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MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions Unit 6 National Income and Related Aggregates

Micro Economics National Income and Related Aggregates Important Questions

Micro Economics National Income and Related Aggregates Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
Macro-economics is the study of:
(a) Principle or Theories of national income
(b) Consumer’s theory
(c) Production theory
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Principle or Theories of national income

Question 2.
Out of the following which is not a flow:
(a) Capital
(b) Income
(c) Investment
(d) Depreciation.
Answer:
(a) Capital

Question 3.
From the following which method is used for measuring national income:
(a) Production method
(b) Income method
(c) Expenditure method
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 4.
Which of the following is included in the primary sector:
(a) Land
(b) Forest
(c) Mines
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 5.
Total national income divided by total population is known as:
(a) Private income
(b) Personal income
(c) Personal spendable income
(d) Per capital income.
Answer:
(d) Per capital income

Question 6.
Production enterprises are divided in:
(a) Two sectors
(b) Three sectors
(c) Four sectors
(d) Five sectors.
Answer:
(b) Three sectors

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Agriculture is included in sector.
2. Pigou has divided welfare into parts.
3. Chinese product is included in area of the economy.
4. National income in India is calculated by
5. The total value of all final goods and services produced with in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year is known as
6. is an index of economic development of the country.

Answer:

1. Primary
2. Two
3. Secondary
4. Central statistical organisation
5. GDP
6. National income.

Question 3.
State true or false:

1. As compared to developed countries, India’s per capital income is quite less.
2. Black money has given birth to parallel economy in the country.
3. Major contribution in India’s national income is from the secondary sector.
4. Electricity, LPG and water supply are included in the primary sector.
5. Income from gifts are included in the national income.
6. Sale of second hand goods are not included in the national income.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True.

Question 4.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (e)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (b).

Question 5.
Answer the following in one word/sentence:

1. Which sector contributes maximum in N.I.?
2. Difference between final stock and initial stock is known as.
3. National income is studied under which economics?
4. Increase in national income indicates.
5. How many times national income is calculated in a year?
6. Money value of which goods and services are added in the GNP in a year.

Answer:

1. Tertiary
2. Change in stock
3. Macro-economics
4. Economic progress
5. One time
6. Final.

National Income and Related Aggregates Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Micro-economics?
Answer:
Micro-economics studies economic actions of individuals e.g., a person, particular firm, individual household, a producer, a unit etc.

Question 2.
What is Macro-economics?
Answer:
Macro-economics is that part of economic theory which deals with the aggregate units of the economy, e.g.,all firms, all industries etc.

Question 3.
What is an Economic unit?
Answer:
Economic unit or Economic agent means those individuals or institutions which take economic decisions. They can be consumer who decide what and how much to consume. They may be producer of goods and services who decide what and how much to produce. They may be entities like the government corporation banks which also take different economic decisions like how much to spend, what interest rate to charge on the credits, how much to tax.

Question 4.
What are consumption goods?
Answer:
Objects that satisfy human needs directly and which are not used for production of other commodities are called consumption goods, e.g., milk, vegetables, wheat, rice etc.

Question 5.
What are capital goods?
Answer:
Capital goods are those goods that are used in producing other goods, rather than being bought by consumers. These goods, are used in production for a long period of time, e.g., machinery, plot, etc.

Question 6.
What are final goods?
Answer:
Final goods are those goods which are out of production line and are ready for use by the user. These goods cannot be resold and are included in estimating national income. There goods cannot be used as raw materials for production of other goods.

Question 7.
What are intermediate goods?
Answer:
Intermediate goods are those goods which are within the production line and are not ready for use by the user. These goods can be used as raw material for production of other goods, and are not included in the estimation of national income.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of Flow and Stock.
Answer:
Stock is related to a point of time. That is, the stock is a quantity measured at a certain point of time which may have accumulated in the past. Flow is an amount to be measured in a specific period of time. Flow is a price fluctuation because they are measured per unit time period, e.g., Interest on capital, Sale of rice, etc.

Question 9.
What do you understand by Gross Investment?
Answer:
Gross Investment refers to the amount invested in the purchase or construction of new capital goods. Capital stock consists of fixed assets and unsold stock. So, gross investment is the expenditure on purchase of fixed assets and unsold stock during the accounting year.

Question 10.
What is Depreciation?
Answer:
Depreciation is the permanent and continuing decrease in the quality, quantity or value of assets. Depreciation may be defined as reduction of recorded cost of a fixed asset in a systematic manner, e.g., building, office equipment, machinery, etc. In order to calculate national income depreciation is deducted from gross national product.

Question 11.
What do you mean by circular flow of income?
Answer:
Circular flow of income refers to the cycle of generation of income in the production process, its distribution among the factors of production and finally, its circulation from households to the production units in the form of consumption expenditure on goods and services produced by these units.

Question 12.
What are the principles on which circular flow of income depend?
Answer:
The circular flow of income involves two basic principles:

1. In any exchange process, the seller receives the same amount which the buyer spends.
2. Goods and services flow in one direction and the money payment to acquire them, flow in the return direction giving rise to a circular flow. Thus, product flows from the seller to the buyer is necessarily a complement of money (income) flow from the buyer to the seller.

Question 13.
What is National income?
Answer:
The national income means the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a country from all the economic activities, in terms of money. According to Prof. Marshall, “ National income is the labor and capital of a country acting on its natural resources, producing annually, a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial, including services of all kinds.” According to Prof. Pigou, “ National income is that part of the objective income of the community, including of course, income derived from abroad, which can be measured in money.”

Question 14.
What are the different methods of measuring national income?
Answer:
Different methods of measuring national income are:

1. Production method
2. Income method,
3. Expenditure method
4. Combined method,
5. Social accounting method.

National Income and Related Aggregates Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write difference between National Income and Per Capital Income.
Or
What is national Income and Per Capital Income? Write difference between them.
Answer:
National income refers to total value of goods and services produced by the people of a country in a given year. Per capital income is the average income of the normal resident of a country in a particular year.

Differences between National Income and Per Capital Income:
National Income:

1. National income means the total value of goods and services provided in a year from all the economic activities.
2. National income includes per capital income in it.
3. Active participation of various factors of production is required. .
4. National income is related to macro-economics.
5. It is an absolute concept.

Per Capital Income:

1. The income from various sources of a person is known as per capital income.
2. Per capital income is a part of national ‘income.
3. Active cooperation of the various sources of income is required.
4. Per capital income is related to micro-economics.
5. Per capital income is a relative concept.

Question 2.
Describe the four major sectors in an economy according to the macro-economics point of view.
Answer:
There are four major sectors:

1. Household : By a household we mean a single individual who takes decisions relating to her own consumption or a group of individuals for whom decision relating to consumption are jointly determined.
2. Firms : In macro – economics production units which is organized under capitalist principles are called firms.
3. Government : The role of government includes framing laws, enforcing them and delivering justice.
4. External sector : External sector means the other countries of the world which are engaged with our trade. It consists of import and export.

Question 3.
What is the difference between Micro-Economics and Macro – Economics?
Answer:

Question 4.
What do you mean by Stock and Flow? Write three differences between Stock and Flow.
Answer:
Stock means that quantity of an economic variable which is measured at a particular point of time whereas, flow is that quantity of an economic variable which is measured during a period of time.
Differences between Stock and Flow:
Stock:

1. Stock is measured at a particular point of time.
2. Stock has no dimension.
3. Stock is a static concept.

Flow:

1. Flow is measured during a period of time.
2. Flow has time dimension like how, day,month, year.
3. Flow is a dynamic concept.

Question 5.
Distinguish between National Income and National Wealth.
Answer:
Differences between National Income and National Wealth:
National Income:

1. It refers to the money value of the aggregate of goods and services produced during a particular period of time.
2. National income is measured over a period of time.
3. It is a flow variable.
4. National income is a flow because it is occurring continuously.
5. Increase and decrease of national income affect the standard of life of people.

National Wealth:

1. National wealth is the aggregate of wealth possessed by all the individuals in the country as well as collective or social wealth of the society.
2. National wealth is measured at a point of time.
3. It is a stock variable.
4. National wealth is a stock which is accumulated at a particular time.
5. Its increase and decrease affect the production capacity of goods.

Question 6.
Describe the Great depression of 1929.
Answer:
The ‘Great Depression of 1929’ and the subsequent years saw the output and employment levels in the countries of Europe and North America fall by huge amount. Demand for goods in the market was low. Many factories were lying idle, workers were thrown out of jobs. In USA from 1929 to 1933 unemployment rate rose from 3 percent to 25 percent. Over the same period aggregate output in USA fell by about 33 percent.

Question 7.
How are micro-economics and macro-economics interdependent?
Answer:
Interdependence of macro-economics and micro-economics can be studies as follows:
1. Macroeconomics depend on micro-economics:
Macro-economics and microeconomics depend on each other. Both are interdependent, macro economics contributes to the micro-economics. For example, the theory of investment belongs to micro-economics. It is derived from the behavior of the individual entrepreneur. The theory of aggregate investment function can also be derived from micro-economics theory of investment. Thus, we can say, that macro-economics depends on micro-economics.

2. Microeconomics depend on macro-economics:
Microeconomics depend upon macro-economics to a certain extent. For example, the rate of interest is a subject which belongs to micro-economics, but it is influenced by macro-economics aggregates. Thus, micro-economics depend upon macro-economics.

Conclusion:
Macro and micro-economics both are interdependent On each other. Neither is complete without the other. We must study macro-economics because it deals with average variables, such as national income and national output. We must study micro-economics because national output and national income are eventually the result of decision of millions of business firms and individuals. Thus, we can conclude that both are complementary to each other.

Question 8.
Calculate national income from the given data:

1. Salary –  Rs. 6,000
2. Rent – Rs. 2,000
3. Profit – Rs. 2,000
4. Interest – Rs. 1,000
5. Consumption – Rs. 5,000.

Solution:
N.I. = Salary + Rent + Profit + Interest
= 6,000 + 2,000 + 2,000+ 1,000
N.I. = Rs. 11,000.

Question 9.
Calculate National Income on the basis of the given data by income method: Heads Rs. (in crores)

1. Salary and wages = Rs. 18,000
2. Interest = Rs. 7,000
3. Depreciation = Rs. 4,000
4. Rent = Rs. 6,000
5. Profit = Rs. 25,000.

Solution:
National Income = Salary and wages + Interest +Rent +Profit
= Rs. 18,000 + Rs. 7,000 + Rs. 6,000 + Rs. 25,000 = Rs. 56,000.

Question 10.
On the basis of following data find out National Income by income method:

1. Salary and wages – 30,000
2. Rent – 10,000
3. Prof – 50,000
4. Interest – 10,000
5. Depreciation – 2,000
6. Gross domestic investment – 60,000.

Solution:
National income (N.I.) = Salary and Wages + Rent + Profit + Interest
N.I. = 30,000 + 10,000 + 50,000 + 10,000
N.I. = Rs. 1,00,000.

Question 11.
Calculate National Income from the following data:

1. Salary  =  Rs. 60,000
2. Rent  =  Rs. 20,000
3. Profit  =  Rs. 20,000
4. Interest  =  Rs. 10,000
5. Consumption  =  Rs. 50,000
6. Gross Domestic Product  =  Rs. 8,000.

Solution:
National Income = Salary + Rent + Interest + Profit
= Rs. 60,000 + 20,000 + 10,000 + 20,000
= Rs. 1,10,000
National Income = Salary + Rent + Interest + Profit

Question 12.
Specify the relation of gross domestic product with welfare.
Answer:
Gross domestic product refers to money value of goods and services produced within the territorial boundaries of the country in a given year. With the increase in income consumption expenditure of a person increase which in turn increases material welfare. Therefore, it is not appropriate to relate GNP with welfare or their generalization may not be correct due to. following reasons:

1. GDP shows the total goods and services produced in the country. However, it does not exhibit the structure of the product if increase in GDP is mainly due to increased production of war equipment and ammunition. Then such an increase cannot be associated with any improvement in economic welfare.

2. If increase in GDP is due to rise in prices and not due to increase in physical output, then it will not be a reliable index of economic welfare.

3. GDP does not consider the changes in population of a country. If rate of population growth is higher than the rate of growth of GDP, then it will decrease per capital availability of goods and services, which will adversely affect the economic welfare.

Question 13.
What do you mean by G.D.P.? Write any four characteristics of G.D.P.
Answer:
Meaning of G.D.P:
Gross Domestic Product is defined as “the value of all final goods and services produced by all the enterprises located within the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year. It should be noted that goods and services must be produced within the country.” G.D.P. is always money value of goods and services produced within a year.

Special features of G.D.P:

1. G.D.P. includes the value of all the goods and services produced within the country in a particular year.
2. It includes depreciation value.
3. G.D.P. is measured in terms of market price.
4. G.D.P. includes the value of new goods only i.e., it excludes the value of second hand goods.
5. It includes real capital not financial capital.
6. Consumer and capital goods are classified in durable and non-durable goods.
7. Goods may be from private sector or public sector.
8. To avoid the defect of double counting we include the value of final goods and services.

Question 14.
What precautions should be taken while calculating national income by income method?
Answer:
Precautions taken while calculating national income by income method:

1. Transfer income should not be included.
2. Income from illegal activities should not be included.
3. Imputed rent should be included as it is the part of rental income.
4. Production for self-consumption should be included.
5. Money received by sale of shares/bonds etc. should not be included.
6. Income from sale of second hand goods should not be included.
7. Death duties, wealth tax, gift tax, etc., are not included is national income.
8. Corporation tax should not be recorded separately as it is a part of profit.

Question 15.
What are the difficulties in estimating national income by income method?
Answer:
Estimation of national income by income method passes various difficulties. The major difficulties are:
(i) It is difficult to estimate mixed income. Mixed incomes are earned by an unincorporated sector and it is difficult to get reliable information from such unorganized sector.

(ii) Interest on national debt is not included in national income as per the national income convention on the assumption that government borrowings are used for consumption (unproductive) purposes. However, some economists object to this since, a part of the government borrowing is used for productive purposes.

(iii) Incomes received are generally calculated from income-tax returns. Therefore, income method is of limited used in underdeveloped countries because a very small part of the income earners are tax payers in these countries.
Income method of estimating national income is useful because it provides information about distribution of national income among various factor categories like share of wages profits etc. in national income.

Question 16.
What do you mean by G.D.P. at constant price?
Answer:
Gross Domestic Product at constant prices: Constant price means base year’s price. Base year is an average standard previous year in which major economic changes have not taken place. Goods and services produced during the year are either valued at constant price of the base year or the value of goods and services at current price is converted into the value at constant price.

Modem economies are inflationary economies where prices of goods and services are increasing at faster rates. It is therefore, advisable that the value of goods and services at current price should be converted at constant price, so that real Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.) could be understood. Calculation at constant price should be referred as real G.D.P. Formula of conversion of G.D.P. at current price into G.D.P at constant price.

Question 17.
Will a profit maximizing firm in competitive market ever produce a positive level of output in the range where the marginal cost is falling? Give and explanation.
Answer:
A profit maximizing firm in a competitive market will produce a positive level at output in the same, where marginal cost is falling. Falling MC means that the cost of producing an additional unit of output trends to reduce. Here, price is constant as the firm is working in a competitive market in this case, the difference between firm’s total revenue and TVC (TVC = Σ MC) tends to increase. It means firm’s profit increases with the increase in the level of output. Then a competitive firm increase output when gross profit is rising.

Question 18.
From the following data, calculate Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income.
Items (₹ In cores )

• Net domestic product at factor cost 8,000
• Net factor income from abroad 200
• Disbursed profit 1,000
• Corporation tax 500
• Interest received by households 1,500
• Interest paid by households 1,200
• Transfer income 300
• Personal tax 500.

Solution:
Personal Income = (a) + (b) + (e – f) + (g) -(d)
= 8000 + 200 +(1500-1200)+ 300 – 500
= 8000 + 200 + 300 + 300 – 500
= 8800 – 500 = ₹ 8,300 Cores.
Personal Disposable Income = Personal Income – Personal Tax
= 8300 – 500 = ₹ 7,800 Croce.

Question 19.
In a single day, Raju, the barber, collects ₹ 500 from hair cuts. Over this day, his equipment depreciates in value by ₹ 50, of the remaining ₹ 450, Raju pays sales tax worth ₹ 30, takes home ₹ 200 and retains ₹ 220 for improvement and buying of new equipment He further pays 120 as income tax from his income. Based on this information, complete Raju’s contribution to the following measures of income:

(a) Gross domestic product
(b) NNP at market price
(c) NNP at factor cost
(d) Personal income
(e) Personal disposable income.

Answer:
(a) GDP = ₹500

(b) NNP_MP=GDP – DeP
₹500 – ₹ 50 = ₹450

(c) NN_fc = NNP – Sales tax
= ₹450 – ₹30 = ₹420

(d) PI = NNP_fc – Retained earnings
= ₹ 420 – ₹ 220
= ₹ 200

(e) PDI = PI – Income tax
=₹ 200 – ₹ 20
= ₹ 180.

National Income and Related Aggregates Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State five points of importance of national income.
Or
Write the importance of national income.
Answer:
Importance of National Income can be explained through the following points:
1. Knowledge about the economic progress of the nation y By collecting the data of the national income of few years the economic progress of any country can be known. Increase in national income is the sign of the progress of the country. By comparing the national income estimates over a period of time, we can know whether economy is growing, or is static or declining.

2. Measure of economic welfare:
The national welfare of a country depends upon its national income. If there is an increase in national income it will bring an increase in economic welfare and a fall in national income will result in fall in economic progress.

3. Formulation of policies:
National income is helpful in the formation of the policies of the country. For example, taxation policy, employment policy etc. National income statics is very useful in formulating the plans and fixing targets.

4. Economic planning:
Economic planning can be easily done on the basis of national income. The national income helps in deciding the area for which planning has to be done. It also helps in deciding the nature of investment. i.e.,the investment should be long-term or short – term.

5. Comparative studies:
The progress of two or more countries can be compared on the basis of the data of national income. It gives the idea of savings, investments, consumption etc. of various countries. Comparative study of the economic progress of various countries can easily be made. We can compare the standards of living and the levels of economic welfare of the people.

Question 2.
Distinction between Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product. Ans. Differences between Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product:

Question 3.
Write difference between National Income and Private Income.
Answer:
Differences between National Income and Private Income:
National Income

1. It includes income of both the public
2. It does not include National income.
3. It is not a part of National income.
4. National income is the income of residents of india.
5. National income = Net Domestic Product at factor cost + Net factor income from abroad.

Private Income:

1. It includes the income of private sectors and private sectors. only.
2. It includes both factor income and trans-fer income.
3. It is a part of private income.
4. In private income the income of private idents of India. people are included.
5. Private income = Net Domestic Product at factor cost – Income from the domestic product accruing to public sector+ Transfer income + Net factor income from abroad.

Question 4.
What are the causes of low national income in India?
Or
Give reasons for slow growth rate of national income in India.
Answer:
The following are the causes of low national income in India:

1. Overpopulation:
   At present our population is more than 100 crores. It is the main cause of low national income.
2. Inequality in distribution of national income:
   There is a great disparity in the distribution of national income.The main reason is improper tax policy.
3. Dependence on agriculture:
   Indian economy is mainly agriculture based economy. There is always uncertainty in agricultural product. So, national income is low in India.
4. Illiteracy:
   A major part of the population in our country is uneducated. So, they are not able to understand the latest methods of production and policies. They are also not able to follow them.
5. Old method of production:
   The methods of production that are followed in our country are old and outdated due to which we are not able to utilize our resources to the full extent.

Question 5.
Write five suggestions to increase national income in India.
Or
Write suggestions to increase national income.
Answer:
1. Proper development in the agricultural fields:
Agriculture is the main source of national income in India. So, to increase the national income use of best seeds, fertilizers and tools is very important.

2. Development in the field of technical education:
An educated person can work more efficiently than uneducated one. So, education should be given to maximum number of people.

3. Proper utilization of natural resources:
If natural resources are fully and properly utilized the income of the nation can be increased.

4. Check on population:
Population must be controlled. Special efforts should be made to check population in villages which will increase per capital income.

5. Proper development of transport and communication facilities:
Development of transport and communication should be encouraged. Priority should be given to them. For this proper planning must be done. Development in transport and communication will encourage the export-import also which will increase the national income.

6. Export oriented trade policies:
Trade policies should be made in such a way that it will encourage export. Import should be discouraged so that national income will have a good effect. Five year plans and development programmers must be given stress. Export promotion should be given high priority.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Closed Economy and Open Economy.
Answer:
Differences between Closed Economy and Open Economy:
Closed Economy:

1. When a country does not have any economic relation with other country it is called closed economy.
2. In closed economy GDP and National income is equal.
3. It is an imaginary concept.
4. In this economy, capital formation is negligible.
5. In this economy consumption and investment both are equal to production.

