Bhagya

P Board Class 9th General English Important Extracts from Prose

1. (Lesson 5)

Days passed and, as ill-luck would have it, Algu Chowdhary found himself in a tight spot. One of his fine pair of bullocks died, and he sold the other to Samjhu Sahu, a cart driver of the village. The understanding was that Sahu would pay the price of the bullock in a month’s time. It so happened that the bullock died within a month.

Several months after the bullock’s death, Algu reminded Sahu of the money he hadn’t yet paid. Sahu got very annoyed, “I can’t pay you a penny for the wretched beast you sold me. He brought us nothing but ruin. I have a bullock. Use it for a month and then return it to me. No money for the dead bullock,” he said angrily.

Questions:
(a) What was the condition of Algu Chowdhary?
(b) What did he do with the other bullock?
(c) What happened after a month?
(d) What did Samjhu say when Algu demanded money for the bullock?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means ‘a couple’.
Answer:
(a) Algu Chowdhary was in a tight condition.
(b) He sold the other bullock to Samjhu Sahu.
(c) After a month the bullock died.
(d) Samjhu Sahu refused to pay the price. He said that Algu can use his bullock for a month.
(e) a pair.

2. (Lesson 6)

Since advertisements are making a great impact in all walks of our lives, care should be taken to ensure that they are not allowed to degenerate into cheap publicity. A democratic country like India gives every citizen and organization the freedom of expression. In a way, advertisers also avail themselves of this freedom and publicise their products, ideas, programs, without any fear of legal action or punishments. But we should never forget that freedom is not licenced.

Questions:
(a) What are advertisements doing in our lives?
(b) What care should be taken?
(c) What liberty do the citizens enjoy in a democratic country?
(d) What should we not forget?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means—‘the powerful effect of something. ’
Answers:
(a) Advertisements are making a great impact in all walks of our lives.
(b) Care should be taken to ensure that they are not allowed to degenerate into cheap publicity.
(c) In a democratic country citizens enjoy the freedom of expression.
(d) We should not forget that freedom is not licence.
(e) Impact.

3. (Lesson 10)

One day, when Akbar and Birbal were in discussion. Birbal happened to pass a harmless comment about Akbar’s sense of humor. But Emperor Akbar was in a foul mood and took great offence to this remark. He asked Birbal, his court jester, friend and confidant to not only leave the palace but also to leave the walls of the city of Agra. Birbal was terribly hurt at being banished.

A couple of days later, Akbar began to miss his best friend. He regretted his earlier decision of banishing him from the courts. He just could not do without Birbal and so sent out a search party to look for him.

Questions:
(a) How did Akbar take the harmless comment?
(b) What punishment did Akbar give Birbal?
(c) What happened after a couple of days?
(d) What did Akbar do to correct his action?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means—‘one who makes others laugh.’
Answers:
(a) Akbar took the harmless comment of Birbal as a great offence.
(b) Akbar ordered Birbal to leave not only the palace but also to leave the walls of the city of Agra.
(c) After a couple of days Akbar began to miss his best friend.
(d) He sent a search party for him.
(e) Jester.

4. (Lesson 12)

In a firm voice the mother said, “What is this, my son? I had thought of my son as a great hero. I was 1 thinking that the British Government would shiver at the very mention of his name. I never thought that my son would be afraid of death. If you can die only in this way, weeping, why did you take up such activities?”

The officials were astounded at the firmness of the mother. The freedom fighter replied, “Mother, dear, these are not tears of fear—the fear of death. These are tears of joy-joy at beholding so brave a mother!”

Questions:
(a) From which lesson this extract has been taken?
(b) What did the mother think about the mention of her son’s name?
(c) What was the reaction of the officials on hearing the words of the mother?
(d) What explanation did the freedom fighter give about his tears?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means—‘very much surprised.’
Answers:
(a) The extract has been taken from the lesson Ram Prasad‘Bismil’.
(b) His mother thought that the British government will shiver hearing .her son’s name.
(c) The officials were astounded hearing the words of his mother.
(d) Bismil said that those tears were not tears of fear of death but they were tears of joy-joy at beholding so brave a mother.
(e) Astounded.

5. (Lesson 13)

When the king reached near the cottage he was surprised to see a broken hut where someone was singing merrily. Out of curiosity, the king peeped into the hut through a crack. He saw a weeping old man in a comer. There was a woman who seemed to be a widow as her head was shaven, was dancing and a young man who appeared to be in mourning was singing. The servant was, then, asked to peep inside by the king. The servant was of the opinion that it was these people’s idea of fun, and they should not intrude there. But the king was bent upon an explanation so he called out to the owner of the house.

Questions:
(a) From which lesson this extract has been taken?
(b) What did the king see when he reached near the cottage?
(c) What was the old man doing?
(d) What was the opinion of the servant?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means the same as ‘to disturb’.
Answers:
(a) The extract has been taken from the lesson ‘King Vikramaditya in Disguise’.
(b) The king saw a broken hut in which someone was singing merrily.
(c) The old man was weeping.
(d) The servant was of the opinion that it was those people’s idea of fun and they should not intrude there.
(e) Intrade.

6. (Lesson 17)

Without a moment’s hesitation, Cheemi jumped through the window. Chhotu was sleeping soundly. Picking him up, Cheemi put him on her back and tied him tight to herself with a bedsheet.

Slowly she climbed up the ladder and peeped through the window. Carefully she undid the bedsheet and handed it, with the child to a policeman. Then she crawled out of the window. Both Cheemi and Chhotu were taken to the second floor where Parvati Kaki, Gauri Bhabhi and others were watching. Chhotu, who woke up by now, saw so many people around him and burst out crying.

Questions:
(a) From which lesson the above extract has been taken?
(b) How did Cheemi took the child to take him away?
(c) Where were Cheemi and Chhotu taken?
(d) What was the reaction of Chhotu when he woke up?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means short, quick look taken secretly or glance.
Answers:
(a) The extract has been taken from the lesson “Cheemi the Brave Girl”.
(b) Cheemi put him on her back and tied him tight to herself with a bedsheet.
(c) Cheemi and Chhotu were taken to the second floor.
(d) Chhotu burst up crying when he saw so many people around him.
(e) peep.

7. (Lesson 18)

Hawking in the streets has, of late, become a-little too much. It seems impossible to concentrate on any study or writing at home, particularly if one’s window looks over a street. Even if one retires to the back of the house one may not be saved since the hawker seems to set the pitch of his voice on the basis that you should be searched out and pierced through and through even if you are hiding in the innermost recess of the house. At the moment I am writing this I see and hear two plantain sellers coming on each other ’s heels, almost trying to bark each other out of existence.

Questions (A)
(a) Which kind of noise has increased of late?
(b) What is its result?
(c) How can one not be saved from noise of hawkers even if one retires to the back of the house?
(d) What does the writer see at the time of writing this article?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means, “to give all your attention to something.”
Answers:
(a) Hawker’s noise has increased of late.
(b) The result is that it seems impossible to concentrate on any study or writing at home.
(c) Even if one retires to the back of the house one may not be saved since the hawker seems to pitch his voice to a high degree.
(d) He sees two plantain sellers coming on each other’s heels at the time when he is writing this article.
(e) Concentrate.

(B) Someone noted recently that present-day babies are peculiarly loud throated. They look elegant and sweet, no doubt, but the moment they open their mouths they set out a shattering volume of sound. School teachers do their best from the beginning by ordering every few seconds in the classroom, ‘silence, silence’. But it does not appear to have any effect on children. They remain the noisiest creatures on the earth. I think there will be an all-round benefit if a period of absolute ‘Silence’ is introduced in every class time table with a prize at the end of the year for the softest spoken person in the school.

