3 + H2O
  3. Na2SO3 + H2O2 → Na2SO4 + H2O

Reducing nature:

  1. H2O2 + O3 → H2O + 2O2
  2. H2O2 + Na2O2 → Na2O + H2O + O2
  3. Ag2O + H2O2 → 2Ag + H2O + O2.

Question 18.
Why the solution H2O2 did not concentrated on heating? How it can be concentrated?
Answer:
Hydrogen peroxide obtained by any method is dilute. It cannot be concentrated by boiling because it decomposes at a temperature below its boiling point. Therefore it is concentrated by following step:
1. Evaporation:
Evaporation of dilute solution of H2O2 on water bath at 70°C gives 45 – 50% H2O2 solution.

2. Vacuum evaporation:
The evaporation is further carried on, in a vacuum desiccator over concentrated sulphuric acid. In this way 66% solution of hydrogen peroxide is obtained.

3. Distillation under reduced pressure:
66% solution of hydrogen peroxide on distillation under reduced pressure, yields hydrogen peroxide of 99% concentration.

4. Crystallization:
H2O2 solution obtained in the above step is placed in a freezing mixture of solid CO2 and ether. Crystals of H2O2 formed are separated and melted to obtain pure H2O2.

MP Board Solutions

Question 19.
For the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide from peroxides, phosphoric acid is more useful than sulphuric acid why?
Answer:
H2SO4 acts as catalyst in the decomposition of H2O2. So for the manufacture of H2O2 from peroxides instead of H2SO4, weak acids like H3PO4, H2CO3 etc. are more useful.
3BaO2 + 2H3PO4 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 3H2O2
insoluble.

Question 20.
An ionic crystal of an alkali metal has significant covalent character and is almost unreactive towards oxygen and chlorine. This is used in the synthesis of other useful hydrides. Write the formula of this hydride? Write its reaction with Al2Cl6?
Answer:
The hydride is LiH. Due to Li it behaves as covalent compound. It is highly stable.
8LiH + Al2Cl6 → 2LiAlH4 + 6LiCl

Question 21.
Why hard water does not give fast lather with soap?
Answer:
In hard water bicarbonate, chlorides and sulphates of Ca and Mg are present. Soaps are sodium salt of higher fatty acids e,g., sodium stearate (C17H35COONa). (MPBoardSolutions.com) Salts of calcium and magnesium react and form precipitates of calcium and magnesium stearate.
2C17 H35 COONa + M2+ → (CH17 H35 COO)2 M + 2Na+
Until all the salts are precipitated, no lather is formed with soap and this soap is wasted.

Question 22.
Write four uses of H2O2?
Answer:

  1. It has antiseptic properties and hence used cleaning teeth, ears, wounds, etc.
  2. It is used for bleaching hair, silk, wool, feathers, ivory, etc.
  3. As oxidizing agent in laboratory.
  4. In the preservation of milk, wine and some other drinks.
  5. As a rocket fuel (as propellant) by producing oxygen.

Question 23.
Write the method of production of hydrogen from water gas?
Answer:
Process of preparation of hydrogen from water gas is known as Bosch process. Bosch process : In this process, hydrogen is obtained by separating it from water gas. Water gas is produced by passing steam over red hot coke.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 3

Water gas is mixed with steam and heated at a temperature of 450 °C in presence of Fe2O3 as catalyst and chromic oxide as promoter when carbon monoxide gets oxidized to carbon dioxide.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 4

The mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is passed through water under 25 atmospheric pressure. Carbon dioxide gets dissolved leaving behind hydrogen. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Hydrogen so obtained still contains some carbon monoxide. It is removed by passing the gas through ammoniacal solution of cuprous chloride. The hydrogen so obtained contains nitrogen as impurity.

Question 24.
What is conducting water? Write their uses?
Answer:
Kohlrausch distilled the water 42 times at low pressure in an aperture made up of quartz. This water is called conducting water. This is used for
conductivity.

Question 25.
Write the redox reaction between fluorine and water?
Answer:
Fluorine is strong oxidising agent. It oxidizes H2O into O2 and O3.
2F2(g) + 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4F(aq) 3F2(g) + 3H2O(l) → O3(g) + 6H+(aq) + 6F(aq).

MP Board Solutions

Question 26.
Explain why HCI is a gas and HF is a liquid?
Answer:
F is smaller and more electronegative than Cl, so it forms stronger H – bonds as compared to Cl. As a consequence, more energy is needed to break the H – bonds in HF than HCI and hence the boiling point of HF is higher than that of HCI. That’s why HF is liquid and HCI is a gas.

Question 27.
Write an equation for the manufacturing of D2O2?
Answer:
On reaction of D2SO4 with BaO2, D2O2 is prepared.
BaO2 + D2SO4 → BaSO4 + D2O2

Question 28.
Why H2O2 cannot be kept for a longer time?
Answer:
Since hydrogen peroxide decomposes on storage, therefore H2O2 is stored in brown bottle to avoid the effect of light. This is because the light cause the decomposition of H2O2. (MPBoardSolutions.com) A small quantity of acetanilide is also added which retard the decomposition of H2O2. Here acetanilide acts as an inhibitor.

Question 29.
Why H2O2 is called Antichlor?
Answer:
In neutral medium H202 reduce halogen to acid, metal oxides to metals and ozone to 02.
Cl2 + H2O2 → 2HCl + O2
Br2 + H2O2 → 2HBr + O2.
Due to its ability to reduce chlorine it acts as an Antichlor in bleaching by destroying the unreacted chlorine.

Question 30.
When the temporary hard water is boiled with lime water, it becomes soft Why?
Answer:
This method is called Clark method. When temporary hard water is treated with calculated quantity of lime, bicarbonate present in water change to insoluble carbonates which settle down. Soft water is then decanted off.
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O

MP Board Solutions

Question 31.
Do you expect the carbon hydrides of the type (Cn H2n+2) to act as Lewis acid or base? Justify your answer?
Answer:
CnH2n+2 such as CH4, C2H6 etc. neither act as Lewis acid nor Lewis base. It is because octet of all the carbon atoms are completed.

Question 32.
Explain the effect of high enthalpy of H – H bond on reactivity of dihydrogen?
Answer:
Due to high enthalpy of dissociation of H – H bond. Hydrogen is unreactive at room temperature. But at high temperature and in presence of catalyst it forms hydrides with metals and non – metals.

Question 33.
In which compound the oxidation number of hydrogen is negative?
Answer:
When hydrogen reacts with higher metal or highly reactive metals like Na, K, Ca etc then electrovalent hydrides are formed. In this hydride the hydrogen has negative oxidation state.

Hydrogen Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
What is deuterium? Write its two uses?
Answer:
Deuterium is obtained by electrolysis of heavy water. It is collected at cathode and shows reaction similar to hydrogen like its form heavy ammonia (ND3) with nitrogen heavy water (D2O) with oxygen.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 5
Uses:

  1. Chemical and Biological reaction.
  2. It is used in artificial transmutation as target particle.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Give reason:

  1. Lakes freeze from top towards bottom.
  2. Ice floats on water.

Answer:

  1. Water has maximum density at 4°C. In severe cold, the surface of the lake almost freezes but below the surface, there is water at a temperature about 4°C. This property is extremely helpful for animals living under lake water.
  2. Ice floats on liquid water as its density is less than liquid water.

Question 3.
If same mass of liquid water and a piece of ice is taken, then why is the density of ice less than that of liquid water?
Answer:
The mass per unit volume (i.emass/volume) is called density. Since water expands on freezing, therefore, volume of ice for the same mass of water is more than liquid water. In other words, density of ice is lower than liquid water and hence ice floats on water.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 6

Question 4.
How is the detection of hydrogen peroxide is performed?
Answer:
Test for hydrogen peroxide:

  1. When few drops of H2O2 is added to acidified potassium dichromate solution containing ether, blue colour solution is formed which confirms the presence of H2O2.
  2. Titanium dioxide is mixed with hot and cone. H2SO4 and then cooled followed by addition of few drops of hydrogen peroxide, yellow – orange pertitanic acid is produced.
  3. On adding few drops of H2O2 to acidified glycol solution, blue colour is obtained.
  4. Addition of few drops of H2O2 to a solution of FeSO4 and starch and potassium iodide solution gives blue colour.
  5. Addition of few drops of H2O2 to a mixture of aniline and potassium chlorate in dilute sulphuric acid give violet solution.

Question 5.
On the basis of electronic configuration justify the position of hydrogen in periodic table?
Answer:
Hydrogen is the first and the lightest element of the periodic table. It is not a metal but a non – metallic element. But on the basis of electronic configuration it is kept in first group of 5 – block. It is found in atomic form only at high temperature. (MPBoardSolutions.com) In elemental form it is found as diatomic molecule i.e., as H2 and is also called as dihydrogen. One proton and one electron is found in hydrogen atom. Hydrogen forms large number of compounds and is an element of high industrial importance.

Hydrogen is the first element of periodic table with one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the first shell (K – shell). It is not possible to assign a to hydrogen in Mendeleev’s and modem periodic table because it shows similarities and dissimilarities with alkali metals (IA group), halogens (VIIA group) and carbon group (IV A group). This makes position of hydrogen very controversial. Because of this it is also known as Rogue element.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
H2O2 is used for shining the old oil paintings?
Answer:
Old oil paintings contain basic lead oxide, H2S present in atmosphere change lead oxide into lead sulphide. Thus, white paintings become black.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 7
When the paintings are washed with hydrogen peroxide black lead sulphide oxidised into lead sulphate and painting shine again.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 8

Question 7.
Draw the atomic structures of all isotopes of hydrogen?
Answer:
Atoms of an element having same atomic number but different atomic mass is known as isotope. Hydrogen has three isotopes :

  1. Protium or ordinary hydrogen \(_{ 1 }^{ 1 }\)H
  2. Deuterium or heavy hydrogen \(_{ 1 }^{ 1 }\)H
  3. Tritium or radioactive hydrogen \(_{ 1 }^{ 3 }\)H

Structural diagram:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 9
Isotopic effect:
The difference in properties mass is called isotopic effect.

Question 8.
On the basis of structure and chemical reactions? Explain, what are the characteristics of electron deficient hydrides?
Answer:
Electron deficient hydrides do not have sufficient number of electrons to form normal covalent bonds. They generally exist in polymeric forms such as B2H6, B4H10, (AlH3)n etc.
Due to deficiency of electrons, these hydrides act as Lewis acids and thus, form complex entities with Lewis bases such as NH3, H ions.
B2H6 + 2NH3 → BH2(NH3)2]+(BH4)
B2H6 + 2NaH → 2Na+(BH4)
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 10

Question 9.
Describe ortho and para hydrogen. How will you obtain para hydrogen?
Answer:
Hydrogen atom consists of one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the extra nuclear part. Both electron and nucleus spin about their own axis. (MPBoardSolutions.com) When two atoms of hydrogen combine to form a hydrogen molecule, the spins of electron should be in opposite direction but the spins of nuclei may either be in the same direction or in opposite directions. When nuclear spins are in same direction, it is called ortho hydrogen. When nuclear spins are in opposite directions, it is called para hydrogen.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 11
Preparation of para hydrogen:
Para hydrogen can be obtained from ordinary hydrogen by keeping it in a quartz vessel with active charcoal at 20K for about 3 to 4 hours.

Question 10.
Why, hard water does not used in boiler?
Answer:
1. Hard water is not used in boiler because compound of calcium and magnesium are deposited on internal side of boiler. This coating is bad conductor of heat so wastes of fuel take place. Due to this coating boiler have to the heated very much for heating water.

2. The boiler may burst if sudden cracks appear in boiler scale. Due to these sudden cracks, the water that comes in contact with the heated boiler is at once converted into steam and the sudden increase in pressure may cause the boiler to burst.

3. Hydrogen is volatile gas therefore, it is risk for explosion.

MP Board Solutions

Question 11.
How the production of dihydrogen obtained from coal gasification can be increased?
Answer:
The gasification of producing syn gas from coal or coke is called coal gasification.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 12
This is called water gas shift reaction. The CO2 thus produced is removed by scrub-bing with sodium arsenite solution.

Question 12.
Expiain the structure of hydrogen peroxide?
Answer:
Dipole moment of H2O2 is 2.1 D, it indicates that structure of H2O2 is non – planar. By X – rays and other physical methods it is known that structure of H2O2 is like open book. (MPBoardSolutions.com) In gaseous state planes form an angle of 111.5°. In the axis, there are two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen in each plane.

The H – O and O – O bond lengths are 0.95Å and 147Å respectively. There is a slight change in the crystalline state due to hydrogen bonding. The angle between the planes is 90.2°, angle O – O – H = 101.9°, bond length H – O = 0.99Å and O – O is 1.46Å.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 13
According to modem and latest belief probably both forms occur in equilibrium in aqueous solutions involving ionisation which explains the feeble acidic nature of hydrogen peroxide.

Question 13.
What is water gas? Write its constituents and uses?
Answer:
Bosch processes:
When steam is passed over red hot coke, water gas is produced.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 14
Water gas is mixed with steam and passed over Fe2O3 oxidized to CO2.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 15
This mixture of CO2 and H2 is passed in water at 25 atmospheric pressure CO2 gas is absorbed and H2 gas remains.
Constitution:
H2 = 49%, N2 = 4%, CO = 44%, CO2 = 2.7%, CH4 = 0.3%
Uses:

  1. As fuel in furnaces
  2. For preparation of carbonated water gas
  3. For manufacturing of ammonia.

Question 14.
What do you understand by the term “non – stoichiometric” hydrides? Do you expect this type of the hydrides to be formed by alkali metals? Justify your answer?
Answer:
The hydrides in which the ratio of the metal and hydrogen is found to be fractional are called non – stoichiometric hydrides. It is also observed that this fractional ratio is not fixed but varies with the temperature and pressure. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Such hydrides are formed by d and f – block elements. Usually all the holes are not occupied i.e., some holes always remain vacant and thus, these compounds are non – stoichiometric. Alkali metals do not form non – stoichiometric hydrides as each sodium atom loses its valency electron which is accepted by hydrogen atom to form H ion. In this way, an ionic compound, Na+ H, is formed.

MP Board Solutions

Question 15.
What is Calgon? How hardness of water is removed by using it?
Answer:
Calgon is a trade name for the complex salt (NaPO3)6 as Na2 [Na4 (PO3)6]. When calgon is added to hard water are rendered ineffective due to the formation of water soluble complex ion. This is known as sequstration.
Na2[Na4(PO3)6] + 2CaCl2 → Na2[Ca2(PO3)6] + 4NaCl
Na2 [Na4(PO3)6] + 2MgSO4 → Na2[Mg2 (PO3)6] + 2Na2SO4
The complex calcium and magnesium ion do not form any precipitate with soap. Therefore, they readily form lather with soap solution. Modem detergent contains sodium hexa – meta phosphate to remove the hardness of water due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion hence wastage of soap is checked.

Question 16.
Explain that H2O2 acts as both oxidizing and reducing agent. Why?
Answer:
H2O2 liberates oxygen atom easily, so it is strong oxidizing agent, but when it reacts with other oxidizing agent, it easily extracts oxygen atom from them hence, it possesses reducing property too.
Oxidizing nature:
1. 2KI + H2O2 → 2KOH + I2
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 16
Reducing nature:
(a) In basic medium, it converts ferricyanide to ferrocyanide.
2[Fe(CN6)]3- + 20H + H2O2 → 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + 2H2O + O2

(b) In acidic medium; it reduces permanganate to manganese (II) salt.
2MnO4 + 6H+ + 5H2O2 → Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

Question 17.
Consider a reaction of water with F2 and suggest, in terms of oxidauon and reduction, which species will oxidized/reduced?
Answer:
2F2(g) + 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4F(aq)
3F2(g) + 3H2O(l) → O2(g) + 6H+(aq) + 6F(aq)
In these reactions, water acts as a reducing agent as it gets oxidized to either O2 or O3 while fluorine acts as an oxidizing agent as it is reduced to F ion.

Question 18.
How does H2O2 behave as bleaching agent?
Answer:
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a bleaching agent due to the release of nascent oxygen.
H2O2 → H2O + [0]
The nascent oxygen combines with colouring matter which in turn gets oxidized. The bleaching action of H2O2 is due to the oxidation of colouring matter by nascent oxygen. It is used for bleaching materials like jury, silk, wool, feathers etc.

Question 19.
Why the density of water is maximum at 4°C?
Answer:
Maximum density of water:
Melting of ice decreases hydrogen bonds because cage – like structure is broken. With increase in temperature from 0°C to 4°C with the cleavage of H – bonds, water molecules starts moving closer to each other as a result volume decreases while density increases. (MPBoardSolutions.com) When the temperature becomes greater than 4°C, kinetic energy of H2O molecule increases resulting in expansion of water. As a result of this volume increases while density decreases. That is at 4°C, density of water is maximum.

MP Board Solutions

Question 20.
What do you understand by

  1. Electron deficient
  2. Electron precise and
  3. Electron rich compounds of hydrogen? Provide justification with suitable examples?

Answer:
1. Electron deficient hydride:
Electron deficient hydrides are those which do not have sufficient number of electrons to form normal covalent bond.
Examples: BH3, AlH3
To makeup their deficiency they generally exist in polymeric form such as B2H6, Al2H6.

2. Electron precise hydride:
Electron precise hydrides are those which have suffi-cient number of electrons required for forming covalent bond.
Examples:
CH4, SiH4 etc.

3. Electron rich hydride:
Electron rich hydrides are those which have excesses electron as required to form normal covalent bond. The excesses electron present as lone pair.
Examples: NH3, PH3 etc.

Question 21.
Tell the group of hydrides which include H2O, B2H6 and NaH?
Answer:

  • H2O: Covalent or molecular hydride (Electron rich hydride)
  • B2H6: Covalent or molecular hydride (Electron deficient hydride)
  • NaH: Ionic or salt hydride.

Hydrogen Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Permutit process of removal of hardness of water?
Answer:
Permutit process or Zeolite process:
The water is passed over such substances which readily replace the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions of hard water by sodium ions. The water does not become hard in presence of sodium salts. Ofcourse too much of sodium salts also make it hard just as in sea water. (MPBoardSolutions.com) The water thus obtained is soft. These products are called as zeolites. Zeolite is a technical name given to certain hydrated silicates of aluminium and sodium. It is also known as permutit. It is obtained by fusing sodium carbonate with alumina and silica.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 17
Na2CO3 + Al2O3 + 2SiO2 → Na2Al2Si2O8 + CO2
Na2Al2Si2O8 is known as sodium zeolite and Al2Si2O8 is zeolite and can be represented by Z. Sodium zeolite reacts with chlorides, sulphates of Ca and Mg as given below and hardness is removed.
CaCl2 + Na2 → CaZ + 2NaCl
MgSO4 + Na2 → MgZ + Na2SO2
Reactions have been given by representing sodium zeolite as Na2Z.
After sufficient use permutit gets exhausted and cannot be used further. It is regenerated and made usable by passing 10% solution of sodium chloride.
CaZ + 2NaCl → CaCl2 + Na2Z
MgZ + 2NaCl → MgCl2 + Na2Z

Question 2.
What happens when:

  1. Calcium hydride reacts with water
  2. H2O2 is added in acidic KMnO4 solution
  3. Reaction of potassium ferricyanide with H202
  4. Reaction of H2 with N2 at high temperature and pressure in presence of Fe?

Answer:

  1. On reaction of calcium hydride with water, H2 is formed
    CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2
  2. The pink colour disappear of KMnO4
    2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2
  3. On adding H2O2 in potassium ferricyanide, it reduces to potassium ferrocyanide
    2K3[Fe(CN)6] + 2KOH + H2O2 → 2K4[Fe(CN)6] + 2H2O + O2
  4. Ammonia is formed when hydrogen reacts with N2 200 atm. pressure

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 18

Question 3.
Explain the processes of formation of hydrogen in laboratory?
Answer:
Preparation of hydrogen (laboratory method):
Hydrogen is prepared in laboratory by action of dil. H2SO4 on granulated Zn. Zn is taken into woulf bottle fitted with thistle funnel and a outlet tube.
Hydrogen formed by this method is collected over water by displacement method.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Purification of hydrogen : Hydrogen prepared by this method contains following impurities:

  1. Arsine (AsH3) and phosphene (PH3)
  2. H2S
  3. SO2, CO2 and oxides of nitrogen (NO2)
  4. Water vapours.

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 19
In order to remove these impurities, gas is passed in a series of U – tubes containing different solutions:

  1. Passed in tube filled with AgNO3 solution to absorb AsH3 and PH3.
  2. Passed in the tube containing lead nitrate solution to remove H2S.
  3. Passed in the tube filled with cone. KOH solution to remove SO2, CO2 and NO2.

Question 4.
Rohan heard that instructions were given to the laboratory attendent to store a particular chemical Le., keep it in the dark room, add some urea in it, and keep it away from dust This chemical acts as an oxidizing as well as a reducing agent in both acidic and alkaline media. This chemical is important for use in the pollution control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents?

  1. Write the name of this compound.
  2. Explain, why such precautions are taken for storing this chemical?

Answer:

  1. H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide).
  2. The following precautions must be taken while storing hydrogen peroxide:
  3. It must be kept in wax lined coloured bottles because the rough glass surface, light and dust particles are responsible for its decomposition.
  4. A small amount of negative catalyst such as urea, glycerol, phosphoric acid etc. is generally added which retards its decomposition.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Calculate the strength of 5 volume of H2O2 solution?
Answer:
5 volumes 2O2 solution means that 1 volume of this solution will decompose to give 5 volumes of oxygen at S.T.P.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 20
5 L oxygen is obtained from \(\frac{68×5}{22.4}\) g H2O2 = 15.17 g H2O2
i.e. 15g H2O2 is present in 1L solution. Thus, strength of the solution = 15 g/L.

Question 6.
Complete the following reactions:

  1. PbS(s) + H2O2(aq)
  2. MnO4(aq) + H2O2(aq)
  3. CaO(s) + H2O(g)
  4. AlCl3(g) + HzO(l)
  5. Ca3N2(s) + H2O(l)

above

  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Redox
  3. Solvation process.

Answer:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Hydrogen img 21

MP Board Class 11 Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Important Questions

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Ether?
Answer:
Compounds formed by the substitution of hydrogen atom of hydrocarbon by alkoxy group are called Ethers.

Question 2.
What will be the type of alcohol formed by the hydration of propene in the presence of acid?
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 1

Question 3.
What is the special name of Phenol and from what was it first isolated?
Answer:
Phenol is also known as carbolic and it was first isolated from coal tar.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Picric acid is a strong acid. Why?
Answer:
In picric acid, acidic character increases due to the presence of three electron attracting – NO2 groups because these groups are helpful in the release of H+. Thus picric acid is a strong acid.

Question 5.
Write the reagent required for the preparation of tertiary butyl alcohol starting from propanone.
Answer:
Methyl magnesium bromide.

Question 6.
What type of isomerism is exhibited between alcohol and ether?
Answer:
Alcohol and ether exhibit Functional isomerism.

Question 7.
Write the equation of catalytic reduction of Butanols.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 2

Question 8.
Write IUPAC name of the following compound.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 3
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 4
IUPAC name of this compound is 2,2, 3 – trimethyl pentan – 1 – ol.

Question 9.
Why do ethers have low boiling points?
Answer:
Molecules of ether do not possess H – bonding, therefore boiling points of ethers are low.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Lucas reagent? How are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol identified by it? Explain.
Answer:
Mixture of anhydrous ZnCl2 and cone. HCl is known as Lucas reagent.
1. Tertiary Alcohol : On adding Lucas reagent in alcohol at normal temperature, immediately white oily precipitate of Alkyl chlorides is formed, then it is tertiary alcohol.

2. Secondary Alcohol : If on adding Lucas reagent in alcohol, at normal temperature, a white oily precipitate of alkyl chloride is obtained after 5 minutes, then it is secondary alcohol.

3. Primary Alcohol : Primary alcohol does not show any reaction with Lucas reagent at normal temperature.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Why the b.p. of alcohol are higher than ethers and alkene?
Or C3H5OH and CH3OCH3 both have same molecular formula (C2H6O) but the b.p. of alcohol is 78.4°C and b.p. of ether is – 240°C. Explain the reason.
Answer:
In case of C2H5OH there is strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the molecules of alcohol. So alcohols (C2H5OH) required much energy to evaporate than ether molecules. In other words, we can say that the C2H5OH molecules are in associated form due to H – bonding so the b.p. of C2H5OH is very higher than ether and alkene.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 5

Question 3.
Boiling point of alcohol higher than corresponding alkane. Why?
Answer:
Boiling point of alcohols is much higher than hydrocarbons of nearly similar molecular mass due to inter molecular hydrogen bond. Alcohols molecules associate kilo calories mole-1. Thus, extra energy is required for the separation of these molecules, which lead to increase in boiling point. Hydrocarbons do not form hydrogen bond, thus their boiling point is comparatively less.

Question 4.

  1. How can we obtain phenol from benzene diazonium chloride?
  2. What is the reaction of diethyl ether with HI acid?

Answer:
1. Phenols are prepared by hydrolysis of diazonium salts by water, dil. acids etc.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 6

2. The reaction of diethyl ether with cone. HI acid, on heating gives one molecule of ethyl iodide and one molecule of ethyl alcohol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 7
Diethyl ether Ethyl iodide Ethyl alcohol

Question 5.
Write the equations involved in the following reactions :

  1. Reimer – Tiemann reaction (NCERT, MP2018)
  2. Kolbe’s reaction.

Answer:
1. Reimer – Tiemann reaction:
When phenol is treated with chloroform in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide at 60°C, oHydroxy benzaldehyde (Salicylaldehyde) and p – Hydroxy benzaldehyde are formed. The ortho – isomer is the major product. This reaction is called Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 8
If carbon tetrachloride is used in place of chloroform, salicylic acid is obtained as the main product.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 9

2. Kolbe – Schmidt reaction:
When sodium salt of a phenol is heated with CO2 at 130°C. (403K) and 4 – 7 atm pressure, sodium salicylate is formed. This on acidification gives salicylic acid.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10
At high temperature p – derivative is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 11

Question 6.
Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (NCERT)

  1. Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.
  2. Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
  3. Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6 – tribromo – phenol.
  4. Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
  5. Dehydration of propan – 2 – ol to propene.
  6. Butan – 2 – one to butan – 2 – ol.

Answer:

  1. Acidified K2Cr2O7 or neutral acidic or alkaline KMnO4.
  2. Pyridinium chlorochromate (pcc) in CH2Cl2 or Cu at 573K.
  3. Bromine water (Br2/H2O)
  4. Acidified or alkaline KMnO4
  5. Conc. H2SO4 at 443K or 85% phosphoric acid at 443K.
  6. Ni/H2 or NaBH4 or LiAlH4.

Question 7.
Explain, how does the – OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution? (NCERT)
Answer:
The – OH group exerts +R effect on the benzene ring under the effect of attacking electrophile. As a result, there is an increase in the electron density in the ring particularly at ortho and para positions, therefore electorphilic substitution occurs mainly at o – and p – positions.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Write Victor Meyer method to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.
Answer:
Victor Meyer’s method:

1. The given alcohol is converted into an iodide by concentrated HI or red phosphorus and iodine.

2. The iodide is treated with silver nitrite to form nitroalkane.

3. Nitroalkane is finally treated with nitrous acid (NaNO2 + H2SO4) and made alkaline with KOH.

  • If a blood red colour is obtained, the original alcohol is primary.
  • If a blue colour is obtained, the alcohol is secondary.
  • If no colour is produced, the alcohol is tertiary.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12

Question 9.
Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 13

Question 10.
Differentiate between Phenol and Alcohol and write Libermann’s reaction related to phenol.
Answer:
Differences between Phenol and Alcohol:
Phenol:

  • Physical properties – Characteristic phenolic odour, sparingly soluble in water.
  • It is acidic and dissolve in bases to form salt.
  • On oxidation, hybrid coloured product is formed.
  • Produce characteristic colour with Ferric chloride.
  • It does not react with halogen acid.
  • With PC15, mainly form triaryl phosphate.