Open Economy:

1. When a country establishes economic relation with other country it is called open economy.
2. There is a difference between GDP and National income.
3. It is a real concept.
4. In this economy, capital formation and investment both take place.
5. In this economy, the total of consumption and investment can be more or may be less than production.

Question 7.
Explain different methods of measuring national income.
Answer:
The various methods of measuring national income are:
1. Census of production method:
The gross national income is calculated by adding up the aggregate values of productions of all the industries and sectors of the economy and net income from abroad. By deducting depreciation from gross income we get national income.

2. Census of Income method:
By summing up the net incomes of all individuals and firms in a country during a year, we get the national income.

3. Expenditure method:
People don’t spend their entire income. They save a part of it as saving. By summing up all expenses and all incomes of all the people during a year, we get the national income.

4. Combined use of production and income method:
This method is also known as ‘mixed method’. In this method, both production and income methods are used together. In any country if due to certain reasons one method cannot be used, there the mixed method can be used.

5. Social accounting method:
This method was propounded by Prof. Richard Stone. In this method, the entire society was divided into various sections such as; producers, consumers, etc. The average income of some people of each section is calculated and then it is multiplied with the total number of people in each section.

Question 8.
A farmer sold cotton of Rs. 500 to cotton mill by producing himself. Cotton mill prepared garments and sold to garment factory at Rs. 600 garment factory sold it to a store on Rs.1000. Store owner sold it to consumer on Rs. 1200. Find out increased value by each.
Solution:
Following is the increased price by Farmer, Cotton mill, Ready made garments factory and store:

1. Price raised by Farmer = Sale of cotton to cotton mill = Rs. 500.
2. Price raised by cotton mill = Sale to garment factory – Sale of cotton from Farmer
   = Rs. 600 – 500 = Rs. 100.
3. By ready made garment = Sale price of dress to store – Price (Sell) of cotton from factory cotton mill
   = Rs. 1000 – 600 = Rs. 400.
4. By Store = Last sell price of consumer – Value of dress by ready made factory
   = Rs. 1200 – 1000 = Rs. 200.
5. Total price rise = Farmer+Cotton mill + Garment factory + Store value
   = Rs. 500 + 100 + 400 + 200 = Rs. 1200.

Question 9.
Write the main characteristics of capitalistic economy.
Or
What are the important features of a capitalist economy?
Answer:
Important features of a capitalist economy:
Following are important features or characteristics of a capitalist economy:

1. There is private ownership of means of production.
2. Production takes place for selling the output in the market.
3. There is sale and purchase of labor services at the price which is called the wage rate.

Question 10.
Explain in short G.D.P. at market price and G.D.P. at factor cost
Answer:
(A) Gross Domestic Product at market price:
It is also called the current price or prevailing price in the market. In order to calculate G.D.P. at current price final goods and services produced during the year are valued in terms of prevailing price of that year. To measure it we multiply the quantity of produced goods with their prices. It can be explained like this:

Here GDP _MP = P₁ (Q) + P₁ (S)
GDP_MP = Gross Domestic Products at market price
P₁ = Market price
Q = Quantity of final goods and services
S = Services

Increase in the value of Gross domestic product (G.D.P.) as compared to the value of previous year shows economic development and happy trend. It should be Carly studied whether the increase is due to increase in the quantity of goods and services produced or increase in price. If the increase has caused due to increase production, it should be taken as real increase. We can calculate per capital Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) if we divide total G.D.P. with the population of the country.

(B) Gross Domestic Product at factor cost:
Gross Domestic Product at factor cost is the estimate of Gross Domestic Product in terms of earnings of factors of production. It is the sum total of earnings received by various factors of production in terms of wages, interest, rent, profits, etc. within the domestic territory of a country in a year.

It measures factor incomes generated with the domestic territory irrespective of whether generated by residents or non-residents. Being gross it marks no provision for the depreciation. As explained above market value of goods and services differs from the earnings of factors of production because of Net Indirect Taxes. Therefore, if we get gross domestic product at factor cost. Thus,
G.D.P. _FC = G.D.P _MP – Indirect taxes.

MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 7A Integration

Integration Important Questions

Integration Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The value of \(\int { \frac { sec^{ 2 }x }{ 1+tanx } } \) dx is:
(a) log_e (l + tan x) + c
(b) tan x + c
(c) – cot x + c
(c) – cot x + c
(d) log_e x + c
Answer:
(a) log_e (l + tan x) + c

Question 2.
The value of \(\int { \frac { x }{ 4+x^{ 4 } } } \) dx is:
(a) \(\frac{1}{4}\) x² + c
(b) \(\frac{1}{4}\) tan^-1 \(\frac { x^{ 2 } }{ 2 } \)
(c) \(\frac{1}{2}\) tan^-1 \(\frac { x^{ 2 } }{ 2 } \)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{1}{4}\) x² + c

Question 3.
If \(\int \frac{2^{\frac{1}{x}}}{x^{2}}\) dx = k(2)^1/x + c, then find the value of k is:
(a) \(\frac { -1 }{ log_{ e }2 } \)
(b) – log_e 2
(c) -1
(d) \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)
Answer:
(a) \(\frac { -1 }{ log_{ e }2 } \)

Question 4.
The value \(\int \frac{e^{x}(1+x)}{\cos ^{2}\left(x e^{x}\right)}\) dx is:
(a) 2 log_ecos(xe^x) + c
(b) sec(xe^x) + c
(c) tan(xe^x) + c
(d) tan(x + e^x) + c
Answer:
(c) tan(xe^x) + c

Question 5.
If \(\int { xsinxdx } \) = -x cos x + α will be:
(a) sin x + c
(b) cos x + c
(c) c
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) sin x + c

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :


Answer:

1. \(\frac{1}{2}\) tan^-1 ( \(\frac{x}{a}\) ) + c
2. log [x + \(\int { \frac { dx }{ \sqrt { x^{ 2 }-a^{ 2 } } } } \) + c
3. log [x + \(\int { \frac { dx }{ \sqrt { a^{ 2 }-x^{ 2 } } } } \) + c
4. \(\frac{x}{2}\) \(\int { \frac { dx }{ \sqrt { a^{ 2 }-x^{ 2 } } } } \) + \(\frac { a^{ 2 } }{ 2 } \) sin^-1 ( \(\frac{x}{a}\) ) + c
5. log(sec x + tan x) + c
6. sin^-1 x + \(\sqrt { 1-x } \) + c
7. tan x + sec x.

Question 3.
Write True/False:

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. False

Integration Very Short Answer Type Questions

Answer:

1. \(e^{ tan-1x }\) + c
2. – cos x + c
3. sin² x + c
4. \(\frac{1}{2a}\) log \(\frac { a+x }{ a-x } \)
5. \(\frac{1}{2a}\) log \(\frac { x-a }{ x+a } \)
6. \(\frac { e^{ x } }{ x } \) + c
7. x log \(\frac { x }{ e } \) + c
8. 2 tan^-1\(\sqrt{x}\)
9. 1 + log x = t
10. a = – \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 } \), b = 3
11. x = t²
12. – \(\frac{1}{a}\) cos(ax + b)
13. \(\frac{1}{a}\) log (ax + b)
14. tan x – x + c
15. sin^-1 \(\frac{x}{a}\)
16. \(\frac { x^{ 3 } }{ 3 } \) + c
17. \(\frac { x^{ 3 } }{ 2 } \) + c
18. e^xf(x) + c
19. e^x
20. e^x log x + c.

Integration Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Evaluate:
\(\int \frac{\cos 2 x+2 \sin ^{2} x}{\cos ^{2} x} dx\)? (CBSE 2018)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int \frac{\cos 2 x+2 \sin ^{2} x}{\cos ^{2} x} d x\)

= \(\int { sec^{ 2 }xdx } \)
= tan x + c.

Question 2.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1-sinx }{ cos^{ 2 }x } } \) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { 1-sinx }{ cos^{ 2 }x } } \)

Question 3.
Evaluate \(\int \frac{2-3 \sin x}{\cos ^{2} x} d x\) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int \frac{2-3 \sin x}{\cos ^{2} x} d x\) dx

Question 4.
Evaluate \(\int \sin ^{-1}(\cos x) d x\) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
I = \(\int \sin ^{-1}(\cos x) d x\) dx

Question 5.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1+cos2x } } \)?
Solution:
Let I =

Question 6.
(A) Evaluate \(\int { tan^{ -1 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let

(B) Evaluate \(\int { sin^{ -1 }xdx } \) and \(\int { cos^{ -1 }xdx } \)?
(Do it by yourself)

Question 7.
Evaluate \(\int { sin^{ 2 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 8.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { cosx }{ cos(x-\alpha ) } } \) dx?
Solution:

Question 9.
(A) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 1+cosx } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

(B) Evaluate \(\int { \sqrt { 1+cos2xdx } } \)?
Solution:
Solve like Q.No 9 (B)

Question 10.
(A) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { e^{ x }(1+x) }{ cos^{ 2 }(xe^{ x }) } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

(B) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { e^{ tan-1x } }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

Question 11.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1-sinx } } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 12.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { logx }{ x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Given:

Question 13.
(A) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1-cosx } } \)?
Solution:
Let

(B) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { logx }{ x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

Question 14.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1+sinx } } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 15.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { cos\sqrt { x } }{ \sqrt { x } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

Question 16.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1-cos2x }{ 1+cos2x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

Question 17.
Integrate \(\frac { x^{ 4 } }{ x^{ 2 }+1 } \) with respect to x?
Solution:
Let

Question 18.
Find the value of \(\int { \frac { sec^{ 2 }(logx) }{ x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { sec^{ 2 }(logx) }{ x } } \) dx
Put, log x = t
⇒ \(\frac { 1 }{ x } \) dx = dt
∴ I = ∫sec² t dt
⇒ I = tan x + c
⇒ tan(log x) + c

Question 19.
Find the value of \(\int { \frac { sin(logx) }{ x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { sin(logx) }{ x } } \) dx
Put, log x = t
⇒ \(\frac { 1 }{ x } \) dx = dt
∴ I = ∫sin t dt = -cos t + c
⇒ I = – cos (log x) + c

Question 20.
Find the value of \(\int { \frac { cos(logx) }{ x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Solve like Q.No.19

Question 21.
(A) Find the value of \(\int { tan^{ 2 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { tan^{ 2 }xdx } \) = ∫(sec² x – 1) dx
= ∫sec² x dx – ∫1dx = tan x – x.

(B) Find the value of \(\int { cot^{ 2 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { cot^{ 2 }xdx } \) = ∫(cosec² x – 1) dx
= ∫cosec² x dx – ∫1.dx = – cot x – x.

Question 22.
Find the value of \(\int { \frac { sinx }{ 1+cosx } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { sinx }{ 1+cosx } } \) dx
= ∫\(\frac { 1 }{ t } \) dt, (Put 1+cos x = dt ⇒ sin x dx = dt)
= log t
= log (1 + cos x).

Question 23.
Find the value \(\int { \frac { sin^{ -1 }x }{ \sqrt { 1-x^{ 2 } } } } \) dx?
Solution:

Integration Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
Find the value of \(\int { \sqrt { \frac { a+x }{ a-x } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \sqrt { \frac { a+x }{ a-x } } } \) dx
Again let x = a cos θ ⇒ dx = – a sin θ dθ

Question 2.
Evaluate \(\int\left[\frac{1}{(\log x)^{2}}-\frac{2}{(\log x)^{3}}\right]\) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int\left[\frac{1}{(\log x)^{2}}-\frac{2}{(\log x)^{3}}\right]\)
Again let log x = t ⇒ x = e^t ⇒ dx = e^tdt

Question 3.
Evaluate \(\int { sin^{ -1 } } \) xdx?
Solution:
Let

Again let 1 – x² t ⇒ – 2x dx = dt

Question 4.
Evaluate \(\int { cos^{ -1 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 5.
(A) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { x^{ 2 } }{ 1+x } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

(B) Evaluate \(\int { \frac { x }{ 1+x^{ 4 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) tan^-1 t,
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) tan^-1 x²

Question 6.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1 }{ sinx-cosx } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { 1 }{ sinx-cosx } } \) dx

Question 7.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ e^{ x }+1 } } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 8.
Evaluate \(\int { sec^{ 3 }xdx } \)?
Solution:
Let

= sec x tan x – ∫sec x tan x tan x dx
= sec x tan x – ∫sec x tan² x dx
= sec x tan x – ∫sec x (sec² x – 1) dx
= sec x tan x – ∫sec³ xdx +∫sec x dx
⇒ I = sec x tan x – I + log(sec x + tan x)
⇒ 2I = sec x tan x + log (sec x + tan x)
⇒ I = \(\frac{1}{2}\) [sec x tan x + log (sec x + tan x)].

Question 9.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ x^{ 2 }-a^{ 2 } } } \)?
Solution:
Let

We have to break the term with partial fraction,
img

Question 10.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 3x }{ (x-2)(x+1) } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let \(\int { \frac { 3x }{ (x-2)(x+1) } } \) = \(\frac { A }{ (x-2) } \) + \(\frac { B }{ (x+1) } \) ………………… (1)
⇒ \(\frac { 3x }{ (x-2)(x+1) } \) = \(\frac { A(x+1)+B(x-2) }{ (x-2)(x+1) } \)
⇒ 3x = A(x + 1) + B (x – 2)
⇒ 3x = (A + B)x + (A – 2B) …………………… (2)
Comparing the coefficient of x from both sides,
3 = A + B
0 = A – 2B
3 = 3B ⇒ B = 1
and A = 2B = 2
image 40 40 40
= 2 log(x – 2) + log (x + 1) + c.

Question 11.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { x^{ 2 }+1 }{ x^{ 4 }-x^{ 2 }+1 } } \) dx?
Solution:

Question 12.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { x^{ 2 }+1 }{ x^{ 4 }+x^{ 2 }+1 } } \) dx?
Solution:
Solve like Q.No.11.
Answer:

Question 13.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ \sqrt { x^{ 2 }+2x+3 } } } \)?
Solution:
Let

Question 14.
Integrate \(\frac { 1 }{ 1+sin^{ 2 }x } \) with respect to x?
Solution:
Let

Question 15.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { cos2x }{ (cosx+sinx)^{ 2 } } } \) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let


Taking cos x + sin x = t
\(\frac { d }{ dx } \) (cosx + sinx) = \(\frac { dt }{ dx } \)
⇒ (-sinx + cos x) = \(\frac { dt }{ dx } \)
∴ I = ∫ \(\frac { dt }{ t } \)
⇒ I = logt + c
⇒ I = log(cos x + sinx) + c.

Question 16.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1+tanx }{ x+logsecx } } \)dx?
Solution:
Let

Question 17.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { cotx }{ log(sinx) } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { cotx }{ log(sinx) } } \) dx
Again let log(sin x) = t
\(\frac{d}{dx}\) log (sin x) = \(\frac{dt}{dx}\)
Taking sin x = u,

⇒ I = log t + c
⇒ I = log log(sin x) + c.

Question 18.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 2cosx-3sinx }{ 6cosx+4sinx } } \) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { 2cosx-3sinx }{ 6cosx+4sinx } } \) dx
Again let 6 cosx + 4 sin x = t,

Question 19.
Evaluate \(\int { e^{ 3logx } } (x^{ 4 }+1)^{ -1 }\) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { e^{ 3logx } } (x^{ 4 }+1)^{ -1 }\) dx

Put x⁴ + 1 = t,

Question 20.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ x-\sqrt { x } } } \)? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { dx }{ x-\sqrt { x } } } \)

Put \(\sqrt{x}\) – 1 = t

Question 21.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1+3sin^{ 2 }x } } \)?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 1+3sin^{ 2 }x } } \)

Integration Long Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Evaluate \(\int \sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{2 x}{1+x^{2}}\right) d x\) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int \sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{2 x}{1+x^{2}}\right) d x\) dx
Again let x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec² θ dθ

Question 2.
Integrate \(\frac{e^{m \tan ^{-1} x}}{\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\) with respect to x?
Solution:
Let tan^-1 x = t ⇒ x = tan t
dx = sec² t dt

= e^mtsin t – m[e^mt(-cos t) – \(\int { me^{ mt } } \) (-cos t) dt]
= e^mtsin t + me^mtcos t – m² \(\int { e^{ mt } } \) cos t dt
= e^mt (sin t + m cos t) – m² I

Question 3.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { x^{ 2 }tan^{ -1 }x }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { x^{ 2 }tan^{ -1 }x }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } } \) dx
Let x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan^-1 x
⇒ dx = sec² θdθ

Question 4.
Evaluate \(\int { tan^{ -1 }\frac { 2x }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { tan^{ -1 }\frac { 2x }{ 1+x^{ 2 } } } \) dx
Let x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec² θdθ

Question 5.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { xtan^{ -1 }x }{ (1+x^{ 2 })^{ 3/2 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { xtan^{ -1 }x }{ (1+x^{ 2 })^{ 3/2 } } } \) dx
Let x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec² θdθ

Question 6.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 3+2cosx } } \)?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 3+2cosx } } \)

Again let tan \(\frac { x }{ 2 }\) = t,

Question 7.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 4+5cosx } } \)?
Solution:
Solve like Q.No.6.

Question 8.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ 5-3cosx } } \)?
Solution:
Solve like Q.No.6.

Question 9.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 1 }{ 4+5sinx } } \) dx?
Solution:

Let tan \(\frac { x }{ 2 }\) = t ⇒ sec² \(\frac { x }{ 2 }\).\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\).dx = dt

Question 10.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { e^{ x }(1+sinx) }{ (1+cosx) } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { e^{ x }(1+sinx) }{ (1+cosx) } } \) dx

Question 11.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { xe^{ x } }{ (1+x)^{ 2 } } } \) dx?
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { xe^{ x } }{ (1+x)^{ 2 } } } \) dx = \(\int { \frac { (1+x-1)e^{ x } }{ (1+x)^{ 2 } } } \)

Question 12.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { 2cosx }{ (1-sinx)(1+sin^{ 2 }x) } } \) dx? (CBSE 2018)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { 2cosx }{ (1-sinx)(1+sin^{ 2 }x) } } \) dx
Put sin x = t, cos x dx = dt

⇒ 2 = A(1 + t²) + (1 – t) (Bt + 1)
⇒ 2 = A + At² + Bt – Bt² + 1 – t
⇒ 2 = (A – B)t² + (B – 1) t + (A + 1)
Comparing the cofficient of like terms
∴ A – B = 0
B – 1 = 0
and A + 1 = 2
∴ B = 1, A = 1

Question 13.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ e^{ x }-1 } } \)? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { dx }{ e^{ x }-1 } } \) = \(\int { \frac { e^{ x }dx }{ e^{ x }(e^{ x }-1) } } \)
Again let e^x = t, then e^xdx = dt

Question 14.
Evaluate \(\int { \frac { dx }{ x(x^{ n }+1) } } \)? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let I = \(\int { \frac { dx }{ x(x^{ n }+1) } } \)

Put xⁿ = t,

Question 15.
Evaluate \(\int { (\sqrt { tanx } +\sqrt { cotx) } } \) dx? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let

Again let, sin x – cos x = t
(cos x + sin x) dx = dt
(sin x – cos x)² = t²
sin²x + cos²x – 2sinxcos x = t²
⇒ 1 – sin 2x = t²
⇒ sin 2x = 1 – t²

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Maths Important Questions Chapter 4 Determinants

Determinants Structure Important Questions

Determinants Structure Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then value of |Adj. A| will be:
(a) |A|
(b) |A|²
(c) |A|³
(d) 3|A|
Answer:
(b) |A|²

Question 2.
If a, b, c are in Arithematic series, then value of determinant \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+2} & {x+3} & {x+2 a} \\
{x+3} & {x+4} & {x+2 b} \\
{x+4} & {x+5} & {x+2 c}
\end{array}\right|\) will be:
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) x
(d) 2x
Answer:
(a) 0

Question 3.
Matrix A = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\), then A^-1 will be:
(a) A^-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(b) A^-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(c) A^-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)
(d) A^-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\)
Answer:
(a) A^-1 = \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\)

Question 4.
If ω is the cube roots of unitary, then \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{\mathbf{1}} & {\omega} & {\omega^{2}} \\
{\omega} & {\omega^{2}} & {1} \\
{\omega^{2}} & {1} & {\omega}
\end{array}\right|\) =
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) ω
(d) ω²
Answer:
(b) 0

Question 5.
Determinat \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a+b} & {a+2 b} & {a+3 b} \\
{a+2 b} & {a+3 b} & {a+4 b} \\
{a+4 b} & {a+5 b} & {a+6 b}
\end{array}\right|\) =
(a) a² + b² + c² – 3abc
(b) 0
(c) a³ + b³ + c³
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) 0

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. If \(\begin{vmatrix} 3 & m \\ 4 & 5 \end{vmatrix}\) = 3, then m = ………………………..
2. In determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{vmatrix}\), the cofactor of element – 3 is ………………………..
3. If A = \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}{1} & {0} & {1} \\ {0} & {1} & {2} \\ {0} & {0} & {4}\end{array}\right|\), then the value of |3A| is …………………………..
4. The value of determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & log_{ b }a \\ log_{ a }b & 1 \end{vmatrix}\) will be ……………………………
5. The value of determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} cos70^{ \circ }\quad & sin20^{ \circ } \\ sin70^{ \circ } & cos20^{ \circ } \end{vmatrix}\) will be ………………………

Answer:

1. 3
2. -1
3. 27A
4. 0
5. 0

Question 3.
Write True/False

1. The value of determinant \($\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{0} & {a} & {-b} \\ {-a} & {0} & {-c} \\ {b} & {c} & {0}\end{array}\right|$\) is abc?
2. The maximum value of determinant
   \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
   {1} & {1} & {1} \\
   {1} & {1+\sin \theta} & {1} \\
   {1} & {1} & {1+\cos \theta}
   \end{array}\right|\) is \(\frac{1}{2}\)?
3. If A is the matrix of order 3 × 3, then find the value of |kA| will be k²|A|²?
4. If \(\begin{vmatrix} x\quad & 2 \\ 18 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = \(\begin{vmatrix} 6\quad & 2 \\ 18 & 6 \end{vmatrix}\), then find the value of x is ± 3?
5. The value of the determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} 1\quad & \omega \\ \omega & -\omega \end{vmatrix}\) is 1?