Questions:
(a) From which lesson has the extract been taken?
(b) What has been noted recently by someone?
(c) What do we find when babies open their mouth?
(d) What is the suggestion by the author about silence in a school?
(e) Find out a word from the extract that means—‘graceful and attractive’.
Answers:
(a) The extract has been taken from the lesson ‘Noise’.
(b) Someone has noted recently that present day babies are loud throated.
(c) When babies open their mouth they set out a shattering volume of sound.
(d) The author ’s suggestion is that there should be introduced a period of absolute ‘silence’ in every class time table with a prize at the end of the year for the softest spoken person in the school.
(e) elegant.

MP Board Class 9th English Solutions

MP Board Class 10th General English Grammar Translation

Continuous Tenses

(1) Present Continuous Tense
Structure-am/is/are + veb + ing + object etc.

(A) Affirmative Sentences

(i) मैं खाना खा रहा हूँ।
I am eating food.

(ii) हम नावें तैरा रहे हैं।
We are floating boats.

(iii) रीना बैडमिंटन खेल रही है।
Reena is playing badminton.

(B) Negative Sentences

(i) तुम सुन नहीं रहे हो।
You are not listening.

(ii) वह खाना नहीं पका रही है।
She is not cooking food.

(iii) वे हँस नहीं रहे हैं।
They are not laughing.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

(i) क्या वे खेल रहे हैं?
Are they playing?

(ii) राम क्या कर रहा है?
What is Ram doing?

(iii) आप क्यों रो रहे हैं?
Why are you weeping?

(iv) क्या वह आ रहा है?
Is he coming?

(2) Past Continuous Tense

Structure-Subject + was/were + verb + ing + object etc.

(A) Affirmative Sentences

(i) मैं चित्र बना रहा था।
I was drawing picture.

(ii) वे सो रहे थे।
They were sleeping.

(iii) वह दौड़ रही थी।
She was running.

(B) Negative Sentences

(i) पानी नहीं बरस रहा था।
It was not raining.

(ii) मैं चिल्ला नहीं रहा था।
I was not shouting.

(iii) गाड़ी चल नहीं रही थी।
The vehicle was not moving.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

(i) तुम कहाँ जा रहे थे?
Where were you going?

(ii) शीला क्यों हँस रही थी?
Why was Sheela laughing?

(iii) वे क्या कर रहे थे?
What were they doing?

(3) Future Continuous Tense

Structure- Subject + shall/will + be + verb + ing + object etc.

(A) Affirmative Sentences

(i) पानी बरस रहा होगा।
It will be raining

(ii) हम खेल रहे होंगे।
We shall be playing.

(iii) वह पत्र लिख रहा होगा।
He will be writing a letter.

(B) Negative Sentences

(i) वे नहीं आ रहे होंगे।
They will not be coming.

(ii) वह पढ़ नहीं रहा होगा।
He will not be reading,

(iii) मैं खाना नहीं खा रहा हूँगा।
I shall not be eating food.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

(i) वह कैसे खेल रहा होगा?
How will he be playing?

(ii) कौन सो रहा होगा?
Who will be sleeping?

(iii) क्या वह पढ़ रहा होगा?
Will he be reading? .

(4) Present Indefinite Tense

(A) Affirmative Sentences

Structure-Subject + verb I/verb I + s, es, ies, + object.

(i) मैं पुस्तक पढ़ता हूँ।
I read the book.

(ii) हम बस को रोकते हैं।
We stop the bus.

(iii) तुम फल लाते हो।
You bring fruits.

(iv) मोहन कानपुर में रहता है।
Mohan lives in Kanpur.

(B) Negative Sentences

Structure-Subject + do not/does not + verb I + object.

(i) मैं वहाँ नहीं जाता हूँ।
I do not go there.

(ii) तुम कहानी नहीं कहते हो।
You do not tell a story.

(iii) वह यहाँ नहीं आता है।
He does not come here.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

Structure-Do/Does + subject + (not) verb I + object etc.?

(i) क्या मैं झूठ बोलता हूँ?
Do I tell lies?

(ii) क्या तुम मुझे जानते हो?
Do you know me?

(iii) क्या वह पंतग उड़ाता है?
Does he fly kite?

(5) Past Indefinite Tense

(A) Affirmative Sentences

Structure- Subject + verb II + object etc.

(i) मैंने एक लाल पक्षी देखा।
I saw a red bird.

(ii) हमने टीवी खरीदा।
We bought a T.V.

(iii) शाहजहाँ ने ताजमहल बनवाया।
Shah Jahan got the Taj Mahal built.

(iv) रहीम ने हॉकी खेली।
Rahim played hockey.

(v) तुमने कार चलाई।
You drove the car.

(B) Negative Sentences

Structure- Subject + did not + verb I + object etc.

(i) मैंने फल नहीं खाये।
I did not eat the fruits.

(ii) तुमने हिन्दी का अध्ययन नहीं किया।
You did not study Hindi.

(iii) हमने कपड़े नहीं सुखाये।
We did not dry the clothes.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

Structure-Did + subjcet + (not) verb I + object etc.?

(i) क्या मैंने तुमसे कभी झगड़ा किया?
Did I ever quarrel with you?

(ii) क्या तुमने फीस चुकाई?
Did you pay the fee?

(iii) क्या शीला ने फूल नहीं सूंघे?
Did Sheela not smell flowers?

(6) Future Indefinite Tense

Structure-Subject + shall/will + verb I + object etc.

(i) मैं एक पत्र लिखूगा।
I shall write a letter.

(ii) हम कल झाँसी जायेंगे।
We shall go to Jhansi tomorrow.

(iii) हम अगले वर्ष नैनीताल जायेंगे।
We shall go to Nainital next year.

(iv) तुम यहाँ नहीं बैठोगे।
You will not sit here.

(v) क्या आप मेरी मदद करेंगे?
Will you help me?

(7) Present Perfect Tense

Structure- Subject + have/has + verb III + object etc.

(i) मैंने यह पुस्तक पढ़ ली है।
I have read this book.

(ii) दिनेश ने यह चित्र देखा नहीं है।
Dinesh has not seen this picture.

(iii) सूर्य अस्त हो चुका है।
The sun has set.

(iv) क्या वे भोपाल गये हैं?
Have they gone to Bhopal?

(v) क्या तुमने पत्र लिख लिया है?
Have you written the letter?

(8) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure-Subject + have been/has been + verb + ing + object for/since + time.

(i) मैं दो दिन से बुखार से पीड़ित हूँ।
I have been suffering from fever for two days.

(ii) हम इस विद्यालय में तीन वर्ष से पढ़ रहे हैं।
We have been reading in this school for three years.

(iii) तुम तीन बजे से ताश खेल रहे हो।
You have been playing cards since 30’clock.

(iv) वे दो घण्टे से फुटबाल खेल रहे हैं।
They have been playing football for two hours.

Miscellaneous (विविध)
(i) नेहरू जी महान् पुरुष थे।
Nehruji was a great man.

(ii) क्या तुम मेरे मित्र हो?
Are you my friend?

(iii) तुम्हारा क्या नाम है?
What is your name?

(iv) वह राजेश का भाई है।
He is Rajesh’s brother.

(v) तुम मेरे मित्र नहीं हो।
You are not my friend.

(vi) वहाँ जाओ।
Go there.

