Prasanna

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 6th Special English Solutions Chapter 3 A Boy Judge PDF download, Class 6 English Chapter 3, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 6 English Chapter 3 A Boy Judge Questions and Answers

A Boy Judge Class 6th Question Answer

Word Power

(a) Match the words with opposite meanings.

Example:
long – short
busy – idle

(night, long, here, oldest, best, trust, busy, foolish, distrust, short, clever, careful, youngest, there, disagree, idle, day, agree, careless, worst.)
Answer:
night – day
long – short
here – there
oldest – youngest
best – worst
trust – distrust
busy – idle
foolish – clever
careful – careless
disagree – agree

(b) Make adverbs from the words given in the box as in the example:

Example:
eager – eagerly

(quiet, careful, sure, safe, clever)
Answer:
quiet – quietly
careful – carefully
sure – surely
safe – safely
clever – cleverly

(c) Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

(curds, busy, keeping, clay, search, intelligent, accused of, lodging, packed with)

1. When Lucy did not come home in the evening, her parents went in …………… of her.
2. Somu is very …………. Ask him a riddle and he will come out with the answer in a minute.
3. Have you watched a potter making a pot ? He puts a ball of ………….. on a wheel and turns the wheel. As the wheel keeps turning, he shapes the pot with his fingers.
4. The Minister came to our school yesterday. The hall was …………. boys. Many had to stand in the verandah.
5. If you add a little lime juice to warm milk, it turns into …………. after a few hours.
6. A new man to town : Is there a good hotel here? I want ………… for the night.
7. The prisoner was ………….. stealing a radio.
8. When Mrs. Sampath went abroad, she left all her jewels with her bank for safe……………..
9. The Minister was very …………… All day he had no time to see any visitors.

Answer:

1. Search
2. intelligent
3. clay
4. packed with
5. curds
6. lodging
7. accused of ling
8. Keeping
9. busy.

(d) Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

(Sealed, approached, chief, trial, companions, careless, narrated, carelessness, otherwise)

1. In the old days, every village had a ………….. or Elder. He heard the villager’s complaints and acted as a judge.
2. Father : How is my son at mathematics?
   Teacher : He is very intelligent, but …………… He makes very silly mistakes. I have warned him several times about his ……………. Please tell him to be more careful, ……………. he may fail in his examination.
3. The shopkeeper was accused of selling kerosene at a high price. The police caught him, locked and ………….. his shop, and brought him to …………. before a magistrate. He was fined two hundred rupees.
4. Ravi kumar was one of a group of students who climbed a twelve-thousand-foot peak in the Himalayas. He gave a talk at our school today and …………. his own experiences and those of his ………….
5. We want to start a reading room in our village. Everyone we ………… for money liked the idea and helped us.

Answer:

1. Chief
2. careless, carelessness, otherwise
3. sealed, trial
4. narrated, companions
5. approached.

Comprehension

(a) Who says to whom? And why?

MP Board Class 6 English Chapter 3 Question 1.
Let’s stay for the night in some house here in this town.
Answer:
The chief said this to others because their own village was far away.

Class 6 English Chapter 3 MP Board Question 2.
Let’s have the pot we gave you to keep.
Answer:
The youngest thief said this to the old woman because he wanted to get the pot of gold for himself.

MP Board Class 6th English Chapter 3 Question 3.
Your chief has asked me not be give the pot till all of you ask for it together.
Answer:
The old woman said this to the youngest thief because she wanted to be in a safe position.

(b) Answer these questions:

Class 6 MP Board English Chapter 3 Question 1.
Why did the thieves have to stay in the town for the night?
Answer:
The thieves had to stay in the small town at night because their own village was far away. They had a pot of gold with them. It was very risky for them to travel at night.

Class 6th English Chapter 3 MP Board Question 2.
Why did the thieves decide to give the pot into the old woman’s keeping?
Answer:
The thieves decided to give the pot to the woman for safe keeping as they did not trust one another. All of them were afraid lest the other one should run way with the pot of gold.

Lesson 3 Class 6 English MP Board Question 3.
To whom was the old woman told to give the pot?
Answer:
The old woman was told to give back the pot when all the three thieves asked for it together.