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. Flase
4. Flase
5. True

Question 4.
Write the answer in one word/sentence:

1. How many number of value k for which the linear equation 4x+ ky + 2z = 0, kx + 4y + z = 0, 2x + 2y + z = 0 passes a non – zero solution?
2. If α, β are the roots of equation 2x² + 3x + 5 = 0, then find the value of \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
   {0} & {\beta} & {\beta} \\
   {\alpha} & {0} & {\alpha} \\
   {\beta} & {\alpha} & {0}
   \end{array}\right|\)?
3. If area of the traingle with vertices (2, -6), (5, 4) and (k, 4) be 35 square units, then find the value of k?
4. If x ∈ N and A = \(\begin{vmatrix} x+3\quad & -2 \\ -3x & 2x \end{vmatrix}\) = 8, then find the value of x?
5. Find the value of determinant \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
   {1^{2}} & {2^{2}} & {3^{2}} \\
   {2^{2}} & {3^{2}} & {4^{2}} \\
   {3^{2}} & {4^{2}} & {5^{2}}
   \end{array}\right|\)?

Answer:

1. 2
2. \(\frac{-15}{4}\)
3. 12
4. 2
5. -8

Determinants Structure Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} 2\quad & 20 \\ 1 & 6 \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
-8.

Question 2.
Find the value of y if \(\begin{vmatrix} -6\quad & 2 \\ 3 & y \end{vmatrix}\) = 24?
Answer:
-5.

Question 3.
Find x if \(\begin{vmatrix} 2\quad & 4 \\ x & 0 \end{vmatrix}\) = -16?
Answer:
4.

Question 4.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} a\quad & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}\) = 5, then find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} 3a\quad & 3b \\ 3c & 3d \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
45.

Question 5.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} a\quad & ω \\ ω & -ω \end{vmatrix}\) = 1, then value of a will be?
Answer:
1.

Question 6.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 3\quad & m \\ 4 & 5 \end{vmatrix}\) = 3, then find the value of m?
Answer:
3.

Question 7.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 2\quad & x \\ 4 & 9 \end{vmatrix}\) = 30, then find the value of x?
Answer:
– 3.

Question 8.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 4\quad & -3 \\ m & m \end{vmatrix}\) = 21, then find the value of x?
Answer:
3.

Question 9.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 2\quad & 4 \\ 3 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = 0, then find the value of x?
Answer:
6.

Question 10.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 4\quad & -3 \\ -m & m \end{vmatrix}\), then find the value of m?
Answer:
21.

Question 11.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} -6\quad & 2 \\ 3 & m \end{vmatrix}\) = 12, then find the value of m?
An.swer:
-3.

Question 12.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 4\quad & -6 \\ -2 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = 20, then find the value of x?
Answer:
8.

Question 13.
If ω, ω² are the cube root of unity, then find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} 1\quad & \omega \\ \omega & -\omega \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
1.

Question 14.
Find the value of \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{224} & {777} & {32} \\
{735} & {888} & {105} \\
{812} & {999} & {116}
\end{array}\right|\)?
Answer:
0.

Question 15.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} x\quad & 4 \\ 3 & 3 \end{vmatrix}\) = 0 then find the value of x?
Answer:
4.

Question 16.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 2+3i\quad & 4 \\ 1 & 2-3i \end{vmatrix}\) find its value?
Answer:
9.

Question 17.
In determinants \(\begin{vmatrix} 2\quad & -3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{vmatrix}\) then find the co – factor of element – 3?
Answer:
1.

Question 18.
If \(\begin{vmatrix} 3\quad & -2 \\ -4 & x \end{vmatrix}\) = 16, then find the value of x?
Answer:
8.

Question 19.
The value of \(\begin{vmatrix} 1\quad & log_{ b }a \\ log_{ a }b & 1 \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
0.

Question 20.
Find the value of 2 from determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} 1\quad & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
3.

Question 21.
Find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} 2+5i\quad & 5 \\ 4 & 2-5i \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
9.

Question 22.
Find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} cot x\quad & cosec x \\ cosec x & cot x \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
-1.

Question 23.
Find the value of \(\begin{vmatrix} cos70^{ \circ }\quad & sin20^{ \circ } \\ sin70^{ \circ } & cos20^{ \circ } \end{vmatrix}\)?
Answer:
0.

Determinants Long Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a+b+2 c} & {a} & {b} \\
{c} & {b+c+2 a} & {b} \\
{c} & {a} & {c+a+2 b}
\end{array}\right|\) = 2 (a + b + c)³?
Solution:
Let ∆ =

= 2 (a + b + c) . 1. [(a + b + c)² – 0]
= 2 (a + b + c)³. Proved.

Question 2.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}+1} & {a b} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {b^{2}+1} & {b c} \\
{a c} & {b c} & {c^{2}+1}
\end{array}\right|\) = 1 + a² + b² + c²? (NCERT, CBSE 2016)
Solution:
Let ∆ =


= (1 + a² + b² + c²) . 1 \(\begin{vmatrix} 1\quad & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{vmatrix}\)
∆ = (1 + a² + b² + c²). Proved.

Question 3.
Prove that \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}} & {b c} & {a c+c^{2}} \\
{a^{2}+a b} & {b^{2}} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {b^{2}+b c} & {c^{2}}
\end{array}\right|\) = 4a² b² c² ?(NCERT, CBSE 2015)
Solution:
Let ∆ =

= abc.2c. \(\begin{vmatrix} a-b\quad & -a \\ a+b & -a \end{vmatrix}\)
= 2abc² [-a(a – b) + a (a + b)]
= 2²bc²[-a + b + a + b]
= 2a²bc².2b = 4a²b²c². Proved.

Question 4.
Solve the following determinant:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+1} & {3} & {5} \\
{2} & {x+2} & {5} \\
{2} & {3} & {x+4}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
Solution:


⇒ (x + 9) × 1 \(\begin{vmatrix} x-1\quad & 0 \\ 0 & x-1 \end{vmatrix}\) = 0
⇒ (x + 9) (x – 1)² = 0
∴ (x + 9) = 0 or (x – 1)² = 0
⇒ x = -9 or x = 1, 1.

Question 5.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{\alpha} & {\beta} & {\lambda} \\
{\alpha^{2}} & {\beta^{2}} & {\lambda^{2}} \\
{\beta+\lambda} & {\lambda+\alpha} & {\alpha+\beta}
\end{array}\right|\) = (α – β) (β – λ) (λ – α) (α + β + λ)?
Solution:
Let ∆ =

⇒ ∆ = (α + β + λ) (α – β) (β – λ) (β + λ – α – β)
⇒ ∆ = (α – β) (β – λ) (λ – α) (α + β + λ)
= R.H.S. Proved.

Question 6.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{1+a} & {1} & {1} \\
{1} & {1+b} & {1} \\
{1} & {1} & {1+c}
\end{array}\right|\) = (abc) (1 + \(\frac{1}{a}\) + \(\frac{1}{b}\) + \(\frac{1}{c}\) )? (NCERT; CBSE 2012, 14)
Solution:
Let



R.H.S. Proved.

Question 7.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{-a^{2}} & {a b} & {a c} \\
{a b} & {-b^{2}} & {b c} \\
{a c} & {b c} & {-c^{2}}
\end{array}\right|\) = 4a²b²
c²?
Solution:

= a²b²c²[2 (1 + 1)]
= a²b²c².4 = 4a²b²c². Proved.

Question 8.
Solve the equation:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{3 x-8} & {3} & {3} \\
{3} & {3 x-8} & {3} \\
{3} & {3} & {3 x-8}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
Solution:

⇒ (3x – 2) (3x – 11) [1. (1 – 0)] = 0
⇒ (3x – 2) (3x – 11) = 0
∴x = \(\frac{2}{3}\), \(\frac{11}{3}\).

Question 9.
Solve the equation \(\left|\begin{array}{lll}
{a+x} & {a-x} & {a-x} \\
{a-x} & {a+x} & {a-x} \\
{a-x} & {a-x} & {a+x}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
Solution:

⇒ (3a – x).1.(4x² – 0) = 0
⇒ 3a – x = 0, 4x² = 0
⇒ x = 3a, 0.

Question 10.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a} & {a+b} & {a+b+c} \\
{2 a} & {3 a+2 b} & {4 a+3 b+2 c} \\
{3 a} & {6 a+3 b} & {10 a+6 b+3 c}
\end{array}\right|\) = 0?
Solution:
Let ∆ =


= a² [7a + 3b – 6a – 3b]
= a²(a)
= a³. Proved.

Question 11.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x} & {x+y} & {x+2 y} \\
{x+2 y} & {x} & {x+y} \\
{x+y} & {x+2 y} & {x}
\end{array}\right|\) = 9y² (x + y)? (CBSE 2017)
Solution:
Let ∆


⇒ ∆ = 9y(x + y) [-x – y + x+ 2y]
⇒ ∆ = 9y² (x + y). Proved.

Question 12.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x+4} & {2 x} & {2 x} \\
{2 x} & {x+4} & {2 x} \\
{2 x} & {2 x} & {x+4}
\end{array}\right|\) = (5x + 4) (4 – x)²? (NCERT)
Solution:
Let



= (5x + 4) (x – 4) (2x – x – 4)
= (5x + 4) (x – 4) (x – 4)
= (5x + 4) (x – 4)². [∵(a – b)² = (b – a)²]
⇒ ∆ = (5x + 4) (4 – x)². Proved.

Question 13.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{x} & {y} & {x+y} \\
{y} & {x+y} & {x} \\
{x+y} & {x} & {y}
\end{array}\right|\) = -2(x³ + y³). (NCERT)
Solution:
Let ∆ =


= 2 (x + y) (x² – xy + y²)
⇒ ∆ = – 2(x² + y²). Proved.

Question 14.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{a^{2}+2 a} & {2 a+1} & {1} \\
{2 a+1} & {a+2} & {1} \\
{3} & {3} & {1}
\end{array}\right|\) = (a – 1)³? (CBSE 2017)
Solution:
Let ∆ =

⇒ ∆ = (a – 1)² (a + 1 – 2)
⇒ ∆ = (a – 1)² (a – 1)
⇒ ∆ = (a – 1)³. Proved.

Question 15.
Prove that:
\(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
{1} & {1} & {1+3 x} \\
{1+3 y} & {1} & {1} \\
{1} & {1+3 z} & {1}
\end{array}\right|\) = 9(3 xyz + xy + yz + zx)? (CBSE 2018)
Solution:
Let ∆ =


= 9[x{(1 + y) (1 + 3z) – (1 + z)} – z{(x – y) – 0}]
= 9[x{1 + y + 3z + 3yz – 1 – z} – zx + zy]
= 9 [xy + 3xz + 3xyz – xz – zx + zy]
= 9 [3xyz + xy + yz + zx]. Proved.

MP Board Class 12 Maths Important Questions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 12th Hindi Solutions पद्य Chapter 1 भक्ति काव्य Pdf, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

MP Board Class 12th Hindi Swati Solutions पद्य Chapter 1 भक्ति काव्य

भक्ति काव्य अभ्यास

भक्ति काव्य अति लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
मीरा की भक्ति किस भाव की थी? (2014)
उत्तर:
मीरा की भक्ति दाम्पत्य (प्रेम) भाव की थी। उनके आराध्य श्रीकृष्ण हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
मीराबाई कैसा वेश रखना चाहती हैं? (2015)
उत्तर:
मीराबाई अपने स्वामी श्रीकृष्ण के लिए बैरागिन का वेश धारण करना चाहती हैं। इसके अलावा वह वही वेश धारण करना चाहती हैं, जिससे श्रीकृष्ण प्रसन्न हों।

प्रश्न 3.
‘रामचन्द्रिका’ के रचयिता कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘रामचन्द्रिका’ के रचयिता केशवदास हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
गजमुख का मुख कौन देखता है? (2010, 15)
उत्तर:
गजमुख का मुख दसमुख (रावण) देखता है।

भक्ति काव्य लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
मीरा के अनुसार देह का गर्व क्यों नहीं करना चाहिए? (2014)
उत्तर:
मीरा के अनुसार देह का गर्व नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह शरीर मृत्यु के बाद मिट्टी में मिल जाता है। यह शरीर पाँच तत्वों से निर्मित बताया जाता है-आकाश, वायु, पृथ्वी, अग्नि और जल। यह शरीर मृत्यु के पश्चात् इन्हीं तत्वों में मिल जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
मीरा को हरि से मिलने में क्या-क्या कठिनाइयाँ हैं? (2010, 17)
उत्तर:
मीरा को हरि से मिलने में निम्नलिखित कठिनाइयाँ हैं-

1. मीरा के चारों मार्ग (कर्म, भक्ति, ज्ञान और वैराग्य) बन्द हैं अर्थात् इनमें से कोई भी मार्ग मीरा के लिए खुला नहीं है।
2. हरि का महल इतना ऊँचा है कि मीरा वहाँ तक चढ़ने में असमर्थ है।
3. मीरा का मार्ग इतना सँकरा है कि चलते हुए डगमगाती है अर्थात् गिरने का डर लगा रहता है।
4. विधाता ने मीरा का गाँव हरि से बहुत दूर बना दिया है।

प्रश्न 3.
भगवान गणेश भक्तों की विपत्तियों को किस प्रकार हर लेते हैं?
उत्तर:
जिस प्रकार एक बालक कमल की डंडी को आसानी से तोड़ देता है उसी प्रकार गणेश जी भक्त के विघ्नों को हर लेते हैं। जिस प्रकार कमलिनी कीचड़ से अलग रहती है उसी प्रकार गणेश जी के भक्त संसार के विघ्नों से दूर रहते हैं। शंकर जी जैसे चन्द्रमा को निष्कलंक कर अपने शीश पर धारण करते हैं उसी प्रकार गणेश जी अपने भक्त को निष्कलंक कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
माँ सरस्वती की वन्दना कौन-कौन करता है? (2015, 16)
उत्तर:
माँ सरस्वती की वन्दना देवगण, ऋषिगण,श्रेष्ठ तपस्वी, भूत, भविष्य और वर्तमान को जानने वाले,उनके पति ब्रह्मा जी,शंकर जी और कार्तिकेय करते हैं।

भक्ति काव्य दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
“मीरा का सम्पूर्ण काव्य भाव-विह्वलता के गुणों से पूरित है।” सिद्ध कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मीरा के काव्य में भाव-विह्वलता’ कूट-कूटकर भरी है।
(i) विरह-वेदना :
मीराबाई भगवान कृष्ण के प्रेम की दीवानी थीं। उन्होंने आँसुओं के जल से सींच-सींच कर प्रेम की बेल बोई थी। मीरा ने अपने प्रियतम (श्रीकृष्ण) के विरह में जो कुछ लिखा उसकी तुलना कहीं पर भी नहीं की जा सकती।

(ii) रस और माधुर्य भाव :
मीरा के साहित्य में माधुर्य भाव को बहुत ऊँचा स्थान प्राप्त है। उनकी रचनाओं में माधुर्य भाव प्रधान है। उसमें शान्त रस और श्रृंगार रस की अभिव्यक्ति है।

(iii) रहस्यवाद :
मीरा के अधिकतर पदों में उनका रहस्यवाद स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित होता है। इस रहस्यवाद में प्रियतम के प्रति उत्सुकता, मिलन और वियोग के सजीव चित्र हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
मीरा अपने मन को ईश्वर के चरण कमलों में ही क्यों लीन रखना चाहती हैं?
उत्तर:
मीरा श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों में ही अपने मन को लगाना चाहती हैं। जिस किसी को उनके चरण कमलों के अपनी भृकुटि के मध्य दर्शन हो गए वह संसार से ऊपर उठ गया अर्थात् उसका उद्धार हो गया। तीर्थ एवं व्रत करने, काशी में रहकर मृत्यु प्राप्त करने की इच्छा करने से कुछ नहीं होता और न ही संसार को त्याग करके संन्यासी होने से कुछ होगा। मीरा के अनुसार तो श्रीकृष्ण के चरणों में ध्यान लगाने से ही जीवन सफल होगा। मीरा के प्रभु ही जन्म-मरण के बन्धन को काटने वाले हैं। इसलिए वह श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों में ही अपने मन को लगाना चाहती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘कठिन क्रूर अक्रूर आयो’ पंक्ति का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मथुरा का राजा कंस श्रीकृष्ण का वध करना चाहता था इसलिए उसने नन्दबाबा के मित्र अक्रूर को श्रीकृष्ण को मथुरा लाने के लिए भेजा। उसे विश्वास था कि अक्रूर के साथ नन्दबाबा कृष्ण को मथुरा अवश्य भेज देंगे। अत: वह रथ लेकर श्रीकृष्ण को लेने आया था। अक्रूर का अर्थ यद्यपि दयालु होता है, लेकिन वह कठोर बनकर इस कार्य को करने आया था। श्रीकृष्ण को मथुरा ले जाकर उसने क्रूरता दिखाई है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘बानी जगरानी की उदारता’ का बखान करना क्यों सम्भव नहीं है?
उत्तर:
जगत वन्दनीया सरस्वती की उदारता (दया) का वर्णन संसार में कोई नहीं कर सकता है। देव, सिद्ध मुनि,श्रेष्ठ तपस्वी सभी उनकी उदारता का वर्णन करते-करते थक गए पर उनकी उदारता का वर्णन नहीं कर सके। भूत, भविष्य और वर्तमान के ज्ञाता भी इस बारे में असमर्थ रहे। उनके पति ब्रह्मा जी, पुत्र शिवजी और नाती कार्तिकेय ने भी उनकी उदारता का बखान किया, पर हर बार उन्हें उनमें कुछ नवीनता ही दिखाई दी।

प्रश्न 5.
श्रीराम वन्दना में राम के नाम की क्या महिमा बताई गई है?
उत्तर:
श्रीराम परिपूर्ण परमात्मा हैं। ये पुराण पुरुषोत्तम हैं। भक्त उनका दर्शन पाकर भी उनको नहीं समझ पाता है क्योंकि वेदों में ‘न इति’, ‘न इति’ कहकर उस भेद को वहीं छोड़ दिया है। केशवदास कवि श्रीराम नाम का निरन्तर जाप करते हैं इसलिए उन्हें जन्म-मरण से डर नहीं लगता अर्थात् जन्म-मरण के बन्धन से वह छूट जाएँगे। श्रीराम का रूप अणिमा सिद्धि (सूक्ष्मता) प्रदान करता है,उनका गुण गरिमा सिद्धि प्रदान करता है,उनकी भक्ति महिमा नामक सिद्धि प्रदान करती है और उनका पावन नाम मुक्ति प्रदान करता है।

प्रश्न 6.
केशवदास की काव्यगत विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
केशव की भाषा के दो रूप हैं-संस्कृतनिष्ठ भाषा और हिन्दी में प्रचलित शब्दों को लिए हुए हिन्दी भाषा। संस्कृत के अतिरिक्त इन्होंने बुन्देलखण्डी,अवधी और अरबी-फारसी के शब्दों का भी पर्याप्त प्रयोग किया है। केशव के काव्य में अलंकारों का प्रचुर मात्रा में प्रयोग हुआ है। इन्होंने जितनी अधिक संख्या में ‘छन्दों का प्रयोग किया है,उतना आज तक किसी भी हिन्दी कवि ने नहीं किया है।