Exercise 1

Translate into English:
1. उसके दाँत किटकिटा रहे हैं।
2. वह असफल हो जायेगा, परन्तु नकल नहीं करेगा।
3. उसे ठण्ड लग गई है।
4. क्या आगरा की लाइन अभी भी खराब है?
5. न तो वह पढ़ता है और न मुझे पढ़ने देता है।
6. क्षमा करें श्रीमान् ! क्या मैं आपका टेलीफोन इस्तेमाल कर सकता हूँ?
7. ईश्वर करे आप दीर्घायु हों!
8. इसे होने दो!
9. उन्होंने झण्डा फहराया।
10. मैं बात का पक्का हूँ।
Answer:
1. His teeth are clenching.
2. He would rather fail than cheat.
3. He has caught cold.
4. Is the Agra line still out of order?
5. Neither he studies nor he lets me do so:
6. Excuse me, Sir, May I use your telephone?
7. May you live long!
8. Let it be done.
9. He unfurled the flag.
10. I am a man of word.

Exercise 2

Translate into English:
माला मेरी सहेली है। वह मेरी कक्षा में पढ़ती है। वह एक बुद्धिमान छात्रा है। उसमें अनेक गुण हैं। वह सदा कक्षा में प्रथम | आती है। वह प्रातः समय से उठकर अपना कार्य करती है। वह । समय से स्कूल भी जाती है। वह अपने गुरु तथा बड़ों की आज्ञा का पालन करती है। वह निर्धनों की सहायता करती है। वह सदा । प्रसन्नचित रहती है। उससे सभी लोग प्रसन्न रहते हैं।
Answer:
Mala is my friend. She studies in my class. She is an intelligent student. She has many qualities. She always stands first in the class. Getting up early in the morning, she does her work in time. She also goes to school in time. She obeys her teachers and elders. She helps the poor. She is always cheerful. All are pleased with her.

Objective Type Questions

I. Choose the correct options from those given below the sentences :

Exercise 1
1. Please write your roll number ……………………… link.
(a) with
(b) in
(c) by
Answer:
(b) in

2. He found ……………………… he was late.
(a) why
(b) that
(c) when
Answer:
(b) that

3. The hunter was aiming ……………………… a wild boar.
(a) on
(b) for
(c) at
Answer:
(c) at

4. This is ……………………… I live.
(a) where
(b) there
(c) how
Answer:
(a) where

5. ……………………… I go there?
(a) May
(b) Must
(c) Might
Answer:
(a) May

6. It is 12 o’clock ……………………… my watch.
(a) by
(b) in
(c) at
Answer:
(a) by

7. I said that I ……………………… go at once.
(a) shall
(b) can
(c) should
Answer:
(c) should

8. ……………………… a gentleman, he is well known.
(a) For
(b) As
(c) Like
Answer:
(b) As

9. There is no need to lose hope ……………………… you do
not know him.
(a) until
(b) just then
(c) just because
Answer:
(c) just because

10. I prefer tea ……………………… coffee.
(a) than
(b) to
(c) for
Answer:
(b) to

11. ……………………… you did was against the law.
(a) That
(b) What
(c) How
Answer:
(b) What

12. It is a year ……………………… I met him.
(a) when
(b) since.
(c) till
Answer:
(b) since.

13. He got first class ……………………… his friend failed.
(a) while
(b) but
(c) however
Answer:
(a) while

14. She is fond ………………………
(a) of singing
(b) to sing
(c) for singing
Answer:
(a) of singing

15. ……………………… the truth is our duty.
(a) To speak
(b) Speaking
(c) To spoke
Answer:
(a) To speak

Exercise 2

1. This is the watch ……………………… we were searching for.
(a) that
(b) which
(c) what
Answer:
(a) that

2. He sat ……………………… me.
(a) with
(b) by:
(c) on
Answer:
(b) by:

3. We should act ……………………… his advice.
(a) on
(b) upon
(C) at
Answer:
(b) upon

4. The police charged your son ……………………… murder.
(a) of
(b) for
(c) with
Answer:
(c) with

5. He is jealous ……………………… my name and fame.
(a) of
(b) with
(c) for
Answer:
(a) of

6. Never yield ……………………… hardship.
(a) over
(b) to
(c) for
Answer:
(b) to

Exercise 3

1. She ……………………… take a day off.
(a) can
(b) could
(c) may
Answer:
(a) can

2. You ……………………… leave as soon as you have finished.
(a) may
(b) might
(c) can
Answer:
(a) may

3. You ……………………… have seen this advertisement.
(a) must ,
(b) should
(c) might
Answer:
(c) might

4. He ……………………… read well when he was only five years old.
(a) could
(b) manged to
(c) would
Answer:
(a) could

5. “Cars ……………………… not be parked here.”
(a) need
(b) could
(c) must
Answer:
(c) must

6. If I bought a lottery ticket I ……………………… win one lac prize.
(a) will
(b) may
(c) must
Answer:
(b) may

II. Fill in the blanks using correct words from the brackets :
1. Wait ……………………… I come back. (till, before, after)
2. He went away with a ……………………… heart. (breaks, broken, break)
3. Supply ……………………… water to the villagers. (drink, drunk, drinking)
4. Cars ……………………… not be parked here. (must, should, could)
5. Mumbai is bigger ……………………… Bangalore. (because, since, than)
6. The sun seems ……………………… round the earth. (go, went, to go)
Answer:
1. till,
2. broken,
3. drinking,
4. should,
5. than,
6. to go.

III. Fill in the blanks with correct past tense of the verbs given in brackets :
1. He ……………………… back to India in 1973. (come)
2. He ……………………… his work long ago. (finish)
3. We ……………………… to school after the rain had stopped. (go)
4. I ……………………… to the radio. (listen)
5. They ……………………… late yesterday. (come)
Answer:
1. came,
2. had finished,
3. went,
4. was listening,
5. came.

MP Board Class 10th English Solutions

MP Board Class 10th General English Grammar Tenses

परिभाषा- The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action of a verb.

Verb के tense से किसी घटना या कार्य के समय का ज्ञान होता है।

अंग्रेजी में Tense तीन प्रकार के होते हैं
(i) Present tense,
(ii) Past tense,
(iii) Future tense.

(i) Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)- इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य अब या अभी हुआ है।

जैसे-
I go to school.
(मैं स्कूल जाता हूँ।)

(ii) Past Tense (भूतकाल)-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य बीते हुए समय में हुआ है।

जैसे-
I went to school.
(मैं स्कूल गया।) .

(iii) Future Tense (भविष्य काल)-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य आने वाले समय में होगा।

जैसे-
I shall go to school.
(मैं स्कूल जाऊँगा।)

प्रत्येक Tense निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार का होता है-
1. Indefinite,
2. Continuous,
3. Perfect,
4. Perfect Continuous.

आपके पाठ्यक्रम में Past tense (भूतकाल) है।

Past Tense (भूतकाल)

1. Past Indefinite Tense- इस Tense में Singular तथा Plural दोनों प्रकार के subject के बाद Second Form की Verb आतीहै जैसे-
I ran. (में भागा)
He ran. (वह भागा)
They ran. (वे भागो)

Past Indefinite Tense को Simple Past Tense भी कहते हे
Structure – Subjcet + Verb II + Object etc.
As – I wrote a letter yesterday.
It rained heavily the last night.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets :
1. You ……… (buy) wool yesterday.
2. The train ……. (arrive) at 6.00 p.m.
3. He ……… (meet) me last Saturday.
4. I ……. (bend) the stick.
5. She ……. (break) the glass.
6. You ……. (get) a prize.
Answer:
1. bought,
2. arrived,
3. met,
4. bent,
5. broke,
6. got

इस Tense में Verb की Emphatic या strong form ‘did + Verb I’ द्वारा बनाई जाती है
जैसे-
I caught the thief.
I did catch the thief.