English Chapter 3 Class 6 Question Answer Question 4.
Why did the old woman give the pot to the young thief and not to all three of the thieves?
Answer:
The old woman gave the pot to the young thief because she thought that the young thief had come to take the pot with the consent of the other two. Before handing over the pot to the young thief she had confirmed it from the chief.

Class 6 English Chapter 3 Question Answer MP Board Question 5.
What did the old woman go to the king for?
Answer:
The chief abused and cursed the old woman for her carelessness. The two thieves demanded of her, the price of gold. The old woman pleaded them for mercy. But the chief was not ready to forgive or leave her. Therefore, the old woman went to the king for justice.

Class 6 English Lesson 3 Question Answer Question 6.
Who tried the case?
Answer:
An intelligent boy named Ramanna tried the case.

MP Board Class 6 English Chapter 3 Question Answer Question 7.
How did Ramanna decide the case?
Answer:
Ramanna said to the thieves, “Bring your third companion and the pot will be delivered only to all three of you together. The thieves could not locate their companion. They withdrew their case. In this way^he decided the case in the old woman’s favour.

Class 6 English Chapter 3 Question Answer Question 8.
How did the decision help the old woman?
Answer:
As the thieves could not produce the third companion, they had to give up the case. Thus the decision saved the old woman from making payment for the pot of gold.

Grammar in Use

(a) Read the questions under A and make suitable answers for them from the table under B. The answer to the first question is given, and. the beginning of the other answers has also been given.
A
Example:
Can Jaya cook?
No, but Java is learning how to cook.

1. Can Uma write a letter?
   No, but …………
2. Did Murali buy the sweets?
   No, because ………….
3. Did Prema put the cups back in the right place?
   Yes, ………….
4. What did Anand do next?
   He did not do anything, because ………..
5. Shall I start the car now ?
   No, ………..

Answer:

1. Padma is teaching Uma how to write letters.
2. Murali did not know where to get the sweets.
3. Janaki showed Prema where to put the cups.
4. He did not know what to do next.
5. because I will tell you when to start it.

(b) Read this sentence.

The old woman asked the thieves, “Will you take the pot back tomorrow morning?” We can rewrite this in indirect speech in this way:
The old woman asked the thieves if they would take the pot back the next morning.

Now rewrite the following in indirect speech, as shown above.

1. “Shall I give the pot to this young man?” the old woman asked the thieves from inside the house.
2. “Will you have tea or coffee?” I asked the guest.
3. “Is Leela going with you to the cinema or with me for a walk?” Mr. Prasad asked Skekhar.
4. “Do the boys want to go to Chennai or to Delhi for the excursion?” the headmaster asked the class teacher.
5. “Will Diwali fall on the Monday or Tuesday?” I asked mother.
6. “Have you had your lunch?” the boy asked his friend.

Answer:

1. The old woman asked the thieves from inside the house whether she should give the pot to that young man.
2. I asked the guest whether he would have tea or coffee.
3. Mr. Prasad asked Shekhar whether Leela was going with him (Shekhar) to the cinema or with him (Mr. Prasad) for a walk.
4. The headmaster asked the class-teacher whether the boys wanted to go to Chennai or Delhi for the excursion.
5. I asked mother whether Diwali fell on Monday or Tuesday.
6. The boy asked his friend whether he had his lunch.

(c) The phrasal verb ‘give up’ has been used in the lesson. It means – to stop trying to do something.

Some other phrasal verbs with their meanings are given below:
give up : to admit that you have been defeated.
give out : to come to an end.
give off : to produce something such as a smell, heat, light etc.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Let’s Write

Write a paragraph on each of the following:
English Reader Class 6 Chapter 3 Question 1.
How the youngest of the thieves got the pot of gold for himself.
Answer:
The thieves took the dinner. Then they sat under a tree talking together. A woman came there selling curd. The youngest thief said, “We should buy some curd.” The chief said, “Go and have a pot from the old woman”. He at once went to the old woman and asked her to give him the pot they had given her to keep. Being very busy, she shouted from inside the house to ask if she would give the pot to the young man. The chief shouted back to her to give it to him. The old woman thus gave the pot to the young thief. The thief quietly left the place in this way he got the pot of gold for himself.