केशव हिन्दी साहित्य के प्रथम एवं सर्वाधिक प्रौढ़ आचार्य हैं। काव्यशास्त्र का जितना व्यापक और प्रौढ़ विवेचन इन्होंने किया है उतना परवर्ती कोई भी आचार्य नहीं कर सका है। केशव की रचनाओं में परिस्थिति और क्रियान्विति के आधार पर सभी रसों की निष्पत्ति हुई है। इन्होंने दोहा, कवित्त, सवैया, चौपाई, सोरठा आदि का प्रयोग किया है। केशव हिन्दी के प्रमुख आचार्य हैं। उच्चकोटि के रसिक होने पर भी वे पूरे आस्तिक थे।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए
(अ) बाल्हा मैं बैरागिण………..साधाँ संग रहूँगी हो॥
(ब) भज मन चरण………..जनम की फाँसी।
(स) बालक मृणालनि……….गजमुख-मुख को।
(द) भावी भूत वर्तमान…………..नई-नई॥
उत्तर:
(अ) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘भक्ति काव्य’ के शीर्षक ‘मीरा के पद’ से अवतरित है। इसकी रचयिता मीराबाई हैं।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में भक्त कवयित्री मीरा ने अपने स्वामी श्रीकृष्ण को प्राप्त करने के लिए वैरागिण होने और शील, सन्तोष आदि गुणों को धारण करके अपनी अनन्य भक्ति का उल्लेख किया है।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती हैं कि हे स्वामी मैं बैरागिन (संन्यासी) होकर संसार को त्याग दूंगी और जिस भेष (स्वरूप) से मेरे स्वामी कृष्ण प्रसन्न होंगे वैसा ही वेष मैं धारण करूँगी। अपने हृदय में शील और सन्तोष धारण करके सब लोगों के साथ समान व्यवहार करूँगी अर्थात् समता की राह पर चलूँगी। जिसका नाम निरंजन (पवित्र) है,उसी प्रभु का ध्यान मैं हमेशा अपने हृदय में धारण करूंगी। मैं अपने शरीर रूपी वस्त्र को गुरु के ज्ञान रूपी रंग से रंग लूँगी और मन रूपी मुद्रिका (अंगूठी) पहनूंगी। मैं प्रेम से प्रभु के गुणों का वर्णन करूँगी और उन्हीं के चरणों में लिपट कर पड़ी रहूँगी अर्थात् श्रीकृष्ण के चरणों का आश्रय ग्रहण करूँगी। अपने इस शरीर को तन्तु वाद्य बनाकर अपनी जिह्वा से राम नाम को रटती रहूँगी। मेरा शरीर और जिह्वा श्रीकृष्ण के नाम लेने के काम में ही आवे मीरा कहती हैं कि मेरे प्रभु गिरधर गोपाल हैं। मैं उन्हें प्रसन्न करने के लिए और उनका गुणगान करने के लिए साधुओं के साथ रहकर अपना जीवन सफल बनाऊँगी।

(ब) सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद में मीरा श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों का भजन करने के लिए अपने आपको प्रस्तुत करने के लिए प्रेरित कर रही है।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती है कि हे मन ! तू श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों का भजन कर। जिसने भी गिरधर के चरणों के दर्शन अपनी भृकुटि के बीच में कर लिए उसको तो संसार फीका लगता है। जब तक प्रभु श्रीकृष्ण के चरणों के दर्शन नहीं हुए तो तीर्थ करने,व्रत करने और काशी में शरीर त्यागने से भी कोई लाभ नहीं होता। मनुष्य को इस शरीर का गर्व नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह शरीर एक दिन मिट्टी में मिल जाएगा। इस संसार का आनन्द तो हार जीत की शर्त के समान है जो शाम होते ही उठ जाता है। जैसे बाजार की चहल-पहल दिन में ही रहती है,शाम होते ही समाप्त हो जाती है। गेरुए वस्त्र धारण कर और घर त्याग कर संन्यासी होकर यदि ईश्वर को प्राप्त करने की युक्ति नहीं जानी तो फिर यह सब व्यर्थ है। फिर दोबारा संसार के जन्म-मरण के चक्कर में फंसना पड़ता है। मीरा के प्रभु तो गिरधर गोपाल हैं,वही उनके जन्म-मरण की रस्सी को काटकर उसे जन्म-मरण के बन्धन से मुक्त करेंगे।

(स) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश केशवदास द्वारा रचित ‘वन्दना’ के शीर्षक ‘गणेश वन्दना’ से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
यहाँ पर कवि केशवदास ने विघ्नहारी गणेश जी की वन्दना की है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि जैसे बालक कमल की डाल को किसी भी समय आसानी से तोड़ डालता है। उसी प्रकार गणेश असमय में आए विकराल दुःख को भी दूर कर देते हैं। जैसे कमल के पत्ते पानी में फैली कीचड़ को नीचे भेज देते हैं और स्वयं स्वच्छ होकर ऊपर रहते हैं, उसी प्रकार गणेश हर विपत्ति को दूर कर देते हैं। जिस प्रकार चन्द्रमा को निष्कलंक कर शिवजी ने अपने शीश पर धारण किया उसी प्रकार गणेश जी अपने दास को कलंक रहित कर पवित्र कर देते हैं। गणेश जी बन्धन से अपने दास को मुक्त कर देते हैं। रावण भी गणेश जी के मुख की तरफ देखकर अपनी बाधाओं को दूर करने की आशा रखता है।

(द) सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद ‘केशवदास’ द्वारा रचित ‘वन्दना’ के शीर्षक ‘सरस्वती वन्दना’ से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
यहाँ पर कवि ने सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि जगत में पूज्य सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन नहीं किया जा सकता। संसार में ऐसी श्रेष्ठ बुद्धि किसी में नहीं है जो उनकी उदारता का वर्णन कर सके देवता, सिद्ध मुनि,श्रेष्ठ तपस्वी सभी कह-कह कर हार गये, लेकिन कोई भी उनकी उदारता का वर्णन नहीं कर सका। भूत, वर्तमान और भविष्य बताने वाले सभी ने वर्णन किया, लेकिन केशवदास कहते हैं कि कोई भी सरस्वती की दया (उदारता) का वर्णन नहीं कर सका। उनके पति ब्रह्माजी ने, पुत्र शंकर जी ने और उनके नाती कार्तिकेय ने भी सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन किया लेकिन वे भी उनकी उदारता का पार नहीं पा सके। (शंकर जी का जन्म ब्रह्माजी की भौंहों से होने के कारण उनको पुत्र कहा गया है और कार्तिकेय शिवजी के पुत्र होने के नाते सरस्वती के नाती हुए।)

भक्ति काव्य काव्य सौन्दर्य

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के हिन्दी मानक रूप लिखिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
‘म्हारों’, ‘सूँ’ आदि राजस्थानी शब्दों का प्रयोग मीरा के पदों में हुआ है। ऐसे ही अन्य शब्दों का चयन कर उनका अर्थ लिखिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रसना – जिह्वा,जीभ,रसना।
पथ – मार्ग,पथ,राह।
गगन – नभ, आकाश, व्योम।
देह – तन,बदन,शरीर।
जगत – संसार,जग, दुनिया।
मुख – मुँह, वदन, आनन।
भव – जन्म,उत्पत्ति,संसार।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों में अलंकार पहचान कर लिखिए
(क) ‘सोच सोच पग धरूँ जतन से, बार-बार डिग जाइ।’
(ख) भज मन चरण कँवल अविनासी।’
(ग) ‘बालक मृणालनि ज्यों तोरि डारै सब काल।’
(घ) विपति हरत हठि पद्मिनी के पात सम।’
(ङ) पूरण पुराण अरु पुरुष पुराण परिपूरण ‘
(च) ‘दरसन देत जिन्हें दरसन सुमुझै न।’
उत्तर:
(क) अनुप्रास, पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार
(ख) रूपक अलंकार
(ग) उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार
(घ) उपमा अलंकार
(ङ) अनुप्रास अलंकार
(च) यमक अलंकार।

प्रश्न 5.
रस की परिभाषा दीजिए।
उत्तर:
विभाव, अनुभाव और संचारी भावों की सहायता से पुष्ट होकर स्थायी भाव जब परिपक्व अवस्था को प्राप्त होता है, तो रस कहलाता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘केशवदास’ की संकलित वन्दनाओं में कौन-सा रस है?
उत्तर:
शान्त रस।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों में निहित रस तथा उसके विभिन्न अंगों को समझाइए-
बानी जगरानी की उदारता बखानी जाइ,
ऐसी मति उदित उदार कौन की भई।
देवता प्रसिद्ध सिद्ध रिषिराज तपबृद्ध,
कहि कहि हारे सब कहि न काहू लई।
उत्तर:
उक्त पंक्तियों में शान्त रस है। इसका स्थायी भाव निर्वेद है। यहाँ आलम्बन विभाव सरस्वती जी हैं तथा आश्रय भक्त, गुणों का गान, अनुभव, धृति, मति आदि संचारी भाव हैं।

मीरा के पद भाव सारांश

‘मीरा के पद’ नामक कविता की रचयिता ‘मीराबाई हैं। उन्होंने इन पदों में श्रीकृष्ण को पति रूप में स्वीकार कर प्रेमभाव से समन्वित भक्ति को ही अपनी साधना का आधार बनाया।

भक्तिकाल में भक्ति का लक्ष्य ईश्वर प्राप्ति के साथ-साथ समाज कल्याण की भावना की परिपुष्टि भी रही है। संकलित पदों में मीरा का दृढ़ संकल्प,उनकी सत्संग की प्रबल-चाह, उनकी भक्ति-यात्रा में आने वाले विघ्न, उन पर सद्गुरु की असीम कृपा तथा कृष्ण-कृपा की एकनिष्ठ आकांक्षा का उल्लेख है। मीरा के अनुसार, वह अपने प्रभु को प्रसन्न करने के लिए कोई भी वेष धारण कर सकती हैं। पिय से मिलने में कठिनाई है। संसार के काम, क्रोध, लोभ, मोह आदि बाधाएँ प्रभु के पास जाने से रोकते हैं। मीरा के सतगुरु ने गिरधर नागर को ही उनका प्रभु बताया है। लाज के कारण मीरा कृष्ण के साथ मथुरा नहीं जा सकीं। श्याम के बिछड़ने से हृदय में पीड़ा हुई। संसार से उद्धार पाने के लिए देह का गर्व छोड़कर श्रीकृष्ण के चरण कमलों की वन्दना करनी चाहिए। श्रीकृष्ण से मीराबाई की यही प्रार्थना है कि वे उनका जन्म-मरण के बन्धन से उद्धार कर दें।’

मीरा के पद संदर्भ-प्रसंग सहित व्याख्या

(1) बाल्हा मैं बैरागिण हूँगी हो।
जो-जो भेष म्हाँरो साहिब रीझै, सोइ-सोइ भेष धरूँगी, हो।
सील सन्तोष धरूँ घट भीतर, समता पकड़ रहूँगी, हो।
जाको नाम निरजण कहिये, ताको ध्यान धरूँगी, हो।
गुरु ज्ञान रंगू, तन कपड़ा, मन मुद्रा पेरूँगी, हो।
प्रेम प्रीत सँ हरि गुण गाऊँ चरणन लिपट रहँगी, हो।
या तन की मैं करूँ कीगरी, रसना नाम रदूँगी, हो।
मीरा कहे प्रभु गिरधर नागर, साधाँ संग रहूँगी, हो।

शब्दार्थ :
बाल्हा = स्वामी; म्हाँरो = मेरे; साहिब = आराध्य (कृष्ण); सील = शील, लज्जा; घट = हृदय; समता = बराबरी; निरजण = निरंजन (दोष रहित); या तन = यह शरीर; कीगरी = तंतु वाद्य; रसना = जिह्वा (जीभ); गिरधर नागर = गिरिराज पर्वत को धारण करने वाले श्रीकृष्ण; साधौँ = साधुओं के।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक के ‘भक्ति काव्य’ के शीर्षक ‘मीरा के पद’ से अवतरित है। इसकी रचयिता मीराबाई हैं।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में भक्त कवयित्री मीरा ने अपने स्वामी श्रीकृष्ण को प्राप्त करने के लिए वैरागिण होने और शील, सन्तोष आदि गुणों को धारण करके अपनी अनन्य भक्ति का उल्लेख किया है।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती हैं कि हे स्वामी मैं बैरागिन (संन्यासी) होकर संसार को त्याग दूंगी और जिस भेष (स्वरूप) से मेरे स्वामी कृष्ण प्रसन्न होंगे वैसा ही वेष मैं धारण करूँगी। अपने हृदय में शील और सन्तोष धारण करके सब लोगों के साथ समान व्यवहार करूँगी अर्थात् समता की राह पर चलूँगी। जिसका नाम निरंजन (पवित्र) है,उसी प्रभु का ध्यान मैं हमेशा अपने हृदय में धारण करूंगी। मैं अपने शरीर रूपी वस्त्र को गुरु के ज्ञान रूपी रंग से रंग लूँगी और मन रूपी मुद्रिका (अंगूठी) पहनूंगी। मैं प्रेम से प्रभु के गुणों का वर्णन करूँगी और उन्हीं के चरणों में लिपट कर पड़ी रहूँगी अर्थात् श्रीकृष्ण के चरणों का आश्रय ग्रहण करूँगी। अपने इस शरीर को तन्तु वाद्य बनाकर अपनी जिह्वा से राम नाम को रटती रहूँगी। मेरा शरीर और जिह्वा श्रीकृष्ण के नाम लेने के काम में ही आवे मीरा कहती हैं कि मेरे प्रभु गिरधर गोपाल हैं। मैं उन्हें प्रसन्न करने के लिए और उनका गुणगान करने के लिए साधुओं के साथ रहकर अपना जीवन सफल बनाऊँगी।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. भगवान श्रीकृष्ण के प्रति मीरा की भक्ति भावना और श्रद्धा व्यक्त हुई है।
2. अनुप्रास, रूपक अलंकार का प्रयोग हुआ है।
3. दास्य भाव की प्रधानता है।
4. राजस्थानी मिश्रित ब्रजभाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है।
5. शान्त रस का प्रयोग।

(2) गली तो चारों बन्द हुई, मैं हरि से मिलूँ कैसे जाइ।
ऊँची नीची राह रपटीली, पाँव नहीं ठहराइ।
सोच-सोच पग धरूँ जतन से, बार-बार डिग जाइ।
ऊँचा नीचा महल पिया का, हमसे चढ्या न जाइ।
पिया दूर पथ म्हारो झीणों, सूरत झकोला खाइ।
कोस कोस पर पहरा बैठ्या, पैड़ पैड़ बटमार।
हे विधना कैसी रच दीन्हीं, दूर बस्यौ म्हाँरो गाँव।
मीरा के प्रभु गिरधर नागर, सतगुरु दई बताय।
जुगन जुगन से बिछड़ी मीरा, घर में लीन्हीं लाय॥

शब्दार्थ :
गली = रास्ता; राह = मार्ग; रपटीली = चिकनी;जतन से = प्रयास से; डिग जाय = फिसल जाता है; झीणों = पतला, सँकरा; सूरत = शरीर;झकोला = हिल जाना; कोस = दो मील की दूरी;पैड़ = जगह; बटमार = राह का कर लेने वाले विधना = विधाता; बस्यौ = स्थित; म्हाँरो = मेरा; जुगन-जुगन = युग-युग से (युग चार होते हैं-सतयुग, त्रेता, द्वापर, कलयुग); बिछड़ी = बिछड़ गई है; लाय = अग्नि।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में मीराबाई ने अपने स्वामी श्रीकृष्ण से मिलने में संसार में आने वाली कठिनाइयों का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती हैं कि प्रभु से मिलने के चारों रास्ते (कर्म, भक्ति,ज्ञान, वैराग्य) बन्द हैं तो फिर वह कैसे प्रभु से मिलें अर्थात् न तो कर्म अच्छा है,न भक्ति है,न ज्ञान है और न ही वैराग्य है जिससे कि प्रभु के पास जाया जा सकता है। उनसे मिलने का मार्ग ऊँचा-नीचा और रपटीला है जिस पर पैर ठहर नहीं पाते हैं अर्थात् चलने के लिए खड़े होते ही गिर जाते हैं। यहाँ पर प्रभु-मार्ग में आने वाली कठिनाइयों की ओर संकेत किया गया है। मन में बार-बार सोच-विचार कर आगे बढ़ने का प्रयत्न करती हूँ फिर भी पैर आगे नहीं बढ़ पाते। मेरे प्रिय श्रीकृष्ण का महल बहुत ऊँचा है जिसमें चढ़ने में मैं अपने को असमर्थ पाती हूँ। मेरे प्रियतम दूर बसे हैं और उन्हें प्राप्त करने का मार्ग बहुत सँकरा है जिस पर चलते ही शरीर डगमगाता है और नीचे गिरने का भय बना रहता है। हर कोस पर पहरेदार बैठे हैं और जगह-जगह पर कर वसूल करने वाले (लूटने वाले लुटेरे-काम, क्रोध,लोभ,मोह) बैठे हुए हैं जो हमारे आगे बढ़ने में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं। विधाता ने कुछ ऐसा नियम बनाया है जिसके कारण मेरा गाँव मेरे पिया से बहुत दूर है। मीरा को उसके सद्गुरु ने यह बताया है कि उसके प्रभु (स्वामी) तो गिरधर नागर श्रीकृष्ण हैं। उनसे बिछड़े हुए कई युग बीत गये हैं। मीरा के घर में आग लगी हुई है जिसके कारण न तो घर में रह सकती है और बाहरी संसार उसे रहने नहीं देता। ऐसे में प्रभु श्रीकृष्ण ही उसे अपना कर उसकी रक्षा कर सकते हैं।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. ब्रजभाषा, पद गेय एवं लालित्यपूर्ण है।
2. अनुप्रास अलंकार।
3. गुण माधुर्य।
4. शान्त रस है।

3. सखी री लाज बैरन भई।
श्री लाल गोपाल के संग काहे नाहिं गई।।
कठिन क्रूर अक्रूर आयो, साजि रथ कह नई।
रथ चढ़ाय गोपाल लैगो, हाथ मीजत रही।।
कठिन छाती स्याम बिछुरत, बिरह में तन तई।
दासी मीरा लाल गिरधर, बिखर क्यों न गई।

शब्दार्थ :
लाज = लज्जा; बैरन = दुश्मन; काहे = क्यों; क्रूर = कठोर; साजि = सजाकर; हाथ मीजत रही = पछता कर रह गई; बिरह = वियोग; तन = शरीर;तई = कढ़ाई; बिखर = नष्ट होना।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में मीराबाई ने विरह जनित पीड़ा का बड़ा ही मार्मिक वर्णन किया है। लोकलाजवश वह श्रीकृष्ण के साथ नहीं जा पाईं और उनके मथुरा चले जाने पर पछता कर रह गई।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती हैं कि हे सखी ! मेरी लाज ही मेरी दुश्मन हो गई। उसने मुझे गोपाल श्रीकृष्ण के साथ नहीं जाने दिया। मथुरा से कठोर हृदय वाला अक्रूर आया और अपने साथ सुन्दर रथ सजाकर लाया जिसमें कि श्रीकृष्ण को बिठाकर मथुरा ले गया और मैं अपने मन में पश्चाताप करती हुई रह गई। श्रीकृष्ण के वियोग में मेरा हृदय कठोरता का अनुभव करने लगा और मेरा शरीर उनके विरह में कढ़ाई के समान जलने लगा। मीरा तो गोपाल श्रीकृष्ण की दासी है। उन्होंने ही भक्तों के हित में गोवर्धन पर्वत उठाया था। मीरा को इस बात का दुःख है कि वह श्रीकृष्ण के विरह में नष्ट क्यों नहीं हो गई।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. ब्रजभाषा,पद गेय है एवं लालित्यपूर्ण है।
2. रस वियोग शृंगार।
3. अनुप्रास व उपमा अलंकार।
4. विरह का अनूठा वर्णन।

4. भज मन चरण कँवल अविनासी।
जे ताई दीसे धरण गगन बिच, ते ताइ सब उठि जासी।
कहा भयो तीरथ ब्रत कीन्हें, कहा लिए करवत कासी।
इस देही का गरब न करणा, माटी में मिल जासी।।
यो संसार चहर की बाजी, साँझ पड्यो उठ जासी।
कहा भयो है भगवा पहरयाँ, घर तज भये संन्यासी।।
जोगी होइ जुगत नहि जाणी, उलटि जनम फिर आसी।
मीरा के प्रभु गिरधर नागर, काटो जनम की फाँसी।। (2009)

शब्दार्थ :
कँवल = कमल; अविनासी = जिसका नाश न हो; करवत कासी = काशी में मृत्यु होने पर; देही = शरीर; गरब = घमण्ड; चहर = रौनक; बाजी = हार जीत पर कुछ लेन-देन की शर्त; भगवा = गेरुए कपड़े; जुगत = युक्ति।

सन्दर्भ :
पूर्ववत्।

प्रसंग :
प्रस्तुत पद में मीरा श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों का भजन करने के लिए अपने आपको प्रस्तुत करने के लिए प्रेरित कर रही है।