Negative या Interrogative बनाना
इस Tense के साधारण वख्यों में सहायक क्रिया नहीं होती, अत: Emphatic form की सहायता से Negative तथा Interrogative बनाते हैं

जैसे-
Raja bought a mango. (Affirmative) Raja did not bring a mango. (Negative) He came here yesterday. (Assertive) Did he come here yesterday? (Interrogative)

Exercise 2
Change the following sentences into negative :
1. She got a prize.
2. I wish I went there.
3. The cloth shrank.
4. Dinesh learned French.
5. He tore my shirt.
Answer:
1. She did not get a prize.
2. I wish I did not go there.
3. The cloth did not shrink.
4. Dinesh did not learn French. 5. He did not tear my shirt.

Exercise 3
Change the following sentences into interrogative :
1. She ate bananas.
2. His son copied the lesson.
3. The driver did not drive the car fast.
4. The ship sank into the water.
5. The girl did not wear glasses.
Answer:
1. Did she eat bananas?
2. Did his son copy the lesson?
3. Did the driver not drive the car fast?
4. Did the ship sink into the water?
5. Did the girl not wear glasses?

2. Past Continuous Tense :

इस Tense on Singular subject और ‘I’ के साथ was तथा Plural subject और you के साथ were के बाद verb में ‘ing’ जोड़कर बनाते हैं जैसे-

He was reading.
They were playing.

Structure Subject + was/were + verb: + ing object + other words.

Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences using correct form of the verb given in the brackets :
1. One of the ministers (lie).
2. She (cut) vegetables.
3. You (manage) the bank well.
4. Prices (increase) repidly.
5. Students (talk), while the teacher (teach) the lesson.
Answer:
1. One of the ministers was lying.
2. She was cutting vegetables.
3. You were managing the bank well.
4. Prices were increasing rapidly.
5. Students were talking, while the teacher was teaching the lesson.

3. Past Perfect Tense-

इस Tense में had के साथ verb की Third Form का प्रयोग करते हैं जैसे-

I had done my work.
You had told me about it.

Structure-Subject + had + verb III + object.

Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with past perfect form of the verb given in brackets :

1. I ……. (take) bath before the sun rose.
2. The cloth …….. (shrink).
3. The boy …….. (tear) his shirt.
4. When the father reached, the son ……….. (pay) the fees.
5. The thief ran away after he ……….. (see) the police.
Answer:
1. had taken,
2. had shrunk,
3. had torn,
4. had paid,
5. had seen.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense-

इस Tense में had been के साथ verb में ing जोड़ते हैं जैसे-

I had been reading for an hour.
She had been singing since evening.

Structure–had been + verb + ing + object.

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in brackets :
1. I ………. (read) the Gita for 3 hours.
2. The teacher ………. (sit) here since evening.
3. He ……… (tell) lies since his birth.
4. Boys ……… (fly) kites for a month.
5. The king …….. (smell) the flower since morning.
Answer:
1. had been reading,
2. had been sitting,
3. had been telling,
4. had been flying,
5. had been smelling.

MP Board Class 10th English Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General English Important Extracts from Poems

(Poem 1)

(A) When were you bom, O Light?
Who made you?
O Light, what are you?
What is your nature?
Are you wisdom’s daughter?
But Wisdom sleeps.

Questions:
(a) From which poem have these lines been taken?
(b) Who is the poem addressed to?
(c) Which questions arise in the poet’s mind about the birth of light?
Answers:
(a) These lines have been taken from the poem “O Light!”
(b) The poem is addressed to light.
(c) The questions that arise in the poet’s mind are
(i) When was light bom?
(ii) Who made light?
(iii) What is light’s nature?

(B) O Light, for how long have you befriended the sky?
And wherefore this love of it?
How do you completely merge in it?
She who made you all is a magician
She is enchanter, the bewitcher,
We praise her,
Prosper O Light.

Questions:
(a) What does the poet ask light about the sky?
(b) How much love does light show for the sky?
(c) Which names does the poet give to she (nature)?
Answers:
(a) The poet asks the light for how long has he befriended the sky.
(b) Light shows so much love for the sky that he merges himself into it.
(c) The poet gives these names to mother nature—a magician, an enchanter and a bewitcher.

2. (Poem 7)

Am I an adult or a child?
No ! Not an adult—I do not see
The reasons for adult disputes;
I am safe in non-understanding.
But does that mean that I am a child?
Well, am I a child or an adult?
No ! Not one or the other now;
One pace in front of childhood,
And one behind an adult.
Soon I shall stride into a new world,
The world of adult life.

Questions:
(a) What is the doubt in the poet’s mind?
(b) What is the poet unable to see?
(c) What is the present state of the poet?
Answers:
(a) The doubt in the poet’s mind is whether she is a child or an adult.
(b) The poet is unable to see the reasons for adult disputes.
(c) The poet is one pace in front of childhood and one behind an adult.

3. (Poem 11)

(A) One by one the casements catch
Her beams beneath the silvery thatch,
Couched in his kennel like a log,
With paws of silver sleeps the dog;

Questions:
(a) How do the windows catch the beams of the moon?
(b) How is the sound sleep of the dog described?
(c) Why do only the paws of the dog are silvery?
Answers:
(a) Windows catch moon beams one by one.
(b) The sound sleep of the dog is described as that he sleeps like a log.
(c) It is so because his whole body except for his paws is inside the Kennel, so only his paws look silvery.

(B) A harvest mouse goes scampering by,
With silver claws, and silver eye;
And moveless fish in the water gleam.
By silver reeds in silver stream.

Questions:
(a) From which poem have these lines been taken?
(b) How is the harvest mouse described in the poem?
(c) Who gleam in water? And where?
Answers:
(a) The extract has been taken from the poem ‘Silver’.
(b) The harvest mouse is described with silver , claws and silver eye.
(c) Moveless fish gleam in water by silver reeds in silver stream.

4. (Poem 15)

Woodman, forbear thy stroke !
Cut not its earth-bound ties;
Oh, spare that aged oak
Now towering to the skies !
When but an idle boy,
I sought its grateful shade;
In all their gushing joy
Here, too, my sisters played.

Questions:
(a) What does the poet ask the woodman?
(b) What did the poet do when he was an idle boy?
(c) What’ did his sisters do under the shade of the oak tree?
Answers:
(a) The poet asks the Woodman to forbear his ‘ stroke and not to cut its earth bound ties (i.e. roots)
(b) The poet sought the tree’s grateful shade when he was an idle boy.
(c) His sisters played under the shade of the tree.

5. (Poem 19)

(A) Full are my pitchers and far to carry
Lone is the way
Why, O why was I tempted to tarry
Lured by the boatmen’s song?
Swiftly the Shadows of Night are falling
Hear, O hear, is the white crane calling.

Questions:
(a) What fear does the poetess express?
(b) By what was she attracted?
(c) What was its result?
Answers:
(a) The poetess expresses the fear that her way is lonely.
(b) She was attracted by the boatman’s song.
(c) The result was that she got too late to return to her home.

(B) If in the darkness a serpent should bite me.
Or if an evil spirit should smite me,
Ram Re Ram I shall die.
My brother will murmur,
Why doth she linger?
My mother will wait and weep,
Saying, 0 safe may the great gods bring her.

Questions:
(a) Why does the poetess say “Ram Re Ram I shall die?”
(b) What will poetess’ brother think?
(c) What does the mother say?
Answers:
(a) The poetess says ‘Ram Re Ram I shall die because she fears that in darkness a serpent may bite her.
(b) Poetess’ brother will think why she lingers that is, why is she getting late.
(c) The mother prays great gods to bring her home safely.