Alcohol:

  • Pleasant odour, fairly soluble in water.
  • It is neutral and do not reacts with bases.
  • It can easily oxidize to Aldehydes and ketones.
  • It does not reacts with ferric chloride.
  • Forms Alkyl halide.
  • Alkyl chloride are formed.

Libermann’s Reaction:
On adding few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid and little sodium nitrite in phenol first dark blue colour is produced on adding water colour becomes red and on adding an alkali red colour again changes to blue colour.

MP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Give equations for the preparation of ethyl alcohol by starch and write name of enzymes.
Answer:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 14

Enzymes:

  • Diastase
  • Maltase
  • Zymase.

Question 12.
Explain, why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane? (NCERT)
Answer:
The molecules of butane are held together by weak van der Waals’ force of attraction while those of propanol are held together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 15
Therefore, the b.p. of propanol is much higher than that of butane.

Question 13.
Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact. (NCERT)
Answer:
Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and break the H – bond exist between water molecules. Hence, they are soluble in water.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 55
On the other hand, hydrocarbons cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and hence are insoluble in water.

Question 14.
What is meant by hydroboration – oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an example. (NCERT)
Answer:
The addition of diborane to alkene to form trialkyl boranes followed by their oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to form alcohol is called hydroboration – oxidation. For example:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 16
The alcohols obtained by this process appear to have been formed by direct addition of water to the alkene against Markownikoffs rule.

Question 15.
Ethyl alcohol and phenol both contain – OH group. What is the reason that phenoffs acidic and alcohol has alkaline effect? (MP 2015)
Or
Ethyl alcohol and phenol both contain – OH group. What is the reason that phenol is acidic and alcohol is neutral in nature? (MP 2013)
Answer:
Explanation of acidic nature of phenol:
One possible explanation why phenols are stronger acids as compared to alcohols is that phenols exist as a resonance hybrid.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 17

Due to resonance, the oxygen atom gets a positive charge and attracts the electron pair of the O – H bond and thus facilitates the release of a proton. The phenoxide ion formed after the release of a proton is also stabilized by resonance.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 18
In alcohols, no resonance is possible hence the hydrogen atom is more firmly linked to the oxygen.

MP Board Solutions

Question 16.
Pure phenol is a colourless solid but why it is converted into pink after some time?
Or
What change in colour is observed in phenol in presence of oxygen? Explain with reaction. (MP2011)
Answer:
In the presence of air pure phenol oxidises into quinone.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 19
This quinone again combines with two molecules of phenol by H – bond and gives pink phenoquinone.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 20

Question 17.
Explain the manufacture of CH3OH by water gas.
Answer:
From water gas : Steam is passed over red hot coke when water gas is formed.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 21
Water gas is mixed with half its volume of hydrogen, compressed to about 200 atm and passed over a catalyst which is a mixture of oxides of copper, zinc and chromium at 300°C.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 22

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Williamson continuous etherification process? Is it a continuous process? Explain. Give labelled diagram.
Or,
Describe the laboratory method of preparation of diethyl ether. How ether thus obtained is purified?
Answer:
Laboratory Method for the Preparation of Diethyl Ether (Sulphuric Ether):
Diethyl ether is prepared in the laboratory and industry by the Williamson continuous etherification process, i.e., by heating ethanol (in excess) with concentrated sulphuric acid.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 23
Sulphuric acid is regenerated in the reaction hence, it appears as if only a small amount of acid may convert an excess of alcohol into ether. So, this method is called Williamson continuous etherification process but actually we cannot get ether continuously.

This is due to the following two reasons :

  • Water formed in the reaction dilutes the acid and its reactivity decreases.
  • A part of sulphuric acid is reduced by alcohol into sulphur dioxide.

Method:
Ethanol and H2SO4 (2:1) are taken in a flask and heated on sand bath at 140°C. Ethanol is added at the same rate at which ether distilled over and is collected in a receiver cooled in ice – cold water.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 24

Purification:
Ether contain ethanol, water and sulphuric acid as impurities. It is washed with NaOH to remove sulphuric acid and then agitated with 50% solution of calcium chloride to remove alcohol. It is then washed with water, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride and redistilled.

Question 2.
How can you change the following:

  1. Methanol to ethanol
  2. Ethanol to methanol.

Answer:
1. Methanol to ethanol :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 25

2. Ethanol to methanol :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 26

Question 3.
Differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol by oxidation and dehydrogenations method. (MP 2011)
Answer:
1. Oxidation:
The oxidizing agents generally used for oxidation of alcohols are acid dichromate, acid or alkaline KMnO4 and dilute HNO3.
(i) A primary alcohol is easily oxidized to an aldehyde and then to an acid both containing the same number of carbon atoms as the original alcohol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 27

(ii) A secondary alcohol on oxidation gives a ketone with the same number of carbon atoms as the original alcohol, ketones are oxidized with difficulty but prolonged action of oxidizing agents produce carboxylic acids containing fewer number of carbon atoms than the original alcohol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 28

(iii) A tertiary alcohol is resistant to oxidation in neutral or alkaline solutions but is readily oxidized by an acid oxidizing agent giving a mixture of ketone and acid each having lesser number of carbon atoms than the original alcohol.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 29

2. Dehydrogenation (Action of hot reduced copper at 300 °C):
Different types of alcohols give different products when their vapours are’passed over Cu gauze at 300°C.

Primary alcohols lose hydrogen and yield an aldehyde.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 30

Secondary alcohols lose hydrogen and yield a ketone.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 31

Tertiary alcohols are not dehydrogenated but lose a water molecule to give alkenes.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 32

Question 4.
Explain the mechanism of dehydration of alcohol.
Answer:
Dehydration of alcohol :
(i) When ethyl alcohol is heated in excess of cone. H2SO4 molecule of water is eliminated and alkene is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 33

Mechanism :
(i) Protonation of alcohol by H2SO4
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 34

(ii) Removal of water
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 35

(iii) Elimination of β – hydrogen in the form of proton by base (bisulphate ion)
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 56
Stability of the carbocation (I) determines the case of dehydration and order of stability of carbocation is:
CH3 < C2H5 < Isopropyl < Tertiary butyl

Question 5.
How is ethyl alcohol obtained by molasses? Explain in brief.
Or,
What are molasses? How is alcohol obtained by fermentation? Explain. Tell favourable conditions of fermentation. Draw labelled diagram of coffee still.
Answer:
From molasses:
Molasses is the syrupy solution of sugar left after the separation of cane sugar or beet sugar crystals from the concentrated juice.

The different steps of the manufacture processes are :
1. Dilution:
The molasses is diluted with water so that a concentration of 8 – 10 percent sugar is obtained in solution. This is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid to retard other bacterial growth. A solution of ammonium salts is also added which acts as food for the ferment.

2. Alcoholic fermentation:
The dilute solution obtained above [From step (a)] is taken in big fermentation tanks and some yeast is added. The mixture is kept for a few days and the temperature is maintained at about 30°C. The fermentation reaction starts and the enzyme Invertase (From Yeast) converts sucrose into glucose and fructose which are then converted into
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 36
The fermentation is completed in about 3 days. The carbon dioxide is collected as a by product.

3. Distillation:
The fermented liquor is technically called wash or wort which contains about 9 – 10 percent ethanol. It is then distilled in a continuous still called Coffey’s still. It consists of two tall fractionating columns which are called analyser and the rectifier. It works on the counter current principle and the steam and wash travel in opposite directions through the still.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 37
The steam goes upwards in the analyser and takes away the alcohol vapours from the downcoming dilute alcohol. The mixture leaves the analyser from the top and enters the rectifier at the base. Here it heats the wash flowing through the pipes on its way to the analyser. Most of the steam condenses and the alcohol vapours condenses in the condenser. The distillate contain 90% alcohol.

4. Rectification : Wash is rectified by fractional distillation.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Give equations for three methods of preparation of phenol.
Answer:
Methods of preparation of phenol:
1. By the hydrolysis of Benzene diazonium salts:
Benzene diazonium salt is formed by aromatic primary amine (aniline) with nitrous acid at 0 – 5°C. On boiling aqueous solution of this salt phenol is formed.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 38

2. By alkaline fusion of sodium benzene sulphonate:
On fusing sodium benzene sulphonate with NaOH, sodium phenoxide is formed which on acidification forms phenol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 39

3. Rasching method:
On heating benzene with mixture of HCl and air to 230°C in the presence of Cu catalyst chlorobenzene is formed which on hydrolysis form phenol.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 40

Question 7.
Write IUPAC names of the following compounds: (NCERT)
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 41
Answer:

  1. 2,2,4 – Trimethyl pentan – 3 – ol
  2. 5 – Ethylheptane – 2,4 – diol
  3. Butan – 2,3 – diol
  4. Propane – 1,2,3 – triol
  5. 2 – Methylphenol
  6. 4 – Methylphenol
  7. 2,5 – Dimethylphenol
  8. 2,6 – Dimethylphenol
  9. 1 – Methoxy – 2 – methylpropane
  10. Ethoxybenzene
  11. 1 – Phenoxyheptane
  12. 2 – Ethoxybutane.

Question 8.
How can you obtained following compounds from phenol: (MP 2012; Supp. 14,16)

  1. 4, 6 – Tribromophenol
  2. Picric acid
  3. Aniline
  4. Benzene
  5. Phenolp – hthalene
  6. p – cresol, o – cresol.

Answer:
1. Phenol to Tribromophenol : Phenols readily react with halogens to give polyhalogen substituted compounds. Phenol gives white precipitate of 2, 4, 6 – tribromo – phenol with bromine water.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 43

2. Phenol to Picric acid : Nitration : On nitration, phenols give a variety of products depending upon the conditions.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 44

Nitration of phenol with cone. HNO3 in presence of cone. H2SO4 gives, 2,4,6 – Trini – trophenol (Picric acid). (MP 2014)

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 45

3. Phenol to Aniline:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 46

4. Phenol to Benzene :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 47

5. Phenol to Phenolphthalene : Phenol condenses with phthalic anhydride in presence of cone. H2SO4 to give phenolphthalein which is an indicator for acid – base titrations and is used as a laxative in medicine.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 48

(vi) Phenol to para cresol :
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 49

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p – Block Elements

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p – Block Elements

p – Block Elements Important Questions

p – Block Elements Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Boric acid is a polymer because:
(a) It is acidic in nature
(b) It contains H – bond
(c) Its basicity is one
(d) It has sheet like geometry
Answer:
(b) It contains H – bond

Question 2.
Which acid is not a protonic acid:
(a) H3BO3
(b) H3PO3
(c) H2SO3
(d) HCl3
Answer:
(a) H3BO3

Question 3.
Al2O3 can be converted to anhydrous AlCl3 by heating:
(a) Al2O3 with Cl2 gas
(b) Al2O3 with HCl gas
(c) Al2O3 with NaCl in solid state
(d) A mixture of Al2O3 and Carbon in dry Cl2 gas
Answer:
(d) A mixture of Al2O3 and Carbon in dry Cl2 gas

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Which one of the following is the correct statement:
(a) B2H6.2H3 is known as Inorganic benzene
(b) Boric acid is a protonic acid
(c) Beryllium exhibits co – ordination number of six
(d) Chlorides of both berylium and aluminium have bridged chloride structure in solid phase
Answer:
(d) Chlorides of both berylium and aluminium have bridged chloride structure in solid phase

Question 5.
Shape and hybridization of BF3 is:
(a) Linear, sp
(b) Planar, sp2
(c) Tetrahedral, sp3
(d) Pyrimidal, sp3
Answer:
(b) Planar, sp2

Question 6.
Reason for the formation of addition product between NH3 and BF3 is:
(a) Formation of H – bond between them
(b) Formation of ionic bond between them
(c) Formation of covalent bond between them
(d) Similar structure
Answer:
(c) Formation of covalent bond between them

Question 7.
Dry ice is:
(a) Solid ice without water
(b) Solid sulphur dioxide
(c) Solid carbon dioxide
(d) Solid benzene
Answer:
(c) Solid carbon dioxide

Question 8.
Which halide does not dissociate by water:
(a) CCl4
(b) SiCl4
(c) GeCl4
(d) SnCl2
Answer:
(a) CCl4

MP Board Solutions

Question 9.
Whose important constituent is silicon:
(a) Chlorophyll
(b) Haemoglobin
(c) Rocks
(d) Amalgam.
Answer:
(c) Rocks

Question 10.
Silicones are used:
(a) In the preparation of water proof cloth
(b) In the preparation of insulating material
(c) In preparing high elastic rubber
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 11.
Poisonous gas found in the smoke released from car:
(a) CH4
(b) C2H2
(C) CO
(d) CO2
Answer:
(C) CO

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. When formic acid is heated with cone. H2SO4, ………………………. is formed.
  2. Bauxite ore containing ferric oxide as impurity is purified by ……………………… method.
  3. Alumina containing both Fe2O3 and SiO2 as impurity is subjected to purification by ………………………… process.
  4. To obtain cent percent pure aluminium, it is refined by ………………………….. process.
  5. Melting point of pure alumina is very high (about 2050°C), to melt it at low temperature ………………………… and ………………………………. are added due to which melting point reduces to ……………………………..
  6. When bauxite contains more of silica as impurity then the ore is purified by ………………………………….. process.
  7. Process of catenation is maximum in ……………………………..
  8. Fullerene is an aliotrope of ……………………………
  9. Lamp black is an ………………………………. aliotrope of carbon.
  10. Maximum covalency of carbon is ………………………… whereas of Si is …………………………
  11. Graphite is a ……………………… of electricity where as silicon is a ……………………..
  12. Silicon carbide is called …………………………….

Answer:

  1. Carbon mono – oxide
  2. Baeyer’s
  3. Hall’s
  4. Hoope’s
  5. Cryolite, Fluorspar, 870°C
  6. Serpeck
  7. Carbon
  8. Carbon
  9. Amorphous
  10. 4, 6
  11. Conductor, semiconductor
  12. Carborundum

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Answer in one word/sentence:

  1. Which type of oxides are formed by elements of Group 13?
  2. +1 oxidation state of T1 is more stable as compared to +3?
  3. Aluminium reacts with base to form?
  4. What are hydrides of boron known as?
  5. Boron is m .inly found in which form?
  6. What is “Two electron three centre bond” known as?
  7. What will happen if excess of ammonia solution is added to copper sulphate solution?
  8. What is formed when diborane react with ammonia?

Answer:

  1. M2O3
  2. Inert pair effect
  3. Sodium metaaluminate
  4. Borane
  5. Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
  6. Diborane
  7. Complex compound of cupric ammonium sulphite is formed
  8. Borazine

Question 4.
Match the following:
[I]
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 1
Answer:

  1. (b)
  2. (c)
  3. (e)
  4. (a)
  5. (d)

[II]
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 2
Answer:

  1. (e)
  2. (d)
  3. (a)
  4. (b)
  5. (c)
  6. (f)

p – Block Elements Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The +1 oxidation state of Tl is stable than +3 state?
Answer:
Inert pair effect.

Question 2.
What the hydride of boron is called?
Answer:
Borane.

Question 3.
Who is called “Two electron three centre bond”?
Answer:
Diborane.

Question 4.
What happens when ammonia solution is added in excess in CuSO4 solution?
Answer:
Complex compound of Cupric ammonium sulphate.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is the formula of Alum?
Answer:
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.

Question 6.
What is the name of C60 carbon atom?
Answer:
Buckmister fullerenes.

Question 7.
Which carbide is harder than diamond?
Answer:
Boron carbide.

Question 8.
For which property of carbon, it have large number of compounds?
Answer:
Catenation.

Question 9.
What is the good conductor allotrope of carbon?
Answer:
Graphite.

Question 10.
What is water glass?
Answer:
Sodium silicate.

Question 11.
What is the hybridization of B in diborane?
Answer:
sp2.

Question 12.
What is carborundum?
Answer:
SiC (Silicon carbide).

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Which is electron deficient halide?
Answer:
BCl3.

Question 14.
What is the property of B2O3?
Answer:
Acidic nature.

Question 15.
What is dry ice?
Answer:
Solid CO2.

Question 16.
What is the formula of dimer of aluminium chloride?
Answer:
Al2Cl6.

Question 17.
What is used in welding as oxy acetylene flame?
Answer:
C2H2 (Acetylene).

Question 18.
What is Inorganic benzene?
Answer:
Borazene.

Question 19.
Which type of bond is present in diborane?
Answer:
2 electron 3 centre bond (Banana bond).

MP Board Solutions

Question 20.
Which type of hybridization in carbon atom found in diamond?
Answer:
sp2 hybridization.

Question 21.
Which is the most abundant metal found on earth surface?
Answer:
Aluminium.

p – Block Elements Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
How can you explain the higher stability of BCl3 as compared to TICI?
Answer:
Boron exhibits +3 oxidation state and can form stable BCl3. Thallium shows oxidation state of +1 as well as +3 but +1 oxidation state is more stable than +3 because of inert pair effect. Therefore, TlCl3 is not stable. It can form stable TlCl.

Question 2.
Consider the compounds, BCl3 and CCl4. How will they behave with water? Justify?
Answer:
The B atom in BCl3 has only six electrons in the valence shell and hence is an electron deficient molecule. It easily accepts a pair of electrons donated by water and hence BCl3 undergoes hydrolysis to form boric acid (H3BO3) and HCl.
BCl3 + 3H2O → H3BO3 + 3HCl
In contrast, C atom in CCl4 has 8 electrons in the valence shell. Therefore, it is an electron precise molecule. As a result, it neither accepts nor donates a pair of electrons from H2O molecule and hence CCl4 does not undergo hydrolysis in water.

Question 3.
Why caustic alkali like NaOH are not stored in aluminium vessel?
Answer:
Aluminium can easily dissolve in alkali and form sodium meta aluminate due to this reason caustic alkali like NaOH not stored in aluminium vessel.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
What at normal temperature Al does not react with water?
Answer:
In the presence of air, a transparent protective oxide layer is formed on its surface, due to this at normal temperature it does not react with water.

Question 5.
Write the formula of Double salt or Alum?
Answer:
The general formula of double salt is R2SO4M2(SO4)3 where R = monovalent metal like Na, K, Rb, Cs or NH4+ ion and M is a trivalent metal like Fe+3, Al+3 or Cr+3.
Example: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(Potash Alum)

Question 6.
Write name of ores of aluminium? Write formulae also?
Answer:
Ores of aluminium are:

  1. Oxides: Corundum, ruby, sapphire (Al2O3), emerald.
  2. Hydrated oxides: Diaspore (Al2O3.H2O), bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O), gibbsite (Al2O3 – 3H2O).
  3. Fluoride: Cryolite (Na3AlF6).
  4. Sulphate: Alunite or alum stone [K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3].
  5. Silicates: Felspar (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2).
  6. Phosphate: Phiroza or turquoise [AlPO4. Al(OH)3]H2O.

Question 7.
Why aluminium is a strong reducing agent?
Answer:
Those elements which gives electron in the chemical reaction forms cations, and called reducing agent. The reducing power depends upon the electrode potential. (MPBoardSolutions.com) More the negative value of electrode potential more will be the reducing power. The electrode potential of A1 is – 1.67, so it behaves as a strong reducing agent.

Question 8.
Why gallium is a liquid at room temperature?
Answer:
Gallium changes into liquid when the room temperature is above 30°C. In solid state, its lattice energy is very less due to which the metallic bond can break easily at low temperature.

MP Board Solutions

Question 9.
Write the resonating structure of CO32- and HCO3?
Answer:
The resonance structure of CO32- is:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 3
Resonating structure of HCO3
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 4

Question 10.
Why the melting point and boiling point cf Boron is high?
Answer:
The crystal of Boron is formed by the covalent bond between the atoms. 2 atoms combines to form Icosahedron network which have 20 triangular faces and 12 comers. It makes boron very hard. Due to this it have high melting and boiling point.

Question 11.
What is Inorganic benzene? Why it is called Inorganic benzene?
Answer:
When diborane reacts with ammonia at 120°C forming an addition compound diammoniate of diborane B2H6.2NH3. When this diammoniate of diborane is heated at 200°C, a stable cyclic compound B3N 3H6 is formed.
Borazine B3N3H6 has cyclic structure similar to benzene and thus it is called inorganic benzene.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 5
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 5a

Question 12.
What is corundum?
Answer:
Al is found in more than one crystalline forms. The most hardest crystal is known as corundum, which is used as abrasive.

Question 13.
Write the ores of Boron and write formula also?
Answer:
The ores of Boron are as follows:

  1. Borax – Na2B4O7.10H2O
  2. Kemite – Na2B4O7.2H2O
  3. Colemanite – Ca2[B3O4.(0H)3]2.2H2O
  4. Orthoboric acid – H3BO3.

Question 14.
Prove that Tl+3 is an oxidizing agent but Al+3 not?
Answer:
Due to inert pair effect, in boron family the stability of +1 oxidation state increases from top to bottom in a gap but the stability of +3 oxidation state decreases. (MPBoardSolutions.com) That is why in comparison to Tl+1 is more stable than Tl+3. Tl+3 + 2e \(\underrightarrow { \Delta } \) Tl+1
It is clear that reduction of Tl+3 is occur. Therefore, Tl+3 is an oxidizing agent but the oxidation state of Al+3 is not possible.

MP Board Solutions

Question 15.
If B – Cl bond has a dipole moment, explain why BCl3 molecule has zero dipole moment?
Answer:
BCl3 has polar B – Cl bond, BCl3 is planar triangular molecule in which three B – Cl bonds are inclined at an angle of 120°. The resultant dipole moment of two B – Cl bonds is cancelled by the dipole moment of third B – Cl bond. The vector sum of the dipole moments of three B – Cl bond is zero.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 6

Question 16.
Boric acid is not protic acid? Why?
Answer:
Protic acid is the one that gives protons in solutions. Boric acid not a protic acid because it does not ionize in water to give proton but it behaves as Lewis acid by accepting electron pair from hydroxide ion.
B(OH)3 + H2O ⇄ [B(OH)4] + H+

Question 17.
How borax is obtained from colemanite?
Answer:
Colemanite is boiled with concentrated sodium carbonate solution to get borax.
Ca2B6O11 + 2Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 +2NaBO2 + 2CaCO3
On concentrating the product, crystals of borax is obtained. On passing CO2 in mother liquor, borax is obtained.
4NaBO2 + CO2 → Na2B4O7 + Na2CO3.

Question 18.
Why cryolite is used for the extraction of aluminium from alumina?
Answer:
The melting point of pure alumina is very high 2050°C, but in the presence of cryolite and fluorspar it melts at 870°C. In this way cryolite decreases the melting point of alumina. It also act as an electrolyte.

MP Board Solutions

Question 19.
Write the uses of carbon monoxide?
Answer:

  1. It is main constituent of water gas (CO + H2) and producer gas (CO + N2).
  2. Used for the preparation of some metal carbonyls.
  3. It is used as reducing agents.

Question 20.
Why diamond is found rare in nature than graphite?
Answer:
The formation of diamond occurs at very high pressure and in liquid state of carbon converts into crystal. But in nature this state is very rare. That is why diamond is found rare in nature.

Question 21.
What is dry ice? Write its main uses?
Answer:
Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice because its crystal looks like ice but they did not wet the paper and clothes. (MPBoardSolutions.com) At – 78.5°C it converts into solid without changing into liquid. It is used as coolant for preserving edibles and as anaesthetic agent in surgery.

Question 22.
What is carborundum? Write its main use?
Answer:
The structure of silicon carbide is hard like diamond. It is known as carborundum. It is used as abrasive for cutting tools.

Question 23.
Write the name of the compound used as coolant, anaesthetic and solvent, and write formula also?
Answer:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 7

Question 24.
Write the uses of graphite?
Answer:
The uses of graphite are as follows:

  1. It is used in lead pencils in place of lead.
  2. It is used as moderate in nuclear reactor.
  3. Used as electrode in electrolytic and dry cells.

Question 25.
Write the different types of coal?
Answer:
The following types of coal are:

  1. Pit: 60% carbon
  2. Lignite: 70% carbon
  3. Bituminous: 80% carbon
  4. Anthracite: 90% carbon.

Question 26.
Write the uses of diamond?
Answer:
The uses of diamond are:

  1. It is used for cutting or grinding of hard rocks.
  2. It is used in high precision thermometer because it is a good conductor of heat.
  3. For making windows of spaceships as it cuts off harmful radiations.

MP Board Solutions

Question 27.
Why CO2 is acidic? Explain with equation?
Answer:
The aqueous solution of CO2 is acidic:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Carbonic acid
It turns blue litmus red and forms salt with base.
2NaOH + CO2 → Na2 CO3 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 O.

Question 28.
Why should not be sleep in a closed room keeping burning sigri?
Answer:
Sigri should not be bum in closed room, as in the smoke from sigri contains large amount of CO. This CO inhaled through respiration combines with the haemoglobin of blood and forms carboxyhaemoglobin which interrupt the blood flow and so the death occurs.

Question 29.
What are carbides?
Answer:
Carbides are those binary compounds of carbon which are formed by carbon with less electronegative atom.
They are of many types:

  1. Ionic carbides
  2. Metallic carbides
  3. Interstitial carbides
  4. Covalent carbides.

Question 30.
Write the use of silica gel?
Answer:
Silica gel is an amorphous solid which have 4% moisture. It is used as catalyst in petroleum industries. It is also used in chromatography.

Question 31.
What is Thixotropy?
Answer:
The viscosity of any liquid decreases by shaking it. This property is called Thixotropy. When SiCl4 is hydrolyzed at high temperature then a thixotropic silica is obtained.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 8

Question 32.
What are interstitial carbides?
Answer:
When carbon atom get inserted in the interstitial places of crystal lattice of transition elements then the compound formed are called interstitial carbides. They are very hard and have high melting point.

Question 33.
What are methonides and acetanilides?
Answer:
Methonides:
The carbides after hydrolysis give methane are called methonides.
Al4C3 + 12H2O → 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
Acetanilides:
The carbides after hydrolysis gives acetylene are called acetanildes.
CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

Question 34.
Be and Ca are member of same group, but Ca forms CaC2 but Be forms Be2 C. Why?
Answer:
After the hydrolysis of CaC2 acetylene is formed, so its structure is CaC2 whereas after hydrolysis of Be2 C, methane is formed therefore it is in the form of Be2 C.

MP Board Solutions

Question 35.
What is silane and germane?
Answer:
The hydrides of Si and Ge are called silane and germane respectively. They are shown by Mn H2n+2 where M = Si and Ge. In silane n = 1 to 8 and in germane n = 1 to 5.

Question 36.
What is activated charcoal?
Answer:
Charcoal is soft and porous. It adsorbs coloured compounds and gases. It is heated in vapour up to 1100°C then its adsorption power increases and it is known as activated charcoal.

p – Block Elements Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
What happens when boric acid is heated?
Answer:
Boric acid releases three molecules of water at different temperature and forms boron trioxide.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 9

Question 2.
Explain the structure of BF3 and BH4, also show the hybridization of B in them?
Answer:
In BF3, there are 3 bonded electron pairs are present in B, so it is of sp2 hybridized and have trigonal planar structure whereas in [BH4] the number of bonding electron = 4. So, the hybridization is sp3 and structure is tetrahedral.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 10

Question 3.
What is Alum? Write its general formula, method of preparation, properties and uses?
Answer:
Alums:
Double salts which can be represented by the general formula R2SO4. M2 (SO4)3. 24H2O are called Alums.
Here, R = A monovalent metal like Na, K, Rb, Cs or NH4+ radical.
M = Trivalent metal like Fe, A1 or Cr.
Alums in which trivalent metal is Al, are named as the alums of monovalent metal or radical present in them like:
Potash alum K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Methods of preparation:
On crystallizing a mixture of equimolecular proportion of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate solution.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O → K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

Properties:
1. Colourless, octahedral crystals are formed whose aqueous solution is acidic due to hydrolysis. Solid alum is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. Its one molecule contains 24 molecules of crystallized water.

2. On heating it melts at 92°C, on heating up to 200°C all the water of crystallization is lost and alum swells up and becomes porous. This type of alum is known as burnt alum.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 11

Uses:

  1. To stop the flow of blood and in medicines. Blood contains negative charge and due to positive charge of Al3+ coagulation takes place which stops bleeding.
  2. In dyeing and printing cloth, in sizing of paper.
  3. In purifying water.
  4. In special foam extinguishers.