व्याख्या :
मीराबाई कहती है कि हे मन ! तू श्रीकृष्ण के चरण-कमलों का भजन कर। जिसने भी गिरधर के चरणों के दर्शन अपनी भृकुटि के बीच में कर लिए उसको तो संसार फीका लगता है। जब तक प्रभु श्रीकृष्ण के चरणों के दर्शन नहीं हुए तो तीर्थ करने,व्रत करने और काशी में शरीर त्यागने से भी कोई लाभ नहीं होता। मनुष्य को इस शरीर का गर्व नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह शरीर एक दिन मिट्टी में मिल जाएगा। इस संसार का आनन्द तो हार जीत की शर्त के समान है जो शाम होते ही उठ जाता है। जैसे बाजार की चहल-पहल दिन में ही रहती है,शाम होते ही समाप्त हो जाती है। गेरुए वस्त्र धारण कर और घर त्याग कर संन्यासी होकर यदि ईश्वर को प्राप्त करने की युक्ति नहीं जानी तो फिर यह सब व्यर्थ है। फिर दोबारा संसार के जन्म-मरण के चक्कर में फंसना पड़ता है। मीरा के प्रभु तो गिरधर गोपाल हैं,वही उनके जन्म-मरण की रस्सी को काटकर उसे जन्म-मरण के बन्धन से मुक्त करेंगे।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. ब्रजभाषा है,पद गेय एवं लालित्यपूर्ण है।
2. अनुप्रास एवं उपमा अलंकार है।
3. गुण-माधुर्य
4. शान्त रस है।

वन्दना भाव सारांश

‘वन्दना’ नामक कविता के रचयिता नीतिनिपुण एवं स्पष्टवादी ‘केशवदास’ हैं। इसमें उन्होंने प्रथम पूज्य गणेश, विद्या की देवी सरस्वती एवं मर्यादा पुरुषोत्तम राम की वन्दना की है।

भक्ति केवल भक्तिकाल तक सीमित भाव नहीं है, यह काव्य के लिए एक शाश्वत-भाव भी है। इसलिए अन्य काल के कवियों में भी भक्ति-तत्व के दर्शन होते हैं; जैसे’केशवदास’-वे रीतिकाल के कवि माने जाते हैं, किन्तु उनकी कविता में भी भक्ति-भावना का निदर्शन हुआ है। प्रस्तुत काव्यांश में केशवदास द्वारा की गई देव वन्दना परक पंक्तियाँ दृष्टव्य हैं। भक्ति’ के अन्तर्गत ‘इष्ट’ के वन्दन-अर्चन की प्रक्रिया है। वे गणेश, सरस्वती और श्रीराम की वन्दना करते हुए इनकी महिमा का वर्णन करते हैं। वे गणेश की कष्ट निवारक क्षमता,सरस्वती की उदारता और श्रीराम की मुक्ति प्रदायिनी क्षमता का विशेष रूप से उल्लेख करते हैं।

वन्दना संदर्भ-प्रसंग सहित व्याख्या

1. गणेश वन्दना
बालक मृणालनि ज्यों तोरि डारै सब काल,
कठिन कराल त्यों अकाल दीह दुःख को।
बिपति हरत हठि पद्मिनी के पात सम,
पंक ज्यों पताल पेलि पठवै कलुष को।
दूरि कै कलंक-अंक भव-सीस-ससि सम,
राखत है केशोदास दास के बपुष को।
साँकरे की साँकरनि सनमुख होत तोरै,
दसमुख मुख जोवै गजमुख-मुख को।।

शब्दार्थ :
मृणालनि = कमल की नाल; कराल = विकराल; अकाल = असमय; दीह = बड़ा,लम्बा; पद्मिनी = कमलनी; पात = पत्ता;पंक = कीचड़; पेलि = हठपूर्वक; पठवै = भेज देता है; कलुष = पाप; अंक = गोद; वपुष = देह; सनमुख = सामने दसमुख = रावण; गजमुख = गणेश।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश केशवदास द्वारा रचित ‘वन्दना’ के शीर्षक ‘गणेश वन्दना’ से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
यहाँ पर कवि केशवदास ने विघ्नहारी गणेश जी की वन्दना की है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि जैसे बालक कमल की डाल को किसी भी समय आसानी से तोड़ डालता है। उसी प्रकार गणेश असमय में आए विकराल दुःख को भी दूर कर देते हैं। जैसे कमल के पत्ते पानी में फैली कीचड़ को नीचे भेज देते हैं और स्वयं स्वच्छ होकर ऊपर रहते हैं, उसी प्रकार गणेश हर विपत्ति को दूर कर देते हैं। जिस प्रकार चन्द्रमा को निष्कलंक कर शिवजी ने अपने शीश पर धारण किया उसी प्रकार गणेश जी अपने दास को कलंक रहित कर पवित्र कर देते हैं। गणेश जी बन्धन से अपने दास को मुक्त कर देते हैं। रावण भी गणेश जी के मुख की तरफ देखकर अपनी बाधाओं को दूर करने की आशा रखता है।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. भक्ति रस का प्रयोग हुआ है।
2. अनुप्रास, उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार का प्रयोग।
3. गुण-माधुर्य।

2. सरस्वती वन्दना
बानी जगरानी की उदारता बखानी जाइ
ऐसी मति उदित उदार कौन की भई।
देवता प्रसिद्ध सिद्ध रिषिराज तपवृद्ध
कहि-कहि हारे सब कहि न काहू लई।
भावी भूत वर्तमान जगत बखानत है,
केशोदास क्योंहू ना बखानी काहू पै गई।
पति बनें चार मुख पूत बर्ने पाँच मुख,
नाती बनें घटमुख तदपि नई-नई। (2009)

शब्दार्थ :
बानी = सरस्वती;जगरानी = जगत् की पूज्य; उदारता = दयालुता; बखानी = वर्णन करना;मति = बुद्धि; उदित = उदय होना; तपवृद्ध = श्रेष्ठ तपस्वी; भावी भूत वर्तमान = भूत, वर्तमान और भविष्य; चारमुख = ब्रह्मा; पाँच मुख = शिवजी; षटमुख = कार्तिकेय; तदपि = फिर भी।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद ‘केशवदास’ द्वारा रचित ‘वन्दना’ के शीर्षक ‘सरस्वती वन्दना’ से उद्धृत है।

प्रसंग :
यहाँ पर कवि ने सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या :
कवि कहता है कि जगत में पूज्य सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन नहीं किया जा सकता। संसार में ऐसी श्रेष्ठ बुद्धि किसी में नहीं है जो उनकी उदारता का वर्णन कर सके देवता, सिद्ध मुनि,श्रेष्ठ तपस्वी सभी कह-कह कर हार गये, लेकिन कोई भी उनकी उदारता का वर्णन नहीं कर सका। भूत, वर्तमान और भविष्य बताने वाले सभी ने वर्णन किया, लेकिन केशवदास कहते हैं कि कोई भी सरस्वती की दया (उदारता) का वर्णन नहीं कर सका। उनके पति ब्रह्माजी ने, पुत्र शंकर जी ने और उनके नाती कार्तिकेय ने भी सरस्वती की उदारता का वर्णन किया लेकिन वे भी उनकी उदारता का पार नहीं पा सके। (शंकर जी का जन्म ब्रह्माजी की भौंहों से होने के कारण उनको पुत्र कहा गया है और कार्तिकेय शिवजी के पुत्र होने के नाते सरस्वती के नाती हुए।)

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. सरस्वती वन्दना में उनके प्रति आस्था का निष्पादन हुआ है।
2. ब्रजभाषा में रचना है।
3. अनुप्रास, पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार।
4. भाषा में मधुरता का गुण है।
5. शान्त रस का प्रयोग।

3. श्रीराम वन्दना
पूरण पुराण अरु पुरुष पुराण परिपूरण,
बतावै न बतावै और उक्ति को।
दरसन देत जिन्हें दरसन सुमुझैं न,
नेति-नेति कहैं वेद छाँड़ि भेद जुक्ति को।
जानि यह केशोदास अनुदिन राम-राम,
स्टत रहत न डरत पुनरुक्ति को।
रूप देहि अणिमाहि गुन देई गरिमाहि
भक्ति देई महिमाहि नाम देई मुक्ति को।

शब्दार्थ :
पूरण पुराण = पूर्ण ब्रह्म; परिपूरण = पूरे; पुरुष पुराण = पुरुषोत्तम; उक्ति = उपाय; दरसन = दर्शन; नेति-नेति = इतना ही नहीं; वेद = वेद चार हैं-सामवेद, यजुर्वेद, अथर्ववेद, ऋग्वेद, भेद जुक्ति = भेद करने की युक्ति; अनुदिन = प्रतिदिन; पुनरुक्ति = बार-बार संसार में आना; अणिमाहि = सूक्ष्मता, अणिमा सिद्धि; गुन = गुण; गरिमा = अष्ट सिद्धियों में से एक; गुरुत्व,महिमा = आठ सिद्धियों में से एक (महिमा); मुक्ति = जन्म मृत्यु से छुटकारा।

सन्दर्भ :
प्रस्तुत पद्यांश ‘केशवदास’ द्वारा रचित ‘वन्दना’ के शीर्षक ‘श्रीराम वन्दना’ से लिया गया है।

प्रसंग :
यहाँ पर कवि ने श्रीराम की वन्दना का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या :
केशवदास कहते हैं कि और कोई उक्ति बताये या न बताये श्रीराम पूर्ण ब्रह्म पुरुषोत्तम हैं। उनका दर्शन पाकर भी कोई उन्हें समझ नहीं पाता है क्योंकि वेद भी ‘न इति’ ‘न इति’ कहकर उस भेद को वहीं छोड़ देते हैं। यह जानकर केशवदास प्रतिदिन राम-राम रटते रहते हैं जिसके कारण उन्हें जन्म-मरण का डर नहीं रहता,क्योंकि राम-राम रटने से जन्म-मरण से मुक्ति मिल जाती है। श्रीराम का रूप अणिमा सिद्धि (सूक्ष्मता) प्रदान करता है, उनका गुण गरिमा सिद्धि (गुरुत्व) प्रदान करता है, उनकी भक्ति महिमा (बड़प्पन) सिद्धि प्रदान करती है और उनका नाम मुक्ति प्रदान करता है।

काव्य सौन्दर्य :

1. श्रीराम की महानता का बड़ा विशद वर्णन है।
2. भक्ति रस समाया हुआ है।
3. अनुप्रास, श्लेष, पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकारों का प्रयोग।
4. ब्रजभाषा में मधुरता का गुण है।

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in Human Welfare Important Questions

Microbes in Human Welfare Objective Type Questions 

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Name the place from which viruses entered into the plant:
(a) From lenticels
(b) From wound
(c) From stomata
(d) From root.
Answer:
(b) From wound

Question 2.
Fertilizer elements are :
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Potassium
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
Fertilizer that supplies least % of nitrogen is :
(a) Urea
(b) (NH₄)SO₄
(c) (NH₄)NO₃
(d) Organic nitrogen fertilizer.
Answer:
(d) Organic nitrogen fertilizer.

Question 4.
VAM is:
(a) Bacteria
(b) Yeast
(c) Fungi
(d) Virus.
Answer:
(b) Yeast

Question 5.
Nitrifying bacteria converts :
(a) N₂ into nitrates
(b) Ammonia into nitrates
(c) Nitrates into N₂
(d) CO₂ into carbohydrates.
Answer:
(b) Ammonia into nitrates

Question 6.
Who discovered the virus :
(a) Stanley
(b) Ivanowski
(c) Herel
(d) Beijerinck.
Answer:
(b) Ivanowski

Question 7.
Name the virus which has double helical stranded DNA :
(a) Hepatits A
(b) Hepatits B
(c) Hepatits C
(d) Flepatits D.
Answer:
(b) Hepatits B

Question 8.
Spirally coiled bacteria is known as :
(a) Spirilla
(b) Cocci
(c) Bacilli
(d) Vibrio.
Answer:
(a) Spirilla

Question 9.
Name the bacteria in which flagella are found in whole body :
(a) Peritrichous
(b) Atrichous
(c) Monotrichous
(d) Cephalotrichous
Answer:
(a) Peritrichous

Question 10.
Useful activities of microbes is :
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Nitrification
(c) Biogeochemical cycle
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 11.
Which of the following is prokaryotes :
(a) Chlorella
(b) Clamydomonas
(c) Protomyces
(d) Ossiletoria.
Answer:
(d) Ossiletoria.

Question 12.
Yeast is used in the production of :
(a) Ethyl alcohol
(b) Acetic acid
(c) Cheese
(d) Curd.
Answer:
(a) Ethyl alcohol

Question 13.
B.T. cotton provides immunity from :
(a) Pest
(b) Weeds
(c) Salt
(d) Animal.
Answer:
(a) Pest

Question 14.
Which is the used for making bread :
(a) Lactobacillus
(b) Straptobacillus
(c) Aspergillus
(d) S. cerevisiace.
Answer:
(c) Aspergillus

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Rhizobium, Azolla and Anabaena are the example of …………………….. fertilizers.
2. …………………….. bacterium is found in the roots of leguminous plants.
3. Nostoc and Anabaena are called ……………………..
4. …………………….. is nitrogen fixing bacteria.
5. …………………….. is the fungal resistant, bacterial antibody component.
6. …………………….. is the other name of mycoplasma.
7. …………………….. is the other name of Archaebacteria.
8. …………………….. type of ribosome is found in Moneran.
9. Bacterial cell wall is made by ……………………..
10. …………………….. is the meaning of word virus.
11. Butter milk is obtained from the activation of ……………………..
12. Ethanol is produced in a large scale through …………………….. yeast.
13. …………………….. bacteria is helpful in vinegar production.

Answer:

1. Bio
2. Rhizobium
3. Cyanobacteria
4. Rhizobium
5. Polymixin
6. PPLO
7. Living fossils
8. 70S type
9. Mucopeptides
10. Poison
11. Streptococcus lactis
12. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
13. Azotobacter aceti.

Question 3.
Match the followings :
I.

Answer:

1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (e)
4. (b)
5. (c).

II.

Answer:

1. (e)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)

Question 4.
Write answer in one word/ sentences:

1. Name the bacteria which is used in making swiss cheese.
2. Write the name of the microorganism which converted milk into curd.
3. Name the fish which control mosquito.
4. Write the name of two bacteria which are found in soil in free state.
5. Write the full name of IPM.
6. What is yogurt?
7. What is interferon?
8. Write the full name of B.O.D.
9. Write the name of an autotrophic nitrogen fixing microorganism.
10. Which microbes are used in industries for making citric acid?
11. Who discovered the penicillin?
12. Write the name of an alcoholic drink which is made by without distillation.
13. Microbes which is respire without oxgyen is called?
14. Synibiotic relationship which is found between fungi and higher plant root.

Answer:

1. Propionibacterium shermanii
2. Lactobacillus
3. Gambussia
4. Azotoba – cterium and Clostridium
5. Integrated Pest Management
6. Milk product
7. Antiviral protein
8. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
9. Anabaena
10. Aspergillus niger
11. Alexander Fleming
12. Beer
13. Anaerobic
14. Micorrhiza.

Microbes in Human Welfare Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the fungus which produce these products:

1. Citric acid
2. Vitamin B₂

Answer:

Question 2.
What is yoghurt?
Answer:
Yoghurt is a semi – solid sourish food prepared from milk fermented by added bacteria.

Question 3.
Why does the river Ganga water not spoil even kept for long – time?
Answer:
Bacteriophages are present in Ganga river which feed on bacteria which spoil water. So, this water does not get spoil for long –   time.

Question 4.
Who discover penicillin?
Answer:
Alexander Fleming.

Question 5.
Name the microorganism/fungi which gave penicillin.
Answer:
Penicillium notatum.

Question 6.
Which organism is used for making citric acid in industries?
Answer:
Aspergillus niger.

Question 7.
Write the name of methanogen bacteria.
Answer:
Methano bacterium species.

Question 8.
Which bacteria is found in anaerobic sludge?
Answer:
Methanogen.

Question 9.
What is lady bird?
Answer:
It is an insect which is used as biocontroller for Aphid control.

Question 10.
Give the name of autotrophic nitrogen fixing microbes.
Answer:
Anabaena.

Question 11.
Name the mineral absorbed by mycorrhiza, which is not absorbed by plant roots.
Answer:
Phosphorus.

Question 12.
Name the microorganism which changes to milk into curd.
Answer:
Lactobacillus spp.

Question 13.
Which fungi is used in treatment of plant due to biological control?
Answer:
Trichoderma spp.

Question 14.
Which bacteria is used in swiss paneer?
Answer:
Propionibacterium shermanii.

Question 15.
Which paneer is completed by the growth of fungus?
Answer:
Roquefort cheese.

Question 16.
Name two alcoholic drink which are formed without distillation.
Answer:
Beer and Wine.

Question 17.
Name two alcoholic drink which are formed by distillation.
Answer:
Whiskey and Rum.

Question 18.
What is the full form of BOD?
Answer:
Biochemical or Biological Oxygen Demand.

Microbes in Human Welfare Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample from your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes under a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
Answer:
Curd can be used as a sample for the study of microbes. Curd contains numerous Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) or Lactobacillus. These bacteria produce acids that coagulate and digest milk proteins. A small drop of curd contains million of bacteria, which can be easily observed under a microscope.

Question 2.
Give example to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
Answer:
The examples of bacteria that release gases during metabolism are :

1. Bacteria and fungi carry out the process of fermentation and during this process, they release carbon dioxide.
2. The dough used for making idli and dosa gives a puffed appearance. This is because of the action of bacteria which releases carbon dioxide. This CO₂ released from the dough gets trapped in the dough, thereby giving it a puffed appearance.

Question 3.
In which food would you find lactic acid bacteria? Mention some of their useful applications.
Answer:
Lactic acid bacteria can be found in curd. It is this bacterium that promotes the formation of milk into curd. The bacterium multiplies and increases its number, which converts the milk into curd. They also increase the content of vitamin B₁₂
in curd. Lactic acid bacteria are also found in our stomach where it keeps a check on the disease causing microorganisms.

Question 4.
Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products) which involve use of microbes.
Answer:

1. Wheat product: Bread, Cake etc.
2. Rice product: Idli, Dosa.
3. Bengal gram product: Dhokla, Khandvi.

Question 5.
In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
Answer:
Several microorganisms are used for preparing medicines. Antibiotics are medicines produced by certain microorganisms to kill other disease causing microorganisms. These medicines are commonly obtained from bacteria and fungi. They either kill or stop the growth of disease causing microorganisms. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Streptomycin, tetracycline and penicillin are common antibiotics. Penicillium notatum produces chemical penicillin, which checks the growth of staphylococci bacteria in the body. Antibiotics are designed to destroy bacteria by weakening their cell walls.

Question 6.
Name any two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.
Answer:
Antibiotics are medicines that are produced by certain microorganisms to kill other disease causing microorgainsms. These medicines are commonly obtained from bacteria and fungi. The species of fungus used in the production of antibiotics are:

Antibiotic:

• Penicillin
• Cephalosporin

Fungus source:

• Penicillium notatum
• Cephalosporium acremonium

Question 7.
What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
Answer:
Sewage is the municipal waste – water collected from city or town homes, that contains toilet, bathroom and kitchen waste.
It contains large amounts of organic matter and many pathogenic microbes which are harmful to humans as they can cause many diseases like cholera, typhoid, polio.

Question 8.
What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
Answer:
Differences between Primary and Secondary sewage treatment:

Primary sewage treatment:

• It is a physical process.
• Primary treatment involves the removal of large sized floating and suspended solids.
• BOD is not affected in this treatment.

Secondary sewage treatment:

• It is a biological process.
• Secondary treatment involves decomposition of organic matter by microbial action which produce methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide.
• BOD is less by secondary treatment.

Question 9.
Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy? If yes, how?
Answer:
Yes, microbes can be used as a source of energy. Bacteria such as; Methane bacterium is used for the generation of gobar gas or biogas. The generation of biogas is an anaerobic process in a biogas plant, which consists of a concrete tank (10 – 15 feet deep) with sufficient outlets and inlets. The dung is mixed with water to form the slurry and thrown into the tank. The digester of the tank is filled with numerous anaerobic methane producing bacteria, which produce biogas from the slurry. Biogas can be removed through the pipe which is then used as a source of energy, while the spent slurry is removed from the outlet and is used as a fertilizer.

Question 10.
Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
Answer:
Microbes play an important role in organic farming which is done without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Biofertilizers are living organisms which help in increasing the fertility of soil. It involves the selection of beneficial microorganisms that help in improving plant growth through the supply of plant nutrients. Biofertilizers are introduced in seeds, roots or soil to mobilize the availability of nutrients. Thus, they are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with organic nutrients.