MP Board Class 9th English Solutions

MP Board Class 10th General English Grammar Sentence Connectors

Sentence Connector या Conjunction वो शब्द है जो दो शब्दों/दो वाक्यों या वाक्यांशों को एक-दूसरे के साथ जोड़ता है। जैसे-

Ram is slow, Rahim is equally slow.
Ram is as slow as Rahim.
He did not see me.
He had finished his work.
He did not see me until he had finished his work.
आपके पाठ्यक्रम में as, since, while, than, just because व until sentence connectors है।

1. As

(i) As का अर्थ होता है क्योंकि’ (because)। जब एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य का कारण हो तो ऐसे वाक्यों को ‘as’ से जोड़ दिया जाता है। जैसे-
He was happy. He had passed the examination.
As he had passed the examination, he was happy.

(ii) ढंग अथवा तरीके (manner) को प्रकट करने के लिए ‘as’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-
As you sow, so shall you reap.

(iii) पहले काम के समाप्त होने से पूर्व यदि दूसरा काम हो तो ऐसे वाक्यों को ‘as’ से जोड़ दिया जाता है। जैसे
I reached the place. He left.
As I reached the place, he left.

(iv) एक कार्य को करते हुए दूसरा कार्य करना हो तो ऐसे वाक्यों को ‘as’ से जोड़ा जाता है। जैसे
Ram sang. He read.
Ram read as he sang

(v) तुलना करने के लिए भी ‘as’ का प्रयोग होता है।
Mohan is intelligent. Raja is not so intelligent.
Raja is not as intelligent as Mohan.

2. Since

Since का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) समय प्रकट करने के लिए। जैसे-
She has been laughing since morning.
He is sick since his childhood.

(ii) किसी कारण को प्रकट करने के लिए।
Since he is my elder brother, I respect him.

3. Than

Than तुलना प्रकट करता है व ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ता है जिनसे तुलना प्रकट हो।
I am strong. She is stronger.
She is stronger than me.

4. Just because

Just because का अर्थ कारण मात्र होता है, जैसे-
He is ill, He should not play.
He should not play just because he is ill.

5. Until

Until का अर्थ है ‘जब तक नहीं’। इसका उपयोग निम्न प्रकार होता है
She did not come to me. She had finished her work.
She did not come to me until she had finished her work.

6. While

While at in ff your stat

(i) जितने समय तक, उतने समय तक
There is life. There is hope.
While there is life, there is hope.

(ii) साथ – साथ कार्य होना
Ram was reading. His brother was singing.
While Ram was reading, his brother was singing.

(iii) विरोधभास के लिए
The boy is happy. His younger brother is sad.
The boy is happy while his younger brother is sad. –

(iv) Although के रूप में (मगर while शुरूआत में लिखा जथा है)
I agree with you. I can’t accept your offer.
While I agree with you, I can’t accept your offer.

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable connectors :
1. …………………….. it was raining, he did not go to school.
2. No song is sweeter …………………….. our National Anthem.
3. …………………….. I was going to school, I saw an accident.
4. We shall play …………………….. the bell goes.
5. Let us wait …………………….. the rain stops.
6. You are scolding the child …………………….. he ate a sweet.
7. There is no need to lose hope …………………….. you do not know him.
8. He composed the poem …………………….. he walked on the beach.
9. Plants breathe …………………….. animals do.
10. I have not met him …………………….. he returned from abroad.
Answer:
1. Since,
2. than,
3. While
4. until,
5. until,
6. just because,
7. as,
8. while,
9. as,
10. since.

MP Board Class 10th English Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 सरल रेखाएँ Ex 10.1

प्रश्न 1.
कार्तीय तल में एक चतुर्भुज खींचिए जिसके शीर्ष (- 4, 5), (0, 7), (5, – 5) और (- 4, – 2) हैं। इसका क्षेत्रफल भी ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
दिए गए बिन्दुओं (- 4, 5), (0, 7), (5, -5) और (- 4, – 2) क्रमशः A, B, C, D द्वारा दर्शाया गया है। चतुर्भुज ABCD को दो भागों में बाँटा गया है। जो ∆ABD तथा ∆BDC के रूप में हैं।

∆ABD के शीर्ष A(- 4, 5), B(0, 7), D(- 4, – 2) हैं।
∴ ∆ABD का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\)|[ – 4(7 + 2) +0(- 2 – 5)+ (- 4)(5 – 7)]|
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)|[-36+8]|= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 28
= 14 वर्ग इकाई
∆BDC के शीर्ष B(0, 7), D(-4, – 2), C ( 5, – 5) हैं।
∆BDC का क्षेत्रफल = \(\frac{1}{2}\)[0(- 2 + 5) – 4( – 5 – 7) + 5(7 + 2)]
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) [48 +45] = = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 93
= 46.5 वर्ग इकाई
∴ चतुर्भुज ABCD का क्षेत्रफल = ∆ABD का क्षेत्रफल + ∆BDC का क्षेत्रफल
= 14+ 46.5
= 60.5 वर्ग इकाई।

प्रश्न 2.
2a भुजा के समबाहु त्रिभुज का आधार y-अक्ष के अनुदिश इस प्रकार है कि आधार का मध्य बिन्दु मूल बिन्दु पर है। त्रिभुज के शीर्ष ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना ∆ABC की भुजा BC, y- अक्ष के अनुदिश है जिसका मध्य बिन्दु मूल बिन्दु O है।
⇒ B और C के शीर्ष बिन्दु (0, a) और (0, – a) हैं।
बिन्दु A, x- अक्ष पर है, AB = 2a, OB = a

समकोण त्रिभुज OAB में,
OA² = AB² – OB² = (2a)² – a²
= 4a² – a² = 3a²
∴ OA = \(\sqrt{3}\)a
∴ A के निर्देशांक (\(\sqrt{3}\)a,0) हैं।
अतः AABC के निर्देशांक (\(\sqrt{3}\)a,0), (0, a), (0 – a) हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
P(x₁,y₁) और Q(x₂, Y₂) के बीच की दूरी ज्ञात कीजिए जब :
(i) PQ,y- अक्ष के समांतर है,
(ii) PQ, x- अक्ष के समांतर है।
हल:
(i) जब कोई रेखा y-अक्ष के समांतर होती है तो उस पर जितने भी बिन्दु होंगे उनके x- निर्देशांक बराबर होते हैं अर्थात् X₁ = X₂.

(ii) जब कोई रेखा x-अक्ष के समांतर होती है तो उसके प्रत्येक बिन्दु का y- निर्देशांक बराबर होता है।
अर्थात् y₁ = Y₂

प्रश्न 4.
x- अक्ष पर एक बिन्दु ज्ञात कीजिए जो (7, 6) और (3, 4) बिन्दुओं से समान दूरी पर है।
हल:
मान लीजिए x- अक्ष पर बिन्दु A(a, 0), बिन्दु B(7, 6) और C(3, 4) से समान दूरी पर है।

अर्थात् AB = AC
या AB₂ = AC₂
या (a – 7)₂ + (0 – 6)₂ = (a – 3)₂ + (0 – 4)₂
∴ a₂ – 14a + 49 + 36 = a₂ – 6a + 9+ 16
– 14a + 6a = 25 – 85
= – 60
या – 8a = – 60
या a = \(\frac{60}{8}=\frac{15}{2}\)
अतः बिन्दु 4 के निर्देशांक \(\left(\frac{15}{2}, 0\right)\) है।

प्रश्न 5.
रेखा की ढाल ज्ञात कीजिए जो मूल बिन्दु और P(0, -4) तथा B(8, 0) बिन्दुओं को मिलाने वाले रेखाखंड के मध्य बिन्दु से जाती है।
हल:
बिन्दु P(0, – 4) और B(8, 0) को मिलाने वाले रेखाखंड का मध्य बिन्दु

⇒ PB का मध्य बिन्दु M के निर्देशांक (4, -2) है।
मूल बिन्दु 0 के निर्देशांक (0, 0) हैं।
∴ OM की ढाल = \(\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}=\frac{-2-0}{4-0}=\frac{-2}{4}=-\frac{1}{2}\).