Question 4.
Aluminium is a less electrical conductor than copper but aluminium wire is used to make transmission cable. Why?
Answer:
Copper is better conductor, but aluminium is lighter metal, its density is very’ low, so it is better conductor in comparison to copper.

Question 5.
Boron forms only covalent compounds. Why?
Answer:
Due to smaller size and high ionization energy, it has very less tendency to form positive ion. Therefore B cannot release three electrons to form positive ion. (MPBoardSolutions.com) For attaining stable configuration it shares electrons with other atoms and form S covalent bond.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
Why does boron trihalides behave as a Lewis acid?
Answer:
In BX3 molecule 3 electrons of Boron atom shared with 3 electrons one each from halogen atom. Thus, total number of electrons in the outermost shell of boron trihalides are six which is short of 2 electrons than noble gas electronic configuration. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Thus, BX3 is electron deficient compound and have strong tendency to accept lone pair donated by electron rich compound and form addition compound. Thus, Boron trihalides act as Lewis acid.

Question 7.
Why aluminium cannot be obtained by reduction method from its ore?
Answer:
Aluminium is highly electropositive and behaves as reducing agent. So it can be oxidized easily. On the basis of ionization energy and electron affinity that aluminium behaves as electron donor not electron acceptor. Therefore, it cannot be reduced.

Question 8.
Why is CO gas poisonous?
Answer:
CO combines with haemoglobin of blood and forms a stable compound carbo xyhaemoglobin in which the ability to carry the oxygen of blood is destroyed, due to which the person may become unconscious or even die due to suffocation.

Question 9.
Explain inert pair effect in Boron family?
Answer:
Reason for Inert Pair effect:
As mentioned earlier that tendency to show +1 oxidation state increases down the group. It means the tendency of r – electrons of valence shell to participate in bond formation decreases as we move down the group. (MPBoardSolutions.com) This reluctance of j – electron is termed as inert pair effect. This is due to poor shielding effect of the ns2 electrons by the intervening d – and f – electrons. Another reason for the inert pair effect is that as the size of atom increases from Al to Tl.

The energy required to unpair the ns2 electrons is not compensated by the energy released in forming the two additional bonds. The inert pair effect becomes more predominant as we go down the group because of increased nuclear charge which outweighs the effect of the corresponding increase in atomic size. The electrons thus becomes more tightly hold (more penetrating) and therefore, becomes more reluctant to participate in bond formation.

MP Board Solutions

Question 10.
How boric acid is prepared from colemanite ?
Answer:
SO2 gas passed in concentrated aqueous solution of colemanite (Ca2B6O11).
Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 9H2O → 6H3BO3 + 2CaSO3.

Question 11.
What is Borax glass?
Answer:
The anhydrous sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 is called Borax glass. This is obtained by heating normal boron above its melting point. It is a colourless glass like substance. On absorbing moisture from air converted into decahydrate.
Na2B4O7 + 2H2O ⇄ H2B4O7 + 2NaOH.

Question 12.
What is the effect of heat on borax?
Answer:
Borax when heated strongly loses molecules of water of crystallization and changes into transparent bead.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 12

Question 13.
How is excessive amount of CO2 responsible for global warming?
Answer:
We know that CO2 is very much essential for plants to carry photosynthesis. The gas is produced during various types of combustion reactions and is released into the atmosphere. It is taken up by plants as pointed above. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Thus, a carbon dioxide cycle works in the atmosphere and its percentage remains nearly constant.

However, over the years, combustion reactions have enormously increased. As a result, CO2 gas is now present in excess in the atmosphere. Like methane, it also behaves like a green house gas and absorbs heat radiated by the earth. Some of the heat is released into the atmosphere while the rest is radiated back to earth. This has resulted in global warming over the years and has brought about major climatic changes.

MP Board Solutions

Question 14.
What is the test for Borate radical?
Answer:
Test of Borate radical:
For testing acidic radical borate BO3-3 in laboratory, die given salt is heated with ethanol and concentrated sulphuric acid. Vapours oftriethylborate formed bums with green edged flame. Actually, the salt is first converted into boric acid which then reacts with ethanol forming triethylborate.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 13

Question 15.
Explain the structure of AlCl3?
Answer:
Aluminium trichloride is obtained as a dimer Al2Cl6. There are three electrons in the valence shell of aluminium. These electrons get shared with three electrons of chlorine and form AlCl3. In the valence shell of Al six electrons are present. To complete its octet it requires two electrons. In this condition the Al of AlCl3 takes electrons of Cl of other AlCl3 and octet is completed.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 14

Question 16.
What is borax bead test? Explain?
Answer:
In qualitative analysis borax bead test is used for the detection of some coloured ions like Cu2+, Ni2+, CO2+ etc. On heating strongly borax loses water molecule of crystallization and ultimately melts into a transparent bead.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 15
B2O3 reacts with certain metal to form metaborates having specific colours. The transparent bead is touched with the speck of the salt. It is then heated in an oxidizing flame and then in reducing flame from the colour of bead in hot and in cold, the basic radical can be predicted.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 16

Question 17.
Give reason why CCl4 is immiscible in water, whereas SiCl4 is easily hydrolyzed?
Answer:
CCl4 is immiscible in water as it is a covalent compound and is not hydrolysed by water because carbon does not have d – orbitals and hence cannot expand its coordination number beyond 4. However, silicon can expand its coordination number beyond 4 due to availability of d – orbitals.
CCl4 + H2O → No reaction
SiCl4 + 4H2O → Si(OH)4 + 4HCl
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 17

Question 18.
Explain why CO2 is a gas whereas SiO2 is a solid. Or, Explain the structure of CO2 and SiO2?
Answer:
The structure of CO2 is linear. The C is sp hybridized and the molecules of CO2 are attached with weak vander Waals forces. That is why at normal temperature CO2 is a gas.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 18
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 18a
SiO2 is solid. Its structure is like lattice crystal. Every Si is joined with O atom tetrahedrally. Covalent single bond is present between Si – O. This bond is stronger than vander Waals forces. That is why SiO2 is solid and have high m.p.

Question 19.
Explain back – bonding with example?
Answer:
There are six electrons in the valence shell of BCl3. Due to electron acceptor BF3 behaves as Lewis acid. It should be a strong Lewis acid but it works as weak Lewis acid.

In BF3 the B is sp2 hybridized, so BF3 is a planar molecule. In this molecule 2p, orbital of B is completely vacant. In the 2pz orbital of fluorine two electrons are present. The 2pz orbitals of B and 2pz orbitals of fluorine overlap and form a bond. This is called back – bonding.

Question 20.
(a) BCl3 is stable but B2Cl6 was not found whereas AlCl3 is unstable. Why?
(b) AlCl3 is unstable, Al2Cl6 is stable? Give the reason?
Answer:
(a) BCl3 is stable as in the valence shell of BCl3 electrons are present but due to back – bonding the resonating structure gives stability to BCl3. In B2Cl6 the d – orbitals of B is not vacant so it cannot accept the electron from chlorine and so it is impossible to form B2Cl6

(b) In valence shell of AlCl3 six electrons are present and due to incomplete octet AlCl3 is unstable. But Al2Cl6 dimer, the vacant d – orbital of Al accept the electrons from chlorine and so octet gets completed. So Al2Cl6 is stable.

Question 21.
Explain the orbital structure of carbon monoxide?
Answer:
Orbital structure of carbon monoxide: Both C and O in CO is in sp hybrid state.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 19
One of the sp hybrid orbital of carbon overlaps with sp hybrid orbital of oxygen to form σ bond. One sp – orbital each of carbon and oxygen carries lone pair of electrons which remains non – bonded. Half – filled pz orbital of carbon and oxygen overlaps laterally to form π bond. Now, filled py orbital of oxygen overlaps with vacant py orbital of carbon to form coordinate bond.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 20

Question 22.
What is tetrahedral nature of carbon?
Answer:
The atomic number of C is 6. On the basis of this two electrons are present in first shell and four electrons in second shell. So its valency is 4. (MPBoardSolutions.com) According to Levat and van’t Hoff, if in a centre of tetrahedral it is considered to be C atom then H at four comers covalency of C can be shown. The angle between the two valencies is 109°28′. According to Henry’s experiment the covalencies of C is symmetrical. It is presented as tetrahedral in space not in one plane.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 21

Question 23.
Why is graphite used as lubricant?
Answer:
Graphite has layered structure in which the different layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces and hence can be made to slip over one another. Therefore graphite acts as a lubricant.

Question 24.
Why diamond is used as an abrasive?
Answer:
Every carbon in diamond is sp3 hybridized and each carbon form strong covalent bond with other four carbon atoms. In this way the structure of diamond is tetrahedral three dimensional which is very hard. Due to this, diamond is the most hardest element known, therefore it is used as abrasive.

Question 25.
What is silica garden?
Answer:
In sand, crystals of copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, nickel sulphate, cadmium nitrate, sulphate and cobalt nitrate etc. are added to a saturated solution of sodium silicate in a tube, then after two or three days coloured plants seen to grow in the solution and is known as silica garden.

MP Board Solutions

Question 26.
Carbon monoxide exist but silicon monoxide does not. Why?
Answer:
Carbon can form a n bond after forming a a (sigma) bond with oxygen. At the same time vacant 2p, orbital of carbon can overlap with 2p: orbital of oxygen containing a lone pair of electron. (MPBoardSolutions.com) This is possible because carbon possess some electronegativity to gain a lone pair of electron of oxygen. On the other hand, Si atom is bigger in size and its electronegativity is also less due to which it cannot form 3pz – 2pz π bond. That is why SiO is not possible.

Question 27.
If the initial compound in the formation of silicone is RSiCl3, then give the structure of the product?
Answer:
After the hydrolysis of alkyl trichlorosilane and after its polymerisation, chain isomers (silicones) are obtained.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 22
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 23

Question 28.
What is catenation and in which compound it is found maximum?
Answer:
It is the ability of like atoms to link with one another through covalent bonds. This is found maximum in carbon. This is due to smaller size and higher electronegativity of carbon and unique strength of carbon – carbon bond.

Question 29.
Write the structure of graphite?
Answer:
Structure of graphite:
Carbon atoms in graphite are in sp2 hybrid state. Carbon atoms get bonded to each other forming hexagonal structure. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Layer of hexagonal arrangement of carbon is held together by vander Waals forces. Carbon – carbon bond distance in hexagonal ring is 142 pm while between carbon of two layers it is 340 pm. These layers can slide over each other due to the presence of weak bond.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 24

Question 30.
Write the balanced equation for preparation of water gas, carburated water gas and producer gas?
Answer:
Water gas:
This is a mixture of CO and H2
C + H2O \(\underrightarrow { 1160^{ \circ }C } \) [CO + H2] – 29,000 calories.
Carburated water gas:
On passing the water gas into hot bricks present in oil, acetylene and ethylene forms and it mixes with water gas and form carburated water gas. In this, the amount of constituents are: CO = 30%, H2 = 35%, Saturated hydrocarbon = 15.20%, Hydrocarbons = 10%, N2 = 2.5-5%, CO2 = 2%.
Producer gas:
Mixture of CO and N2.
2C + air (O2 + N2) → 2CO + N2

Question 31.
Why carbon cannot form complex compounds whereas other member of group 14 can form? Account for it?
Answer:
The tendency of an element to form complex is favoured by it:

  1. High charge density
  2. Small size
  3. Availability of vacant d – orbital.

From the valence shell electronic configuration of carbon atom it is cleared that it can accompanied maximum of eight electrons in its valence shell while forming covalent bond since carbon atom does not have vacant d – orbital in these tetravalent compound so it cannot form complexes by accomodating any more electron. (MPBoardSolutions.com) On the other hand, in case of other member of group IV are available to their tetracovalent compounds and consequently they can form complexes by accepting lone pair of electron.

p – Block Elements Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What is Borane? Write its characteristics and uses?
Answer:
Boron Hydrides or Hydrides of Boron:
Boron forms two series of hydrides. One of its nidoborane with general formula BnHn+4 and other is arachnoborane with general formula BnHn+6. Nidoborane series (BnHn+6): Its first member BH2 does not exist. Second member B2H6 is very important and called as diborane. Other important members are pentaborane (9) B5H6, hexaborane (10) B6H10, octaborane (12) B8H12.

Arachnoborane series (BnHn+6):
Tetraborane B4H10, pentaborane (11) B5H11, hexaborane (12) B6H12 etc. are important members of this series.
Diborane (B2H6):
Diborane is the simplest borane.
Preparation:
(I) By the action of lithium aluminium hydride on boron trichloride in the presence of ether.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 25

(II) By passing the silent electric discharge at low pressure through a mixture of boron trichloride or tribromide and excess of hydrogen.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 26

(III) Lab preparation:
By the action of iodine on sodium borohydride in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) as solvent.
2NaBH4 + I2 → B2H6 + 2NaI + H2

(IV) Industrial preparation:
Diborane is obtained on large scale by the reduction of BF3 with NaH at 175°C.
2BF3 + 6NaH \(\underrightarrow { 175^{ \circ }C } \) B2H6 + 6NaF

Physical properties:
It is a colourless gas with foul smell and highly toxic in nature. Uses:

  1. As rocket fuel
  2. As catalyst in polymerisation reaction.

Question 2.
Explain the structure of diborane? Or, What are electron deficient compounds? Or, What are 2 electron 3 centre compounds?
Answer:
Diborane is prepared by reduction of BF3 with LiH at 450 K.
2BF3 + 6LiH \(\underrightarrow { 400^{ \circ }C } \) B2H6 + 6LiF
Diborane is also prepared by treatment of BCl3 with LiAlH4.
4BCl3 + 3LiAlH4 → 2B2H6 + 3LiCl + 3AlCl3.

Structure of diborane:
The structure of diborane is determined by electron diffraction studies. According to this structure sixteen electrons are required for the formation of conventional covalent bond whereas in diborane there are only twelve valence electron three from each boron and six from hydrogen. In this way it is an electron deficient compound.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 27
Diborane has two coplanar BH2 groups and the remaining two hydrogen atoms lie centrally between BH2 group. In the structure four hydrogen atoms are terminal hydrogen and two hydrogens are bridge hydrogen. The two BH2 groups lie in the same plane while the two bridging hydrogen atoms lie in a plane perpendicular to this plane. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Each bridged hydrogen is bonded to the two atoms only by sharing of two electrons. Such covalent bond is called three centre electron pair bond or multi centre bond.

Question 3.
What happens when:

  1. Borax is heated strongly.
  2. Boric acid is added to water.

Answer:
1. Borax when heated strongly loses molecules of water of crystallization and changes into a transparent bead.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 28

2. It is weak monobasic acid. Boric acid is not a proton donor (i.e protic acid). It accepts a pair of electron from water and acts as a Lewis acid (electron acceptor).
B(OH)3 + 2HOH → [B(OH)4] + H3O+

Question 4.
A certain salt X, gives the following results:

  1. Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.
  2. It swells up to glassy material Y on strong heating.
  3. When cone. H2SO4 is added to a hot solution of X, white crystal of an acid Z separates oct?

Write equation for all the above reaction and identify X, Y and Z?
Answer:
1. Since the aqueous solution of salt (X) is alkaline to litmus, it must be the salt of strong base and a weak acid.

2. Since the salt (X) swells up to glassy material Y on strong heating, therefore X must be Borax and Y must be a mixture of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride.

3. When cone. H2SO4 is added to hot solution of X, white crystals of an acid Z separates out. Therefore Z must be orthoboric acid.
Equation for the all above reactions are as follows:

4.  MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 29
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 30

Question 5.
Explain the following reaction:

  1. Silicon is heated with methyl chloride at high temperature in the presence of copper.
  2. Silicon dioxide is treated with hydrogen fluoride.
  3. CO is heated with ZnO.
  4. Hydrated alumina is treated with aqueous NaOH solution.

Answer:
1. A mixture of m ono, di and trimethylchlorosilances along with a small amount of tetra – methylsilance is formed.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 31

2. SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 + 2H2O
SiF4 + 2HF → H2SiF6

3. ZnO is reduced to zinc metal.
ZnO + CO → Zn + CO2

4. Aluminium dissolves to form sodium meta – aluminate.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 32

Question 6.
Compare Boron and Carbon?
Answer:
Similarities:

  1. Boron and carbon are non – metals.
  2. Both show allotropy.
  3. Both form more than one type of hydride
  4. Both form covalent compounds
  5. Compounds of both the elements are soluble in organic solvents.

2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
2NaOH + B2O3 → Na2B2O3 + H2O

Dissimilarities:

Dissimilarities between Boron and Carbon:
Boron:

  1. Electronic configuration is 1s2,2s2,2p1.
  2. Valency is 3.
  3. Not formed double and triple bond.
  4. Electron deficient compounds

Carbon:

  1. Electronic configuration is 1s2,2s2,2p1.
  2. Valency is 4.
  3. It forms double and triple bond.
  4. Not electron deficient compounds.

MP Board Solutions

Question 7.
Compare the structure of BCl3 and AlCl3?
Answer:
BCl3 is an electron deficient compound which present always as monomer. In BCl3, the B is sp2 hybridized. Therefore, its structure is triagonal and bond angle is 120°. The atomic radius of Boron is small and Chlorine bridge is unstable, therefore, it will not form dimer.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 33
AlCl3 is always present as dimer. In this structure, the A1 atom accept lone pair of electron from the Cl atom of another Al atom and octate is completed and attain stability.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 34

Question 8.
Explain the structure of diborane and boric acid?
Answer:
Structure of diaborane:
Diborane LS an example of ‘three centre two electron pair bond’ or banana bond in which two boron atom and one hydrogen atom has only 2 electrons available for bonding. These are two banana bonds of this type in diborane.

Two boron atoms and two hydrogen atoms (Total four hydrogen atom) forming covalent bond with each boron atom lies in the same plane. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Among remaining two hydrogen atom one lies above and other below the plane of boron atoms forming banana bond. These hydrogens are called bridging hydrogen.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 35
Bond length of regular B – H covalent bond is 119 pm.
Bond length of banana B – H bond is 134 pm.
Interatomic distance between two boron atom is 178 pm. The reason for the formation of banana bond is that there are only 12 electrons in diborane (6 from two boron and 6 from six hydrogen) while, for the formation of 8 covalent bonds between 2 boron and 6 hydrogen, total 16 electrons are required. Thus, diborane is an electron deficient compound.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 36
Structure:
Crystal of boric acid are soapy in touch and have layer like structure similar to graphite
BO33- is bonded to hydrogen covalentlly and through hydrogen bond.

Question 9.
Describe abnormal behaviour of boron with respect to other elements of group – 13?
Answer:
The first element boron of group-13 differs from the rest elements due to its:

  1. Small size
  2. High electronegativity
  3. Absence of d – orbitals

Abnormal behaviour:

  1. Boron is non – metal and others are metals.
  2. Boron exhibits allotropy while others do not.
  3. Oxides and hydroxides of B are acidic in nature. Oxides of A1 and Ga are amphoteric while articles and hydroxides of In and T1 are basic.
  4. Melting point of B is higher in comparison to rest of other elements.
  5. Boron combines with metals to form borides. Whereas others do not form borides.
  6. B does not form alum, but Al, Ga and In form alums. ,
  7. B does not form B+3 but others elements of this group form m+3 ions.
  8. B generally forms covalent compounds whereas other elements of the group -13 form both covalent and electrovalent compounds.

Question 10.
Write a not on fullerene?
Answer:
After 1985, new allotropes of carbon were discovered which contains cluster of C32, C30, C60, C70 etc. they are known as fullerene. C60 cluster is of special importance which is known as Buck – minister fullerene.

The structure of fullerene resembles with that of a soccer ball with six membered as well as five membered rings the carbon atom in fullerene have been found to be equivalent and are connected by both single bond and double bond. These are called Bucky Ball. Physical Properties:

  1. It is soluble in organic solvent.
  2. Its molecule is sufficiently stable.
  3. It forms complex with platinum.

Chemical properties:
1. Combustion:
In limited supply of air it forms CO and in complete combustion it forms CO2.
2C + O2 → 2CO + 52 Kcal
C + O2 → CO2 + 94 Kcal

2. Action with metal:
It reacts with metal at high temperature to form carbides.
Ca + 2C → CaC2
4AI + 3C → Al4C3

3. Oxidizing property:
Oxides of many metals are reduced to metal at high temperature.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Fe2O3 + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO.

Uses:

  1. As Lubricant
  2. As conductor.

MP Board Solutions

Question 11.
Why carbon shows dissimilarity with the other members of its group?
Answer:
Carbon shows dissimilarity with the other members because the reason is:

  1. Atomic radius and ionic radius is small.
  2. High ionisation energy.
  3. High electron affinity.
  4. Absence of d – orbital.

Anomalous behaviour:

  1. The melting and boiling points of C is high in comparison to other members.
  2. Property of catenation is high.
  3. Carbon forms multiple bonds, but other members don’t.
  4. Mono – oxide of C is known, but of other members are not found.
  5. The maximum valency of C is 4, but other members 6.
  6. Carbon does not form compounds like other members.
  7. Carbon forms more than one type of hydride.
  8. CO2 is a gas, but dioxide of other members are solid.

p – Block Elements Long Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Write short notes on following:

  1. Freon
  2. Silicone.

Answer:
1. Freon: Dichloro – difluoro methane is known as freon. Freon is formed by the reaction of CCl4 with HF or SbF3 in presence of SbCl5. Freon is used as coolent in refrigerators and A.C.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 37

2. Silicone:
Silicones are polymers containing R2SiO units. Name silicone is given to it because of the resemblance of formula of its basic unit with that of ketones R2CO. Silicones are also found in form of polymers while ketones can exist as independent molecule as well as polymer.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 38

Preparation:
Alkyl chloride is heated with silicon in presence of copper powder to produce dialkyl – dichloro – silane.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 39

This compound on hydrolysis produces dihydroxysilane.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 40
Due to the presence of two – OH group on a silicone atom, these molecules condenses together to form polymers.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 41
In this way, due to condensation of large number of units, unite together. Cross – linking occurs if, trihydroxysilane units are involved and a two – dimensional polymer is formed.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 42
Uses:

  1. Silicones are insulators, heat resistant, non-reactive and water repellant. Due to this, it is used for making waterproof cloth and paper.
  2. As a lubricant.
  3. As insulators in electric appliances.
  4. Silicone oil is used in high temperature thermostate and vacuum pumps.

Question 2.
Explain Cold – schmidt alumino thermic process with a labelled diagram? Or, Explain the thermite welding process?
Answer:
Thermite process:
It is also called Gold – schmidt aluminothermic process. In this process, refractory crucible is filled with oxide of the metal to be reduced, aluminium powder and barium peroxide. After filling magnesium ribbon it is fixed in sand. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Now, the magnesium ribbon is set on fire. A very high temperature is produced at which metal oxide get reduced by aluminium and collected in molten state. Reaction is extremely exothermic and the 02 required is supplied by barium peroxide. Selection of reducing metal is done on the basis of nature of ore.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 43
Cr2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr + Heat
Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3

Question 3.
Write short notes on zeolites?
Answer:
These are micro porous aluminosilicate having general formula Mx/nn+[AlO2]x[SiO2]yx- mH2O. Aluminosilicates are obtained by substituting some of the silicon atoms in the three dimensional network of silicon – dioxide by Al atoms. The negative charge carried by aluminosilicate, framework is neutralized by exchangeable cations such as Na+, K+ or Ca2+ of valence n, while m water molecule (mH2O) fill the voids.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 44
Uses:

  1. For the manufacture of cement and bricks.
  2. In porcelain and glass industries.
  3. In pottery industries.

Question 4.
Write similarities and dissimilarities between Boron and Aluminium?
Answer:
Similarities:
1. Both possess similar outer electronic configuration ns2np1.

2. B and Al both are trivalent due to presence of 3 electron in outermost shell.

3. Both form trioxide with oxygen.
4B + 3O2 → 2B2O3
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3.

4. Boron and aluminium both react with base and form H2 gas.
2B + 6NaOH → 2Na3BO3 + 3H2
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2.

5. Boron and aluminium both form similar type of compounds with alkyl radicals.
2BCl3 + 3Zn (CH3)2 → 2B(CH3)3 + 3ZnCl2
2Al + 3Hg(CH3)2 → 2Al(CH3)3 + 3H2.

6. Nitride of both are hydrolyzed and give ammonia.
BN + 3H2O → H3BO3 + NH3
AIN + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + NH3.

Dissimilarities:

Boron:

  1. It is a non – metal with three dimensional structure.
  2. It exhibits allotropy.
  3. It does not form tripositive B+3 ion.
  4. B2O3 is acidic in nature.
  5. It forms stable hydride.
  6. It reacts with metals and form borides.
  7. It is bad conductor of electricity.
  8. Maximum covalency of boron is 4.

Aluminium:

  1. Aluminium is a metal with metallic structure.
  2. It does not exhibit allotropy.
  3. It forms tripositive Al+3 ion.
  4. Al2O3 is amphoteric.
  5. It forms unstable hydride.
  6. It forms alloys.
  7. It is good conductor of electricity.
  8. Maximum co valency of Aluminium is 6.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Write short notes on:

  1. Sodium zeolite
  2. Sodium silicate.

Answer:

1. Sodium zeolite:
Sodium zeolite is also known as sodium permutit. Permutit is mixed silicate of sodium and aluminium. Its formula is:
Na2[Al3Si2O8.xH2O]
Sodium zeolite is used in converting hard water into soft water. Water containing calcium and magnesium ion is known as hard water. (MPBoardSolutions.com) When hard water is passed through permutit kept in a column then calcium and magnesium ions are displaced by sodium. Sodium salts do not make water hard and this way soft water is obtained. If sodium permutit is represented by Na2P then the following reaction can be written for softening of water.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 45
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 46

2. Sodium silicate or water glass:
It is bright like glass and soluble in water, therefore, it is known as water glass. It contains sodium meta – silicate and silica in excess and its formula is Na2SiO3. SiO2 or Na2SiO3.3SiO2.
It is obtained by fusing a mixture of sodium carbonate and sand.
Na2CO3 + 2SiO2 → Na2SiO3.SiO2 + CO2
The product obtained is hard, solid like glass and is soluble in water.
If sand, crystals of copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, nickel sulphate, cadmium nitrate, manganese sulphate and cobalt nitrate etc. are added to a saturated solution of sodium silicate in a tube, then after two or three days coloured plants seem to grow in the solution and this is known as silica garden.

Question 6.
Describe, diagonal relationship between B and Si?
Answer:
B and Si show resemblances in properties. The resemblances arise due to the fact that both B and Si are non-metals and have small difference in size. Their following properties are similar:

  1. Both are non – metal, non – conductors unable to form cations and possess high melting point.
  2. B and Si both do not exist in free state in nature and only exist in the form of their oxides.
  3. Both do not react with dilute acid.
  4. Both react with nitrogen at high temperature to form nitrides.
    2B + N2 → 2BN
    Si + 2N2 → SiN4
  5. Both form covalent hybride.
  6. Both react with metals to form boride and silicates.
  7. Both form covalent chlorides which are hydrolyzed in aqueous solution.
    BCl3 + 3H2O → H3BO3 + 3HCl
    SiCl4 + 3H2O → H2SiO3 + 4HCl
  8. H3BO3 and H4Si4 are very weak acids.

Question 7.
What is Alum? Write its general formula, method of preparation and properties?
Answer:
Double salts which can be represented by the general formula R2SO4.M2(SO4)3. 24H2O are called alums.
Here, R = Monovalent metal, like: Na, K, NH4+
M = Trivalent metal, like Fe, Cr, Al Nomenclature of alum:

1. The alum which contains trivalent ion aluminium is called by name of monovalent ion.
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (Potash alum)

2. The alum which does not contain aluminium as trivalent ion is called by name of both ion.
K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O (Potash ferric alum)

Preparation method:
The crystal of alum are obtained when hot solution of equimolecular quantities of K2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 are mixed and resulted solution is cooled.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O → K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

Properties:
Alums are octahedral crystalline compounds. Potash alum is milky in colour. It forms acidic solution in water. It is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent.