Many species of bacteria and cyanobacteria have the ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen, Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Azospirilhum and Azotobacter are free living nitrogen – fixing bacteria, whereas Anabena, Nostoc and Oscillitoria are examples of nitrogen – fixing cyanobacteria. Biofertilizers are cost effective and eco – freindly. Microbes can also act as biopesticides to control insect pest in plants. An example of biopesticides is Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a toxin that kills the insect pests.

Dried bacterial spores are mixed in water and sprayed in agricultural fields. When larvae of insects feed on crops, these bacterial spores enter the gut of the larvae and release toxins, thereby it. Similarly, Trichoderma are free living fungi. They live in the roots of higher plants and protect them from various pathogens. Baculoviruses is another bio – pesticides that is used as a biological control agent against insects and other arthropods.

Question 11.
Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled A, B and C; but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples A, B, and C were recorded as 20mg/L, 8 mg/L and 400mg/L, respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted ? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
Answer:
The BOD values of the three samples A, B and C were recorded as 20 mg/L, 8 mg/L and 400 mg/L. Greater the BOD of waste water more is its polluting potential. So, sample C is more polluting as compared to sample A. Hence, sample A is the secondary effluent, sample B is river water and sample C is untreated sewage water.

Question 12.
What is paneer? Give its preparation method.
Answer:
Paneer is a milk product, which has 20 – 30% protein first filtered and the milk in thin cloth than heat on 60°C at 30 minutes and heat on 75°C at 15 second later it cold till 30°C. Add some quantity of lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris and enzyme renin. By this fat and casein protein is detached from milk after 45 minutes this mixture became solid. Now, they are cut into small pieces and boild in hot water, when it starts floating, they are separated and squeezed. Then they are put in salt water for treating. Paneer is now ready.

Question 13.
What is the utilization of bacteria in agriculture?
Answer:
Uses of Bacteria : Uses of bacteria for agriculture are as follows :

1. They increase soil fertility due to decomposition of dead organisms.
2. They increase soil fertility through nitrogen fixation in soil.
3. Blue – green algae is used the form of fertilizers.
4. They balance the quantity of mineral salts.

Question 14.
How are the bacteria used in vinegar industry?
Answer:
Fermentation of sugar by yeast in vinegar industry. Due to this manner, wine is prepared. This ethyl alcohol abandoned in direct air for much time now, it is changed in vinegar.

Question 15.
Name live fungi which give antibiotics.
Answer:
The fungi which give antibiotics are as follows:

Question 16.
Name five bacteria which produce antibiotics.
Answer:
The bacteria which produce antibiotics are as follows:

Microbes in Human Welfare Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write seven useful activities of Bacteria.
Answer:
Useful activities of bacteria :

1. N₂ fixation : Some bacterias play an important role in nitrogen fixation example Azo – tobacter, Clostridium, Rhizobium. These bacterias increase the fertility of soil by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
2. Lactic acid synthesis : Lactobacillus lacti converts the milk sugar into lactic acid.
3. Acetic acid synthesis: Acetobacter aceti takes part in synthesis of acetic acid or vinegar.
4. Rating of fibres: Isolation of wood fibres from the stem of plants is called rating. Clostridium butyricum is used in rating of fibres.
5. Tobacco and Tea industry : Some bacteria like Micococcus candisens is used to increase the flavour of the leaves of tobacco and tea. This process is called as seasoning.
6. Medicine production : Bacteria are the chief source of antibiotics, hence, they are used to extract antibiotics, example Streptomyces gresius (Streptomycine).
7. As symbionts: Bacteria presents in our body, helps in the various metabolic reactions example E.coli.

Question 2.
Write economic importance of fungi.
Answer:
Following are the economic importance of fungi:

1. As food : Mushrooms like Agaricus, Lycoperdon, Romaria, Clavasia are used as food. These mushrooms contain about 50% protein. Morchella is also used as food.
2. As medicine : Fungi provides various types of antibiotics as example Penicillin, Griseofulvine, Citrinine, Clavicine, Gliotoxine, etc. which are used in the treatment of disease.
3. Fertility of soil: Many fungi species increase the soil fertility by decomposition of dead organic matter.
4. Nitrogen fixation : Many fungus like Rhodotorula increases the soil fertility by nitrogen fixation.
5. In bakery industry : Yeast cells are used in bakery to produce spongy breads.
6. In wine industry : Yeast cells contain enzyme zymase which ferment sugar into alcohol.
7. In chemical industry : Many fungi species are used in the production of various types of acid like citric acid.
8. In cheese industry : Fungus Penicillium roqueforti is used in the preparation of camembert type of cheese from milk.

Question 3.
Explain the uses and types of virus.
Answer:
Uses of Viruses:

1. As it forms a link between non – living and living thus, it helps us to understand organic evolution.
2. Cyanophage (Blue – green algae) viruses are used to destroy blue – green algae grown in different areas.
3. Bacteriophages are used as biocides to destroy many harmful bacterias present in polluted area.

For example : Water of the river Ganga always remain pure and clean in bottles year after year due to presence of bacteriophage in it.

Nucleic acids of viruses : Viruses generally contain only one type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA. DNA is found in animal viruses, whereas RNA is found in plant viruses.

Human Immuno Virus (HIV):
It causes AIDS disease in human. Full form of AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This virus destroys immune system of the body, thus, the patient of AIDS suffers from number of diseases at a time and at last he dies. This virus is found surrounded by protein and a ring of RNA is found at the centre. Whole body of virus is surrounded by a covering of glycoprotein.

Type of viruses:
On the basis of host infected, viruses are grouped into following four groups:

1. Animal viruses : Viruses which infect animals are called animal viruses. These viruses contain DNA as genetic material.
2. Plant viruses : Viruses which infect plants are called plant viruses. These viruses contain RNA as genetic material.
3. Cyanophages : Viruses that infect blue – green algae are called cyanophages. These viruses contain RNA as genetic material.
4. Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages : Viruses that infect bacteria are called as bacteriophages. They contain DNA as genetic materials.

Question 4.
Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher:

1. Single Cell Protein (SCP)
2. Soil.

Answer:
1. Single Cell Protein (SCP):
It refers to harmless microbial cells that can be used as an alternate source of good protein. Just like mushrooms (a fungus) is eaten by many people and yeast is used by athletes as a protein source; similarly, other forms of microbial cells can also be used as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrate and vitamins. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Microbes like Spirullina and Methylophilus methylophus are being grown on an industrial scale on materials containing starch like waste water from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage. These single cell microbes can be used as source of proteins.

2. Role of microbes in soil:
Microbes play an important role in organic farming which is done without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Biofertilizers are living organisms which help in increasing the fertility of soil. It involves the selection of beneficial microorganisms that help in improving plant growth through the supply of plant nutrients.

Biofertilizers are introduced in seeds, roots or soil to mobilize the availability of nutrients. Thus, they are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with organic nutrients. Many species of bacteria and cyanobacteria have the ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen, Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Azospirilhum and Azotobacter are free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, whereas Anabena, Nostoc and Oscillitoria are examples of nitrogen – fixing cyanobacteria. Biofertilizers are cost effective and eco – freindly.

Microbes can also act as biopesticides to control insect pest in plants. An example of biopesticides is Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a toxin that kills the insect pests. Dried bacterial spores are mixed in water and sprayed in agricultural fields. When larvae of insects feed on crops, these bacterial spores enter the gut of the larvae and release toxins, thereby it. Similarly, Trichoderma are free living fungi. (MPBoardSolutions.com) They live in the roots of higher plants and protect them from various pathogens. Baculoviruses is another bio – pesticides that is used as a biological control agent against insects and other arthropods.

Question 5.
Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd.
Answer:
The order of arrangement of products according to their decreasing importance is:
Penicillin – Biogas – Citric acid – Curd.

Penicillin is the most important product for the welfare of human society. It is an antibiotic, which is used for controlling various bacteral diseases. The second most important product is biogas. It is an eco – friendly source of energy. The next important product is citric acid, which is used as a food preservative. The least important product is curd, a food item obtained by the action of lactobacillus bacteria on milk. Hence, the products in the decreasing order of their importance are as follows :
Penicillin – Biogas – Citric acid – Curd.

Question 6.
How do biofertilizers enrich the fertility of the soil?
Answer:
Biofertilizers are living orgainsms which help in increasing the fertility of soil. It involves the selection of beneficial microorganisms that help in improving plant growth through the supply of plant nutrients. These are introduced to seeds, roots, or soil to mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological activity. Thus, they are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with organic nutrients. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Many species of bacteria and cyanobacteria have the ability to fix free atmopheric nitrogen. Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Azospirillium and Azotobacter are free living nitrogen – fixing bacteria, whereas Anabaena, Nostoc and Oscillitoria are examples of nitrogen – fixing cyanobacteria. Biofertilizers are cost effective and eco – friendly.

Question 7.
Describe role of microorganisms in biogas production.
Answer:
The gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of waste biomass or waste bi – product is called as biogas.

Role of microorganisms in biogas production:
In biogas production under anaerobic condition, microorganism including methanogenes convert the bio – degradable organic waste into biogas and humus. The whole process is completed in three stages:

1. Solubilization
2. Acidogenesis
3. Methanogenesis.

1. Solubilization : In this step methanogenic bacteria hydrolyse the complex polymers into organic acids, alcohol by hydrolytic fermentation.

2. Acidogenesis : It is a biological reaction where simple monomers are Converted into volatile fatty acids, then into acetic acid, CO₂ and hydrogen.

3. Methenogenesis: Anaerobic digestion occurs in which acetate and CO₂ are converted into methane.

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology and its Applications Important Questions

Biotechnology and its Applications Objective Type Questions 

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Restriction endonuclease is employed for cutting :
(a) A single stranded DNA
(b) Double stranded DNA
(c) RNA fregment
(d) m – RNA.
Answer:
(d) m – RNA.

Question 2.
Which enzyme is helpful in genetic engineering:
(a) RNA polymerase
(b) DNA polymerase
(c) Restriction endonuclease
(d) Nuclease.
Answer:
(c) Restriction endonuclease

Question 3.
Extrachromosomal DNA used as vector in gene cloning is :
(a) Transposon
(b) Intron
(c) Exon
(d) Plasmid.
Answer:
(d) Plasmid.

Question 4.
The most extensively used bacteria in genetic engineering is :
(a) Bacillus
(b) Clostridium
(c) Escherichia
(d) Salmonella.
Answer:
(c) Escherichia

Question 5.
Hybridomas are:
(a) Antibodies
(b) Hybrid swarms
(c) Hybrid cultures
(d) Hybrid zone.
Answer:
(c) Hybrid cultures

Question 6.
Vaccine can not protect us from :
(a) Malaria
(b) Polio
(c) Small pox
(d) Tuberculosis.
Answer:
(a) Malaria

Question 7.
Humulin is:
(a) A type of chitin
(b) New digestive enzyme
(c) Powerfull antibiotic
(d) Human insuline
Answer:
(a) A type of chitin

Question 8.
Which is not used in the form of bio weapons :
(a) Bacillus anthrasis
(b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(c) Botulinum toxin
(d) Small pox.
Answer:
(b) Bacillus thuringiensis

Question 9.
Super bug is called :
(a) Pseudomonas pulida
(b) Xanthomonas citrae
(c) Bacillus anthresis
(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer:

Question 10.
Biopiracy affected plants are :
(a) Neem
(b) Basmati rice
(c) Turmeric
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 11.
Golden rice will help in :
(a) Producing petrol like fuel
(b) Pest resistance
(c) Herbicide tolerance
(d) Alliviation of Vit – A deficiency
Answer:
(d) Alliviation of Vit – A deficiency

Question 12.
During gene cloning which is called as “gene taxi” :
(a) Vaccine
(b) Plasmid
(c) Bacterium
(d) Protozoa.
Answer:
(b) Plasmid

Question 13.
In transgenics, expression of transgene in target tissue is determied by.
(a) Transgene
(b) Promoter
(c) Reporter
(d) Enhancer.
Answer:
(b) Promoter

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. Bt is a ………………………..
2. Bt toxin is formed from ……………………….. by the bacillus.
3. The prooduct of Cry – 1 gene is used for ………………………..
4. RNA interpritation is the method of cellular conservation in ……………………….. genes.
5. Both peptide chains are joined by the ……………………….. in insuline.
6.  ……………………….. is the found in proinsuline which is not found in muture insulin.
7.  ……………………….. is found in transgenic cow ‘Rosi’, it is not found in commen cow’s milk.
8. Flavr savr tomato is a transgenic veriety of ………………………..
9.  ……………………….. has two polypeptide chain and 51 amino acids.
10.  ……………………….. gene which found in Rhizobium is converted from nitrogen into nitrates.
11.  ……………………….. is the reason of male infertility in maize.
12. First transgenic organism is petant in ………………………..
13. Monoclsonal antibody is produce with the help of ……………………….. technology.

Answer:

1. Bio Toxin
2. Protoxin
3. Corn bores
4. Eukaryotic
5. Three sulphaid bundles
6. Peptide ‘c’
7. Human α – heredity lectalbumen
8. Tomato
9. Insulin
10. Nif gene
11. Cytoplasmic heredity
12. 1989
13. Hybridoma.

Question 3.
Match the followings:
I.

Answer:

1. (e)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)

II.

Answer:

1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)

Question 4.
Write the answer in one word/sentances:

1. Write the full name of RNAi.
2. Bt Toxic is encrypted by this gene.
3. Is our blood has proteoses and nucleases.
4. Who produce Bt toxin protein?
5. What is humulin?
6. What is SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficienay)?
7. Which is controled by Trycoderma?
8. Name the organism which bear the other organism obtained gene?
9. Bt. cotton and Golden rice is the examples of.
10. Name the gene which controles the cell cycle?

Answer:

1. RNA interference
2. By Cry genes
3. No
4. Bacillus thuringiensis
5. Human insulin
6. Hereditary disease
7. Biological fungal disease
8. Transgenic organism
9. Transgenic crop
10. p53 gene.

Biotechnology and its Applications Important Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of r – DNA technology and chemistry of oil?
Answer:
To remove oil from seeds using recombinat DNA technology would involve:

1. Identifying the genes that code for oil production.
2. Deleting these genes from the seed genome.
3. Splicing back together the remaining DNA.
4. Putting it back into the cell.

It will be not be very easy because the oils are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Since, fatty acids are important components of cell membrane system, deleting or switching off of its genes might affect the cell structure itself.

Question 2.
Find out from internet what is golden rice?
Answer:
Golden rice is a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize β – carotene, a precursor of vitamin ‘A’ in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin ‘A’.

Question 3.
Does our blood have proteases and nucleases?
Answer:
No.

Question 4.
Name the organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
Answer:
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).

Question 5.
Name the crops which are prepaired with the help of biotechnology.
Answer:
Bt cotton, Bt maize, paddy, tomato, potato and soyabeen.

Question 6.
Through whom Bt toxin protein originates?
Answer:
By Bacillus thuringiensis.

Question 7.
By which Bt toxin is coded?
Answer:
By Cry genes Bt toxin is coded.

Question 8.
Full form ofRNAi.
Answer:
RNA interference (RNAi).

Question 9.
Name the therapy which is help of missing of defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
Answer:
Gene therapy.

Question 10.
Name the scientific name of bacteria in which be form organism toxin.
Answer:
Bacillus thuringiensis.

Biotechnology and its Applications Important Questions Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is genetically modified (GM) food? Give two examples.
Answer:
Genetically Modified (GM) food:
The food substances produced from genetically modified crops or transgenic crops is called GM food. This food differ from conventionally developed varieties in the following aspects :

1. GM food contains antibiotic resistance gene itself.
2. It contains protein produced by transgene, example Cry protein in insect resistance varieties.
3. These GM foods contain enzyme produced by the antibiotic resistance gene that was used during gene transfer by recombinant DNA technology.

Examples of GM Crops, Food and Fruits:

1. Flavr Savr Tomato:
It is the first food containing genetically engineered DNA. These tomatoes contain genes for antibiotic resistance for kanamycin.

2. Maize:
GM maize has a bacterial gene which increases its resistance to pests and diseases. It also has a gene for ampicillin resistance which is harmful for us, therefore introduction of GM maize is opposed by many European countries.

3. Rape oil seed:
It is a new type of plant that contain genes for resistance to the herbicide Basta. It has for more potential, dangers and can become a weed and would be impossible to control with Basta. It could cross fertilize with relatives such as wild mustard, thus, spreading the resistance to wild plants. Such type of environmental risks could occur with genetically modified rapeseed crop. They might also effect food chains in unpredictable ways.

Question 2.
Write down the advantage of GM Crops.
Answer:
Advantages of GM Crops:

• Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, heat, salt.)
• Viral resistance can be introduced.
• Over ripening losses can be reduced. Example : Flavr Savr Tomato.
• Enhanced nutritional value of food. Example : Golden Rice.
• Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.

Disadvantages of GM crops:

• Transgenes in crop plants can endanger native species. Example : The gene for Bt toxin expressed in pollen may end natural pollinators such as honeybees.
• Weeds also become resistant.
• Products of transgenes may be allergic or toxic.
• They cause damage to the natural environment.

Question 3.
What is perfect agriculture? How is this method better than traditional method? Explain.
Answer:
Perfect agriculture is a method of agriculture which is sustainable, perfect and harmless. Green revolution and there after the production of agricultural crops has definately increased due to use of new and high yielding varieties, development of irrigation facilities, increased irrigated area, use of fertilizers etc. but it results many problems such as loss of soil fertility, pollution of food and water and diseases. The resistance power of plants and human beings falls slowly.

Food and water borne diseases affecting the health of human beings and animals. All of these conditions and events taking place due to the modem commercial agriculture. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Therefore, it would become necessary to develop a method of agriculture which would be free from above mentioned demerits. This kind of agriculture is called to be as perfect or sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is the best example of perfect agriculture.

Question 4.
What is organic cropping? What are its basis?
Answer:
Organic agriculture:
Organic agriculture is a method of agriculture which does not allow the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, weedicides, plant growth regulators, substances of animal origin and genetically modified bacteria. In this method biofertilizers, crop rotation methods are used to increase crop production and biopesticides are used to control insects and weeds. Thus, organic farming is a holistic way of agriculture which tries to bridge the widening gap between man and nature.

If has the commitment of meeting production needs on one hand and sustaining resources and ecosystem function on the other hand. Thus, organic farming is an alternative agriculture production system which avoid or largely excludes the use of synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulating hormones and live stock additives.

Basics of organic agriculture:

1. Organic agriculture is based on improvement of soil, plants, animals, man and global scinery and make it sustainable.
2. Organic agriculture is based on those ecosystems and biocycles which utilize that organisms which would be promoted.
3. It is based on the principle which are related with making pollution free environment and possibilities of life.
4. It is also based on saving environment and health of present and future generations.

Question 5.
What is eugenics? Write importance of eugenics.
Answer:
Eugenics: The branch of biology which deals with the study of improvements of human race is called eugenics.

Importance:

1. Development of selective reproduction in similar species.
2. Transfer of genetic materials in various organisms.
3. Development ofGM food and GM crops.
4. Gene cloning.
5. Gene therapy, etc.

Question 6.
Crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves because:
(a) Bacteria are resistant to the toxin,
(b) Toxin is immature
(c) Toxin is inactive
(d) Bacteria enclose toxin in a special sac.
Answer:
(c) Toxin is inactive : In bacteria, the toxin is present in an inactive form called prototoxin. This gets converted into the active form when it enters the salivary gland of insects having alkaline medium.

Question 7.
What are transgenic bacteria ? Illustrate using any one example.
Answer:
The becteria whose DNA is manipulated to carry and express a foreign DNA is called transgenic bacteria. These microbes are used for producing important bio – chemicals. They have been synthesizing alcohol, enzymes, steroids and antibiotics. Example  Bacillus thuringiensis for Bt cotton, hirudin from transgenic Brassica napus seed. Hirudin is a protein which prevents blood clotting. Its gene was chemically synthesized and introduced in Brassica napus, in which hirudin accumulates in the seed from where it is extracted, purified and used as a medicine.

Question 8.
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of production of genetically modified crops.
Answer:
Advantages of GM Crops:

1. Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, heat, salt.)
2. Viral resistance can be introduced.
3. Over ripening losses can be reduced. Example : Flavr Savr Tomato.
4. Enhanced nutritional value of food. Example : Golden Rice.
5. Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.

Disadvantages of GM crops :

1. Transgenes in crop plants can endanger native species. Example : The gene for Bt toxin expressed in pollen may end natural pollinators such as honeybees.
2. Weeds also become resistant.
3. Products of transgenes may be allergic or toxic.
4. They cause damage to the natural environment.

Question 9.
What are Cry proteins? Name an organism which produces it. How has man exploited this protein for his benefit?
Answer:
Cry proteins are toxic proteins (insecticidal proteins) secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis in crystal form during a particular phase of their growth. The toxin is coded by a gene called Cry. The genes encoding cry proteins called Bt toxin genes were isolated from B. thuringiensis and incorporated into several crop plants such as Bt cotton, Bt com etc. to provide resistance against insect pests.