प्रश्न 6.
पाइथागोरस प्रमेय के प्रयोग बिना दिखलाइए कि बिन्दु (4, 4), (3, 5) और (- 1, – 1) एक समकोण त्रिभुज के शीर्ष हैं।
हल:
माना दिए गए बिन्दु A(4, 4), B(3, 5) और C(- 1, – 1) हैं, तब

प्रश्न 7.
उस रेखा का समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए जो y- अक्ष की धन दिशा से वामावर्त्त मापा गया 30° का कोण बनाती है।
हल:
माना रेखा OP, y- अक्ष से वामावर्त्त 30° का कोण बनाती है।
∴ x- अक्ष की धन दिशा से 90° + 30° = 120° का कोण बनाती है।
⇒ रेखा OP की ढाल = tan 120 = – \(\sqrt{3}\)

यह रेखा मूल बिन्दु (0, 0) से होकर जाती है। रेखा का बिन्दु ढाल रूप है
y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
∴ OP का समीकरण y – 0 = – \(\sqrt{3}\) (x – 0)
या y = – \(\sqrt{3}\)x.

प्रश्न 8.
x का वह मान ज्ञात कीजिए जिसके लिए बिन्दु (x,- 1), (2, 1) और (4, 5) सरेख हैं।
हल:
मान लीजिए बिन्दु A (x, – 1), B(2, 1), C(4, 5) संरेख हैं यदि
AB की ढाल = \(\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}=\frac{1+1}{2-x}=\frac{2}{2-x}\) …(1)
BC की ढाल = \(\frac{5-1}{4-2}=\frac{4}{2}\) = 2 …(2)
∴ समीकरण (1) और (2) से,
\(\frac{2}{2-x}\) = 2
या 1 = 2 – x .
x = 1.

प्रश्न 9.
दूरी सूत्र का प्रयोग किए बिना दिखलाइए कि बिन्दु (-2,-1), (4,0), (3, 3) और (-3, 2) एक समांतर चतुर्भुज के शीर्ष हैं।
हल:
मान लीजिए एक चतुर्भुज के शीर्ष A(- 2, – 1), B(4, 0), C(3, 3), तथा D(- 3, 2) हैं।

अर्थात् BC || AD
अतः AB || DC, BC || AD
अतः ABCD एक मांस चतुर्भुज है।

प्रश्न 10.
x- अक्ष और (3, – 1) और (4, – 2) बिन्दुओं को मिलाने वाली रेखा के बीच का कोण ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना 4(3, – 1), B(4, – 2) को मिलाने वाली रेखा AB की ढाल = \(\frac{-2+1}{4-3}=\frac{-1}{1}\) = – 1
यदि x- अक्ष और AB के बीच θ कोण हो, तो
tan θ = – 1 = tan 135°
θ = 135°.

प्रश्न 11.
एक रेखा की ढाल दूसरी रेखा की ढाल का दुगुना है। यदि दोनों के बीच के कोण की स्पर्शज्या (tangent) \(\frac{1}{3}\) है तो रेखाओं की ढाल ज्ञात कीजिए।
हल:
माना रेखाओं की ढाल m₁, m₂ हों, तब
∴ m₁ = 2m₂ यदि दोनों रेखाओं के बीच कोण हो, तो
tan θ = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

– ve चिन्ह लेने पर, \(1+2 m_{2}^{2}=-3 m_{2}\) या \(2 m_{2}^{2}+3 m_{2}\) +1 = 0
या (m₂ + 1) (2m₂ + 1) = 0 अर्थात् m₂ = – 1, – \(\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ रेखा की ढाल – 2, – 1, तथा – 1, – \(\frac{1}{2}\)

प्रश्न 12.
एक रेखा (x₁, y₁) और (h, k) से जाती है। यदि रेखा की ढाल m है तो दिखाइए
k – y₁ = m(h – x₁).
हल:
माना रेखा AB बिन्दु A(x₁, y₁) और B(h, k) से गुजरती हो, तब
∴ AB की ढाल = \(\frac{k-y_{1}}{h-x_{1}}\) = m
अर्थात् k – y₁ = m(h – x₁)

प्रश्न 13.
यदि तीन बिन्दु (h, 0), (a, b) और (0, k) एक रेखा पर हैं तो दिखाइए कि \(\frac{a}{h}+\frac{b}{k}\) = 1
हल:
मान लीजिए बिन्दु A (h, 0), B(a, b), तथा C(0, k) एक रेखा पर हों, तब

या (a – h) (k – b) = – ab
या ak – ab – hk + hb = – ab
∴ ak + hb = hk
hk से भाग देने पर, \(\frac{a}{h}+\frac{b}{k}\) = 1

प्रश्न 14.
जनसंख्या और वर्ष के निम्नलिखित लेखाचित्र पर विचार कीजिए। (देखिए आकृति में) रेखा AB की ढाल ज्ञात कीजिए और इसके प्रयोग से बताइए कि वर्ष 2010 में जनसंख्या कितनी होगी ?
हल:
दी गयी आकृति में रेखा AB बिन्दु A(1985, 92) और B(1995,97) से होकर जाती है।
∴ AB की ढाल = \(\frac{97-92}{1995-1985}=\frac{5}{10}=\frac{1}{2}\)
मान लीजिए सन् 2010 में जनसंख्या y₁ करोड़ होगी जो बिन्दु P(2010, y₁), AB पर पड़ता है।

∴ ABP सरेखीय हैं।
या AB की ढाल = BP की ढाल
\(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{y_{1}-97}{2010-1995}=\frac{y_{1}-97}{15}\)
∴ 2(y₁ – 97) = 15
2y₁ = 15 + 2 × 97
= 15 + 194 = 209
∴ y₁ = \(\frac{209}{2}\) = 104.5
सन् 2010 में जनसंख्या 104.5 करोड़ होगी।

MP Board Class 11th Maths Solutions

MP Board Class 10th General English Grammar Non-finite Forms of Verbs

Infinitives, gerunds, and participles are known as non-finite forms of verbs.

(i) Infinitive

Verb के first form में to लगाने से infinitive बनता है। इसका प्रयोग Noun Adjective या Adverb के समान होता है।

जैसे-

1. To obey the rules is our duty.
   (Noun subject of is)
2. Will you like to go with me?
   (Noun object of like)
3. This is not the matter to laugh at.
   (Adjective qualifies matter)
4. They are ready to live with me.
   (Adverb modifies ready)
5. He wept to see my adverse state.
   (Adverb modifies wept)

(ii) Gerund

Gerund Verb के first form में ing जोड़ने से बनता है इसका प्रयोग verb और Noun के सामान होता है।

जैसे-
I like walking
Telling lie is a sin.
Smoking is a bad habit.
She is fond of singing songs.

Note- that some verbs are followed only by gerunds and some by only infinitives.

Verbs followed only by gerunds are-
avoid, mind, afraid of, postpone, consider, enjoy, keep on, put off, delay, finish, insist on, dislike, give up, stop, appreciate, approve of, suggest.

Verbs followed only by infinitives are :
agree, arrange, attempt, decide, demand, desire, deserve, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, seem, try, wish.