Effects of heat:
On heating at 365 K it looses water molecule. Its water of crystallization is lost and alum swells up and becomes porous. This type of alum is known as burnt alum.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 47

Uses:

  1. As blood coagulates.
  2. In purifying water.
  3. In dyeing and printing clothes.
  4. In sizing of paper.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
Write the diagonal relationship between Be and Al?
Answer:
Diagonal Relationship of Beryllium with Aluminium; Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with aluminium which is present in third period and third group (13) of periodic table.
Diagonal relationship between beryllium and aluminium is due to the following reason:
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 48

  1. Nearly equal atomic and ionic radius.
  2. Similar electronegativity.
  3. Nearly equal electropositivity.
  4. Nearly equal polarization power.

Similarities between Be and Al are as follows:
1. Be and Al forms covalent compounds which are soluble in organic solvents.

2. Be and Al oxides are solids having high melting point. They react both with acid and base to produce salt and water due to their amphoteric nature.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 49

3. Be and Al reacts with carbon on heating to form respective carbides which are covalent in nature. Be2C and Al4C3.

4. Carbides of Be and Al forms methane on hydrolysis.
Be2C + 4H2O → CH4 + 2Be(OH)2
Al4C3 + 12H2O → 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3

5. Be and A1 forms complex fluoro ion in solution.
[BeF4]2- and [AlF6]3-

6. Polymeric structure are found in BeCl2 and AlCl3

7. Solubility of halide of Be and Al is same.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 50

8. Be and A1 develops a protective oxide layer on the surface when treated with nitric acid. Due to this, they are not easily attacked by acids.

9. Hydroxide of Be and Al are amphoteric in nature. They react with acid and base to produce salt and water.
MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11 p - Block Elements img 51

Question 9.
What do you mean by:

  1. Inert pair effect.
  2. Allotropes.
  3. Catenation.

Answer:
1. Inert pair effect:
When the tendency of 5 – electrons to be with 5 – electrons and they do not take part in reactions then this tendency is called inert pair effect. The reason is that the tendency to show +1 oxidation state increases down the group. (MPBoardSolutions.com) It means the tendency of 5 – electron of valence shell to participate in bond formation. Thus, among the heavier elements of p – block, the electron pair in the outer 5 – orbitals is reluctant to take part in chemical bonding. It is called inert pair effect.

2. Allotropes:
If an element exists in different physical forms having different properties than the various forms are called allotropes and the phenomenon is called allotropy.
Example:
Crystalline allotropes of C are diamond, graphite and fullerene.

3. Catenation:
It is the ability of like atoms to link with one another through cova¬lent bonds. This is due to smaller size and higher electronegativity of carbon atom and unique strength of C – C bond.
C >> Si > Ge > Sn >> Pb

MP Board Class 11 Chemistry Important Questions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Text Book Exercise

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Multiple Choice Questions:
(Choose the correct answer from the following)

Question (a)
Who led the freedom struggle of 1857 in Bundelkhand was:
(a) Kunwar Singh
(b) Bakhtawar Singh
(c) Tatya Tope
(d) Anamadulla Khan.
Answer:
(c) Tatya Tope

Question (b)
The British Governor General of India in 1857 was:
(a) Dalhousie
(b) Willium Bantick
(c) Canning
(d) Rippon.
Answer:
(c) Canning

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. After being arrested Bahadur Saha II was sent to ……………………..
  2. Many Indian states were annexed to the British empire as a result of Dulhosie’s ………………………. policy. (MP Board, 2013)
  3. An ordinance passed by British Parliament, India was placed under the direct control of ……………………….
  4. The people of Delhi proclaimed …………………………. as the emperor of India. (MP Board, 2009, 2011)
  5. British historians depicted Freedom Struggle of 1857 as …………………………

Answer:

  1. Rangoon
  2. Doctrine of lapse
  3. Crown
  4. Bahadur Shah II
  5. the sepoy mutiny.

Question 3.
Match the Column:
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 1
Answer:

  1. (c)
  2. (d)
  3. (e)
  4. (b)
  5. (a).

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the places most affected.by freedom struggle of 1857?
Answer:
Delhi, Meerut, Barrackpur, Avadh, Rohelkhand, Bundelkhand, Kanpur, Jagdishpur, Lucknow and Gwalior.

Question 2.
Name a few main freedom fighters who led the freedom struggle of 1857? (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
Rani Laxmibai, Kunwar Singh, Begum Hazarat Mahal, Tatyia Tope, Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 3.
What were the immediate causes of freedom struggle?
Answer:
The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857 was the cartridges incident. The cartridges supplied to the soldiers for the newly introduced enfield rifle were greased with fat and had to be bitten with teeth before being loaded in the rifle. The rumour spread that the cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. As such many Indian soldiers refused to use them. This sparked the revolt.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the struggle of 1857 called the first struggle of freedom? (MP Board 2011)
Answer:
The struggle for freedom of 1857 is considered as a glorious and revolutionary event in the history of India. The revolution of 1857 was the first armed revolution which was so widespread and powerful that it shook the foundation of British Empire. By keeping the national problems on center stage, the revolution of 1857 challenged the existence of East India Company’s Rule.

The revolution of 1857 was a nationwide, organized struggle for putting up an end to the British Rule. Although this struggle failed in its mission, its memories and inspiration are still alive in the heart of common man. Among the Indian people an awakening took place followed by the freedom struggle.

Question 2.
Why did the 1857 uprisings against the British Rule failed?
Answer:
Lack of organised policy, leadership and tradition weapons are the main factors responsible to the failure of 1857 awakening. While the British army and leaders were well planned in there resources and policy. The rising did not spread throughout the country.

It was confined to some pockets of India. Sindh, Kashmir, Rajputana, East Bengal, South India and most of the Punjab did not take part in it. The Sikh, Rajput and Gorkha battallions remained faithful to British and even helped them in suppressing the revolt.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Why were the Indian rulers angry with the British Rule? (MP Board 2010, 2013)
Answer:
The policy of exploitation for the natural and human resources of the country was the matter of dissatisfaction to the Indians. On the other hand, the policy of ‘divide and rule’ proned a dicisive for uprising the Indian against the company rule.

Question 4.
What changes were introduced in the British administration after the freedom struggle of 1857?
Answer:
The revolt was eventually crushed by British Government but it caused a severe blow to the British Government. Consequentially British Government had to introduce many administrative changes. These changes brought about many transform in Indian society, economy and governance. They were:

1. A declaration was passed in 1858 in British Parliament according to which the right to rule was transferred to British Government from the East India Company.

2. After 1858 there was a restructuring of army. Since British Government had lost faith in Indian soldiers, all important posts in army were given to British officers. More number of European soldiers was inducted. British restructured the Indian army with the policy of “divide and rule”.

3. There was change in policy of merger of states. Adoption of a successor was recognized. Native rules were assured that no more take over of states will take place henceforth.

4. British Government showed a more sympathetic altitude towards landowners, landlords, and native rulers in order to get their support.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the historical importance of the first struggle for freedom?
Or
Describe the historical importance of the struggle for freedom of 1857? (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
The importance of the first struggle of freedom – 1857 can be discussed under the following heads:

1. The end of the Company Rule in India:
The rule and administrations of East India Company had transferred to British Government. It was then thought that the crown’s administration would bring a new period of good administration.

2. Indian People in Government Service:
It was thought that with the introduction of new government. Indian people will have good chances to secure government services and that would be without any discrimination of colour, creed, sex and other economic grounds.

3. Religious freedom:
In its post policy, it was expected, as per assurance given that religious freedom would be given to the Indian people and Britishers would not interfere in their religious matters.

4. Assurance to the Princely states:
Indian kings were given assurance that their kingdoms would not be annexed. They were also told that right of adoption will also be given.

5. Patriotism:
After the struggle of 1857, the feeling of patriotism was fostered in the minds of the people and they were more confident of achieving things if they are denied by the administration.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Write short notes on:

  1. Tatya Tope
  2. Rani Laxmibai
  3. Nana Saheb
  4. Begam Hazrat Mahal.

Or
“Tatya Tope was a brave freedom fighter”. Write in short? (MP Board 2009)
Or
Write about Rani Laxmibai? (MP Board 2009)
Or
Give a brief introduction of main freedom fighter of first freedom struggle? (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
1. Tatya Tope:
Tatya Tope was one of the valiant soldiers of struggle of 1857 who had their loyalty with Peshwa family. Tatya Tope will be remembered for his patriotism, courage, strategizing skills, military acumen, perseverance in the absence of resources, fearlessness and guerrilla warfare tactics. The entire responsibility of Nana Saheb Peshwa’s military campaign was on the shoulders of Tatya Tope.

Tatya Tope played a major role in acquiring Gwalior for the Queen of Jhansi Laxmibai. After the death of Laxmibai, Tatya Tope continuously engaged himself in guerrilla warfare and challenged British army in Central India and Bundelkhand. He was arrested by British by deceit and betrayal. He was caught in the jungle of Aaron (district Guna) and was hanged in Shivpuri on 18th April, 1859.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 2

2. Rani Laxmibai:
In the year 1854, following the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao, the husband of Laxmibai, British Government denied their adopted son the throne and merged Jhansi with their empire. Rani Laxmibai protested and fought fiercely. Having defeated by Hurose she landed in Kalapi and, with the help of Tatya Tope she acquired Gwalior.

British commandor Hurose besieged Gwalior fort. On 17th June, 1858 Laxmi sacrificed her life in soldier’s outfit and harnessed with horse. Stories of her valour are still sung and inspire the Indians.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 3

3. Nana Saheb:
Nana Saheb was another important soldier in the freedom struggle. He was the adopted son of Bajirao Peshwa II and stayed in Bithur. After the demise of Bajirao Peshwa, British Govemement refused to grant a title or pension to Nana Saheb. Therefore, Nana Saheb along with his loyal soldiers chased British army off from Kanpur and declared himself a Peshwa. Tatya Tope and Ajimullah were his loyal army chiefs.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 4

4. Begam Hazrat Mahal:
Begum Hazrat Mahal was the widow of Nawab of Awadh. Once the revolt started, Begum encouraged and manage it. She declared her minor son Birjis Kadar as Nawab of Awadh and ordered her soldiers to attack the British residency in Lucknow. She also led the revolt in Shahajahnpur. After suffering a defeat she went to Nepal.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 5

Project Work

Question 1.
Trace the places related to the freedom on struggle of 1857 on the map of India. Also write the names of regional leaders associated with it?
Answer:
Following are the main places of the freedom struggle of 1857.

  1. Barrackpur – Revolt by Mangal Pandey, an Indian soldier in British Army.
  2. Jagdishpur (Ara) – Revolt by Kunwar Singh.
  3. Ranchi – Revolt by local landlord.
  4. Faizabad – Revolt led by Maulvi Ahmad Ulla.
  5. Lucknow – Revolt led by Begum Hazrat Mahal.
  6. Shahajahnpur – Revolt let by Maulvi Ahmad Shah.
  7. kanpur – Revolt by Nana Saheb Peshwa.
  8. Bareilly – Revolt by Barkhat Khan.
  9. Meerut – Revolt by Indian soldiers of British Army.
  10. Delhi – Revolt by Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
  11. Jhansi – Revolt under the leadership of Maha rani Laxmibai and Tatya Tope.
  12. Gwalior – Maharani Laxmibai and Tantiya Tope went to Gwalior to seek help of Sindhia. When Sindhia refused, they captured Gwalior, which was later on recaptured by Sindhia with the help of the British.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 6

Question 2.
Analyse, what do you think were the causes of failure of freedom struggle of 1857. Share your view’s with your classmates?
Answer:
Do yourself with the help of your classmates.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Additional Important Questions

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Multiple Choice Questions:
(Choose the correct answer from the following)

Question (a)
Kunwar Singh was the landlord of:
(a) Bihar
(b) Jagdishpur
(c) U.P.
(d) Meerut.
Answer:
(b) Jagdishpur

Question (b)
The revolt out breaked at Meerut on:
(a) 10 April 1857
(b) Jagdishpur
(c) 10 June 1857
(d) 10 July 1857.
Answer:
(b) Jagdishpur

Question (c)
The Commander of Mughal army Bakht Khan led the revolt in:
(a) Jhansi
(b) Lucknow
(c) Delhi
(d) Kanpur.
Answer:
(c) Delhi

MP Board Solutions

Question (d)
Bahadurshah was sent to Rangoon in:
(a) 1860
(b) 1861
(c) 1862
(d) 1864.
Answer:
(c) 1862

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. …………………….. called the revolt of 1857 as the first struggle for freedom.
  2. Barrackpur is situated in the state of …………………….
  3. The disputed cartridge was made of the fat of ……………………….
  4.  ………………………… was the founder of Subsidiary Alliance.
  5. Residence of Nana Sahib was in ………………………….. (MP Board 2009)

Answer:

  1. Damodar Savarkar
  2. Bengal
  3. cow and pig
  4. Lord Wellesely
  5. Bithur.

Question 3.
True and False type questions.

  1. Lord Dalhousie was the founder of doctrine of lapse.
  2. The battle of Plassy was started in 1857.
  3. Mangal Pandey was the soldier of 34th batallion.
  4. The British East India Company was established in the year of 1700.
  5. Bahadur Shah II was declared the king of India by public of Delhi. (MP Board 2009)
  6. The British Governer General of India during the struggle of 1857 was Lord Dalhousie. (MP Board 2009)

Answer:

  1. True
  2. False
  3. True
  4. False
  5. False
  6. False.

Question 4.
Match the column:
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 img 7
Answer:

  1. (c)
  2. (a)
  3. (e)
  4. (b)
  5. (d)

Answer in One – Two Words or One Sentence

Question 1.
How much people sacrificed their lives in this struggle?
Answer:
Lakhs of people sacrified their lives in this struggle.

Question 2.
When was British East India Company established?
Answer:
In the year 1600.

Question 3.
When did Aurangzeb die?
Answer:
In 1707.

Question 4.
What was the name of British Company?
Answer:
British East India Company.

Question 5.
When did the battle of Plassy started?
Answer:
1757.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
When was Mangal Pandy executed?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was executed on 8 April, 1857.

Question 7.
Who declared Bahadur Shah – II as the emperor of India?
Answer:
The soldiers declared Bahadur Shah – II as the emperor of India.

Question 8.
Who led the revolt in Bihar?
Answer:
Kunwar Singh.

Question 9.
Who led the army of Nana Saheb?
Answer:
Tatya Tope.

Question 10.
To whom Begum Hazrat Mahal declared as the Nawab of Awadh?
Answer:
Her younger son Birjis Kadar.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mantion the important centres of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Barrackpur, Allahabad, Arraha, Gwalior and Bareilly.

Question 2.
Why the British Government discourged the cottage industries of handlooms and handicrafts?
Answer:
In order to sell more and more finished goods manufactured in England, the British Government discourged the cottage industries of handlooms and handicrafts.

Question 3.
What was the statement of Major Edwarden?
Answer:
Major Edwarden’s statement was the ultimate aim of the British rule to make India a Christian country.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Who was Mangal Pandey?
Answer:
Mangal Pandey was a soldier and on 29 March, 1857 he refused to use the larded cartridge and shot a British officer in a feat of anger.

Question 5.
Who was Bahadurshah Jafar II?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar II was the last Mughal emperor of India. Despite his old age, Bahadurshah II accepted the leadership of revolt. Looking to the enthusiasm of soldiers, he was also optimistic about the success of revolt.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the East India Company?
Answer:
The British East India, Company was established in the year 1600. To earn more and more profit through trade was the main aim of the company. In order to achieve its objective, the company did not hesitate to even use the unscrupulous methods.

Surat was the first place to be developed as a trade center by East India Company. Following which the company established its main trade centers in Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Agra, Macchlipatnam, Madras, Calcutta, Bengal and Mumbai etc.

By the end of 17th century, the East India Company began, aspiring for the political foot hold in India so that it would facilitate its commercial activities. After Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, Mughal empire started disbanding. The whole nation disintegrated into smaller states. Many of the states became virtually independent. These circumstances led to establishing company’s foothold in the country.

Question 2.
What is the importance of Meerut in 1857?
Answer:
The Barrackpur incident was repeated in Meerut too. About 85 soldiers of Indian cavalary refused to use larded cartridges. As a result they were dismissed from the army and were imprisoned, as a reaction to their dismissal, the other soldiers in Meerut, on 10th May 1857, openly confronted the Government by breaking in to the prison and liberating the arrested soldiers. They then marched towards Delhi and took control of armory. The soldiers declared Bahadur Shah – H as the emperor of India, who wrote letters to various rulers of India seeking their support.

Question 3.
Why were the Indian rulers angry with the British rule? (MP Board 2010, 2013)
Answer:
Due to British territorial extension policies there was a lot of dispute among land – lords and Jamindars. Lord Wellesley introduced the scheme to bring the India rulers under the British thumb with the plan of Subsidiary Alliance. The Doctrine of Lapse policy of dissolution of state, Lord Dalhousie caused many Indian states to be a part of the British empire.

British took control of many states like Punjab, Sikkim Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur etc. British were disrespectful towards the last Mughal emperors which caused a state of anxiety among ruling families, and British seiged lands from many jamindars and sardars which resulted in unempbyment of many people working there previously.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Which classes of Indians joined the Revolt of 1857 to show their resentment against the British rule?
Answer:
Following were the main classes:

  1. The peasants whose land were taken away and auctioned.
  2. The artisans who became unemployed due to loss of partronage.
  3. The common people who feared forcible conversion to Christianity.
  4. The soldiers who were refused promotion and equality of pay and status.
  5. The princely rulers whose states had been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance and through direct annexation.

Question 5.
What were the main results of the 1857 revolt?
Or
Mention two consequences of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The main results or consequneces of the revolt of 1857 were:

  1. The company’s rule came to an end and India was placed under the direct control of British Government.
  2. The British Government declared that no more territories would be annexed to the British Empire.
  3. The Indian rulers were allowed to adopt sons. It was also declared that the treaties entered into with the company shall be honoured.
  4. Religious freedom was guaranteed to the Indian people.
  5. The revolt brought the Hindu-Muslim unity.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What led to the failure of freedom struggle of 1857? (MP Board 2010, 2011)
Or
Write any four reasons of failure of the first freedom struggle? (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
The reasons of failures of the freedom struggle:
The revolt of 1857 did not bring about positive outcome but it proved to be a milestone in gaining the freedom. This revolt did not receive success in full measure because of the following:

1. Lack of unity and organization:
The chief cause of failure of first war of freedom was lack of unity and organized effort. Neither was a proper planning for the revolt nor any concrete programme. This resulted in unorganized and limited attempt.

2. Lack of leadership:
One of the main reasons of failure was, a lack of powerful leadership which was capable of strategizing. Due to the lack of a single capable leadership, this revolt did not succeed in its objective.

3. Traditional and outdated weapons:
Indian soldiers had to use traditional weapons like sword, bow and arrow, spear, barchha unlike the British soldiers who had modern and sophisticated weapons with a big artillery.

4. Unawareness of Bahadurshah II.

5. Lack of communication.

6. Localise revolt.

7. No common language of communication.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Long Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Freedom Struggle of 1857 was a mass struggle? Explain?
Answer:
A large number of people participated in the struggle. On one hand the soldiers were revolting against the British regime, on the other hand common people were protesting against on roads with spears, axe and sticks in hands. The fear of administration and rulers was eliminated from people of villages.

Wherever the soldiers could not reach, these villagers organized themselves and came forward to protest and revolt. Farmers, artisans and landlords whose lands were seized came forward openly to express their agitation. Every policy that affected Indian society adversely affected the soldiers as well, therefore the similarity in the interests of soldiers and common man was a major issue of unity.

This blurred the line of divide between caste and religion. Hindus and Muslims became closer more than before. This struggle of freedom always inspired the coming generations of India. The struggle of 1857 implanted the nationalistic feelings. This caused to reinforce a cultural unity in the country.

The main feature of this revolt was that Indians realised the importance of unity and organization for the achievement of their goals. Therefore, common goal, religious harmony and feeling of co-operation between people makes the struggle for freedom of 1857 an event of national importance.

MP Board Solutions

Question 2.
Describe the political reasons of the revolt of 1857? (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
There was a lot of discontent among landlords and jamindars due to the British territorial extension policies. Lord Wellesely’s introduced a scheme to bring the India rulers under the British thumb. He named this plan the Subsidary Alliance.

The Doctrine of Lapse policy of dissolution of states, Lord Dulhosie caused many Indian states to be dissolve in British empire. British took control of many states like Punjab, Sikkim, Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Jhansi Nagpur etc. The British Govt, ended state titles conferred to Nawab’s of Awadh, Tanjore and Karnataka which caused a political distability therein. British were disrespectful towards the last Mughal emperors.

This caused a state of anxiety among ruling families, whichever states’ British took control of, their soldiers, craftsmen and people connected with various other trades were adversely affected. British seized lands from many Jamindars and Sardars which resulted in unemployement of many people working there previously.

Question 3.
What was the education policy suggested by Lord Macaulay? How Indian languages, culture and traditions was affected through this policy?
Answer:
The education policy formulated by Lord Macaulay was an attack on Indian culture and education system. Lord Macaulay was prejudiced and was against education in vernacular languages. Macaulay considered English as a superior race and English language as finest language.

He therefore encouraged English language and western and scientific learning, but at that point of time, Lord Macaulay’s aim was to protect the interests of British rule in India by providing English education and prepare a class of people who would help in running of British administration.

Macaulay was such a conceited racist that he recommended a ban on printing and translation of books in oriental languages. The followers of oriental education considered, English education policy as an attack on their culture, traditions and language and protested against it.

MP Board Solutions

Question 4.
Describe the main causes of freedon struggle of 1857. (MP Board 2009)
Answer:
The main causes of freedom struggle of 1857 were:
1. The Political Causes:
The British policy of annexation derived many native rulers of their states. Lord Delhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse resulted in the annexation of many states. He annexed Outh on the pretext of bad government. All this led to widespread discontent.

2. Economic Causes:
Economic policies of the British Government disrupted .the traditional social and economic relationships. Peasants were dispossessed of their lands; native industries and trade was ruined, the artisans were rendered jobless. The new revenue system led to peasant indebtedness.

3. Raligious Causes:
The British Government paid little attention to the religious beliefs and sentiments of the Indian people. Indians began to feel that the British Government wanted to forcibly convert them, to Christianity.

4. Social Causes:
Racial discrimination, prohibition of sati practice, legalising widow – remarrige, banning infanticide, etc. were regarded as an interference in the Indian’s social matters.

5. Military Causes:
There was widespread discontent in the army. Indian soldiers were paid low salaries as compared with the British soldiers of the same rank. Doors of promotion were closed on them. They could not rise above the rank of a Subedar. British officers maltreated them.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
Why were the Indian unhappy with social reforms introduced by the British Government? (MP Board, 2011, 2013)
Answer:
The social and religious policies of company caused a lot of discontent among Indians. Indians developed an apprehension that British Government was bent upon destroying their religion and traditions. Major Edwarden’s statement was “the ultimate aim of the British rule was to make India a Christian country”.

Company Government made many laws and took major steps to eradicate the social evils prevailing in India. Indians considered this as an interference in their social life. The Christian missionaries tried to convert the Indian people to Christianity. They made objectionable and violent public attacks on Hinduism and Islam. The rumours that the British Government was forcibly converting Indians into Christianity.

The Indian sepoys who had by their dedicated service enabled the British Company to conquer India were a dissatisfied lot. They were not only ill – treated by their seniors but were paid very less salary. They were treated with contempt by their British officers.

The growing poverty of the Indian people made them revolt against the mighty British kingdom. The poverty had emanated out of the faulty economic policy followed by the Britishers in India. Their economic policy led to the impoverishment of the peasantry, artisans, handicraftsmen and a large number of tradition zamindars.

A large number of peasant proprietors became landless and fell into the clutches of money lenders. Excessive land revenue, prevalence of corruption at the lower level of administration and lack of interest in the improvement of agriculture etc. made people revolt against the British Government. These all causes were working as the catalyte to uprise the revolt on the social base.

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry Important Questions

Electrochemistry Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Can you store copper sulphate solutions in a zinc pot? (NCERT)
Answer:
No, copper sulphate solution cannot be stored in a zinc container because value of standard electrode potential of zinc is less than of copper. Thus, zinc is a stronger reducing agent than copper.
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu.
Ecell = Fcathode – Fanode
= 0.34-(-0.76)
= +1.1V.

Question 2.
Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution? (NCERT)
Answer:
Because number of ions per cm3 decreases.

Question 3.
Explain, how rusting of iron is envisaged as setting up of an electrochemical cell? (NCERT)
Answer:
Formation of carbonic acid takes place on the surface of iron
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 1

Question 4.
Arrange the following metals in the order in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts. Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn. (NCERT)
Answer:
A metal with lesser standard potential (more reactive) can displace the other metal from solution of its salts.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 2

Question 5.
Write the definition of Electrochemical cell.
Answer:
System in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy by oxidation reduction is known as electrochemical cell or voltaic cell.

Question 6.
What is Electrode potential?
Answer:
The potential difference developed between the electrodes and electrolyte of an electrolytic cell is known as Electrode potential.

Question 7.
What is a strong electrolyte ? Write two examples.
Answer:
Electrolyte which completely dissociate in aqueous solution are known as strong electrolyte.
Example : NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl etc.

MP Board Solutions

Question 8.
What is meant by standard electrode potential?
Answer:
Standard electrode potential (E°) of a half cell is the potential difference when one electrode is dipped in molar solution of its ion at 298 K. If electrode is gaseous the pressure of gas must be one atmosphere. In IUPAC system, reduction potential are known as standard electrode potential.

Question 9.
Write Ohm’s law.
Answer:
According to Ohm’s law, “It states that potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it” i.e.,
Mathematically, it can be written as:
I ∝ V
V = IR (R = Resistance, unit = ohm, Q)

Question 10.
What is cell constant?
Answer:
For a conductivity cell, the ratio of distance between two electrodes (l) and area of cross-section of electrode (A) is called as cell constant.
Cell constant = \(\frac {1}{A}\) or x = \(\frac {1}{A}\)
Unit of cell constant = cm-1

Question 11.
What is galvanization? Explain.
Answer:
Iron is coated with the layer of zinc to protect it from rusting. This process is known as galvanization. The galvanized iron articles keep their lustre due to the coating of invisible protective layer of basic zinc carbonate, (ZnCO3) or zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2).

Question 12.
Why is it not possible to determine the Electrode potential of a single half cell?
Answer:
Because Electromotive force of two electrodes containing a complete circuit can be measured.

MP Board Solutions

Question 13.
Write the unit of specific conductance.
Answer:
ohm-1metre-1= Ω-1m-1 = Sm-1

Question 14.
What is the relation between equivalent conductance and specific conductance?
Answer:
Λceq = \(\frac {1ooo×k}{c}\)

Electrochemistry Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their variation with concentration. (NCERT)
Answer:
Conductivity:
Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution of 1 cm length and having 1 sq. cm as the area of cross-section.

Molar conductivity:
Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution (V) is the conductance of all the ions produced from one mole of the electrolyte dissolved in V cm3 of the solution when the electrodes are one cm apart and area of cross – section of the electrodes is so large that the whole of the solution is contained between them. It is usually represented by Λm.

Variation with concentration:
The conductivity of a solution (Both for strong and weak electrolytes) decreases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution. The molar conductivity of a solution increase in the decrease in concentration of the electrolyte i.e., on dilution. This is due to the decrease in the number of ions per unit volume of the solution on dilution.

The molar conductivity of a solution increases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte. This is because both number of ions as well as mobility of ions increases with dilution. When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity.

Question 2.
What is salt bridge ? Write its two functions.
Answer:
‘U’ shaped tube filled with KCl or KNO3 in Agar – Agar solution or gelatin, is known as salt bridge. It connects the two half cell.

Functions:

  1. It allows the flow of current by completing the circuit.
  2. It maintains the electrical neutrality.

Question 3.
Write difference between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction.
Answer:
Differences between Metallic conduction and Electrolytic conduction:
Metallic conduction:

  • Metallic conduction takes place by movement of electrons.
  • There is no chemical change.
  • There is no transfer of matter.
  • In metallic conduction conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

Electrolytic conduction:

  • Electrolytic conduction takes place by movement of ions.
  • Due to chemical change decomposition of electrolyte takes place.
  • Transfer of matter takes place as ions.
  • In electrolytic conduction conductivity
  • increases with increase in temperature.