Question 10.
What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA).
Answer:
It is a collection of methods which allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child or embryo. In gene therapy, normal genes are inserted into a person’s cells or tissues to treat a hereditary defect. Gene therapy is being tried for sickle cell anaemia and Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID).

In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation. In others, it can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. (MPBoardSolutions.com) However, both of these approaches are not completely curative. In gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in culture outside the body.

A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient. Because these cells are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. However, if the gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages, the disease could be cured permanently.

Question 11.
Consult internet and find out how to make orally active protein pharma – eeutical What is the major problem to be encountered?
Answer:
For making any oral drug or nutritional supplement, the action of digestive enzymes has to be taken into account. Most of the antibiotics and vitamin supplements are made in capsule form to prevent the action of HC1 in the stomach. For protein preparation, the major source is groundnut shells. The protein extracted from the source is predigested so, as to make it absorbable by the digestive system.

Biotechnology and its Applications Important Questions Long Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Diagrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing a human gene (say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E. coli.
Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the following in brief:

1. Biopiracy
2. Biopatent

Answer:
1. Biopiracy:
Some organisations and multinational companies exploid biological resources and genetical resources indegenous to a country without proper authorisation. This is called biopiracy. In fact it is illegal removal of biological material. The process of biopyracy involves collection of samples of biological sources, which can be done unnoticed. This biological material is then subjected to product development for use on a commercial scale.

Today a range of biological resources are facing biopiracy. It includes plants and animals, microorganisms genetic materials etc. Western companies are getting great benefits from using the knowledge and biological resources of the third world communities. (MPBoardSolutions.com) While the companies stand to make huge revenue from this process, the local communities are unrewarded and infact, may have to buy the products of these companies at high prices.

To check illegal exploitation of biological resources Government of India has signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which opens country natural resources for foreign exploitation.

2. Biopatent:
The protection given by government to an inventor of biological material to secure him for a specific time the exclusive right of manufacturing, exploiting, using and selling of an invention is called biopotent.

Today manufacturing companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make of biological resources, such as plants and animals, genetic materials which was identified developed and used by farmers and indegenous peoples.

There is growing worldwide opposition to the granting of patents on biological materials such as genes, plants, animals and human. Farmers and indegenous peoples are outaged that plants that they developed are being ‘hijacked’ by companies. Groups are diverse as religious leaders, parliamentarians and environment NGOs are intensifying campaign against corporate patenting of living things.

Question 3.
What is gene library?
Answer:
Gene library:
Several clones of cells, each clone containing one or a few foreign genes representing almost all the genes of an organism is referred to as genes library. From this gene library it is possible to identify a clone containing gene of interest. In order to obtain gene library of an organism, its genome is first cut into smaller DNA fragments containing one or a few genes such as fragments can be cloned into a cell which may be that of bacteria, yeast, insects, plant or animal cell.

When such a cell multiplies to form a group of cells, all cells will contain the same foreign DNA fragment which was introduced initially. (MPBoardSolutions.com) These cells which have similar foreign DNA fragment are referred to as a clone of cells. Several clones of cells each clone containing one or a few foreign genes are finally obtained and is called gene library.

Question 4.
What is genetic engineering? Describe the application of genetic engineering in the field of Agriculture and Medicine.
Answer:
The branch of biology by which important and permanent changes are created in plants and animals by increasing or decreasing manipulation and transplantation of genetic units is called genetic engineering.

(A) Application of Genetic engineering or Biotechnology in Agriculture: Genetic engineering is found to be very beneficial in agriculture. Its important use in agriculture are:

1. Increase in photosynthetic efficiency:
An increase in photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants can be achieved by introducing suitable Carbon dioxide Fixation Gene (cfx) from any plant into the crop plants.

2. Transfer of nitrogen fixing ability:
Number of symbiotic and non-symbiotic micro¬organism have capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Nitrogen fixers are found to possess nitrogen fixing gene (nif genes) which are located on chromosomes or plasmids. Introduc¬tion of nif gene in crop plants results in ability in crop plants to fix atmospheric nitrogen and reduction in the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

3. Disease resistance in crop plants:
Plant breeders at present are developing high yield varieties by transferring gene for disease resistance through conventional breeding.

4. Plant tissue in crop improvement:
Some of the areas of plant improvement where tissue culture has been applied with success are as follows :

• Rescuing hybrids through embryo culture.
• Multiplication of germplasm.
• Production of disease free plants.
• Production of haploid through another culture.
• Somaclonal variation.
• Somatic hybridization.
• Cryopreservation of germplasm.

5. VAM (Vesicular – Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) fungi with Rhizobium can boost the yields: Recently there has been a new dimension to this farm practice by the way of increasing Rhizobium inoculation effect by simultaneous inoculating seeds with VAM as well as Rhizobium culture.VAM are structural modification of hyphae helping in absorption and storage of phosphorus.

(B) Application of Genetic engineering in Medical field:

1. The hereditary diseases like colour – blindness, haemophilia which are caused by recessive genes and also many inborn metabolic disorders due to defective genes as alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria can be cured with the gene therapy.

2. Substances like vitamins, hormones, amino acids and antibodies can be synthesized in bacteria by introducing the genes which code these substances. In this way bacteria can be used as biofactories for the synthesis of these substances.

3. Production of insulin: Insulin is medicine used for the treatment of diabetes.
Initially it is derived from animals (pig and cows) but today it is produced by gene splicing.

4. Hepatitis-B vaccine : Hepatitis-B is a viral disease of liver. Today this vaccine is prepared with the help of genetic engineering.

Question 5.
What is forensic science? Explain DNA fingerprinting method of forensic science.
Answer:
Forensic science : Forensic science is the application of scientific knowledge and methodology to criminal investigations and legal problems.

DNA figerprinting : DNA fingerprinting is a hybridization technique used to identify the similarities of DNA molecule of two individuals.

Procedure of DNA fingerprinting : The DNA fingerprinting involves the following steps:

1. First of all, the DNA of the organism which has to be tested in isolated. It is host DNA. The DNA may be obtained from blood, semen, vaginal swabs and bone marrow. The amount of DNA needed for developing fingerprints is very small.

2. The isolated host DNA is then digested with a suitable restriction enzyme (example Restriction endonucleases) and the digest is subjected to gel electrophoresis (Southern hybridization). This enzyme cut the host DNA into small fragments.

3. The fragments of double stranded DNA (ds DNA) are denatured to produce single stranded DNA’by alkali treatment.

4. The DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

5. The electrophoresed DNA is then transferred from gel into a nitrocellulose filter paper where it is fixed by baking the filter at 80°C for 2 hours.

6. A known sequence of single stranded DNA is prepared. It is called probe – DNA. The probe is obtained from organisms or prepared by DNA preparation method.

7. The probe DNA is labelled with radioactive isotopes such as P32 and then probe is added to the nitrocellulose filter paper containing host DNA.

8. The single stranded probe DNA base pair with complementary strands of the host DNA. As a result DNA – DNA hybrids are formed on nitrocellulose paper.

9. The nitrocellulose paper is then washed to remove unbound DNA probes from the paper.

10. The nitrocellulose filter paper is photographed on X-ray film through autoradiography. The film is analyzed to determine the presence of hybrid nucleic acid.

A schematic representation of DNA fingerprinting of a person accused of rape, and of the semen stain recovered from the clothes of rape victim. The fingerprints match perfectly; the probabillity of this being due to chance is extremely low. DNA samples from a close relative of the accused and from an unrelated person are also included for comparisons (not shown here).

In case of disputed parentage, the DNA fingerprints of the child, the mother and the suspected father are compared. As a rule, the bands present in a child’s fingerprint must be accounted for by those in the mother’s and the fathers’s fingerprints. (MPBoardSolutions.com) Therefore, the child’s fingerprint is compared with that of the mother and their common bands are marked. The remaining bands in the child’s fingerprint must be present in that of the child’s father.

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting:

1. Identification of criminals in forensic laboratories and legal pursuits.
2. Settlement of disputed paternity i.e., who is the biological father or mother of the child.
3. It is useful in restoring health of patients suffering from leukemia or blood cancer.
4. It can explore the evolutionary pathway of a species.
5. It can verify the kinship of an individuals with another.

On the basis of DNA fingerprints, the killer of Shri Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India was identified as ‘Dhanu’. The sexual relationship of Bill Clinton, the former President of USA with Monika Levinski, a working staff of White House was also concluded to be true on the basis of DNA fingerprinting.

Question 6.
Explain stem cell technique with example and give its uses.
Answer:
Stem Cell Technology:
Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases using stem cells.

Stem cell:
A stem cell is a non – specialized,undifferentiated generic cell which can make exact copies of itself indefinitely and can differentiate and produce specialized cells such as a liver cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and other cells with specific functions. The process of changing into a specific cell type is known as differentiation. Stem cells are found in multicellular organisms.
Stem cells divide regularly to renew and repair the existing tissue.

Example:
The bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract in which stem cells function to renew and repair tissue.

Uses of stem cell:

1. Due to capacity of regeneration it is useful for treatment of injured cells by replacement of deflective tissue, teeth, retina, cochlear cells.
2. It is used to treat diseases including spinal cord injury, stroke, bums, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
3. Treatment of diabetes.

MP Board Class 12th Biology Important Questions

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 7th Special English Solutions Chapter 6 The Kings Choice PDF download, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 7 English Chapter 6 The Kings Choice Questions and Answers

The Kings Choice Class 7th Question Answer

Comprehension

(Answer the questions given below.)

MP Board Class 7th English Chapter 6 Question 1.
Whom did the lion appoint as his courtiers and why?
Answer:
The lion appointed the crow, the fox and the leopard as his courtiers. He did so for the following reasons. The fox was wise and clever. The leopard was alert and swift-footed. The crow could fly high.

Class 7 English Chapter 6 The King Choice Question 2.
What did the crow ask the king?
Answer:
The crow asked the king if he had ever tasted the camel’s meat. It was very tasty and sweet.

MP Board Class 7 English Chapter 6 Question 3.
Where did the king and his courtiers go in search of food?
Answer:
The king and his courtiers went to a desert. It was some miles away. The camel lived there.

Class 7 English Chapter 6 MP Board Question 4.
Why could the lion not go farther?
Answer:
The lion and his courtiers reached the desert the sand of the desert was burning hot because the blazing sun was shining there. The hot sand had burnt the lion’s paws. There fore, he could not go farther.

Class 7th English Chapter 6 MP Board Question 5.
How did they return from the desert?
Answer:
The lion got on the camel’s back. The fox and the leopard sat behind the lion. The crow kept flying. In this way, they returned from the desert to the forest.

The King’s Choice Std 7 Question 6.
Why did the three advisers smile mysteriously?
Answer:
The lion and the three advisers were tired and hungry. They looked at the camel intently. Then they looked at each other. With their looks they planned to entrap the camel. Therefore, they smiled mysteriously.

The King’s Choice Questions And Answers Question 7.
What did they plan next?
Answer:
The fox made a planning. They would make the camel request the lion to eat him.

Class 7 English Lesson 6 Question Answer Question 8.
What did the lion say to the camel in the end?
Answer:
In the end the lion said to the camel, “You have been loyal and good. You shall be my friend as long as I live.”

A. Read the following sentences and tick true or false

1. The king was big, handsome, fierce and strong. T / F
2. A king must not have courtiers. T / F
3. The lion had four courtiers. T / F
4. The courtiers never opposed the king. T / F
5. The lion had never seen a camel. T / F
6. The hot sand had burnt the feet of the fox. T / F
7. They were tired and hungry. T / F
8. I shall eat you one by one in the order in which you offered by ourselves. T / F

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True

Word Power

A. Use these phrases in the following sentences:
(ran, away, looked at, set off, inspite of, far from)

Class 7 English Chapter 6 Question

1. They ……………. each other.
2. The king …………………. on a journey.
3. The forest is not ……………….. the desert.
4. The lion was pleased ………………. his burnt paws.
5. The leopard wanted to ………………

Answer:

1. looked at
2. set off
3. far from
4. inspite of
5. run.

B. Write one word for:

1. person a part of the court of king or queen ……..
2. a swift-footed animal………
3. one who advises……..
4. an area full of sand………
5. a place of living ………
6. the ship of the desert ……..
7. one who remains faithful ……..

Answer:

1. courtier
2. Adviser
3. Desert
4. Dwelling
5. Camel
6. Loyal

C. Rearrange the. words to make meaningful sentences:

1. have/must/king/courtiers/a/./
2. a/bird/can/high/fly/./
3. roared/./whenever/stood/he/in/awe/ they
4. fat/big/and/looked/./it/
5. burnt/the/paws/.had/hot/sand/his
6. them/the/far/was/./behind/forest

Answer:

1. A king must have courtiers.
2. A bird can fly high.
3. Whenever he roared they stood in awe.
4. It looked big and fat.
5. The hot sand had burnt his paws.
6. The forest was far behind them.

Grammar in use

A. Underline the verbs in the following sentences:

1. The dog barked at the thief.
2. The snake killed the rat.
3. The hare fell into the well.
4. The hunter shot a lion.
5. Fish swim in the river.

Answer:

1. The dog barked at the thief
2. The snake killed the rat
3. The hare fell into the well
4. The hunter shot a lion
5. Fish swim in the river.

B. Fill in the blank spaces with suitable adverbs given in the box:

(greedily, unbearably, kindly, happily, mysteriously, slowly, loyalty)

1. The king treated the animals very………..
2. The hungry lion ate the food…………..
3. A tortoise walks ………….
4. The fox smiled ………….
5. All the animals took oaths of ……….. to the king.
6. It was……….. hot.
7. The animals lived……… in the jungle.

Answer:

1. Kindly
2. greedily
3. slowly
4. mysteriously
5. loyalty
6. unbearably
7. happily.

Let’s Talk

Some images of the forest and the desert are given here but they are mixed. Discuss them in groups to sort out and write them separately in the two columns given below :
(green trees, wild animals, dry land, camel, hot sand, date palm, oasis, birds, streams, elephant, deer, monkeys, swinging on trees.)
Answer:

Let’s Write

A. Using the following clues, write a paragraph about your visit to a bird sanctuary or a national park.

1. A national park (name)
2. it is in……….. (state)
3. world famous for ………….
4. besides lions, there are other wild animals such as……….
5. lots of people come daily.
6. facility to wander in the forest area (name) ………..
Answer:
One day, I visited a national park, Its name is kaziranga national park. It is in the state of Assam. It is world famous for one homed rhinos. Besides lions there are other wild animals such as tigers, panthers, leopards and bears. Lots of people come there daily to see the birds and animals. There is also a facility to wander in the forest area named kaziranga.

B. Write a letter to your friend describing how and where you spent your last summer vacation.

V & P.O. Sadhrana
Distt Gurgaon,
Haryana
8th July, 2006
Dear Rakesh,
Received your letter just now. I am my describing how I spent my last summer vacation.

I went to my village. There I went for a daily morning walk in the fields. After staying there for a fortnight, I went on L.T.C. with my father. I saw many places of pilgrimage. The sight of the historical buildings added a great deal to my knowledge. I saw many falls, rivers, mountains and seas.

Then I went to the houses of all of my relatives in turn. In this way I spent summer vacation.
Rest when we meet
Yours sincerely,
Sham Lai Vasistha.

Let’s Do It

Discuss in groups of four and collect the pictures of lion, camel, leopard, fox and then write three sentences about each of them.
Answer:
For self attempt.

The Kings Choice Word Meanings 

Page 32 to 35: Handsome – pretty, good looking beautiful – सुन्दर, Fierce – fearful – भयानक, Continued – persisted – जारी रही, Courtiers – ministers/counsellors in royal court – राजदरबारी, Bowed – bent – झुकाया, Alert – smart, agile – चुस्त, Lastly – finally – अन्त में, Oaths – pledges – शपथ, Loyalty – fidelity, faithfulness – वफादारी, Protection – safety – सुरक्षा, Opposed – acted against – विराध करना, Wishes – desires – इच्छाएं, Roared – thundered, granted loudly – दहाड़ा, Awed – fear mingled with respect – रोबयुक्त भय, Fill-full diet – पूर्ण भोजन प्राप्त करना, Remains – left overs – जूठन बचा हुआ, Desert – sandy place – मरुस्थल, Longed – desired – इच्छा करना, Looked – seemed – दिखाई देता था, Advisors – counsellors – सलाहकार, set off – started – चल दिया, Blazing – burning, scorching – झुलसता हुआ, Unbearably – intoserably – असह्य तौर पर, Further – to a more distance – अधिक दूरी तक, Commanded – ordered – आज्ञा दी, Frightened – got afraid – भयभीत हो गए, Behind – on the back – पीछे, Surprised – amazed -आशचर्य चकित होना, Intesently – designedly – उद्देश्य से, Promise – give word – वचन देना, Shocked – hurt – आहत हुए, Disappointed – worried – निराश/हताशा, However – still, nevertheless – फिर भी, Indeed – really – वास्तव में, While – a short time, moment – क्षण, Flesh – fat, meat – चर्बी माँस, Rushed in – dashed – तेजी से आगे बढ़ा, Proposal – suggestion to make offerings – सुझाव, Sacrifice – renounce – बलिदान देना, Really – actually – वास्तव में।

MP Board Class 7 Supplementary English Question Answer

• My Land Class 7 Question Answer
• A New Idea of Good Manners Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wasp and the Bee Class 7 Question Answer
• The Kings Choice Class 7 Question Answer
• Akbar and Birbal Class 7 Question Answer
• The Arrow and the Song Class 7 Question Answer
• Shravan Kumar Class 7 Question Answer
• Thomas Alva Edison Class 7 Question Answer
• Leisure Class 7 Question Answer
• Ramkrishna Paramhansa Class 7 Question Answer
• Words, Words, Words Class 7 Question Answer
• The Country Faith Class 7 Question Answer
• Uphill Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Great Pyramid Class 7 Question Answer
• Song of Radha, the Milkmaid Class 7 Question Answer
• The Story of Writing Class 7 Question Answer
• Tansen Class 7 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 6th Special English Solutions Chapter 6 The Righteous King PDF download, These solutions are solved by subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 6 English Chapter 6 The Righteous King Questions and Answers

The Righteous King Class 6th Question Answer

Word Power

(a) Make nouns of the following words.

e.g. Calm: calmness

1. wicked: …………..
2. good: …………..
3. mild: …………..
4. righteous: …………..
5. selfish: …………..
6. willing: …………..

Answer:

1. wickedness
2. goodness
3. mildness
4. righteousness
5. selfishness
6. willingness.

(b) Match the words with their meanings.

Answer:
1. → 8
2. → 3
3. → 7
4. → 6
5. → 4
6. → 2
7. → 1
8. → 5

(c) un-, im-, dis-, in – are some of the most common prefixes.

Add them before following words to make new words.
They are often used to make opposites.
Work in pairs, use the prefixes in the box to make the opposite of the words listed below.
Example:
Just – Unjust

1. nature   – ………….
2. mobile  – ………….
3. correct  – ………….
4. healthy – ………….
5. direct    – ………….
6. fit          – ………….
7. like        – ………….
8. active    – ………….
9. obey     – ………….

Answer:

1. nature   – unnatural
2. mobile  – immobile
3. correct  – incorrect
4. healthy – unhealthy
5. direct    – indirect
6. fit          – unfit
7. like        – dislike
8. active    – inactive
9. obey     – disobey

Comprehension

(a) Fill in the blanks with the words given:

(Only, named, death, king, judgements, falsehood, Brahmadatta, father, righteousness, favour, disputes, kingdom, Boddhisattwa, hatred, happy.)
When king was ………….. ruling the ………….. of Varanasi, the …………… was born as his ………… son; and he was ……….. Brahmadatta after his …………. After his. father’s …………. he became the ……………. and ruled the kingdom with ………… and justice. He gave his …………….. without fear on …………. , love or ………… . The people were ………….. ; they gave up …………. and setttled their ………….. without violence.
Answer:
Brahmadatta, kingdom, Bodhisattwa, only, named, father, death, king, righteousness, judgements, favours, hatred, happy, falsehood, disputes.

(b) Answer these questions:

MP Board Class 6 English Chapter 6 Question 1.
Why did the courts have very little work under Brahmadatta’s rule?
Answer:
The courts had little work to do under Brahmaddatta’s rule as people gave up falsehood and settled their disputes peacefully.

Class 6 English Chapter 6 MP Board Question 2.
What was Brahmadatta’s object in leaving the city in disguise?
Answer:
Brahmadatta disguised himself to find out his faults by talking to the people about their King. Moreover, the people inside and outside his court never pointed out his faults.

The Righteous King Class 7 Questions And Answers Question 3.
Where did Brahmadatta and the King of Kosala meet?
Answer:
Brahmadatta came across the King of Kosala on a narrow path with steep sides.

MP Board Class 6th English Chapter 6 Question 4.
Why were the two chariots not able to move on at first?
Answer:
None of the chariots could go ahead first because the way was narrow. No one was willing to make way for the other.