(iii) Participle

A participle is that form of the verb which partakes of the nature of both, a verb and an adjective.
Participle क्रिया का वह रूप है जो verb तथा adjective दोनें का कार्यकर्त है Participle तीन प्रकार के होता है :

1. Present Participle-Present Participle भी Gerund की तरह Verb में ing मगनेसे बनता है परन्तु यह Verb और Site Adjective का कार्य करता है जैसे-
Seeing me, he went away.

2. Past Participle यह Verb का III form हि होता है जैसे-
1. The rotten eggs were thrown away.
2. This is a faded flower.

3. Perfect Participle- इसमें having के साथ III form of verb का प्रयोग होता है
Having sold his old car, Ram bought a new one.

Exercise 1.

Fill in the blanks with an infinitive, gerund or a participle :
1. He went to England …………………… English. (to learn/for learning)
2. She likes …………………… idle. (sitting/to sit)
3. …………………… their work, they left the place. (Finishing/Having finished)
4. …………………… is his favorite past time. (Dancing/Dance)
5. …………………… pity of the parrot, the man freed it. (Taking/Took/To take)
Answer:
1. to learn,
2. sitting,
3. Having finished,
4. Dancing,
5. Taking.

Exercise 2

Underline the participles in the following sentences :
1. A burnt child dreads the fire.
2. Deceived by his father, he lost all hope.
3. Having rested, they continued their journey.
4. Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded entrance.
5. He kept me waiting.
Answer:
1. burnt,
2. Deceived,
3. Having rested,
4. knocking,
5. waiting.

MP Board Class 10th English Solutions

MP Board Class 10th General English Grammar Modals

Modals विशेष प्रकार की Helping verbs हैं जो मुख्य (Finite) Verb के Mood (भाव) को प्रकट करने में सहायता करते हैं।

Modals के बाद not लगाकर वाक्य Negative बन जाता।
Will, shall, should, would, can could, may, might, ought, need, dare, has to, have to, had to, ought to Modals हैं। आपके पाठ्यक्रम में सिर्फ can, could, may, must a might हैं।

Modals की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्न हैं–
(1) यह कभी अकेला प्रयुक्त नहीं होता है वरन् सदैव किसी मुख्य क्रिया (main verb) के साथ ही आता है। जैसे
(i) You may come in.
(ii) I might go there.

Uses of Some Modals

1. Can
Can ‘का अर्थ है ‘सकना’। इसका प्रयोग ability (योग्यता), capacity (क्षमता). permission (अनुमति) या possibility (सम्भावना) व्यक्त करने के लिए होता है।

जैसे-
(a) योग्यता, क्षमता (ability, capacity) दर्शाने के लिए—
She can speak Gujarati.
(वह गुजराती बोल सकती है।) (योग्यता)

I can walk for three continuous hours.
(मैं तीन घण्टे तक लगातार चल सकता हूँ।) (क्षमता)

(b) अनुमति (Permission) देने के लिए
You can go now
(तुम अब जा सकते हो।)

You can wait at my home.
(आप मेरे घर पर प्रतीक्षा कर सकते हैं।)

(c) सम्भावना (possibility) दर्शाने के लिए-

The lost ring can be here.
(खोई हुई अँगूठी यहाँ हो सकती है।)

2. Could
Could, Can, का Past Tense है। इसका अर्थ है ‘सका’ या ‘सका था’। इसका प्रयोग भूतकाल की योग्यता या क्षमता तथा वर्तमान काल की विनम्र प्रार्थना व्यक्त करने में किया जाता है।

(a) क्षमता या योग्यता (power or ability) दर्शाने के लिए।

I could see him through the windows.
(मैं उसे खिड़की से देख सकता था।) (क्षमता)

He could work for twelve hours.
(वह बारह घण्टे तक कार्य कर सका।) (योग्यता)

(b) विनम्र प्रार्थना (polite request) करने के लिए

Could you lend me your pencil?
(क्या तुम मुझे अपनी पेंसिल उधार दे सकते हो ?)

Could you tell me the way to your home?
(क्या तुम मुझे अपने घर का रास्ता बता सकते हो ?)

3. May
‘May’ का भी अर्थ है ‘सकना’। यह ‘Can’ से अधिक औपचारिक (formal) शब्द है। इससे सम्भावना (possibility), नम्रतापूर्वक अनुमति (permission), उद्देश्य (purpose), इच्छा या आशीर्वाद के भावों का बोध होता है।

(a) सम्भावना (Possibility)
It may rain today.
(सम्भव है आज वर्षा हो।)

He may come tomorrow.
(सम्भव है वह कल आये।)

(b) अनुमति (permission) देना या माँगना

You may go now.
(तुम अब जा सकते हो।)

May I come in?
(क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ ?)

(c) उद्देश्य (Purpose)
She works hard so that she may survive.
(वह कड़ी मेहनत करती है ताकि वह निर्वाह कर सके।)

We eat so that we may live.
(हम खाते हैं ताकि हम जीवित रह सकें।)

(d) इच्छा या आशीर्वाद (Wish)

May you live long?
(आप दीर्घायु हों ?)

May he come back safely.
(ईश्वर करे वह सुरक्षित लौटे।)

4. Might

Might, May का Past Tense है। इसका उपयोग निम्न प्रकार होता है-
(a) Indirect speech may fol Past Tense might होता है। जैसे-

Direct-She said, “She may come today”. Indirect-She said that she might come that day.
(उसने कहा कि वह उस दिन आ सकती है।)

(b) वाक्य में जब मुख्य क्रिया Past Tense में हो तो might का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। जैसे-

He took medicine so that he might get well.
(उसने दवा खाई ताकि वह अच्छा हो जाये।)

(c) Might में May की अपेक्षा अधिक दूर की सम्भावना प्रकट की जाती है। जैसे-
(Your elder son might become an engineer.
(तुम्हारा बड़ा लड़का इंजीनियर बन सकता है।)

5. Must
Must व Should दोनों के अर्थ हैं ‘चाहिए’ किन्तु should से अनिवार्यता या निष्कर्ष प्रकट नहीं होता है जबकि must से ये दोनों भाव प्रकट होते हैं। जैसे-
(a) अनिवार्यता (Necessity)-

We must reach school on time.
(हमें स्कूल समय पर पहुँचना चाहिए।)

We must pay our taxes.
(हमें अपने करों का भुगतान करना चाहिए।)

(b) निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
He must be at home.
(वह अवश्य घर पर होना चाहिए।)

Exercise Fill in the blanks with can/could/may/might/ must:
1. ………………………… I come in?
2. Dr. Sharma is praised by everyone. He ………………………… be a good doctor.
3. This box is too light. You ………………………… lift it.
4. ………………………… you show me the way?
5. You ………………………… go to him just now.
6. She said that she ………………………… come that day.
7. She ………………………… run very fast.
8. Your examinations are near so you ………………………… work hard.
9. You ………………………… agree to it.
10. The thief ………………………… be anywhere.
Answer:
1. May,
2. must,
3. can,
4. Could,
5. must,
6. might,
7. can,
8. must,
9. may,
10. can.

MP Board Class 10th English Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General English Composition: Verbal/Visual Stimulus

You would be given some points (verbal stimulus) or a picture (visual stimulus) and would be asked to compose a short report, an article, a speech or description of about 80 words.

(A) Verbal Stimulus

On the basis of the points given write para-graphs of about 80 words on the given topics.

1. Effect of Music
Effect of music on humans, soothing effect on heart, cure even madness, even animals are affected, tigers, deers, snakes sensitive to music, one who has no delight is incapable of anything.
Answer:
The effect of music on the human mind and heart is great. Music has the power of soothing the oppressed heart and of infusing courage and cheerfulness into it. So great is its power that under its influence even madness is found to be cured. Even wild and savage animals cannot resist the charm of music. Tigers, deer and snakes are particularly sensitive to music. The man who has no ear for music and finds no delight in it is incapable of anything.