Question 4.
What are the difference between emf (Cell potential) and potential difference:
Answer:
Differences between EMF (Cell potential) and Potential difference
EMF (Cell potential):

  • It is the potential difference between the two terminals of the cell when no current is flowing in the circuit, i.e., in an open circuit.
  • It is the maximum voltage which can be obtained from a cell.
  • It can be measured by potentiaometrie method.
  • Work performed by electromotive force is the maximum work done by a cell.
  • It is responsible for continuous flow of current in electric circuit.

Potential difference:

  • It is the difference of the electrodes potentials of the two electrodes when the cell is sending current through the circuit.
  • It is the less than the maximum voltage as it is the difference of electrode potential.
  • It can be measured by simple voltmeter also.
  • Work performed by potential difference is less than the maximum work done by a cell.
  • It is not responsible for the continuous flow of current in circuit.

Question 5.
What is specific conductance? Give its unit.
Answer:
Specific conductivity:
The reciprocal of resistivity is called specific conductivity. It is defined as the conductance between the opposite faces of one centimeter cube of a conductor. It is denoted by K (kappa).
Thus.
K = \(\frac {1}{ρ}\) (∵ ρ = \(\frac {RA}{l}\)
K = \(\frac {1}{R}\) × \(\frac {1}{A}\)
where, R = Resistance, A = Cross – sectional area of electrodes and l = Length between the electrodes.
Unit = K = \(\frac {1}{ohm}\) × \(\frac { cm }{ { cm }^{ 2 } } \) = ohm-1 cm-1
S.I. Unit Scnf1 or Ohm-1 cm-1.

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What is resistivity of any solution?
Answer:
Resistivity:
When current flow in the solution through two electrodes the resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross – sectional area A.
R ∝\(\frac {l}{A}\)
or R = ρ\(\frac {l}{A}\)
or ρ = R × \(\frac {A}{l}\)
The constant p (rho) is called resistivity or specific resistance.
Unit: If Z is expressed in cm, A in cm2 and R in ohm, the unit of resistivity will be
\(\frac { c{ m }^{ 2 }\times ohm }{ { cm } }\) = ohm cm
If l = 1 cm and A = 1 cm2 then ρ = R
or Resistivity of any solution is the resistance of 1 cm cube.

Question 7.
What is equivalent conductance?
Answer:
Equivalent conductance:
“Conductance of total ion produced by one gram equivalent of electrolyte in the solution is called equivalent conductance.” It is denoted by Λeq.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 3

Question 8.
What is molar conductance?
Answer:
Molar Conductivity:
The molar conductivity of a solution at definite concentration of (or dilution) and temperature is the conductivity of that volume which contains one mole of the solute and is placed between two parallel electrodes 1 cm apart and having sufficient area to hold whole of the solution. It is denoted by Λm.
Mathematically,
Λ m=k × V .. (1)
Where, V is the volume in ml in which one gram mole of substance is dissolved.
If M is molarity or m moles are dissolved in 1000 ml.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 4

Question 9.
Define cell constant. Develop a relation between specific conductance and cetfconstant.
Answer:
Cell constant:
In any conductive cell, the distance between two electrodes and surface area of .electrode A are constant. The ratio of l and a is called cell constant i.e.
cell constant = \(\frac { l(cm) }{ a{ ({ cm) }^{ 2 } } }\)
Unit of cell constant is cm-1 and it is generally expressed by x.

Relation between specific conductance and cell constant:
For a conductor, the resistance R is directly proportional to length R and inversely proportional to area of crosssection of electrolyte.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 5

Question 10.
What are the factors which influence the electrical conductance of electrolytes?
Answer:
The main factor which influence the electrical conductivity are following :
1. Temperature : It influence following interactions.

  • Interionic attractions : It depends upon the solute-solute interactions. Which is found between the ions of solute.
  • Solvation of ions : It depends upon solute-solvent interactions. It is relation between ions of solute and solvent molecules.
  • Viscosity of solvent : It depends upon solvent-solvent interactions. Solvent molecules are related with each other.

With increase in temperature all these three effects decrease and average kinetic energy of ions increases. Thus, with increase of temperature, resistance of solution decreases and hence conductance increases.

2. Nature of electrolyte:
The conductance of solution depends upon the nature of electrolyte. On the basis of conductance measurement electrolytes are classified as strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte. Strong electrolytes have high value of conductance even at higher concentration also.

3. Dilution or concentration:
It is main factor which influence electrical conductance. Effect of dilution or concentration can be studied indivisually in equivalent conductance, specific conductance and molar conductance. But for a general concept of electrical conductance of solution as the concentration is lowered or dilution increases, electrical conductance of whole solution increases.

Question 11.
What is an Electrolytic cell and how does it work?
Answer:
Electrolytic cells:
In these cells electric current is supplied through an external source, as a result of which chemical reactions take place which is called electrolysis like Electrolysis of water, NaCl, Al2O2 etc. For example in Solvay trough cell electrode is immersed in sodium chloride solution and electric current is passed due to which NaCl electrolyses. At mercury cathode sodium is released and at anode chlorine is released. Sodium forms amalgam with mercury and is taken out of the cell.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 6
Electrolysis : NaCl → Na+ + Cl

At cathode : Na+ + e → Na
Na + Hg → (Na – Hg) Amalgam

At anode : Cl – e → Cl
Cl + Cl → Cl2
In electrolytic cell, electricity is supplied through an external source. Thus, positive pole is anode and negative pole is cathode.

MP Board Solutions

Question 12.
What is meant by electromotive force of an electrochemical cell?
Answer:
The difference in electrode potentials of the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell is known as electromotive force or cell potential. It is expressed in volt. Due to difference in potential electric current flows from an electrode of lower potential to an electrode of higher potential. EMF of the cell can be expressed in terms of reduction potential as :

Cell potential = Standard electrode potential of R.H.S. electrode – Standard electrode potential of L.H.S. electrode
Thus, Ecell = Eredn. (right) – Eredn. (left)
Ecell = Eredn.(cathode) – Eredn.(anode)
EMF of a cell is measured by connecting the voltmeter between the two electrodes of a cell. EMF of a cell depend on the concentration of solutions of both half cells and nature of the two electrodes. For example, In Daniel cell, concentration of CuSO4 and ZnSO4 solutions in the two half cells is 1M and at 298 K EMF of the cell is 1.10 volt.

Question 13.
What is electrochemical series? Write its application.
or, Write application and characteristics of Electrochemical series.
Answer:
The series in which elements are arranged in increasing order of standard electrode potential is known as electrochemical series.

Applications of Electrochemical Series :

1. Determination of EMF of cell:
EMF of a cell is the difference between standard reduction potential E° of its cathode and anode.
cell = E°cathode – E°anode
If e.m.f. is positive, then the cell reaction proceeds in the required direction and if e.m.f of the cell is negative the cell reaction proceeds in the opposite direction.

2. Calculation of Equilibrium constant of cell:
Equilibrium constant k of the cell can be calculated by determining the e.m.f of the cell by the help of Electrochemical series.
Characteristics:

  • Metals which are above hydrogen in the series react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
  • This series represents the standard electrode potential elements i.e, tendency to accept electrons. Elements of negative E° possess the tendency to loose electron.
  • Elements which come before in the series displace the metals placed below the series, from their salts.
  • At the top of the series strongly reducing elements are present because they possess the tendency to loose electrons.
  • Example : Li and below strongly oxidizing like F possess the tendency to accept electron.

Question 14.
What do you understand by standard potential of a half cell? How is the standard potential of a half cell determined?
Answer:
Standard electrode potential E° of an electrode (half cell) is that value of potential when all the substances are at one atmospheric pressure and activity of the species present in the form of reactant and product is one unit. Standard electrode potential (E°) is measured by the use of potentiometer.
cell = E°R – E°L = E°half cell – E°ref

Question 15.
Differentiate between Electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell) and Electrolytic cell.
Answer:
Differences between Electrochemical and Electrolytic cells:
Electrochemical cell:

  • It is a device to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
  • It consists of two electrodes in different compartments joined by a salt bridge.
  • Redox reactions occurring in the cell are spontaneous.
  • Free energy decreases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G <0.
  • Useful work is obtained from the cell.
  • Anode works as negative and cathode as positive electrodes.
  • Electrons released by oxidation process at anode go into external circuit and pass to cathode.
  • To set – up this cell, a salt bridge/porous pot is used.

Electrolytic cell:

  • It is a device to convert electrical energy into chemical energy.
  • Both the electrodes are in same solution.
  • Redox reactions occurring in the cell are non – spontaneous.
  • Free energy increases with operation of cell, i.e., ∆G >0.
  • Work is done on the system.
  • Anode is positive and cathode is negative.
  • Electrons enter into cathode electrode from external source and leave the cell at anode.
  • No salt bridge is used in this cell.

Electrochemistry Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is standard hydrogen electrode? How is it prepared?
Answer:
Standard hydrogen electrode:
This consists of gas at 1 atmospheric pressure bubbling over a platinum electrode immersed in 1 M HCl at 25°C (298 K) as shown in figure. The platinum electrode is coated with platinum black to increase its surface. The hydrogen electrode thus constructed forms a half cell which on coupling with any other half cell begins to work on the principle of oxidation or reduction. Electrode depending upon the circumstances works both as anode or cathode.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 7
Cell reaction of standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) when it acts as anode is
H2(g) → 2H2+ + 2e
It is as represented as
H2(g)(1 atm) Pt |H3O+aq(1.0M)
When it acts as cathode, the cell reaction is
2H+ + 2e → H2(aq)
and it is represented as
H3O+(aq)(1.0M)|(latm)Pt
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is arbitrarily assigned a potential of zero.

Question 2.
Derive Nernst Equation for single electrode potential.
Answer:
Value of standard electrode potential given in electrochemical series is applicable only when the concentration of electrolyte is 1M and temperature is 298 K. But in electrochemical cells the concentration of electrolyte is not definite and electrode potential depends on concentration and temperature. In such condition single electrode potential can be expressed by Nernst equation.
For a reduction half reaction, Nernst equation can be expressed as follows:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 8
Where, E = Reduction electrode potential
E° = Standard electrode potential (Mn++concentration 1M and at 298 K)
R = Gas constant = 831 JK-1mol-1, T = Temperature (in Kelvin) = 298 K
n = Valency of metal ion, F = 1 Faraday (96,500 coulomb)
On substituting the values : E = E°+\(\frac {0.059}{n}\) log10[M+] … (2)
Equation (2) is Nemst equation for single electrode potential.

Question 3.
Write the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Answer:
Faraday’s first law of electrolysis:
The law states that, “The mass of any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.”
Thus, if W gm of the substance is deposited on passing Q coulomb of electricity, then W ∝Q or W = ZQ
Where, Z is a constant of proportionality and is called electrochemical equivalent of the substance deposited. If a current of I ampere is passed for t second, then Q = I x t. So that,
W = Z x Q = Z x l x t
Thus, if Q = 1 coulomb, I = 1 ampere and t = 1 second, then W = Z. Hence, electrochemical equivalent of a substance may be defined as, “The mass of the substance deposited when a current of one ampere is passed for one second.”
As one Faraday (96500 C) deposits one gram equivalent of the substance, hence electrbchemical equivalent can be calculated from the equivalent mass.
i.e., Z = \(\frac {Equivalent mass of the substance}{96500}\)

Faraday’s second law of electrolysis:
It states that, “When the same quantity of electricity is passed through solutions of different electrolytes connected in series, the weight of the substances produced at the electrodes are directly proportional to their equivalent mass.”

For example, for CuSO4 solution and AgNO3 solution connected in series, if the same quantity of electricity is passed, then
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 9

Question 4.
What is rusting of iron? Describe Electrochemical theory of rusting. An^Corrosion : Process by which the layers of undesirable compounds are formed on the surface of a metal on its exposure to atmospheric condition are called corrosion. Rusting of iron is an example of corrosion, chemically it is Fe2O3xH2O.

Electrochemical theory of rusting :
Anode reaction:
On one spot of iron sheet, oxidation takes place and this spot behaves as an anode.
Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e; E° = + 0.44 V.
The electrons which are released at this spot travel through the metal and reach another spot on the metal which acts as cathode. These electrons cause the reduction of oxygen in the presence of hydrogen ions (H+). H+ ions are formed due to decomposition of carbonic acid formed by dissolution of CO2 in H2O.
H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇌ 2H+ +CO32-+

Cathode reaction:
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2H2O; E° = 1.23V

Overall reaction:
2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2Fe2+ +2H2O(l); E°cell = 1.67V

Fe2Fe2+ ion formed travel on the surface of article and react with more oxygen in the presence of H2O. This results in the formation of ferric oxide.

4Fe2+aq + O2(g) + 4H2O(l) → 2Fe2O3 + 8H+aq

Water present causes the hydration of ferric oxide formed.
Fe2O3 + XH2O → Fe2O3.xH2O (rust) Thus, rust is formed.

MP Board Solutions

Question 5.
What is Kohlrausch law? Give its two applications.
Answer:
Kohlrausch in 1875 gave a generalisation known as Kohlrausch’s law, “At infinite dilution when the dissociation of the electrolyte is complete, each ion makes a definite contribution towards molar conductance of the electrolyte irrespective of the nature of the other ion with which it is associated.”
Or
“The value of molar conductance at infinite dilution is given by the sum of the contributions of ions (cation and anion).”
Mathematically,
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 10
Where, λ+ and λ are ionic contributions or ionic conductances of cation and anion while v+ and vare the number of cations and anions in the formula unit of electrolyte.

Applications of Kohlrausch’s law:
(i) Calculation of molar conductance at infinite dilution for weak electrolytes :
Molar conductance or equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes cannot be obtained graphically by extrapolation method, since these are feebly ionized. Kohlrausch’s law enables indirect evaluation in such cases. For example, molar conductances of acetic acid can be obtained from the knowledge of molar conductances at infinite dilution of HCl, CH3COONa and NaCl which are strong electrolytes. From Kohlrausch’s law, it is clear that
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 11

(ii) Determination of degree of dissociation:
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 12

Question 6.
Draw a labelled diagram of Daniel cell and explain ceLl reaction.
Or, Draw a labelled diagram of electrochemical cell and write cell reaction.
Answer:
Electrochemical cell:
In the redox reactions, the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents occurs through wire and thus chemical energy changes into electrical energy. The device on which chemical energy changes into electricaL energy is called electrochemical cell. These are also known as galvanic or voltaic cells. Working of these cells can be understood with the example of Daniel cell.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 13
Daniel çell:
In this cell, Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution and Cu rod in copper sulphate solution. Both solutions are connected through KCL salt bridge. When Zn and Cu electrodes are connected by wire and galvanometer, flow of electrons from Zn to Cu occurs. Zinc atoms change into Zn2+ and electrons reach at Cu electrode, where Cu2+ changes into Cu metal and this copper deposits on electrode.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 14

Electrochemistry Numerical Questions

Question 1.
Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10. (NCERT)
Solution:
If pH of solution is 10 means its [H+] ion concentration is 10-10 M.
Using, Ecell = E°cell – \(\frac {0.059}{n}\) log\(\frac { 1 }{ [{ H }^{ + }] }\)
Here E°cell = 0, n =2, [H+] = 10-10
∴Ecell = 0 – \(\frac {0.059}{2}\) log \(\frac { 1 }{ [{10}^{ -10 }] }\) = -0.59V

Question 2.
Calculate the standard cell potentials of galvanic cells in which the following reactions take place : (NCERT)
1. 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + 3Cd
2. Fe2+(aq) +Ag+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s). Calculate the ∆rG°, and equilibrium constant of the reactions.
Solution:
1. E°cell = E°Ecathode – E°Eanodg
= – 0.40 -(-0.74) = +0.34V
∆G° = -nFE° = -6 x 96500 x 0.34
= -196860J = -196.86kJmol-1
∆G° =-2.303 RT log K
– 196860 =-2.307 x 8.314 x 298 log K
or log K = 35.5014 or K
= Antilog 34.5014 = 3.19 x 1034

2. E°cell = E°Ecathode – E°Eanodg
= 0.80 – (0.77) = +0.03V
∆G° = -nFE° = -1 x 96500 x 0.03
= -2895Jmol-1
= – 2-895 kJmol-1
∆G° = -2-303 RT log K
– 2895 Jmol-1 = -2.303 x 8.314 x 298 log K or
or K = Antilog of 0.5074 = 3.22.

MP Board Solutions

Question 3.
Using the standard electrode potentials given in Table 3.1 (in your Text-book), predict if the reaction between the following is feasible : (i) Fe3+(aq) and I(aq)
(ii) Ag+(aq) and Cus
(iii) Fe3+(aq) and Br(aq)
(iv) Agsand Fe3+(aq)
(v) Br2(aq) and Fe2+(aq). (NCERT)
Answer:
A reaction is feasible if EMF of the cell is +ve.
Cathode : At which reduction occurs.
Anode : At which oxidation occurs.
MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 3 Electrochemistry 15

Question 4.
If specific conductance of 0.02 mol L-1 KCI solution at 298 K is 2.48 x 10-2-1cm-1, then calculate its molar conductance.
Solution:
K = 2.48 x 10-2 cm-1, C = 0.02 mol L-1
Λm = \(\frac { 1000k }{ { C }_{ m } }\)
= \(\frac { 1000×2.48×{ 10 }^{ -2 } }{ 0.02 }\)
= 124 Scm2 mol-1

Question 5.
What are weak electrolytes? Give one example. Find out molar conductivity of LiBr aqueous solution infinite dilution when joint conductance of Li-1 ion and Br-1 ion are 38.7 Scm2 mol-1 and 78.40 Scm2 mol-1 respectively.
Solution:
Weak electrolytes : These are the substances which dissociate only to a small extent.
Examples: CH3COOH,NH4OH
Λ LiBr = Λ Li+ + Λ Br
Given that,
Λ Li+ = 38.7Scm2 mol-1
Λ Br = 78.40 Scm2 mol-1
Λ LiBr = 38.7 + 78.40
Λ LiBr = 117.10Scm2mol-1

MP Board Solutions

Question 6.
What are strong electrolytes? Find out the molar conductivity of aqueous solution of BaCl2 at infinite dilution when ionic conductance of Ba+2 ion and Cl ion are 127.30 Scm2 mol-1 and 76.34 Scm2 mol-1 respectively.
Solution:
Strong electrolytes : These are substances which dissociate almost completely into ions under all dilutions.
Examples : NaCl,HCl,CH3COONa
Λ BaCl2 = Λ Ba2+ + 2 Λ Cl
Given that,
Λ = 127.30Scm2+mol-1
Λ Cl-1 = 76.34Scm2+mol-1
Λ BaCl2 =127.30+2(76.34)
= 127.30 + 152.68
= 279.98 Scm2+mol-1

MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Important Questions

 

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 1857 का प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 7 1857 का प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 1857 का प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 पाठान्त अभ्यास

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम में बुन्देलखण्ड से प्रमुख सेनानी थे – (2016)
(i) कुँवर सिंह
(ii) बख्तावर सिंह
(iii) तात्या टोपे
(iv) अहमदुल्ला खाँ।
उत्तर:
(iii) तात्या टोपे

प्रश्न 2.
1857 के संग्राम के समय भारत के गवर्नर जनरल थे – (2009)
(i) डलहौजी
(ii) बैंटिंक
(iii) कैनिंग
(iv) रिपन।
उत्तर:
(iii) कैनिंग

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बहादुर शाह द्वितीय को बन्दी बनाकर ……….. स्थान पर भेज दिया गया।
उत्तर:
रंगून (बर्मा)

प्रश्न 2.
लार्ड डलहौजी ने ……….. नीति के कारण अनेक भारतीय राज्यों को अंग्रेजी राज्य में शामिल कर लिया। (2013, 16, 18)
उत्तर:
हड़प

प्रश्न 3.
ब्रिटिश संसद के 1858 के अधिनियम के अनुसार भारत पर शासन करने का अधिकार ……….. को दिया।
उत्तर:
इंग्लैण्ड की सरकार

प्रश्न 4.
दिल्ली की जनता ने …………. को भारत का सम्राट घोषित किया। (2009, 14, 15)
उत्तर:
बहादुरशाह (द्वितीय)

प्रश्न 5.
अंग्रेज इतिहासकारों ने 1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम को ……….. कहना स्वीकार किया।
उत्तर:
सैनिक विद्रोह।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 1857 का प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम 1
उत्तर:

  1. → (ग)
  2. → (घ)
  3. → (ङ)
  4. → (ख)
  5. → (क)

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
उन क्षेत्रों के नाम लिखिए जहाँ 1857 ई. का स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम व्यापक रूप से हुआ।
अथवा
1857 की क्रान्ति के प्रमुख केन्द्र कौन-कौनसे थे ? (2015)
उत्तर:

  1. बैरकपुर
  2. मेरठ
  3. दिल्ली
  4. कानपुर
  5. झाँसी
  6. ग्वालियर
  7. लखनऊ
  8. जगदीशपुर (बिहार)।

प्रश्न 2.
1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के प्रमुख नेताओं के नाम बताइए। (2009, 14)
उत्तर:

  1. मंगल पाण्डे
  2. बहादुरशाह (जफर) द्वितीय
  3. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई
  4. तात्या टोपे
  5. नाना साहब
  6. बेगम हजरत महल
  7. कुँवर सिंह
  8. अहमदुल्ला खाँ
  9. रंगा बापूजी गुप्त
  10. सोनाजी पण्डित
  11. नाना फड़नवीस
  12. गुलाम गौस आदि।

प्रश्न 3.
1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का तात्कालिक कारण क्या था ? (2014, 18)
उत्तर:
बैरकपुर छावनी में 29 मार्च, 1857 को मंगल पाण्डे नामक सैनिक ने चर्बी वाले कारतूस को भरने से इन्कार कर दिया और उत्तेजित होकर अंग्रेज अधिकारियों की हत्या कर दी। फलस्वरूप उसे बन्दी बनाकर 8 अप्रैल, 1857 को फाँसी दे दी गयी। इस प्रकार चर्बी लगे कारतूस 1857 की क्रान्ति का तात्कालिक कारण बना।

प्रश्न 4.
ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए समाज सुधार के कार्यों से भारतीय क्यों असंतुष्ट हए ? (2011, 13)
उत्तर:
कम्पनी सरकार ने सामाजिक कुरीतियों को समाप्त करने के लिए अनेक कदम उठाये तथा कानूनों को लागू किया। परम्परागत दृष्टिकोण के भारतीयों को अंग्रेजों का उनके सामाजिक जीवन में हस्तक्षेप करना उनमें रोष उत्पन्न करने वाला था। ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा ईसाई धर्म का प्रचार, धर्म परिवर्तन हेतु सुविधाओं का प्रलोभन देना, शिक्षण संस्थाओं में ईसाई धर्म की शिक्षा दिया जाना, ऐसे अनेक कारण थे जिनके कारण भारतीयों में अत्यधिक असन्तोष था।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
1857 के संग्राम को प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम क्यों कहा जाता है ? (2011, 17)
उत्तर:
भारत में पहला प्रभावशाली आन्दोलन 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति थी। यह भारत का पहला स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन था। इस क्रान्ति ने अंग्रेजों की जड़ों को हिलाकर रख दिया। इससे पहले भी बैल्लोर, बैरकपुर तथा बुन्देलखण्ड में विद्रोह हुए, जिनको अंग्रेजों ने कुचल दिया, किन्तु इन विद्रोहों से 1857 ई. के क्रान्तिकारियों को . बड़ी प्रेरणा मिली। वीर सावरकर, अशोक मेहता तथा अन्य भारतीय इतिहासकारों ने 1857 की इस क्रान्ति को प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का नाम दिया।

इस क्रान्ति के उठ खड़ा होने का कारण न चर्बी के कारतूसों का प्रयोग करना था और न ही कुछ भारतीय शासकों का व्यक्तिगत स्वार्थ, वरन् जन साधारण में वह असन्तोष की भावना थी जो पिछले सौ वर्षों के अंग्रेजी राज्य के कारण उत्पन्न हो रही थी। इन इतिहासकारों का विचार है कि विस्फोट की सामग्री काफी समय पहले से ही इकट्ठी होती आ रही थी। इसे केवल एक चिंगारी की आवश्यकता थी जो चर्बी वाले कारतूसों से मिल गयी। इसलिए 1857 की इस महान क्रान्ति को केवल सैनिक विद्रोह न कहकर पहला स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम या राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन कहना कहीं उचित होगा।

प्रश्न 2.
1857 के पूर्व ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध विद्रोह अपनी आरम्भिक अवस्था में क्यों असफल रहे?
उत्तर:
ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी ने विजय के माध्यम से, भारतीय प्रदेशों का अनुचित तरीकों से कम्पनी के साम्राज्य में विलय करके तथा भारतीय जनता का शोषण करके भारतीय जनमानस को असन्तोष एवं आक्रोश की भावना से भर दिया था। इसका परिणाम यह हुआ कि 1765 से 1856 तक देश के विभिन्न भागों में दर्जनों विद्रोह हुए। इनमें से कई विद्रोह किसानों और आदिवासियों ने किये थे। पदच्युत शासकों, जमींदारों और सरदारों के नेतृत्व में भी कई विद्रोह हुए। कम्पनी की फौज के सिपाहियों ने भी विद्रोह का झण्डा ऊँचा किया।

अंग्रेजी शासन के विरुद्ध जितने विद्रोह हुए उनका स्वरूप स्थानीय रहा और उनका दमन हो गया। यद्यपि ये विद्रोह ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध गम्भीर चुनौती उत्पन्न नहीं कर सके परन्तु इससे यह सिद्ध होता है कि 1857 के प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के पूर्व ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी के शासन के विरुद्ध व्यापक असन्तोष विद्यमान था। 1857 के संग्राम की पृष्ठभूमि तैयार करने में इन विद्रोहों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही है।

प्रश्न 3.
भारतीय शासकों में असन्तोष के क्या कारण थे?
अथवा
अंग्रेजी शासन (ब्रिटिश शासन) से भारतीय शासकों में असन्तोष के क्या कारण थे ? (2010, 13)
अथवा
भारतीय शासकों में ब्रिटिश शासन से असन्तोष के क्या कारण थे ? (2017)
उत्तर:
अंग्रेजों की राज्य विस्तार की नीति के कारण भारत के अनेक शासकों और जमींदारों में असन्तोष व्याप्त हो गया था। लॉर्ड वेलेजली की सहायक सन्धि व्यवस्था और लॉर्ड डलहौजी की हड़प नीति के कारण अनेक राज्यों का अंग्रेजी साम्राज्य में जबरदस्ती विलय कर दिया गया। अंग्रेजों ने पंजाब, सिक्किम, सतारा, जैतपुर, सम्भलपुर, झाँसी, नागपुर आदि राज्यों को अपने अधीन कर लिया था। सरकार ने अवध, तंजौर, कर्नाटक के नवाबों की राजकीय उपाधियाँ समाप्त कर राजनीतिक अस्थिरता की स्थिति उत्पन्न कर दी।

अन्तिम मुगल सम्राटों के प्रति अंग्रेजों का व्यवहार अनादरपूर्ण होता चला गया। इन परिस्थितियों में शासन-परिवारों में घबराहट फैल गयी थी। अंग्रेजों ने जिन राज्यों पर कब्जा किया वहाँ के सैनिक, कारीगर तथा अन्य व्यवसायों में जुड़े लोग भी प्रभावित हुए। अंग्रेजों ने अनेक सरदारों और जमींदारों से उनकी जमीन छीन ली। इसके कारण भारतीय शासकों में असन्तोष व्याप्त हो गया।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का राजनैतिक व्यवस्था पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा ?
उत्तर:
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम ब्रिटिश राज के लिए एक बड़ी चुनौती था। इसे अन्ततः कुचल दिया गया, परन्तु इस संग्राम से अंग्रेजों को गहरा झटका लगा। इस संग्राम ने अंग्रेजी साम्राज्य की जड़ों को हिलाकर रख दिया। अतः ब्रिटिश सरकार ने भारत में अनेक प्रशासनिक परिवर्तन किए। महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित हुए –