Class 6th English Chapter 6 Question Answer Question 5.
Did Brahmadatta’s charioteer know at first who in the other chariot?
Answer:
At first Brahmadatta’s charioteer did not know who was in the other chariots.

Class 6 English Chapter 6 The Test Question 6.
Why did Brahmadatta’s charioteer want to know about the virtues of King Mallika?
Answer:
When Brahmadatta’s charioteer found out that both of the kings were equal to one another in age, status, armies and wealth, he desired to learn about the virtues of Mallika.

Lesson 6 Class 6 English MP Board Question 7.
Which of the two charioteers made way for the other in the end? Why did he do so?
Answer:
King Mallika had to make way for King Brahmadatta as Brahadatta was more righteous than him. Man is worshipped and respected for noble deeds and righteous behaviour everywhere.

Grammar in use

(a) Read these sentences.

His ministers could not find any faults in him.
His courtiers could not find any faults in him.
The two sentences can be combined in this way.
Neither his ministers nor his countries could find any faults in him.

Now combine each of the following pairs of sentences, using neither………. nor as shown above.
1. Ashok didn’t come to school yesterday.
Ravi didn’t come to school yesterday.

2. George doesn’t drink coffee.
George doesn’t drink tea.

3. Kamla didn’t know the answer.
Radha didn’t know the answer.

4. He wasn’t helped by Bhasker.
He wasn’t helped by Karim.

5. David didn’t pass the first test.
David didn’t pass the second test.

6. Wasn’t Pratap invited: to the party?
Wasn’t Shekhar invited to the party?
Answer:
1. Neither Ashok nor Ravi came to school yesterday.
2. George drinks neither coffee nor tea.
3. Neither Kamla nor Radha knew the answer.
4. He was helped neither by Bhaskar nor by Karim
5. David passed neither the first nor the second test.
6. Was neither Pratap nor Sekhar invited by the party?

Let’s Talk

1. Did Ram or Shyam come here yesterday?
The answer to this question can be:
Neither Ram nor Shyam came.
Neither of them came.
Neither came.

Work in pairs. One partner will ask the questions as given below. The other will answer as above.
1. Does Kamla or Uma speak French?
2. Has Mr. Prasad or Mr. Shukla got a car?
3. Do you know Mr. Rao or Mr. Bhargava?
4. Do you drink coffee or tea?
5. Which team won the match, the School Team or the Town Team?
Answer:
1. Neither Kamla nor Uma speaks French.
Neither of them speaks French.

2. Neither Mr. Prasad nor Mr. Shukha has got a car.
Neither of them has got a car.

3. I know neither Mr. Rao nor Mr. Bhargava.
I know neither of them.

4. I drink neither coffee nor tea.
I drink neither of them

5. Neither the School Team nor the Town Team won the match; it was a draw.
Neither of them won the match.

Let’s Write

Class 6 English Lesson 6 Question Answer Question 1.
Describe in a paragraph how Brahmadatta ruled his kingdom?
Answer:
Brahmadatta was a just, impartial and righteous ruler. He gave fearless judgements. The people were satisfied under his rule. They settled their disputes without violence. People remained peaceful. He asked his ministers and the courtiers about his faults, but no one pointed his faults, as he had none. The people praised him highly for his virtues. They were fully satisfied with their king.

Up Board Class 6 English Chapter 6 Question 2.
Write a short paragraph about the virtues Mallika and those of Brahma-datta?
Answer:
Mallika was the King of Kosala. Whereas Brahmadatta ruled over Varanasi. Both of them were equal in age and the extent of their kingdom, army, wealth, caste or creed. King Mallika defeated the strong by strength, the humble by humility, wicked by cruelty and the good by goodness. The King of Varanasi was calm with the angry, kind with the wicked and conquered the selfish by love. He won the liars by truthfulness. It proved that the King of Varanasi was more virtuous than the King of Kosala. So, the way was cleared for him

Let’s Do

Find out more stories Jataka tales and write them in your note books.
Answer:
Do yourself.

 The Righteous King Word Meanings 

MP Board Class 6 Supplementary English Question Answer

• Kassim and Ali Class 6 Question Answer
• The Town Child Class 6 Question Answer
• A Boy Judge Class 6 Question Answer
• The Country Child Class 6 Question Answer
• Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Class 6 Question Answer
• The Righteous King Class 6 Question Answer
• Who Has Seen the Wind Class 6 Question Answer
• Robin Hood and the Sheriff Class 6 Question Answer
• The Naughty Boy Class 6 Question Answer
• Birbal Visits Heaven Class 6 Question Answer
• Rain in Summer Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-I Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-II Class 6 Question Answer
• My Plan (Poem) Class 6 Question Answer
• A Caravan Chief Class 6 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 6th English Solutions Chapter 5 Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant PDF download, English Class 6 Chapter 5 Question Answer, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 6 English Chapter 5 Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Questions and Answers

Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Class 6th Question Answer

Word Power

(a) Correct the spelling of the following words if required.

Answer:

(b) Look at these words:

see – sight
thing – thought
The words on the left are verbs and those on the right are their noun forms. Give the noun forms of the verbs given in the box.
(follow, grow, act, die, settle, accuse, repay)
Answer:

Comprehension

(a) Sequence the statements given below in the order they appear in the story:

1. Saladin did not wish to use force without some excuse.
2. The Jew was so miserly that he would never lend money willingly.
3. He thought to trap the Jew through a trick.
4. Sultan Saladin was in need of a large sum of money.
5. He asked the Jew a tricky question.
6. Melchisedech was a Jew who had plenty of money.
7. The Jew gladly lent Saladin all the money he needed.
8. The Jew avoided the trap through wisdom and intelligence.
9. Saladin asked the Jew for his help.
Answer:
4. Sultan Saladin was in need of a large sum of money.
6. Melchisedech was a Jew who had plenty of money.
2. The Jew was so miserly that he would never lend money willingly.
1. Saladin did not wish to use force without some excuse.
3. He thought to trap the Jew through a trick.
5. He asked the Jew a tricky question.
8. The Jew avoided the trap through wisdom and intelligence.
9. Saladin asked the Jew for his help.
7. The Jew gladly lent Saladin all the money he needed.

(b) Answer these questions:

Class 6 English Chapter 5 MP Board Question 1.
Why did Saladin think of a trick to get some money from the Jew?
Answer:
The Jew was a miser. He would never lend a big amount of money willingly. The Sultan needed the money badly. But he had no reason to use force. Therefore, Saladin had to think of tricks to get the money from the Jew.

MP Board Class 6 English Chapter 5 Question 2.
What did Saladin want the Jew to tell him?
Answer:
Saladin wanted the Jew to tell him which of the three religions: Judaism, Islam and Christianity, was the true and the best one.

MP Board Class 6th English Chapter 5 Question 3.
How did the rich man decide to honour the ring?
Answer:
The rich man decided to honour his ring. He told his sons that when he would be dying, he would give the ring to the worthiest of his sons. This son would inherit the family property and become the head of the family after the death of his father.

Lesson 5 Class 6 English MP Board Question 4.
Into whose hands did the ring come in the end?
Answer:
In the end, the ring came into the hands of a man who had three equally worthy sons.

English Reader Class 6 Lesson 5 Question 5.
What did the man do to please all three of his sons?
Answer:
The man got two other exactly similar rings prepared and secretly gave a ring to each of his sons. In this way he pleased all three of his sons.

Class 6 English Chapter 5 MP Board Question 6.
Why was it not possible to settle the question of inheritence?
Answer:
The three rings given to the three young men by their father, were exactly similar. None of them could tell which was the true one. So it was not possible to settle the question of inheritence to the property of the dead man.

MP Board Class 4th English Chapter 5 Question 7.
“This question is as difficult to settle as the question of the true ring,” the Jew said at the end of his story. What was the question?
Answer:
“The question was: which of the three religions- Judaism, Islam and Christianity, was the true and the best one.

Class 5 English Chapter 6 MP Board Question 8.
How did Saladin at last get the money he wanted?
Answer:
Saladin found that the Jew was too clever for him Being a great-hearted man, he left aside all tricks and frankly told the Jew-of his trouble and necessity. The Jew gladly gave him the money and Saladin got all he required.

Grammar in Use

(a) Look at these sentences.

1. Melchisedech was so miserly that he would never lend money willingly.
2. The rings were so similar that the goldsmith himself could not tell which was which.
3. Is he so ill that he could not even write an application for leave?
Each of these sentences can be made by combining a pair of sentences.

Sentence (1)
can be made from:
Melchisedech was very miserly.
He would never lend money willingly.

Sentence (2)
Can be made from:
The rings were very similar.
The goldsmith himself could not tell which was which.

Sentence (3)
can be made from:
Is he very ill?
Can he not even write an application for leave?

Now combine the following pairs of sentences, using so ………….. that.
1. The question was very difficult.
No boy was able to answer it.

2. Their village was far away.
The thieves could not hope to reach it before night.

3. The old woman was very busy.
She did not go out and ask the chief if she could give the pot.

4. Ramanna was very intelligent.
The king made him a judge.

5. The bus was very crowded.
We were unable to get in.

6. The Jew was very clever.
He did not get caught in Saladin’s trap.

7. Is the box very heavy?
Can you not carry it?

8. Were the questions very difficult?
Couldn’t the boys answer them?
Answer:
1. The question was so difficult that no boy answered it.
2. Their village was so far away that the thieves could not reach it before night.
3. The old woman was so busy that she did not go out and ask the chief if she could give the pot.
4. Ramanna was so intelligent that the king made him a judge.
5. The bus was so crowded that we were unable to get in.
6. The Jew was so clever that he did not get caught in Saladin’s trap.
7. The box is so heavy that you cannot carry it.
8. The questions were so difficult that the boys could not answer them.

(b) Look at these sentences:

This box isn’t very heavy.
I can carry it.
Now combine the following pairs of sentences, as shown above.
1. This river is not very deep.
We can cross it on foot.

2. This pen is not very expensive.
I can buy it.

3. That train is not very crowded.
We can travel in it comfortably.

4. These questions are not very difficult.
You can answer them all.

5. He is not very ill.
He can go to school.
Answer:
1. This river is not so deep that we cannot cross it on foot.
2. This pen is not so expensive that I cannot buy it.
3. That train is not so crowded that we cannot travel in it comfortably.
4. These questions are not so difficult that you cannot answer them all.
5. He is not so ill that he cannot go to school.

(c) Study this sentence:

A trap is being laid for me.
The verb in the sentence is in the passive voice.
In the active voice, the sentence will be:
He is laying a trap for me.
Is being laid is the passive of the present continuous form, is laying.
The general form of the present continuous tense in the passive voice is
am/is/are + being + past participle of the verb
Here are some more examples-

Now fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences with the verbs given putting the verbs in their present continuous tense (passive voice).

1. Our gate …………. red (paint)
2. English …………. from Class 3 in some States. (teach)
3. The textbooks for next year …………. in the Government Press. (print)
4. A bridge …………… across the river near our town. (build)
5. Stand up when the National Anthem …………. (sing)
6. I can’t understand why I ………… by the police. (watch)
7. Sanskrit …………. in all schools in India. (teach)

Answer:

1. is being painted
2. is being taught
3. are being printed
4. is being built
5. is being sung
6. am being watched
7. is being taught.

(d) Match each of the sentences in A with a sentence in B.

A
1. The patient has been cured.
2. The thieves have been caught.
3. Your exercises have been corrected.
4. The work in the house has been completed.
5. Our cricket team has been beaten in the first round.

B
1. We are moving in tomorrow.
2. We won’t be playing in the next round.
3. They will be sent to jail.
4. Now, look at your mistakes
5. He can leave the hospital now.
Answer:
1. The patient has been cured. He can leave the hospital now. (1,5)
2. The thieves have been caught. They will be sent to jail. (2,3)
3. Your exercise have been corrected. Now, find your mistakes. (3,4)
4. The work in the house has been completed we are moving in tomorrow. (4,1)
5. Our cricket team has been beaten in the first round. We won’t be playing in the next round. (5,2)

(e) Study these sentences.

The questions have often been asked.
It has never been answered satisfactorily.
The verbs (in italics) are in the passive form of the present perfect tense.
Has been asked is the passive of has asked.
Have been answered is the passive of has answered.
The general form of present perfect tense in the passive voice is :
has/have + been + past participle form of the verb. Here are some more examples.

(f) Now fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences with the verbs given, putting the verbs in their present perfect form (passive).

1. All the books to the library. (return)
2. The School Day ………….. for the 30th of this month. (fix)
3. This poem …………… by our Hindi teacher. (write)
4. the fees ………….. by everyone? (pay)
5. It ……….. by some. (pay)
6. It …………. by others. (not pay)

Answer:

1. have been returned
2. has been fixed
3. has been written
4. has been paid
5. has been paid
6. has not been paid

Let’s Talk

Imagine you are Saladin and you are in need of money. Ask your partner to lend you some money.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Let’s Write

Write the story of the True Ring. What lesson does it teach?
Answer:
A rich man had a very beautiful ring. It was declared that before he died, he would pass the ring on to the worthiest of his sons. The son who received the ring, would inherit his property and be the head of the family after his death.

In this way, the ring passed from father to son through several hundred years. At last it came into the hands of a man who had three sons. The man loved his sons equally as all the three were equally wise and worthy. He promised the ring to each of them. So he got two other rings made. The three rings were alike. When the man was dying, he secretly gave each of the sons a ring. So after his death each claimed the inheritance. In order to prove their claim, each showed a ring. Everyone found the rings so similar that no one could tell which was the true ring. So the question of inheritance could not be solved. It is clear from this story that all the religions are true and equal.

Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Word Meanings 

MP Board Class 6 Supplementary English Question Answer

• Kassim and Ali Class 6 Question Answer
• The Town Child Class 6 Question Answer
• A Boy Judge Class 6 Question Answer
• The Country Child Class 6 Question Answer
• Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Class 6 Question Answer
• The Righteous King Class 6 Question Answer
• Who Has Seen the Wind Class 6 Question Answer
• Robin Hood and the Sheriff Class 6 Question Answer
• The Naughty Boy Class 6 Question Answer
• Birbal Visits Heaven Class 6 Question Answer
• Rain in Summer Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-I Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-II Class 6 Question Answer
• My Plan (Poem) Class 6 Question Answer
• A Caravan Chief Class 6 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 7th Special English Solutions Chapter 4 The Wheat is Cheaper-II PDF download, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 7 English Chapter 4 The Wheat is Cheaper-II Questions and Answers

The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7th Question Answer

Comprehension

A. Answer the questions given below:

MP Board Class 7th English Chapter 4 Question 1.
Did the merchant cast a doubt on the farmer’s story?
Answer:
No, the merchant did not cast a doubt on the farmer’s story at all.

Class 7 English Chapter 4 MP Board Question 2.
How did the farmer make the merchant pay him up?
Answer:
The farmer made the merchant pay him up by narrating a false story.

MP Board Class 7 English Chapter 4 Question 3.
Why did the merchant not object to the farmer’s charge about his father?
Answer:
The merchant would have to pay the farmer a hundred rupees if he cast a doubt on his story. He was very greedy, \miserly and money minded. By paying fee price of wheat he still saved some money. Therefore he did not object to the farmer’s charge about his father.

Class 7th English Chapter 4 MP Board Question 4.
Why was he silent during the farmer’s story?
Answer:
He was silent during the farmer’s story because if he raised objection, he would undergo a loss of money.

Lesson 4 Class 7 English MP Board Question 5.
Why did the merchant decide to pay the farmer?
Answer:
The merchant decided to pay the farmer because the price of wheat was lesser than the price of raising the doubt.

Class 7 English Chapter 4 Question 6.
How much money did he pay to the farmer?
Answer:
He paid rupees seventy five to the farmer. It was the price of 75 kilos of wheat.

Class 7 English Chapter 4 Question Answer Question 7.
Who do you think was clever’ the merchant or fee farmer?
Answer:
The farmer was cleverer of the two.

B. Read the following sentences and tick true or false.

1. The merchant cast a doubt on the farmer’s story. T / F
2. The merchant held his tongue.T / F
3. The farmer had a weak horse with out saddle. T / F
4. The grains sprouted on the horse back. T / F
5. The merchant gave him hundred rupees. T / F
6. The farmer’s story failed to impress the merchant. T / F

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Word Power

A. Fill in the blanks using the words given below:
(Saddle, admired, sore, grain, sprouted, hire, reap, starving, begged, neighbouring, his)

The farmer used to go to the market on………….. horse. The horse had a fine …………… on which he sat. People of the …………. village …………. the horse and its saddle. The farmer’s saddle was torn which caused a …………. on its back. Once there was a storm and a lot of ………….. stuck into the wound. Later the grains of wheat …………. on the horse back. The farmer had to………… about forty men to………… the grain. One day a man came to my father and ………… him to give seventy five kilos of wheat. When my father saw the man…………. he gave him wheat.
Answer:
his, saddle, neighbouring, admired, sore, grain, sprouted, hire, reap, begged, starving.

Grammar in Use

A. Frame questions for the following answers using what, when, how, who, why.

Example:
English Class 7 Chapter 4 Question Answer Question.
Who had a fine horse?
Answer:
The farmer’s father had a fine horse.

i. ………….
Answer:
The farmer used to go on his horse to the market.

ii. …………
Answer:
The farmer found that the horse had a sore on its back.

iii. ………….
Answer:
He begged him to give him seventy- five kilos of wheat.

iv. …………..
Answer:
Your father owes seventy kilos of wheat to my father even to this day.

v. ……………
Answer:
The merchant began running his thumb up and was calculating.

Answer:
(i) Who used to go on his horse to the market?
(ii) What did the farmer find on the horse’s back.
(iii) Who begged him to give him seventy- five kilos of wheat.
(iv) What does my father owe to your father to this day?
(v) Why did the merchant begin running his thumb up and calculating?

Let’s Talk

Discuss in groups about the famous Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh and find answers to the following questions.

1. Who was Bhagat Singh?
2. Where was he born?
3. How did he inspire people?
4. Why did the British dislike him?
5. Where was he hanged to death?

Answer:

1. Bhagat Singh was a martyr.
2. He was born at Lyollpur in Punjab (Now in Pakistan).
3. He inspired the people to make armed struggle.
4. The British disliked him because he shot dead Saunders and revenged the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.
5. He also threw a bomb in the Assembly.
6. He was hanged to death in Delhi.

Let’s Write

Read the information given in the table and write three sentences about each freedom fighter.
Example:
(1) Mahatma Gandhi was a freedom fighter
(2) He was born in Porbandar.
(3) He started Non-violence and Quit India movements.

Answer:
1. Mahatma Gandhi :
Mahatma Gandhi was born at Porbander. He started Non-Violence and Quit India movements. We call him ‘Bapu’. He was the liberator of India.

2. Subhash Chander Bose :
Subhash Chander Bose was born in Cuttack. He gave the slogan “give me blood” I’ll give you freedom, He founded the National Indian Army. He was famous by the name of ‘Netaji’.

3. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru :
Jawaharlal Nehru was born at Allahabad. He was a true congress worker. He was the First Prime Minister of India. The children call him ‘Chacha’ He was the maker of modern India.

4. Mangal Pandey :
Mangal Pandey was born at Ballia. He was the first hero of Indian freedom movement of 1857. He lost his, life for the nation It was a great sacrifice!

Let’s Do It

Make a list of the names of crops produced by the farmers.
Answer:
The following is the list of the names of crops produced by the farmers.
Wheat barley, grams, millet, maize, rice

The Wheat is Cheaper-II Word Meanings

Page 22 to 24: Cast – show – दिखाना, Doubt – suspicion – राक, Really – actually – वास्तव में, Interesting – charming – रोचक – seat – काठी, Neighbouring – nearby – पास वाले, Admired – praised – सराहना करना, Sore – wound – घाव, Palm – front part of the hand – हथेली, Caused – brought- about – कारण बनना, Grains – corn – दाने, Sprout – germinate – उगना, Wonder – amazement – आरचर्थ, Reap – harvest – फसल काटना, Lucky – fortunate – भाग्यशाली, Indeed – really – सचमुच, Starving – suffering from hunger – भूखों मरना, Effort – attempt – प्रयत्न, Owes – remains to be paid, payment is due – देनदार, Calculating – counting – हिसाब लगाना, Bargain – transaction, a deal – सौदा

MP Board Class 7 Supplementary English Question Answer

• My Land Class 7 Question Answer
• A New Idea of Good Manners Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wasp and the Bee Class 7 Question Answer
• The Kings Choice Class 7 Question Answer
• Akbar and Birbal Class 7 Question Answer
• The Arrow and the Song Class 7 Question Answer
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• Thomas Alva Edison Class 7 Question Answer
• Leisure Class 7 Question Answer
• Ramkrishna Paramhansa Class 7 Question Answer
• Words, Words, Words Class 7 Question Answer
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• Uphill Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Great Pyramid Class 7 Question Answer
• Song of Radha, the Milkmaid Class 7 Question Answer
• The Story of Writing Class 7 Question Answer
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