2. Alice in Wonderland
Alice, a little girl with imagination, falls asleep sitting near her sister, dreams of running in a field behind rabbit, falls down and enters a strange land with many adventures, tells her sister on waking up, sister finds her dreams illogical.
Answer:
Alice was a little girl with an imaginative mind. One day while sitting by her sister on the bank of the river she fell asleep. She dreamt that she was running across the field after a white beautiful rabbit. She fell down a large rabbit-hole and entered a strange land where she came across many odd characters and had many strange adventures. When she woke up she found herself lying on the bank with her head on her sister’s lap. She told her sister about her curious and strange dream and her extraordinary adventures in that wonderland. The sister found no sense in her dream. It was futile to expect any sense or logic in the dreams of a little girl.

3. TV Watching
Greatest source of entertainment attracts all, educative and entertaining, music, bad effects.
Answer:
These days TV is the greatest source of entertainment. It offers every kind of entertainment to all of the different ages. Cable TV has attracted all alike to it. TV watching is both educative and entertaining. It gives us good morals through various programmes, like serial and films. Its news channels let us know what is happening all around the world. Its music channels provide good music. Educational programmes add to our knowledge. But TV watching has bad effects also. It harms children’s eye-sight. They lag in their studies due to it. Thus, TV watching is both useful and harmful.

(B) Visual Stimulus

1. See the following picture and write a paragraph on it,

Answer:
It is a special campaign of girls education. The teacher is teaching them. The girls are listening to her with great interest. Education of girls is very
important as an educated girl is the backbone of a family. If she is educated then only she would be able to play the roles of a sister, mother and wife efficiently and become aware about the world and her rights. Hence, it is very necessary to educate girls.

2. Read the following flowchart describing the preparation of rice. Write a suitable paragraph with its help.

Answer:
Preparation of Rice : Take some rice in a bowl. Wash it with plenty of water three to four times. Keep the rice soaked in water for some time. Put in pressure cooker and add one and a half times of water and salt to taste. Switch on the gas and close the pressure cooker lid. Give one or two whistles and switch off the gas. Take out in the rice bowl and serve.

3. Write a story with the help of the given picture.

Answer:
A farmer once needed money because his crops were ruined due to snow. He went to a money lender with a pot containing jewellery of his wife. The money lender was a greedy man. He wished to take his jewellery and give him a small amount of money at high rate of interest so that the farmer may not be able to take it back. Money-lender’s wife also liked the farmer’s jewellery and she wished that her husband took it from the farmer any how. But farmer understood money lender’s greed and took his jewellery back from him.

MP Board Class 9th English Solutions

MP Board Class 9th General English Note Making and Summarising

Q. 1. Read the following passage carefully, supply a title, make notes and prepare a summary of it.

In democratic countries, any effort to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly criticized. However, this freedom can be easily abused. Stories about people often attract far more public attention than political events. Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the basis that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold sufferings to individuals by publishing details about their private lives. Newspapers have such a great influence that not only can they bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow the government.

Answer:
(a) Title—Power of the Press.
(b) Notes—Freedom of the Press—sacred in Democracy.
(i) easily abused.
(ii) people more fascinating than politics.
(iii) misreport causes sufferings; newspaper have great influence on private lives.
(c) Summary—Freedom of the press can’t be restricted in democracies. False reporting may cause untold sufferings to individuals. Newspaper can bring about major changes to the lives of individuals.

Q. 2. Read the following passage carefully, supply a title, make notes and prepare a summary.

On one hand, the cinema is a source of enjoyment and entertainment and on the other hand it is also a source of knowledge and information. It also informs us of the happenings around us. There are cinemas for all tastes and for all types of people.

There are religious movies. These movies attract more people in towns and villages, and are most popular among ladies. Historical cinemas have their own style. They tell us about the past society, culture and life style. Social films awaken the public about illiteracy, dowry system and casteism. Some realistic films expose rich people and politicians who exploit and cheat poor people. The popular commercial cinema is meant for entertainment of all people. Cinema also helps in awakening the public on social issues and offers solution of various social issues.
Answer:
(a) Title—Cinema For All.
(b) Notes:
1. Cinema—
(a) source of entertainment.
(b) also source of knowledge and information.
(c) caters to tastes of all types of people.

2. Types of movies—
(a) Religious Movies—More popular in villages and among ladies.
(b) Historical Cinema—reveals past society, culture and life style.
(c) Social Films—awaken public about illiteracy, dowry system and casteism.
(d) Realistic Cinema—exposes rich people and politicians
(e) Popular Commercial Cinema—entertains all.
3. Cinema—awakens the public.

(c) Summary—The cinema is the cheapest source of entertainment. It is also a source of knowledge and information. It informs us of the happenings around the world. Various types of movies awaken the public and make them conscious of many concepts.

Q. 3. Read the following passage carefully, supply a title, make notes and prepare a summary.

All vehicles should keep to the left and leave the right half of the road free for those coming from the opposite direction. This is the traffic rule in all parts of India. In some countries in the west, however, vehicles have to keep to the right and not to the left. It does not matter whether it is right or left, but everyone should obey the rule. Cyclists should always keep to the edge of the road and not get in the way of other vehicles or of pedestrians We often see two or more cyclists riding together side by side right in the middle of the road. Traffic rules do not allow this.
Answer:
(a) Title—Traffic Rules
(b) Notes—
(i) In India vehicles should keep to the left.
(ii) In some countries vehicle keep to the right.
(iii) Traffic rules should be followed.
(iv) Cyclists should move on the edge of road and not in the middle.

(c) Summary—Everyone should obey traffic rules. Vehicles should be kept on the left side of the road. Cyclists should move on the edge of the road. They should not move in the middle of the road in groups.

Q. 4. Read the following passage carefully supply a title, make notes and prepare a summary.
Travelling is a means of education. The real aim of education is character building. When we travel, we have to put things in order. We have to buy our tickets and catch the train at the right time. The rich men, can indeed, get all this done by their servants, but India is a country of the poor. In journey we have to help ourselves. We learn many new things by seeing different places and by conversing with people of all kinds. In Europe education without travelling is considered incomplete. In ancient India great importance was given to pilgrimage. Travelling in this country is a great pleasure.
Answer:
(a) Title—Travelling, a means of Education.
(b) Notes—
(i) Travelling educates a person.
(ii) Education is character building.
(iii) Travelling makes one punctual, disciplined and self depended.

(c) Summary—Travelling is a means of education and education without travelling is incomplete. By travelling one learns new things and also becomes punctual, disciplined and self dependend. Travelling is also a great pleasure.

Q. 5. Read the following passage carefully, supply a title, make notes and prepare a summary.

Socrates was a simple man. He walked about barefooted, always wearing an old coat. He was a philosopher who believed that everyone should learn to think for himself. He spent his life in search of truth. He liked discussing questions relating to politics, religion, how life ought to be lived. Many people liked and respected him, but a few hated him. They hated him because he told them that they were wrong. His enemies were powerful. They arrested and condemned him to death. Socrates faced death calmly and cheerfully.
Answer:
(a) Title—Socrates
(b) Note—
(i) Socrates led a simple and austere life.
(ii) He was a philosopher and thinker.
(iii) He had both followers and enemies.
(iv) His enemies led him to death.
(v) He faced death boldly.

(c) Summary—Socrates, a philosopher and thinker led an austere life. He taught people to think for themselves. He pointed out people’s wrong doing which made people his enemies. They led him to death. He faced death calmly.

MP Board Class 9th English Solutions