  1. ब्रिटिश संसद ने 1858 ई. में अधिनियम पारित किया। इसके अनुसार भारत पर शासन करने का अधिकार ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी से लेकर सीधे इंग्लैण्ड की सरकार ने ले लिया।
  2. 1858 के पश्चात् सेना का पुनर्गठन किया गया। अंग्रेजों का भारतीय सैनिकों पर से विश्वास उठ गया था। अत: महत्वपूर्ण जिम्मेदारियाँ अंग्रेज अधिकारियों को सौंपी गयीं।
  3. ब्रिटिश शासन ने देशी रियायतों का विलय करने की नीति में परिवर्तन किया और उत्तराधिकारियों को गोद लेने के अधिकार को मान्यता प्रदान की।
  4. ब्रिटिश सरकार ने राजाओं, भू-स्वामियों और जमींदारों के प्रति उदार दृष्टिकोण अपनाया और इस प्रकार उनका समर्थन प्राप्त करने की नीति अपनायी।

प्रश्न 5.
1857 के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम की असफलता के कारण बताइए। (2010, 11, 15)
अथवा
सन् 1857 की क्रान्ति की असफलता के दो कारण बताइए। (2016)
अथवा
1857 के संग्राम की असफलता के कोई तीन कारण लिखिए। (2018)
उत्तर:
1857 के संग्राम की असफलता के प्रमुख कारण निम्नलिखित थे –

  1. 1857 की क्रान्ति निर्धारित तिथि से पूर्व प्रारम्भ कर दी गयी थी जिससे यह असफल हो गयी। मैलसन के अनुसार, “यदि यह क्रान्ति निश्चित समय पर प्रारम्भ होती तो इसे सफलता अवश्य मिलती।”
  2. 1857 की क्रान्ति की असफलता का अन्य कारण योग्य नेतृत्व का अभाव था। विद्रोही नेताओं में सैनिक कुशलता तथा संगठित होकर कार्य करने तथा क्रान्ति संचालन की क्षमता का अभाव था।
  3. 1857 की क्रान्ति के समय अधिकांश नरेशों ने क्रान्तिकारियों का साथ न देकर अंग्रेजों का ही साथ दिया। सर जॉन के मत में, “यदि समस्त भारतवासी पूर्ण उत्साह से अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध संगठित हो जाते तो अंग्रेज पूर्णतया नष्ट हो जाते।”
  4. क्रान्तिकारियों में वीरता तथा साहस की भावना का अभाव नहीं था परन्तु उनकी सैनिक शक्ति अत्यधिक निर्बल थी।
  5. अंग्रेज अधिकारी क्रान्तिकारियों का दमन आधुनिक हथियारों से करते थे परन्तु क्रान्तिकारियों के पास उनका सामना करने के लिए आधुनिक हथियारों का अभाव था।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का भारतीय इतिहास में क्या महत्व है ? समझाइए ? (2009)
उत्तर:
1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का महत्व

1857 की क्रान्ति का महत्व निम्नलिखित कारणों से है –

(1) हिन्दू-मुस्लिम एकता का प्रदर्शन-1857 की क्रान्ति का सर्वाधिक महत्व इस कारण है क्योंकि इस क्रान्ति में पहली बारी हिन्दू तथा मुसलमानों ने एकजुट होकर अंग्रेजों से संघर्ष किया था। इस क्रान्ति ने हिन्दू और मुसलमानों में प्रेम-भावना का विकास किया। नाना साहब तथा बहादुरशाह का संयुक्त मोर्चा इसका उदाहरण है। इस क्रान्ति ने यह सिद्ध कर दिया कि हिन्दू और मुसलमान एक-दूसरे के निकट आ सकते हैं।

(2) नवीन उत्साह की भावना का उदय-1857 की क्रान्ति से पूर्व भारतवासी अंग्रेजों को अजेय समझते थे, परन्तु इस क्रान्ति के पश्चात् उनका यह भ्रम टूट गया, क्योंकि अनेक स्थानों पर अंग्रेजों को भी भीषण पराजय का मुख देखना पड़ा था। भारतवासियों में यह आत्मविश्वास की भावना उत्पन्न हुई कि वे संगठित होकर अंग्रेजों से संघर्ष कर सकते हैं।

(3) क्रान्ति में किसानों का भाग लेना-1857 की क्रान्ति की प्रमुख विशेषता यह थी कि इससे पूर्व किसानों ने किसी भी राजनीतिक आन्दोलन तथा संघर्ष में भाग नहीं लिया था। परन्तु अंग्रेजों ने अपनी नीतियों से ग्रामीण जीवन में हस्तक्षेप कर अनेक प्रकार से शोषण करने का प्रयास किया था। परिणामस्वरूप किसानों में अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध जागरूकता आयी तथा उन्होंने भी सक्रिय होकर क्रान्ति को अपना पूर्ण सहयोग दिया।

(4) भारतीय राजाओं तथा नवाबों को आश्वासन-क्रान्ति के पश्चात् ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यवादियों ने यह अनुभव किया कि भारतीय राजाओं के साथ उन्हें अच्छे सम्बन्ध बनाने चाहिए, क्योंकि उनके सहयोग से ही भारत में ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य को सुदृढ़ किया जा सकता है। इस आधार पर ही महारानी विक्टोरिया ने घोषणा करके भारतीय राजाओं को आश्वासन दिया कि अब उनके राज्यों को नहीं हड़पा जायेगा। कम्पनी द्वारा की गयी सन्धियाँ पूर्ववत् ही चलेंगी तथा उनमें किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं किया जायेगा।

(5) संचार तथा यातायात साधनों का अपूर्व विकास-क्रान्ति से पूर्व भी संचार तथा यातायात के साधनों की स्थापना हो चुकी थी परन्तु वे सीमित अवस्था में थे जिससे कम्पनी के अधिकारी क्रान्ति दमन में उनका समुचित प्रयोग नहीं कर सके। अत: 1857 की क्रान्ति के पश्चात् अंग्रेजों ने भारत में तार, रेलों तथा डाक सेवाओं का जाल बिछा दिया।

(6) देशी राजाओं व सामन्तों की दुर्बलताओं पर प्रकाश पड़ना-1857 की क्रान्ति ने देशी राजाओं व सामन्त वर्ग की स्वार्थपरता, कायरता तथा परस्पर मतभेद की भावनाओं पर प्रकाश डाला। क्रान्ति के समय जब क्रान्तिकारी अंग्रेजों से संघर्ष कर अपने प्राणों का सौदा कर रहे थे, तो उसी समय कुछ देशी राजा तथा सामन्त अंग्रेजों को सहयोग दे रहे थे।

इस प्रकार लक्ष्य की एकता, साम्प्रदायिक सद्भाव एवं जन सहयोग की भावना के कारण 1857 ई. की घटनाएँ राष्ट्रीय स्वरूप की मानी जाती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
टिप्पणी लिखिए –
(क) तात्या टोपे (2009, 11, 14, 18)
(ख) रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (2009, 11, 14)
(ग) नाना साहब (2018)
(घ) हजरत महल।
अथवा
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के प्रमुख सेनानियों का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। (2009)
उत्तर:
(क) तात्या टोपे
तात्या टोपे, 1857 के उन वीर सेनानियों में से एक थे, जिनकी आरम्भिक निष्ठा पेशवा परिवार के प्रति . थी। तात्या टोपे अपनी देश भक्ति, वीरता, व्यूह रचना, शत्रु को चकमा देने की कुशलता, साधनहीनता की स्थिति में युद्ध जारी रखने का साहस, निर्भीकता और गुरिल्ला पद्धति से युद्ध के लिए जाने जाते हैं। पेशवा नाना साहब की ओर युद्ध का समस्त उत्तरदायित्व तात्या टोपे पर ही था।

झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के साथ ग्वालियर पर अधिकार करने में तात्या टोपे का बड़ा योगदान रहा। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की मृत्यु के पश्चात् तात्या टोपे ने निरन्तर गुरिल्ला युद्ध के माध्यम से मध्य भारत और बुन्देलखण्ड में अंग्रेजों को कड़ी टक्कर दी। अंग्रेजों ने तात्या टोपे को बन्दी बनाने के लिए कुटिलता और विश्वासघात की नीति का पालन किया। अन्ततः तात्या टोपे को आरौन (जिला गुना) के जंगल में विश्राम करते समय बन्दी बनाया गया। अंग्रेजों ने 18 अप्रैल, 1859 को तात्या को फाँसी दे दी।

(ख) रानी लक्ष्मीबाई
अंग्रेजों ने 1854 में झाँसी के राजा गंगाधर राव की मृत्यु के पश्चात् उनकी रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के दत्तक पुत्र को झाँसी की गद्दी का उत्तराधिकारी मानने से इन्कार कर दिया तथा झाँसी का अंग्रेजी साम्राज्य में विलय कर लिया। इसका विरोध करते हुए रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने ब्रिटिश सेना से जबरदस्त टक्कर ली। सर ह्यूरोज द्वारा पराजित होने पर वह कालपी आयीं व तात्या टोपे की मदद से ग्वालियर पर अधिकार किया। अंग्रेज सेनापति एरोज ने ग्वालियर आकर किले को घेर लिया। 17 जून, 1858 को झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई बड़ी वीरता से सैनिक वेश में संघर्ष करती हुई वीरगति को प्राप्त हुईं। उनकी वीरता की गाथाएँ आज भी देशवासियों को प्रेरित करती हैं।

(ग) नाना साहब
नाना साहब प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के महत्वपूर्ण नेता थे। नाना साहब भूतपूर्व पेशवा बाजीराव द्वितीय के दत्तक पुत्र थे और बिठूर में निवास करते थे। पेशवा की मृत्यु के उपरान्त लॉर्ड डलहौजी ने नाना साहब को पेंशन एवं उपाधि देने से वंचित कर दिया था। अत: नाना ने अपने विश्वासपात्र सैनिकों की सहायता से अंग्रेजों को कानपुर से निकाल दिया और स्वयं को पेशवा घोषित कर दिया। तात्या टोपे और अजीमुल्लाह नाना साहब के विश्वासपात्र सेनानायक थे।

(घ) हजरत महल
बेगम हजरत महल अवध के नवाब की विधवा थीं। संग्राम आरम्भ होने पर 4 जून, 1857 को अवध की बेगम ने संग्राम को प्रोत्साहन दिया और उसका संचालन किया। उन्होंने अपने युवा पुत्र विराजिस कादर को अवध का नवाब घोषित कर दिया तथा लखनऊ स्थिति ब्रिटिश रेजीडेन्सी पर आक्रमण किया। बेगम हजरत महल ने शाहजहाँपुर में भी संग्राम का नेतृत्व किया। पराजित होने के पश्चात् बेगम सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से नेपाल चली गयीं।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 अन्य परीक्षोपयोगी प्रश्न

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

बहु-विकल्पीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी की स्थापना हुई थी
(i) 1705 ई.
(ii) 1600 ई. में
(iii) 1800 ई.
(iv) 1830 ई में।
उत्तर:
(ii) 1600 ई. में

प्रश्न 2.
मंगल पाण्डे को फाँसी दी गयी –
(i) 8 अप्रैल, 1857
(ii) 5 अक्टूबर, 1856
(iii) 18 अप्रैल, 1860
(iv) 10 अक्टूबर. 1858
उत्तर:
(i) 8 अप्रैल, 1857

प्रश्न 3.
अंग्रेजों ने बहादुरशाह को बन्दी बनाकर भेजा
(i) ब्रिटेन
(ii) अफगानिस्तान
(iii) भूटान
(iv) रंगून (बर्मा)।
उत्तर:
(iv) रंगून (बर्मा)।

प्रश्न 4.
कानपुर में आन्दोलन शुरु किया था – (2018)
(i) रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने
(ii) तात्या टोपे ने
(iii) नाना साहब ने
(iv) बहादुरशाह ने।
उत्तर:
(iii) नाना साहब ने

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

  1. नाना साहब का निवास …………… में था।
  2. 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति में मध्य प्रदेश के दो नेताओं के नाम …………… थे।

उत्तर:

  1. बिठूर
  2. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई एवं झलकारी बाई।

सत्य/असत्य

प्रश्न 1.
1857 ई. की क्रान्ति के व्यापक प्रचार में मुख्यतया भारतीय सैनिकों की भूमिका रही।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 2.
1857 ई. की क्रान्ति का तात्कालिक कारण ‘हड़प नीति’ थी।
उत्तर:
असत्य

प्रश्न 3.
जन आन्दोलन तथा सामूहिक आन्दोलन 1857 ई. की ही क्रान्ति थी।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 4.
1857 ई. की क्रान्ति प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम थी।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 5.
1857 की क्रान्ति के प्रमुख केन्द्र बैरकपुर, मेरठ, दिल्ली, कानपुर, झाँसी आदि थे।
उत्तर:
सत्य।

जोड़ी मिलाइए
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 1857 का प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम 2
उत्तर

  1. → (ग)
  2. → (क)
  3. → (ख)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

  1. 1857 ई. के संग्राम के समय भारत के गवर्नर जनरल कौन थे ? (2010)
  2. 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति का तात्कालिक कारण क्या था ? (2015)
  3. 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति कब और कहाँ से प्रारम्भ हुई थी ?
  4. 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति की पूर्व निश्चित तिथि क्या थी ?
  5. 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति के क्या प्रतीक थे?

उत्तर:

  1. कैनिंग
  2. चर्बी लगे कारतूसों के प्रयोग के लिए सैनिकों को बाध्य करना
  3. 29 मार्च, 1857 में बैरकपुर छावनी से
  4. 31 मई, 1857
  5. कमल का फूल और रोटी।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हड़प नीति क्या थी ?
उत्तर:
इसे विलय नीति भी कहा जाता है। लार्ड डलहौजी द्वारा कम्पनी के अधीन देशी राज्यों के सन्तानहीन शासकों को गोद लेने के अधिकार से वंचित कर उनके राज्य को हड़प लेना ही हड़प नीति थी।

प्रश्न 2.
सहायक सन्धि व्यवस्था क्या थी ? इसको किसने लागू किया था ? (2017)
उत्तर:
भारत के गवर्नर जनरल वेलेजली द्वारा लागू व्यवस्था को सहायक सन्धि व्यवस्था कहा जाता है। इस व्यवस्था को जो भारतीय नरेश स्वीकार करते थे, उन्हें अंग्रेजों के संरक्षण में रहकर कार्य करना पड़ता था।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
1857 ई. की क्रान्ति के राजनीतिक कारण संक्षेप में बताइए। (2009)
उत्तर:
1857 ई. के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के राजनीतिक कारण निम्नलिखित थे –
(1) लार्ड डलहौजी की अपहरण (हड़प) नीति-इतिहासकारों के मत में 1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का प्रमुख राजनीतिक कारण लॉर्ड डलहौजी का अपहरण नीति थी। उसकी अपहरण नीति के परिणामस्वरूप अनेक रियासतें ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य का एक अंग बन गयी थीं। इन समस्त रियासतों के शासक लॉर्ड डलहौजी की नीतियों के कारण ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के प्रबल विरोधी हो गये।

(2) बहादुरशाह का अपमान तथा अन्याय-अंग्रेजों ने दिल्ली के मुगल शासक बहादरशाह के साथ अन्याय किया तथा उसे भेंट देना बन्द कर दिया। कम्पनी के नौकर भी बहादुरशाह का अपमान करते रहते थे।

(3) दोषपूर्ण प्रशासनिक नीतियाँ-अंग्रेजों ने महत्वपूर्ण प्रशासनिक पदों से यथासम्भव भारतीयों को दूर रखा। साथ-ही-साथ समान पर पर भी अंग्रेजों तथा भारतीय के वेतनों में पर्याप्त असमानता थी। पदोन्नति भारतीयों को देर से तथा कम मिलती थी, जबकि अंग्रेजों को शीघ्र तथा अधिक मिलती थी। इस प्रकार की भेद-भावना ने भारतवासियों के मन में ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के विरुद्ध असन्तोष को भावना उत्पन्न कर दी थी।

प्रश्न 2.
“लॉर्ड मैकाले की शिक्षा नीति 1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का मूल कारण नहीं थी परन्तु यह असन्तोष का गौण कारण अवश्य थी।” स्पष्ट कीजिए।
अथवा
लार्ड मैकाले की शिक्षा नीति पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
लॉर्ड मैकाले की शिक्षा नीति भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति एवं संस्कृति पर आक्रमण था। वह पूर्वाग्रहों से प्रेरित था और देशी भाषाओं में शिक्षा दिये जाने का विरोधी था। मैकाले अंग्रेजों को सबसे उच्च नस्ल एवं अंग्रेजी भाषा को सर्वोत्तम मानता था और इसीलिए उसने अंग्रेजी भाषा और पाश्चात्य ज्ञान-विज्ञान के अध्ययन को प्रोत्साहित किया। परन्तु इस समय मैकाले का उद्देश्य अंग्रेजी शिक्षा का ज्ञान देकर ब्रिटिश राज्य के हितों की रक्षा करना था और ऐसे व्यक्ति तैयार करना था जो अंग्रेजों को शासन में मदद कर सकें। मैकाले प्रजातीय अहंकार से परिपूर्ण था इसका उदाहरण यह है कि उनकी अनुशंसा पर सरकार ने प्राच्य भाषाओं की पुस्तकों के मुद्रण और अनुवाद पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया। प्राच्य भाषा के समर्थकों ने अंग्रेजी शिक्षा नीति को अपनी भाषा, परम्परा एवं संस्कृति पर आक्रमण मानकर इसका विरोध किया। यद्यपि यह कारण 1857 के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का मूल कारण नहीं था परन्तु यह असन्तोष का गौण कारण अवश्य था।

प्रश्न 3.
1857 ई. की क्रान्ति के लिए आर्थिक कारण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
आर्थिक कारण – अंग्रेजों के निरन्तर आर्थिक शोषण ने भारतीयों में असन्तोष की भावना उत्पन्न की। अंग्रेजों ने भारतीय व्यापार, वाणिज्य तथा उद्योग-धन्धों को तो आघात पहुँचाया ही, साथ ही अपनी भूमि-सम्बन्धी नीतियों से भारतीय किसानों को भुखमरी के कगार पर खड़ा कर दिया। जमींदारों के साथ अन्यायपूर्ण व्यवहार किया गया। उनके अनेक अधिकार छीन लिये गये। परिणामस्वरूप वे भी ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के विरुद्ध हो गये। कम्पनी की आर्थिक नीति ने भारतीय गृह-उद्योगों को पूर्णतया नष्ट कर दिया। देश के व्यापार पर भी अंग्रेजों ने पूर्णतया अपना अधिकार स्थापित कर भारतीय व्यापारियों को भी अपना विरोधी बना लिया था।

प्रश्न 4.
सन् 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति में मंगल पाण्डे की क्या भूमिका रही ?
उत्तर:
मंगल पाण्डे – मंगल पाण्डे एक सैनिक थे, जो बैरकपुर (बंगाल) स्थित छावनी में नियुक्त थे। 29 मार्च, 1857 को इस सैनिक ने चर्बी युक्त कारतूसों को मुँह से काटने से स्पष्ट मना कर दिया व क्रोध में आकर अंग्रेज अधिकारियों की हत्या कर दी। फलस्वरूप उन्हें बन्दी बनाकर 8 अप्रैल, 1857 को फाँसी दे दी गयी। मंगल पाण्डे का बलिदान इस विद्रोह की पहली आहुति थी।

प्रश्न 5.
बहादुरशाह जफर का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
बहादुरशाह जफर – बहादरशाह जफर मुगल साम्राज्य के अन्तिम बादशाह थे। 10 मई, 1857 ई. को मेरठ की सैन्य छावनी के सिपाहियों ने ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध संग्राम आरम्भ कर दिल्ली जीतकर सत्ता के नए प्रतीक के रूप में बहादुरशाह जफर को भारत का सम्राट घोषित कर दिया। वृद्धावस्था के बावजूद बहादुरशाह में व्याप्त भक्ति की भावना ने क्रान्तिकारियों में भी आशा का संचार किया। दिल्ली र्को समाचारों के कारण क्रान्ति का विस्तार अनक स्थानों पर हुआ। इससे घबराकर लॉर्ड कैनिंग ने दिल्ली से ही क्रान्ति दमन का निश्चय किया। बहादुरशाह ने वीरतापूर्वक अंग्रेजों से युद्ध किया किन्तु वह पराजित हुआ। अंग्रेजों ने बहादुरशाह को बन्दी बनाकर रंगून (बर्मा) भेज दिया जहाँ 1862 में बहादुरशाह जफर का निधन हो गया।

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MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 7 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सन् 1857 की क्रान्ति के क्या परिणाम हुए ? समझाइए। (2009)
उत्तर:
परिणाम-1857 का विद्रोह भारतीय इतिहास के एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना मानी जाती है। यह एक महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तनशील बिन्दु था। इसके बड़े दूरगामी परिणाम निकले। संक्षेप में, इस विद्रोह के प्रमुख परिणाम निम्नलिखित थे –

(1) कम्पनी राज्य समाप्त – विद्रोह के कारण ब्रिटिश सरकार ने कम्पनी के बार-बार विरोध करने के बावजूद कम्पनी के शासन का अन्त कर दिया। भारत के अच्छे शासन के लिए 1858 ई. में भारत शासन अधिनियम पारित हुआ और भारत का शासन सीधे ब्रिटिश क्राउन के हाथ में चला गया।

(2) भारतीय सेना का पुनर्गठन – विद्रोह के परिणामस्वरूप सेना का पुनर्गठन हुआ। भारतीय सैनिकों की संख्या घटा दी गयी। महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थानों पर अंग्रेजी सैनिक रखे गये। उच्च सैनिक पद भारतीयों के लिए बन्द कर दिए गए।

(3) प्रतिक्रियावादी तत्व सक्रिय – ब्रिटिश व्यापारिक नीति के फलस्वरूप देश के अधिकांश उद्योग-धन्धे नष्ट हो चुके थे। नयी शिक्षा-पद्धति के कारण बेरोजगारी की समस्या बढ़ने लगी। सरकारी नौकरी प्राप्त करने के लिए प्रतिस्पर्धा बढ़ी, जिससे नैतिक पतन तथा संघर्ष बढ़ा। इस प्रकार, समाज में अनेक प्रतिक्रियावादी तत्व सक्रिय हो गये।

(4) अंग्रेजों के प्रति कटुता – 1857 की क्रान्ति के परिणामस्वरूप अंग्रेजों तथा भारतीयों में पारस्परिक कटुता तथा घृणा की भावना इतनी बढ़ गयी कि वे एक-दूसरे के निकट सम्पर्क में नहीं आ सके। भारतीयों के बीच यह भावना घर कर गयी कि अंग्रेज उनका शोषण कर रहे हैं।

(5) भारतीयों को लाभ – इस क्रान्ति के अनेक दुष्परिणाम निकले, पर इससे भारतीयों को अनेक लाभ भी हुए। इसके बाद ब्रिटिश सरकार ने भारत की आन्तरिक दशा को सुधारने की ओर ध्यान दिया। क्रान्ति की विफलता से भारतीयों को अपनी भूल का एहसास हुआ। यह स्पष्ट हो गया कि कोई क्रान्ति राष्ट्रीयता के अभाव में सफल नहीं हो सकती। अतः 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति से भारतीयों को राष्ट्रीयता के आधार पर संगठित तथा एकमत होने की प्रेरणा मिली तथा इसी भावना के आधार पर राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन की पृष्ठभूमि तैयार की गयी।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम की प्रमुख घटनाओं पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम की प्रमुख घटनाएँ

क्रान्ति की प्रथम चिंगारी बैरकपुर (बंगाल) में प्रज्वलित हुई परन्तु क्रान्ति का प्रारम्भ 10 मई से माना जाता है क्योंकि क्रान्तिकारियों ने इसी घटना के बाद सुनियोजित रूप से ब्रिटिश सत्ता को चुनौती देने का कार्य आरम्भ किया।

दिल्ली की क्रान्ति का समाचार शीघ्र ही आग की भाँति चारों ओर फैल गया। अवध, कानपुर, रुहेलखण्ड, अलीगढ़, मथुरा, आगरा, बदायूँ, बिहार के अधिकांश भागों, राजस्थान की नसीराबाद सैनिक छावनी, कोटा, जोधपुर आदि नगरों तथा मध्य प्रदेश के इन्दौर, नीमच और ग्वालियर की सैनिक छावनियों में सैनिकों ने क्रान्ति आरम्भ कर दी। किसानों और दस्तकारों ने जो अत्याचार और शोषण का शिकार थे, संग्राम में खुलकर भाग लिया।

बिहार में क्रान्तिकारियों का नेतृत्व कुंवर सिंह ने किया। दिल्ली में क्रान्ति का नेतृत्व मुगल बादशाह के सेनापति बख्त खाँ ने किया। कानपुर में क्रान्तिकारियों ने नाना साहब को पेशवा घोषित किया और अजीमुल्ला उसका मुख्य सलाहकार बना। नाना साहब के सैनिकों का नेतृत्व तात्या टोपे ने किया। झाँसी में दिवंगत राजा की विधवा रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने सैनिकों का नेतृत्व किया।

सम्पूर्ण क्रान्ति के दौरान हिन्दू और मुसलमान कन्धे से कन्धा मिलाकर लड़े। अंग्रेजों ने हिन्दुओं और मुसलमानो को एक-दूसरे के विरुद्ध उकसाने के अनेक प्रयास किए, परन्तु ऐसे सारे प्रयास व्यर्थ सिद्ध हुए।

संग्राम का स्वरूप इतना व्यापक होने के उपरान्त भी एक वर्ष से कुछ अधिक समय बाद ही इसे कुचल दिया गया। सितम्बर 1857 में अंग्रेजों ने दिल्ली पर पुनः अधिकार कर लिया। 1858 में लखनऊ पर ब्रिटिश सैनिकों का कब्जा हो गया, किन्तु बेगम हजरत महल ने समर्पण करने से मना कर दिया। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने तात्या टोपे की मदद से ग्वालियर पर अधिकार कर लिया परन्तु अन्तत: 17 जून, 1858 में लड़ते हुए वह वीरगति को प्राप्त हुईं। अप्रैल 1858 में गम्भीर रूप से घायल होने के बाद कुँवर सिंह की मृत्यु हो गयी। तात्या टोपे राजस्थान और मध्य प्रदेश में अंग्रेजों से गुरिल्ला युद्ध पद्धति से संघर्ष करते रहे। तात्या टोपे को धोखे से अंग्रेजों द्वारा बन्दी बनाकर शिवपुरी में फाँसी दे दी गयी।

1857 का संग्राम अंग्रेजों द्वारा कुचल दिया गया परन्तु अंग्रेजों को सैनिकों के साथ-साथ नागरिकों के विरोध का भी सामना करना पड़ा था। अत: अंग्रेजी फौजों ने संग्राम के दमन के लिए गाँव के गाँव जला दिये तथा लोगों को भयभीत करने के लिए सार्वजनिक स्थलों पर बन्दियों को फाँसी देने की व्यवस्था की। इतिहासकारों का मत है कि इस संग्राम में लगभग तीन लाख नागरिक मारे गए।

प्रश्न 3.
सन् 1857 की क्रान्ति के कारणों का वर्णन कीजिए। (2016)
अथवा
1857 के प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के उत्तरदायी चार कारण लिखिए। (2012)
उत्तर:
1857 में ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध सबसे बड़ा सशस्त्र विद्रोह हुआ जिसने ब्रिटिश शासन की नींव को हिला दिया। इस विद्रोह के प्रमुख कारण निम्नलिखित थे –
(1) राजनीतिक कारण-इस विद्रोह के अधिकांश राजनीतिक कारणों के लिए लॉर्ड डलहौजी उत्तरदायी था। उसकी उग्र-साम्राज्यवादी नीति तथा छोटे-छोटे राज्यों को हड़पने के विभिन्न सिद्धान्तों ने भारतीय राजपरिवारों में घोर असन्तोष उत्पन्न कर दिया था।

(2) सामाजिक कारण-अंग्रेजों द्वारा सती-प्रथा पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाकर, धर्म-परिवर्तन को प्रोत्साहित करके, परम्परागत उत्तराधिकार के नियम में संशोधन करके भारतीयों की सामाजिक, धार्मिक भावनाओं को ठेस पहुँचाई गयी। इसने भी 1857 ई. की क्रान्ति लाने में सहयोग दिया।

(3) आर्थिक कारण-1857 के विद्रोह में राजनीतिक कारणों की तरह ही आर्थिक कारण भी प्रबल थे। अंग्रेजों की नीति ने भारतीय किसानों को उजाड़ दिया, शिल्पकारों व दस्तकारों को बेकार बना दिया, व्यापारियों को चौपट कर दिया तथा जमींदारियाँ समाप्त कर दीं। भारत का धन बाहर जाने लगा और इस तरह शासन के खिलाफ व्यापक आर्थिक असन्तोष उत्पन्न कर दिया।

(4) सैनिक कारण-कम्पनी के सैनिकों में भारतीय सैनिकों की संख्या दो लाख तेतीस हजार थी, जबकि ब्रिटिश सैनिक केवल 35 हजार थे। इस प्रकार भारतीय सैनिक ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के स्तम्भ थे, परन्तु वेतन-भत्ते ब्रिटिश सैनिकों से कम थे। अंग्रेज अधिकारी भारतीय सैनिकों के साथ बहुत बुरा व्यवहार करते थे।

(5) तात्कालिक कारण-इस समय सरकार ने ‘एनफील्ड रायफल’ नामक एकनली बन्दूक सेना के व्यवहार के लिए चालू की। इसके कारतूसों में सूअर तथा गाय की चर्बी होती थी। इससे भारतीय सैनिकों ने अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ विद्रोह कर दिया।

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 पाठान्त अभ्यास

Students can also download MP Board 10th Model Papers to help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सा कारक मृदा के निर्माण में सहयोगी नहीं है ? (2009, 16)
(i) वायु और जल,
(ii) सड़े-गले पेड़-पौधे तथा जीव-जन्तु,
(iii) शैल और तापमान,
(iv) पानी का इकट्ठा होना।
उत्तर:
(iv) पानी का इकट्ठा होना।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 2.
आन्ध्र प्रदेश और उड़ीसा के डेल्टा क्षेत्रों तथा गंगा के मैदानों में सामान्यतः कौन-सी मिट्टी पाई जाती (2017)
(i) लाल मिट्टी
(ii) जलोढ़ मिट्टी
(iii) काली मिट्टी
(iv) लेटेराइट मिट्टी।
उत्तर:
(ii) जलोढ़ मिट्टी

MP Board 10th Maths Solution

प्रश्न 3.
मृदा संरक्षण के लिए समोच्च रेखा बन्ध बनाने की विधि प्रायः किस क्षेत्र में उपयोग में लायी जाती है?
(i) डेल्टा प्रदेश
(ii) पठारी प्रदेश
(iii) पहाड़ी क्षेत्र
(iv) मैदानी क्षेत्र।
उत्तर:
(i) डेल्टा प्रदेश

प्रश्न 4.
मानव सर्वाधिक उपयोग करता है
(i) भौम जल
(ii) महासागरीय जल
(ii) पृष्ठीय जल,
(iv) वायुमण्डलीय जल।
उत्तर:
(iii)

प्रश्न 5.
केवलादेव घाना पक्षी विहार स्थित है (2009)
(i) केरल में
(ii) राजस्थान में
(iii) पश्चिम बंगाल में,
(iv) मध्य प्रदेश में।
उत्तर:
(ii)

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

  1. संयुक्त वन प्रबन्धन व्यवस्था में ………… का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। (2015, 17)
  2. सामाजिक वानिकी योजना को ………… से वित्तीय सहायता प्राप्त हो रही है। (2014)
  3. वन अग्नि नियन्त्रण परियोजना ………… के सहयोग से संचालित है। (2016, 18)
  4. वन्य जीवों की सुरक्षा एवं संरक्षण हेतु ………. एवं ………….. की स्थापना की गई है।

उत्तर:

  1. वन सुरक्षा समितियों
  2. विश्व बैंक
  3. यू. एन. डी. पी.
  4. राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों, वन्य जीव अभयारण्यों।

सही जोड़ी मिलाइए
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I 1

उत्तर:

  1. → (क)
  2. → (ग)
  3. → (ख)
  4. → (ङ)
  5. → (घ)

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
मृदा अपरदन से क्या तात्पर्य है ? (2014, 18)
उत्तर:
बहते हुए जल, हवा तथा जीव-जन्तुओं व मानव की क्रियाओं द्वारा भू-पटल के ऊपरी उपजाऊ मिट्टी की परत के कट जाने, बह जाने और उड़कर अन्यत्र रूपान्तरित हो जाने को मिट्टी का कटाव या मृदा अपरदन कहा जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
मृदा संरक्षण से आप क्या समझते हैं ? (2015)
उत्तर:
मिट्टी के अपरदन या क्षय को रोकना ही मृदा का संरक्षण है। बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या के कारण प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का बड़े पैमाने पर विनाश हुआ है। इसलिए मृदा संरक्षण द्वारा विनाश रोकना आवश्यक है।

प्रश्न 3.
भौम जल पाने के स्रोत क्या हैं ? (2017)
उत्तर:
इसे कुओं व ट्यूबवेलों के द्वारा धरातल पर लाया जाता है तथा मानवीय उपयोग के अतिरिक्त कृषि भूमि की सिंचाई, बागवानी, उद्योग आदि के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 4.
संशोधित वन नीति 1988 का मुख्य आधार क्या है ?
उत्तर:
7 दिसम्बर, 1988 को नवीन वन नीति घोषित की गई जिसके मुख्य आधार निम्न हैं –

  1. पर्यावरण में स्थिरता लाना
  2. जीव-जन्तुओं व वनस्पति जैसी प्राकृतिक धरोहर की सुरक्षा करना
  3. लोगों की बुनियादी जरूरतें पूरी करना।

प्रश्न 5.
सामाजिक वानिकी योजना की सफलता का आधार क्या है ?
उत्तर:
सामाजिक वानिकी योजना की सफलता के आधार निम्नलिखित हैं –

  1. वन कानूनों को प्रभावी ढंग से लागू करके हरे-भरे वृक्षों को काटने पर रोक लगाना।
  2. हिमालय क्षेत्र में वृक्षों की कटाई को रोकने एवं पशुओं की मुक्त चराई पर उचित रोकथाम की व्यवस्था करना।

प्रश्न 6.
भारतीय वन प्रबन्धन संस्थान की स्थापना क्यों की गई है ?
उत्तर:
वन संसाधन व प्रबन्धन व्यवसाय की नवीन बातों की जानकारी देने हेतु 1978 में स्वीडिश कम्पनी की सहायता से अहमदाबाद में इस संस्थान की स्थापना की गई। केन्द्र सरकार ने भोपाल में भी भारतीय वन प्रबन्ध संस्थान की स्थापना की है। यहाँ स्नातकोत्तर व डॉक्टरेट की उपाधि प्रदान की जाती है।

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका से क्या तात्पर्य है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मृदा की क्रमिक क्षैतिज परतों, विन्यास और उनकी स्थितियों को दिखाने वाली ऊर्ध्व काट को मृदा परिच्छेदिका कहते हैं। इस प्रकार मृदा के परतों के विन्यास को मृदा परिच्छेदिका कहते हैं-
(i) ऊपरी परत को ऊपरी मृदा
(ii) दूसरी परत को उप मृदा
(iii) तीसरी परत को अपक्षयित मूल चट्टानी पदार्थ, तथा
(iv) चौथी परत में मूल चट्टानें होती हैं। ऊपरी परत की ऊपरी मृदा ही वास्तविक मृदा की परत है। इसकी सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता इसमें ह्यूमस तथा जैव पदार्थों का पाया जाना है। दूसरी परत में उपमृदा होती है, जिसमें चट्टानों के टुकड़े, बालू, गाद और चिकनी मिट्टी होती है, तीसरी परत में अपक्षयित मूल चट्टानी पदार्थ तथा चौथी परत में मूल चट्टानी पदार्थ होते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
मानव जीवन में मृदा का क्या महत्व है ? समझाइए। (2017)
उत्तर:
मानव जीवन में मृदा का अत्यधिक महत्व है, विशेषकर किसानों के लिए। सम्पूर्ण मानव जीवन मृदा पर निर्भर करता है। सम्पूर्ण प्राणी जगत का भोजन प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप में मृदा से प्राप्त होता है। हमारे वस्त्रों के निर्माण में प्रयुक्त कपास, रेशम, जूट व ऊन प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप से हमें मृदा से ही मिलते हैं; जैसे-भेड़, मृदा पर उगी घास खाती है और हमें ऊन देती है। रेशम के कीड़े वनस्पति पर निर्भर हैं और वनस्पति मृदा पर उगती है। भारत में लाखों घर मिट्टी के बने हुए हैं। हमारा पशुपालन उद्योग, कृषि और वनोद्योग मृदा पर आधारित हैं। इस प्रकार मृदा हमारे जीवन का प्रमुख आधार है।. विलकॉक्स ने मृदा के विषय में कहा है कि, “मानव-सभ्यता का इतिहास मृदा का इतिहास है और प्रत्येक व्यक्ति की शिक्षा मृदा से ही प्रारम्भ होती है।”

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
लाल मिट्टी एवं लैटेराइट मिट्टी में अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
लाल मिट्टी

  1. यह मिट्टी शुष्क और तर जलवायु में प्राचीन रवेदार और परिवर्तित चट्टानों की टूट-फूट से बनती है।
  2. यह मिट्टी लाल, पीली एवं चाकलेटी रंग की होती है। इस मिट्टी में लोहा, ऐल्युमिनियम और चूना अधिक होता है। यह मिट्टी अत्यन्त रन्ध्रयुक्त है।
  3. यह मिट्टी उत्तर प्रदेश के बुन्देलखण्ड से लेकर दक्षिण के प्रायद्वीप तक पायी जाती है। यह मध्य प्रदेश, झारखण्ड, पश्चिम बंगाल, मेघालय, नगालैण्ड, उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान, तमिलनाडु तथा महाराष्ट्र में मिलती है।
  4. इस मिट्टी में बाजरा की फसल अच्छी पैदा होती है, किन्तु गहरे लाल रंग की मिट्टी कपास, गेहूँ, दालें और मोटे अनाज के लिए उपयुक्त है।

लैटेराइट मिट्टी

  1. इस मिट्टी का निर्माण ऐसे भागों में हुआ है, जहाँ शुष्क व तर मौसम बारी-बारी से होता है। यह लैटेराइट चट्टानों की टूट-फूट से बनती है।
  2. यह मिट्टी चौरस उच्च भूमियों पर मिलती है। इसमें वनस्पति का अंश पर्याप्त होता है। गहरी लेटेराइट मिट्टी में लोहा, ऑक्साइड और पोटाश की मात्रा अधिक होती है।
  3. यह तमिलनाडु के पहाड़ी भागों और निचले क्षेत्रों, कर्नाटक के कुर्ग जिले, केरल राज्य के चौड़े समुद्री तट, महाराष्ट्र के रत्नागिरि जिले, पश्चिम बंगाल के बेसाइट और ग्रेनाइट पहाड़ियों के बीच तथा उड़ीसा के पठार के ऊपरी भागों में मिलती है।
  4. यह मिट्टी चावल, कपास, गेहूँ, दाल, मोटे अनाज, सिनकोना, चाय, कहवा आदि फसलों के लिए उपयोगी है।

प्रश्न 4.
जल संरक्षण के प्रमुख उपाय क्या हैं ?
उत्तर:
जल एक मूल्यवान सम्पदा है। इससे हमारी मूलभूत आवश्यकताएँ पूर्ण होती हैं। पृथ्वी पर जीवन का आधार जल ही है। जल संसाधनों की सीमित आपूर्ति तेजी से बढ़ती हुई माँग और इनकी असमान उपलब्धता के कारण इनका संरक्षण आवश्यक है। इसके प्रमुख उपाय निम्न प्रकार हैं –

  1. वर्षा जल संग्रहण तथा इसके अपवाह को रोकना।
  2. छोटे-बड़े सभी नदी जल संभरों का वैज्ञानिक प्रबन्ध करना।
  3. जल को प्रदूषण से बचाना।

प्रश्न 5.
वर्षा जल का संग्रहण क्यों जरूरी है ? (2018)
उत्तर:
वर्षा जल संग्रहण का आशय है कि वर्षा के जल का उसी स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाए जहाँ यह भूमि पर गिरता है। जल का प्रथम स्रोत वर्षा ही है। पानी के अन्य विभिन्न स्रोतों; जैसे-कुँओं, नल-कूपों, तालाबों, झरनों का मुख्य आधार वर्षा ही है। इसके प्रमुख लाभ निम्न हैं –

  1. इसे साफ करके स्थानीय लोगों की जल उपयोग की आवश्यकता को पूरा किया जा सकता है।
  2. इसे वर्षा के कम होने या न होने के समय खेतों की सिंचाई करने के लिए भी उपयोग में लाया जा सकता है।
  3. इस ढंग से जल संग्रहण के परिणामस्वरूप आस-पास के भागों में बाढ़ की भी स्थिति नहीं रहती।
  4. इस जल का एक लाभ यह भी होता है कि धरातल के नीचे पानी का स्तर ऊँचा रहता है जिसे कुँओं और ट्यूबवेलों द्वारा बाहर निकाल कर प्रयोग में लाया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.
वनों का संरक्षण क्यों आवश्यक है ? (2017)
उत्तर:
वन प्रकृति की अमूल्य देन हैं। यह महत्वपूर्ण प्राकृतिक संसाधन है। ऐसा अनुमान है कि प्रारम्भ में पृथ्वी का एक चौथाई भाग (25 प्रतिशत) वनों से ढका हुआ था, किन्तु मानव विकास के साथ खेती, आवास तथा कल-कारखानों के लिए भूमि प्राप्त करने हेतु वनों की बड़े पैमाने पर कटाई कर दी गई। फलस्वरूप अब पृथ्वी के केवल 15 प्रतिशत भाग पर ही वन पाये जाते हैं। वनों की इस कमी के कारण भू-अपरदन, अनावृष्टि, बाढ़ आदि समस्याएँ आज मानव के समक्ष आ खड़ी हुई हैं। अत: वनों का संरक्षण आवश्यक है।

प्रश्न 7.
वन आधारित उद्योगों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
वन हमारे उद्योग-धन्धों की आधारशिला हैं। ये उद्योगों को कच्चा माल प्रदान करते हैं। अनेक उद्योग-धन्धे प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से वनों पर निर्भर हैं। वनों पर निम्न उद्योग-धन्धे निर्भर हैं-वनों से प्राप्त लकड़ी, घास, सनोवर तथा बाँस से कागज उद्योग; चीड़, स्पूस तथा सफेद सनोवर से दियासलाई उद्योग; लाख से लाख उद्योग; मोम से मोम उद्योग; महुआ की छालें व बबूल से गोंद; चमड़ा उद्योग; चन्दन, तारपीन और केवड़ा से तेल उद्योग; जड़ी-बूटियों से औषधि उद्योग विकसित हुए हैं। इसके अलावा वनों से प्राप्त वस्तुओं; जैसे-तेंदूपत्ता, बेंत, शहद, मोम आदि से लघु उद्योगों का विकास हुआ है।

प्रश्न 8.
वन जलवायु को कैसे नियन्त्रित करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
वन जलवायु को प्रभावित करते हैं। वन ठण्डी वायु के प्रवाह को रोकते हैं, गरम व तेज हवाओं के प्रवाह को कम करते हैं। इससे वन क्षेत्र की जलवायु समशीतोष्ण बनी रहती है। साथ ही वनों को वर्षा का संचालक कहा जाता है। वन बादलों को अपनी ओर आकर्षित करते हैं जिससे वर्षा होती है। इस प्रकार वन जलवायु को नियन्त्रित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
दिसम्बर, 1988 की वन नीति की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
7 दिसम्बर, 1988 को घोषित वन नीति की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्न प्रकार हैं –

  1. वनों की उत्पादकता बढ़ाने पर ध्यान दिया जाए।
  2. पहाड़ी, घाटियों व नदियों के जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों में वन बढ़ाए जाएँ।
  3. जंगलों पर आदिवासियों और निर्धनों के पारस्परिक अधिकार बरकरार रखे जाएँ।
  4. ग्रामीण व आदिवासी इलाकों के लोगों को ईंधन, चारा, छोटी इमारती लकड़ी की पूर्ति पर ध्यान दिया जाए।
  5. ग्रामीण और कुटीर उद्योगों को छोड़कर वन पर आधारित उद्योगों को अनुमति न दी जाए।
  6. उद्योगों को रियायती दर पर वन उत्पाद प्राप्त करने पर रोक लगायी जाए।
  7. वर्तमान वनों को कटाई से बचाया जाए और पर्यावरण सन्तुलन बनाये रखा जाए।

प्रश्न 10.
सामाजिक वानिकी योजना क्या है ? (2018)
उत्तर:
सामाजिक वानिकी योजना-वृक्षारोपण की यह योजना विश्व बैंक से वित्तीय सहायता प्राप्त है। इसमें चक वानिकी, विस्तार वानिकी एवं शहरी वानिकी के अन्तर्गत खेतों, सड़कों, रेल लाइन के किनारे वृक्षारोपण किया गया है।

‘हर बच्चे के लिए एक पेड़’ स्कूलों व कॉलेजों में यह नारा विकसित किया गया है। वन महोत्सव का प्रचार-प्रसार कर फार्म वृक्षारोपण, सड़कों, नहरों एवं रेल लाइनों के किनारे वृक्षारोपण कर जनभागीदारी को बढ़ावा दिया जाना आवश्यक है। वन कानूनों को प्रभावी ढंग से लागू करके हरे-भरे वृक्षों को काटने पर रोक लगाई गई है। हिमालय क्षेत्र में वृक्षों की कटाई को रोकने एवं पशुओं की मुक्त चराई पर उचित रोकथाम की व्यवस्था की गई है।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत में मिट्टियों के विभिन्न प्रकार, उनकी विशेषताएँ एवं वितरण को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
भारत में मिट्टियों का वर्गीकरण
(1) जलोढ़ मिट्टी-यह अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण मिट्टी है। भारत के काफी बड़े क्षेत्रों में यही मिट्टी पायी जाती है। इसके अन्तर्गत 40 प्रतिशत भाग सम्मिलित हैं। वास्तव में सम्पूर्ण उत्तरी मैदान में यही मिट्टी पायी जाती है। यह मिट्टी हिमालय से निकलने वाली तीन बड़ी नदियों-सतलुज, गंगा तथा ब्रह्मपुत्र और उनकी सहायक नदियों द्वारा बहाकर लायी गयी है और उत्तरी मैदान में जमा की गयी है। हजारों वर्षों तक सैकड़ों किलोमीटर की दूरी तय करते हुए नदियों ने अपने मुहानों पर मिट्टी के बहुत बारीक कणों को जमा किया है। मिट्टी के इन बारीक कणों को जलोढ़क कहते हैं। जलोढ़ मिट्टियाँ सामान्यतः सबसे अधिक उपजाऊ होती हैं।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. इस मिट्टी में विभिन्न मात्रा में रेत, गाद तथा मृत्तिका (चौक मिट्टी) मिली होती है।
  2. यह मिट्टी संबसे अधिक उपजाऊ होती है।
  3. इस मृदा में साधारणतया पोटाश, फॉस्फोरिक अम्ल तथा चूना पर्याप्त मात्रा में होता है।
  4. इसमें नाइट्रोजन तथा जैविक पदार्थों की कमी होती है।
  5. इसमें कुएँ खोदना और नहरें निकालना सरल होता है, अत: यह कृषि के लिए बहुत ही उपयोगी है।

(2) काली मिट्टी – इस मिट्टी का रंग काला है। अतः इसे काली मिट्टी कहते हैं। इस मिट्टी का निर्माण लावा के प्रवाह से हुआ है। इस मिट्टी में मैग्मा के अंश, लोहा व ऐलुमिनियम की प्रधानता पायी जाती है। इस मिट्टी में नमी बनाये रखने की अद्भुत क्षमता होती है। इस मिट्टी का स्थानीय नाम ‘रेगड़’ है।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. काली मिट्टी का निर्माण बहुत ही महीन मृत्तिका (चीका) के पदार्थों से हुआ है।
  2. इसकी अधिक समय तक नमी धारण करने की क्षमता प्रसिद्ध है।
  3. इसमें मिट्टी के पोषक तत्व पर्याप्त मात्रा में पाये जाते हैं। कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट, मैग्नीशियम कार्बोनेट, पोटाश और चूना इसके मुख्य पोषक तत्व हैं।
  4. यह मिट्टी कपास की फसल के लिए बहुत उपयुक्त है। अत: इसे कपास वाली मिट्टी भी कहा जाता है।

(3) लाल मिट्टी – यह मिट्टी लाल, पीली, भूरी आदि विभिन्न रंगों की होती है। यह कम उपजाऊ मिट्टी है। इस प्रकार की मिट्टी अधिकतर प्रायद्वीपीय भारत में पायी जाती है। इस मिट्टी में फॉस्फोरिक अम्ल, नाइट्रोजन तथा जैविक पदार्थों की कमी होती है।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. यह मिट्टी लाल, पीले या भूरे रंग की होती है। इस मिट्टी में लोहे के अंश अधिक होने के कारण उसके ऑक्साइड में बदलने से इसका रंग लाल हो जाता है।
  2. इसका विकास प्राचीन क्रिस्टलीय शैलों से हुआ है।
  3. गहरे निम्न भू-भागों में यह दोमट है तथा उच्च भूमियों पर यह असंगठित कंकड़ों के समान है।
  4. लाल मिट्टी में फॉस्फोरिक अम्ल, जैविक पदार्थों तथा नाइट्रोजन पदार्थों की कमी होती है।

(4) लैटेराइट मिट्टी – यह कम उपजाऊ मिट्टी है। यह घास और झाड़ियों के पैदा होने के लिए उपयुक्त है। प्रायद्वीपीय पठार के पूर्वी भाग में तमिलनाडु के कुछ भाग, उड़ीसा तथा उत्तर में छोटा नागपुर के कुछ भागों में इस मिट्टी का विस्तार पाया जाता है। मेघालय में भी लेटेराइट मिट्टी मिलती है।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. यह मिट्टी लेटेराइट चट्टानों की टूट-फूट से बनती है।
  2. इसमें चूना, फॉस्फोरस और पोटाश कम मिलता है, किन्तु वनस्पति का अंश पर्याप्त होता है।
  3. यह मिट्टी चावल, कपास, गेहूँ, दाल, मोटे अनाज, सिनकोना, चाय, कहवा आदि फसलों के लिए उपयोगी है।

(5) मरुस्थलीय मिट्टी – यह मिट्टी दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून द्वारा कच्छ के रन की ओर से उड़कर भारत के पश्चिमी शुष्क प्रदेश में जमा हुई है। इस प्रकार की मिट्टी शुष्क प्रदेशों में विशेषकर पश्चिमी राजस्थान, गुजरात, दक्षिणी पंजाब, दक्षिणी हरियाणा और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश में मिलती है।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. यह मिट्टी दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून द्वारा कच्छ के रन की ओर से उड़कर भारत के पश्चिमी शुष्क प्रदेश में जमा हुई है।
  2. यह बालू प्रधान मिट्टी है जिसमें बालू के कण मोटे होते हैं।
  3. इसमें खनिज नमक अधिक मात्रा में पाया जाता है।
  4. इसमें नमी कम रहती है तथा वनस्पति के अंश भी कम ही पाये जाते हैं, किन्तु सिंचाई करने पर यह उपजाऊ हो जाती है।
  5. सिंचाई की सुविधा उपलब्ध न होने पर यह बंजर पड़ी रहती है।
  6. इस मिट्टी में गेहूँ, गन्ना, कपास, ज्वार, बाजरा, सब्जियाँ आदि पैदा की जाती हैं।

(6) पर्वतीय मिट्टी – यह मिट्टी हिमालयी पर्वत श्रेणियों पर पायी जाती है। यह मिट्टी कश्मीर, उत्तर प्रदेश के पर्वतीय भाग के अतिरिक्त असम, पश्चिम बंगाल, कांगड़ा आदि में भी पायी जाती है।

विशेषताएँ –

  1. यह मिट्टी पतली, दलदली और छिद्रमयी होती है।
  2. नदियों की घाटियों और पहाड़ी ढालों पर यह अधिक गहरी होती है।
  3. यह मिट्टी चावल, गेहूँ व आलू की फसल के लिए उपयुक्त है। कहीं-कहीं चाय की खेती भी की जाती है। .

प्रश्न 2.
मृदा अपरदन के कारण तथा संरक्षण के प्रमुख तरीकों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मृदा अपरदन के कारण
मृदा अपरदन के प्रमुख कारण अग्र प्रकार हैं –
(1) वनों का नाश-कृषि के लिये भूमि का विस्तार करने तथा जलाने व इमारती लकड़ी की बढ़ती हुई माँग को पूरा करने के लिए पिछले वर्षों से वनों का विनाश हो रहा है। फलतः पानी को नियन्त्रित करने की शक्ति घटी है और भूमि का कटाव बढ़ गया है।

(2) अत्यधिक पशु चारण-पशु चारण पर नियन्त्रण न रखने से भी जंगलों की घास काट ली जाती है अथवा जानवरों द्वारा चर ली जाती है। इससे भूमि की ऊपरी परत हट जाती है और भूमि कटाव होने लगता है।

(3) आदिवासियों द्वारा झूमिंग कृषि करना-हमारे देश में अनेक स्थानों पर आदिवासी जंगलों को साफ करके खेती करते हैं। फिर उस भूमि को छोड़कर दूसरे स्थानों पर चले जाते हैं जिससे पहले वाली भूमि पर कटाव की समस्या उत्पन्न हो जाती है।

(4) पवन अपरदन-इस तरह का कटाव वनस्पति का आवरण हटने से होता है। भू-गर्भ में पानी की सतह से अत्यधिक नीचे चले जाने से भी वायु अपरदन होता है।

(5) भारी वर्षा-मिट्टी का कटाव भारी वर्षा से होता है, क्योंकि मिट्टी कटकर बह जाती है। वास्तव में पानी से होने वाला कटाव तीन तरह से होता है-पहला परत का कटाव फिर नाली का कटाव और अन्त में बाढ़ का कटाव।

मृदा संरक्षण
बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या के कारण प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का बड़े पैमाने पर विनाश हुआ है। अनेक प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के नष्ट होने का खतरा पैदा हो गया है। इसलिए मृदा संरक्षण द्वारा विनाश रोकना आवश्यक है। मृदा संरक्षण के लिए निम्न उपाय किये जा सकते हैं –

  1. मिट्टी की उर्वरता बनाये रखने के लिए वैज्ञानिक तरीकों को अपनाना।
  2. मिट्टी की उर्वरता को बनाये रखने के लिए रासायनिक उर्वरकों के साथ-साथ जैविक खादों को भी प्रयोग में लाना।
  3. वृक्ष लगाकर मृदा अपरदन को रोकना।
  4. नदियों पर बाँध बनाकर जल के तीव्र प्रवाह को रोककर भूमि के कटावों को रोकना।
  5. पर्वतीय भागों में सीढ़ीनुमा खेत बनाना।
  6. खेतों की ऊँची मेंड़ बनाना।
  7. ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में चारागाहों का विकास करना।

प्रश्न 3.
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका का नामांकित चित्र बनाइए।
उत्तर:
मृदा-परिच्छेदिका का नामांकित चित्र –
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I 2

प्रश्न 4.
जल संसाधन के प्रमुख स्रोत क्या हैं ? जल संसाधन का मानव जीवन में क्या महत्व है? (2011)
उत्तर:
जल संसाधन के प्रमुख स्त्रोत
जल के चार प्रमुख स्रोत हैं –
(1) पृष्ठीय जल
(2) भौम जल
(3) वायुमण्डलीय जल
(4) महासागरीय जल।

(1) पृष्ठीय जल – नदियों, झीलों व छोटे-बड़े जलाशयों का जल पृष्ठीय जल कहलाता है। पृष्ठीय जल के प्रमुख स्रोत नदियाँ, झीलें, तालाब आदि हैं। भारत में कुल पृष्ठीय जल का लगभग 60 प्रतिशत भाग तीन प्रमुख नदियों-सिन्ध, गंगा और ब्रह्मपुत्र में से होकर बहता है। भारत की प्रमुख नदियों व झीलों का विवरण निम्न प्रकार है –

भारत की प्रमुख नदियाँ व प्रमुख झीलें
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I 3

(2) भौम जल-वर्षा के जल का कुछ भाग भूमि द्वारा सोख लिया जाता है। इसका 60 प्रतिशत भाग ही मिट्टी की ऊपरी सतह तक पहुँचता है। कृषि व वनस्पति उत्पादन में इसका महत्वपूर्ण योगदान होता है। शेष सोखा हुआ जल धरातल के नीचे अभेद्य चट्टानों तक पहुँचकर एकत्र हो जाता है। इसे कुँओं व ट्यूबवेलों के द्वारा धरातल पर लाया जाता है तथा मानवीय उपयोग के अतिरिक्त कृषि भूमि की सिंचाई, बागवानी, उद्योग आदि के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। देश में भौम जल का वितरण बहत असमान है। समतल मैदानी भाग भौम जल की मात्रा अधिक है। जबकि दक्षिण भारत में भौम जल की कमी पाई जाती है।

(3) वायुमण्डलीय जल-यह वाष्प रूप में होता है। अतः इसका उपयोग नहीं हो पाता है।

(4) महासागरीय जल-देश के पश्चिम, पूर्व व दक्षिण में क्रमशः अरब सागर, बंगाल की खाड़ी और हिन्द महासागर है। इस जल का उपयोग मुख्यत: जल परिवहन और मत्स्योद्योग में होता है।

जल संसाधन का महत्व
मानव शरीर के लिए जल अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। इस आवश्यकता की पूर्ति के लिए जल का उपयोग पीने के पानी के लिए किया जाता है। जीवन जीने के लिए भोजन एक आवश्यक अनिवार्यता है। भोजन की प्राप्ति कृषि उपज एवं वनस्पति द्वारा होती है। कृषि हेतु जल आवश्यक है। विद्युत शक्ति उत्पादन के लिए जल एक सस्ता एवं महत्वपूर्ण साधन है। परिवहन साधनों एवं औद्योगिक आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति आदि में भी इसकी उपयोगिता महत्वपूर्ण है। इस प्रकार जल का महत्व जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में विकास के प्रत्येक आयामों में है। अतः जल ही. जीवन है। यह एक महत्वपूर्ण प्राकृतिक संसाधन है।

प्रश्न 5.
जल संरक्षण क्यों आवश्यक है ? इसके उपायों का वर्णन कीजिए। (2009, 16)
उत्तर:
जल संरक्षण क्यों आवश्यक
जल संसाधन सम्बन्धी अनेक प्रकार की समस्याएँ हैं जिनका सम्बन्ध संसाधन की उपलब्धता, उपयोग,गुणवत्ता तथा प्रबन्धन से है। स्वतन्त्रता के समय सिंचाई व उद्योगों के लिए जल पर्याप्त रूप से उपलब्ध था परन्तु अब जनसंख्या वृद्धि के कारण हर क्षेत्र में कमी हो रही है। गर्मियों में जल संसाधन का अभाव प्रायः सम्पूर्ण दक्षिण भारत में होता है, जबकि वर्षा ऋतु में जल की कमी नहीं पाई जाती। जिन प्रदेशों में नलकूपों से सिंचाई होती है वहाँ विद्युत प्रदाय की स्थिति पर जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता निर्भर है। इन कारणों से जल संसाधनों का विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग, संरक्षण और प्रबन्धन आवश्यक हो गया है।
जल संरक्षण के उपाय – लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न 4 का उत्तर देखें।

प्रश्न 6.
वनों से होने वाले प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष लाभ कौन-कौनसे हैं ? वर्णन कीजिए। (2009, 13, 16)
अथवा
“वन भारत के लिए वरदान हैं।” सत्यापित कीजिए।
अथवा
वनों से होने वाले छः प्रत्यक्ष लाभ लिखिए। (2012)
उत्तर:
वनों का महत्व
डॉ. पी. एच. चटरवक के अनुसार, “वन राष्ट्रीय सम्पत्ति हैं और सभ्यता के लिए इनकी नितान्त आवश्यकता है। ये केवल लकड़ी ही प्रदान नहीं करते, बल्कि कई प्रकार के कच्चे माल, पशुओं के लिए चारा तथा राज्य के लिए आय भी उत्पन्न करते हैं। इसके परोक्ष लाभ तो और भी अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हैं।”

भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के सन्दर्भ में वनों के महत्व को दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –
I. प्रत्यक्ष लाभ
II. अप्रत्यक्ष लाभ।

I. वनों से प्रत्यक्ष लाभ

  1. लकड़ी की प्राप्ति-वनों से प्राप्त लकड़ी एक महत्वपूर्ण ईंधन है। वृक्षों से सागौन, साल, देवदार, चीड़, शीशम, आबनूस, चन्दन आदि की लकड़ी प्राप्त होती है।
  2. गौण पदार्थों की प्राप्ति-वनों से अनेक प्रकार के गौण पदार्थ प्राप्त होते हैं, जिनमें बाँस, बेंत, लाख, राल, शहद, गोंद, चमड़ा रंगने के पदार्थ तथा जड़ी-बूटियाँ प्रमुख हैं।
  3. आधारभूत उद्योगों के लिए सामग्री-वनों से प्राप्त लकड़ी, घास, सनोवर तथा बाँस से कागज उद्योग; चीड़, स्यूस तथा सफेद सनोवर से दियासलाई उद्योग; लाख से लाख उद्योग; मोम से मोम उद्योग; महुआ की छालें व बबूल से गोंद; चमड़ा उद्योग, चन्दन, तारपीन और केवड़ा से तेल उद्योग; जड़ी-बूटियों से औषधि उद्योग विकसित हुए हैं।
  4. चारागाह-वन क्षेत्र जानवरों के लिए उत्तम चारागाह स्थल हैं। वनों से जानवरों के लिए घास व पत्तियाँ मिलती हैं।
  5. रोजगार-वनों पर 7.8 करोड़ व्यक्तियों की आजीविका आश्रित है। वनों से जो कच्चे पदार्थ मिलते हैं उनसे बहुत से उद्योग चल रहे हैं और करोड़ों व्यक्तियों को रोजगार मिला हुआ है।
  6. राजस्व की प्राप्ति-सरकार को वनों से राजस्व व रॉयल्टी के रूप में करोड़ों रुपये की प्राप्ति होती
  7. विदेशी मुद्रा का अर्जन-वनों से प्राप्त लाख, तारपीन का तेल, चन्दन का तेल, लकड़ी से निर्मित कलात्मक वस्तुओं का निर्यात करने से विदेशी मुद्रा की प्राप्ति होती है।

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II. वनों से अप्रत्यक्ष लाभ
जे. एस. कॉलिन्स के अनुसार, “वृक्ष पर्वतों को थामे रहते हैं। वे तूफानी वर्षा को दबाते हैं। नदियों को अनुशासन में रखते हैं, झरनों को बनाये रखते हैं और पक्षियों का पोषण करते हैं।” वनों के अप्रत्यक्ष लाभ निम्न प्रकार हैं –

  1. जलवायु को सम बनाये रखना-वन जलवायु को मृदुल बनाते हैं। वन गर्मी और सर्दी की तीव्रता को कम करने में सहायक होते हैं।
  2. वर्षा में सहायक-वनों की नमी से उन पर से गुजरने वाले बादल नमी प्राप्त करके वर्षा कर देते हैं।
  3. बाढ़ों से रक्षा-वन पानी के वेग को कम कर देते हैं, बाढ़ के पानी को सोख लेते हैं। बाढ़ का पानी वन क्षेत्रों में फैलकर धीरे-धीरे नदियों में जाता है। इससे बाढ़ नियन्त्रण होता है।
  4. रेगिस्तान के प्रसार पर नियन्त्रण-सरदार पटेल ने कहा था कि, “यदि रेगिस्तान के बढ़ते हुए प्रसार को रोकना है और मानव सभ्यता की रक्षा करनी है तो वन सम्पदा के क्षय को अवश्य रोकना होगा।” अत: वन मरुस्थलों के विस्तार को पूरी तरह रोके रखते हैं।
  5. भूमि के कटाव को रोकते हैं-वनों के कारण मृदा की ऊपरी सतह नहीं बह पाती है। इससे मृदा के पोषक तत्वों में कमी नहीं होती एवं उपजाऊ बनी रहती है।
  6. उर्वरा शक्ति में वृद्धि-वनों द्वारा भूमि की उर्वरता में अत्यधिक वृद्धि होती है, क्योंकि वृक्षों कीपत्तियाँ, घास व पेड़-पौधे, झाड़ियाँ आदि भूमि पर गिरकर व सड़कर ह्यूमस रूप में भूमि की उर्वरा शक्ति को बढ़ाते हैं।
  7. प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्य-वनों से देश के प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्य में वृद्धि होती है। वे देशी व विदेशी पर्यटकों को आकर्षित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
सरकार द्वारा वन संरक्षण के लिए किये गये प्रयासों का वर्णन कीजिए। (2014)
उत्तर:
सरकार द्वारा वन संरक्षण के प्रयास भारत में ब्रिटिश सरकार ने 1894 में वन नीति अपनायी थी, जिसके अनुसार वनों की देखरेख एवं विकास हेतु हर राज्य में वन विभाग की स्थापना की गई। इस नीति के दो मुख्य उद्देश्य थे-राजस्व प्राप्ति और वनों का संरक्षण।

स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात् सरकार द्वारा निम्न प्रयास किए गए –

I. सरकार ने 1950 में एक केन्द्रीय वन बोर्ड की स्थापना की। वनों के सम्बन्ध में नवीन नीति बनाई गई। इसकी चार प्रमुख बातें थीं –

  1. वनों के क्षेत्रफल को बढ़ाकर 33.3 प्रतिशत करना
  2. नये वनों को लगाना
  3. वनों को सुरक्षित करना
  4. वनों के सम्बन्ध में अनुसन्धान करना।

II.7 दिसम्बर, 1988 को नवीन वन नीति घोषित की गई, जिसके प्रमुख उद्देश्य थे –

  1. पर्यावरण में स्थिरता लाना
  2. जीव-जन्तुओं व वनस्पति जैसी प्राकृतिक धरोहर की सुरक्षा करना
  3. लोगों की बुनियादी आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करना।

III. वर्ष 1988 की घोषित राष्ट्रीय वन नीति को क्रियाशील बनाने के लिए 1999 में एक 20-वर्षीय राष्ट्रीय वानिकी कार्य योजना लागू की गई। वन विकास हेतु निम्न कार्य किये जा रहे हैं –

  1. केन्द्रीय वन आयोग की स्थापना-केन्द्र सरकार ने 1965 में केन्द्रीय वन आयोग की स्थापना की। इसका कार्य आँकड़े व सूचनाएँ एकत्रित करना, तकनीकी सूचनाओं को प्रसारित करना, बाजारों का अध्ययन करना और वन विकास में लगी संस्थाओं के कार्यों को समन्वित करना है।
  2. भारतीय वन सर्वेक्षण संगठन-वनों में क्या-क्या वस्तुएँ उपलब्ध हैं उनका पता लगाने हेतु 1971 में इस संगठन की स्थापना की गई।
  3. वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान की स्थापना-देहरादून में वनों से प्राप्त वस्तुओं तथा वनों के सम्बन्ध में अनुसन्धान एवं शिक्षा देने के लिए इस संस्था को स्थापित किया गया। इसके चार क्षेत्रीय केन्द्र-बंगलुरू, कोयम्बटूर, जबलपुर और बू!हट हैं।
  4. क्राफ्ट कला प्रशिक्षण केन्द्र की स्थापना-राज्य सरकार के वन अधिकारियों एवं कर्मचारियों को लकड़ी काटने का प्रशिक्षण देने के लिए 1965 में देहरादून में क्राफ्ट कला प्रशिक्षण केन्द्र स्थापित किया गया।
  5. भारतीय वन प्रबन्ध संस्थान की स्थापना-वन संसाधन व प्रबन्धन व्यवसाय की नवीन बातों की जानकारी देने हेतु 1978 में स्वीडिश कम्पनी की सहायता से अहमदाबाद में इस संस्थान की स्थापना की गयी है। केन्द्र सरकार ने मध्य प्रदेश के भोपाल में भारतीय वन प्रबन्ध संस्थान की स्थापना की है।
  6. वन महोत्सव-वनों के क्षेत्रफल को बढ़ाने व जनता में वृक्षारोपण की प्रवृत्ति पैदा करने के लिए भारत के तत्कालीन कृषि मन्त्री के. एम. मुन्शी ने 1950 में वन महोत्सव “अधिक वृक्ष लगाओ आन्दोलन” प्रारम्भ किया। प्रतिवर्ष देश में 1 से 7 जुलाई तक वन महोत्सव कार्यक्रम मनाया जाता है।
  7. सामाजिक वानिकी-लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न 10 का उत्तर देखें।
  8. वन अग्नि नियन्त्रण परियोजना-देश में वनों में आग लगने के कारणों का पता लगाने तथा रोकथाम के लिए चन्द्रपुर (महाराष्ट्र) एवं हल्द्वानी, नैनीताल (उत्तराखण्ड) में यू. एन. डी. पी. के सहयोग से एक आधुनिक वन अग्नि नियन्त्रण परियोजना शुरू की गई जो देश के 10 राज्यों में चलाई जा रही है।
  9. संयुक्त वन प्रबन्ध-देश के राज्यों में संयुक्त वन प्रबन्धन व्यवस्था को अपनाया गया है। इसके अन्तर्गत 70 लाख हेक्टेयर क्षेत्र के नष्ट हुए वनों के विकास हेतु 35,000 ग्रामीण वन सुरक्षा समितियों की स्थापना की गई है।
  10. वन संरक्षण अधिनियम-1980 में भारत सरकार ने वन संरक्षण अधिनियम पारित करके किसी भी वनभूमि को सरकार की अनुमति के बिना कृषि भूमि में परिवर्तित नहीं करने का प्रावधान निश्चित किया है। सरकार ने वनों को चार वर्गों में बाँटा है – (i) सुरक्षित वन, (ii) राष्ट्रीय वन, (iii) ग्राम्य वन, (iv) वृक्ष समूह। प्रबन्धन की दृष्टि से वनों के तीन वर्ग हैं आरक्षित वन 52 प्रतिशत, सुरक्षित वन 32 प्रतिशत, अवर्गीकृत वन 16 प्रतिशत।

प्रश्न 8.
वन्य प्राणी संरक्षण क्यों आवश्यक है ? वन्य प्राणी संरक्षण के उपाय बताइए। (2011, 15)
उत्तर:
वन्य प्राणी का संरक्षण क्यों आवश्यक है ?
वनों के साथ-साथ वन्य जीव भी मानव के लिए महत्वपूर्ण संसाधन हैं। वन्य जीवों से माँस, खाल, हाथी-दाँत आदि प्राप्त होते हैं। वन के साथ-साथ मानव ने वन्य प्राणियों का भी बेदर्दी से विनाश किया है। इससे वन्य जीवों का अस्तित्व ही खतरे में पड़ गया है। बाघ, सिंह, हाथी, गैंडे आदि की संख्या में निरन्तर कमी आ रही है। आने वाले कुछ ही वर्षों में वन्य प्राणियों की कुछ प्रजातियाँ पूर्णतः लुप्त हो जाने का खतरा है। इस प्राकृतिक धरोहर को भावी पीढ़ियों तक ज्यों-का-त्यों पहुँचाना प्रत्येक नागरिक का धर्म और कर्त्तव्य है। इसलिए वन्य जीव-जन्तुओं को उनके मूल प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में पनपने देने के लिए वन्य जीवों का संरक्षण अनिवार्य है।

वन्य प्राणी संरक्षण के उपाय

वन्य प्राणियों के संरक्षण हेतु निम्नलिखित प्रयास किये जा सकते हैं –

  1. वन्य जीवों के प्राकृतिक आवासों को बिना हानि पहुँचाए नियन्त्रित करना।
  2. वन्य जीवों के शिकार पर पूर्णतः प्रतिबन्ध लगाना।
  3. वन्य क्षेत्रों में जैवमण्डल रिजर्व की स्थापना करना।
  4. लुप्त हो रहे जीवों का पुनर्विस्थापन के लिए राष्ट्रीय पार्क, अभयारण्यों की स्थापना करना।
  5. वन्य जीव प्रबन्धन की योजनाओं को ईमानदारी से लागू करना।
  6. वन्य जीवों के प्रति लोगों की मानसिकता में परिवर्तन हेतु शिक्षा एवं जागरूकता का विकास करना।

MP Board Solutions

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 अन्य परीक्षोपयोगी प्रश्न

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

बहु-विकल्पीय

प्रश्न 1.
वन संसाधन की प्रमुख समस्या है –
(i) मछली पालन
(ii) रेगिस्तान का विस्तार
(iii) वनों में लगने वाली आग
(iv) आदिवासी गतिविधियाँ
उत्तर:
(iii)

प्रश्न 2.
पश्चिमी घाट प्रदेश में किस प्रकार की मिट्टी पाई जाती है ?
(i) जलोढ़ मिट्टी
(ii) काली मिट्टी
(iii) लैटेराइट मिट्टी
(iv) लाल मिट्टी।
उत्तर:
(ii)

प्रश्न 3.
किसी पौधे या पेड़ की अनुपस्थिति में मृदा की कौन-सी परत बड़ी पतली होती है ?
(i) ऊपरी परत
(ii) अपमृदा
(iii) अपक्षयित शैल,
(iv) आधारी शैल।
उत्तर:
(i)

प्रश्न 4.
भारत का प्रथम राष्ट्रीय उद्यान है –
(i) कार्बेट राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
(ii) गिर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
(iii) कंचनजंगा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान,
(iv) माधव राष्ट्रीय उद्यान।
उत्तर:
(i)

प्रश्न 5.
इसे टाइगर राज्य के रूप में जाना जाता है
(i) राजस्थान
(ii) मध्य प्रदेश
(iii) उत्तराखण्ड
(iv) असम।
उत्तर:
(iv)

प्रश्न 6.
वन महोत्सव के जन्मदाता हैं –
(i) महात्मा गांधी
(ii) पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू
(iii) के. एम. मुंशी
(iv) आचार्य विनोबा भावे।
उत्तर:
(iii)

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति

  1. ‘हर बच्चे के लिए एक पेड़’ ……………. में यह नारा विकसित किया गया है।
  2. केन्द्र सरकार ने वर्ष ……….. में केन्द्रीय वन आयोग की स्थापना की। (2009)
  3. पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी को ………… कहते हैं।

उत्तर:

  1. स्कूलों, कॉलेजों
  2. 1965
  3. बाँगर।

सत्य/असत्य

प्रश्न 1.
वे सभी पदार्थ जो मानव भी आवश्कताओं की पूर्ति में सहायक हैं, संसाधन कहे जाते हैं।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 2.
सन् 1965 में के. एम. मुंशी ने वन महोत्सव’ प्रारम्भ किया। (2009)
उत्तर:
असत्य

प्रश्न 3.
अब पृथ्वी के केवल 25 प्रतिशत भाग पर ही वन पाये जाते हैं।
उत्तर:
असत्य

प्रश्न 4.
भारत में वन सम्पदा देश के भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का 20.64 प्रतिशत है।
उत्तर:
सत्य

प्रश्न 5.
भारतीय वन सर्वेक्षण संगठन की स्थापना 1971 में की गई।
उत्तर:
सत्य

जोड़ी मिलाइए
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I 4
उत्तर:

  1. → (ख)
  2. → (क)
  3. → (घ)
  4. → (ग)

एक शब्द/वाक्य में उत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
पेड़-पौधों और जीव-जन्तुओं के सड़े-गले अवशेषों को क्या कहते हैं ? (2010)
उत्तर:
ह्यूमस

प्रश्न 2.
नवीन जलोढ़क का स्थानीय नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
खादर

प्रश्न 3.
रेगड़ या कपास वाली मिट्टी को क्या कहते हैं ?
उत्तर:
काली मिट्टी

प्रश्न 4.
डेल्टाई भागों में सामान्यतः कौन-सी मिट्टी पायी जाती है ? (2010)
उत्तर:
जलोढ़ मिट्टी

प्रश्न 5.
नवीन वन नीति कब घोषित की गई ?
उत्तर:
7 दिसम्बर, 1988,

प्रश्न 6.
क्राफ्ट कला प्रशिक्षण केन्द्र की स्थापना कब और कहाँ की गई ?
उत्तर:
1965 में देहरादून

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
केन्द्रीय वन आयोग क्या है ?
उत्तर:
केन्द्र सरकार ने 1965 में केन्द्रीय वन आयोग की स्थापना की। इसका कार्य आँकड़े व सूचनाएँ एकत्रित करना, तकनीकी सूचनाओं को प्रसारित करना, बाजारों का अध्ययन करना और वन विकास में लगी संस्थाओं के कार्यों को समन्वित करना है।

प्रश्न 2.
भौम जल क्या है ?
उत्तर:
धरातल के नीचे मिट्टी के छिद्रों, दरारों एवं तल शैलों में जो जल भरा होता है, उसे भौम जल कहते हैं। भौम जल का स्रोत वर्षा है।

प्रश्न 3.
बाँगर क्या है ?
उत्तर:
पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी को बाँगर कहते हैं। यह नदियों द्वारा निर्मित प्राचीन मिट्टी है। ऊँचे भागों में पाये जाने वाली यह मिट्टी उन क्षेत्रों में मिलती है जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का जल नहीं पहुँच पाता। बाँगर स्लेटी रंग की चिकनी मिट्टी होती है। यह कम उपजाऊ होती है। इसमें प्रायः कंकड़ (कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट) पाये जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
भारत में पाई जाने वाली मिट्टियों के नाम लिखिए। (2015)
उत्तर:
भारत में पाई जाने वाली मिट्टियाँ हैं –

  1. जलोढ़ मिट्टी
  2. काली या रेगड़ मिट्टी
  3. लाल मिट्टी
  4. लैटेराइट मिट्टी
  5. मरुस्थलीय मिट्टी
  6. पर्वतीय मिट्टी।

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संसाधन से क्या आशय है ? इनका हमारे जीवन में क्या महत्व है ?
उत्तर:
कोई वस्तु या तत्व तभी संसाधन कहलाता है जब उससे मानव की किसी आवश्यकता की पूर्ति होती है; जैसे-जलं एक संसाधन है क्योंकि इससे मनुष्यों व अन्य जीवों की प्यास बुझती है, खेतों में फसलों की सिंचाई होती है और यह स्वच्छता प्रदान करने, भोजन पकाने आदि कार्यों में हमारे लिए आवश्यक होता है। इसी प्रकार, वे सभी पदार्थ जो मानव की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति में सहायक हैं, संसाधन कहलाते हैं।
महत्व – संसाधन मानव जीवन को सुखद व सरल बनाते हैं। आदिकाल में मानव पूर्णतः प्रकृति पर निर्भर था। धीरे-धीरे मानव ने अपने बुद्धि-कौशल से प्रकृति के तत्वों का अपनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हेतु अधिकाधिक उपयोग किया। आज विश्व के वे राष्ट्र अधिक उन्नत व सम्पन्न माने जाते हैं जिनके पास अधिक संसाधन हैं। आज संसाधन की उपलब्धता हमारी प्रगति का सूचक बन गई है। इसीलिए संसाधनों का हमारे जीवन में बड़ा महत्व है।

प्रश्न 2.
पुन आधार पर संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
पुनः पूर्ति के आधार पर संसाधन – पुनः पूर्ति के आधार पर संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण निम्न प्रकार किया जा सकता है –

  1. योग्य संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिनका उपयोग होने पर भी उनके गुणों को बनाये रखा जा सकता है; जैसे-खाद के उपयोग द्वारा कृषि भूमि को कृषि योग्य बनाये रखना।
  2. पुनः आपूर्तिहीन संसाधन-वे संसाधन जो एक बार उपयोग होने के बाद समाप्त हो जाते हैं; यथा-पेट्रोल, कोयला आदि।
  3. बारम्बार प्रयोग वाले संसाधन-वे संसाधन जिनका उपयोग एक बार होने के बाद भी आवश्यक संशोधन के साथ पुन: उपयोग में लिया जाता है; जैसे-धात्विक खनिज, लोहा, ताँबा आदि।
  4. सनातन प्राकृतिक संसाधन-इस प्रकार के संसाधन जो उपयोग होने पर भी नष्ट नहीं होते; जैसे-सौर ऊर्जा, महासागर इत्यादि।

MP Board Solutions

प्रश्न 3.
जलोढ़ एवं काली मिट्टी में अन्तर बताइए।
उत्तर:
जलोढ़ एवं काली मिट्टी में अन्तर

जलोढ़ मिट्टी

  1. इस मिट्टी का रंग हल्का भूरा होता है।
  2. नदियों द्वारा बहाकर लायी गयी मिट्टी को जलोढ़ मृदा कहते हैं।
  3. यह देश की भूमि के 40 प्रतिशत भाग में फैली हुई है। दक्षिण भारत में महानदी, गोदावरी, कृष्णा, कावेरी नदियों व आन्ध्र प्रदेश में यह मिट्टी पायी जाती है।
  4. इस मिट्टी में ह्यूमस तथा चूने का अंश अधिक होती है।

काली मिट्टी

  1. यह मिट्टी काले रंग की होती है।
  2. काली मिट्टी का निर्माण ज्वालामुखी उद्गार से निकले लावा द्वारा होता है।
  3. यह देश की भूमि के 18.5 प्रतिशत भाग में फैली हुई है। यह मुख्यतः महाराष्ट्र, मध्य प्रदेश, गुजरात, आन्ध्र प्रदेश और कर्नाटक में पायी जाती है।
  4. इसमें मैग्मा के अंश, लोहा व ऐलुमिनियम की प्रधानता पायी जाती है।

प्रश्न 4.
पृष्ठीय जल तथा भौम जल में अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
पृष्ठीय जल तथा भौम जल में अन्तर

पृष्ठीय जल

  1. वर्षा का जल जो धरातल पर प्रवाहित रहता है या धरातल पर ठहरा रहता है पृष्ठीय जल कहलाता है।
  2. नदी, झील, तालाब का जल धरातलीय जल से आता है।
  3. पृष्ठीय जल आसानी से उपलब्ध हो जाता है।
  4. जहाँ पृष्ठीय जल-सम्पदा की मात्रा विपुल है उन क्षेत्रों में औद्योगिक विकास सम्भव है।

भौम जल

  1. वर्षा का जो जल पारगम्य चट्टानों में से भूमिगत हो जाता है, भौम जल कहलाता है।
  2. कुंआ, झरना आदि का जल भूमिगत जल से आता है।
  3. भौम जल, कुँआ अथवा ट्यूबवेल खोदकर निकाला जाता है।
  4. भौम जल का उपयोग कृषि, घरेलू कार्यों व उद्योगों में होता है। इससे ऊर्जा का निर्माण नहीं किया जाता।

MP Board Class 10th Social Science Chapter 1 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत के रेखा मानचित्र में निम्न को दर्शाइए –

  1. काँप मिट्टी
  2. काली मिट्टी
  3. लाल मिट्टी
  4. लैटेराइट मिट्टी
  5. शुष्क व मरुस्थलीय मिट्टी
  6. वन व पर्वतीय मिट्टी
  7. दलदली मिट्टी
  8. लवणयुक्त मिट्टी।

उत्तर:
MP Board Class 10th Social Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 भारत के संसाधन I 5