Sunbeam English Reader Class 6 Lesson 3 Question 2.
How Ramanna decided the case of the pot of gold?
Answer:
On the day of trial, Ramanna asked the thieves to narrate the story first. They accused the old woman of her carelessness. The old woman asked them to forgive her as she was very poor. Then Ramanna asked the thieves if they had told that woman to give back the pot only to all three of them together. The chief said, “Yes, we did, we told her not to give it otherwise.” Ramanna said, “In that case, you will have to bring your third friend and the pot will be given to all of you together. Hearing this the thieves did not know what to do they gave up the case. In this way, the case of the pot was decided in the farvour of the old woman.

A Boy Judge Word Meanings

MP Board Class 6 Supplementary English Question Answer

• Kassim and Ali Class 6 Question Answer
• The Town Child Class 6 Question Answer
• A Boy Judge Class 6 Question Answer
• The Country Child Class 6 Question Answer
• Sultan Saladin and The Jewish Merchant Class 6 Question Answer
• The Righteous King Class 6 Question Answer
• Who Has Seen the Wind Class 6 Question Answer
• Robin Hood and the Sheriff Class 6 Question Answer
• The Naughty Boy Class 6 Question Answer
• Birbal Visits Heaven Class 6 Question Answer
• Rain in Summer Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-I Class 6 Question Answer
• Columbus Discovers America-II Class 6 Question Answer
• My Plan (Poem) Class 6 Question Answer
• A Caravan Chief Class 6 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 6th General English Solutions Chapter 1 The Tree PDF download, Class 6 English Lesson 1 The Tree, these solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 6 English Chapter 1 Poem The Tree Questions and Answers

The Tree Class 6th Question Answer

MP Board Class 6 English Chapter 1 Question 1.
Make new words by joining words:
(शब्दों को मिलाकर नये शब्द बनाओ)
Answer:

Class 6 English Chapter 1 The Tree Question 2.
Find the hidden words from the given words:
(दिये गये शब्दों से छिपे हुए शब्द ढूढ़ो)
Answer:

The Tree Class 6 Questions And Answers Question 3.
Choose from the given words and fill in the blanks:
(दिये गये शब्दों में से छाँटकर रिक्त स्थानों को भरो)
(Village, tree, forty, juice, mangoes, sweet pickles).
Answer:
1. The mango tree in my village is forty years old.
2. It gives us mangoes. They are sweet.
3. My mother makes juice and pickles with them.
4. I like the mango tree.

Comprehension Questions
(बोध प्रश्न)

1. Answer the following questions:
(निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए)

Class 6 English Chapter 1 MP Board Question 1.
What is the lesson about?
(व्हॉट इज द लैसन अबाउट?)
पाठ किसके बारे में है?
Answer:
The lesson is about a tree.
(द लैसन इज़ अबाउट अट्री।)
पाठ एक पेड़ के बारे में है।

MP Board Class 6th English Chapter 1 Question 2.
What do the village children do when they get tired?
(व्हॉट डू द विलेज चिल्ड्रन डू व्हेन दे गैट टायर्ड)
ग्रामीण बच्चे थक जाने पर क्या करते हैं?
Answer:
The village children sleep under the tree shade when they get tired.
(द विलेज चिल्ड्रन स्लीप अन्डर द ट्री शेड व्हेन दे गैट टायर्ड।)
ग्रामीण बच्चे थक जाने पर पेड़ की छाँव में सो जाते हैं।

Class 6th English Chapter 1 The Tree Question 3.
Why do the passers by sit under the tree?
(व्हाय डू द पासर्स बाय सिट अन्डर द ट्री ?)
गुजरने वाले यात्री पेड़ के नीचे क्यों बैठते हैं?
Answer:
The passers by sit under the tree to take rest.
(द पासर्स बाय सिट अन्डर द ट्री टु टेक रेस्ट।)
गुजरने वाले यात्री पेड़ के नीचे विश्राम करने के लिए बैठते हैं।

What Is The Lesson About Class 6 Question 4.
Who take rest at night in the tree?
(हू टेक रेस्ट एट नाइट इन द ट्री?)
पेड़ में रात को कौन विश्राम करता है?
Answer:
Birds, small animals and insects take rest at night in the tree.
(बर्ड्स, स्मॉल एनिमल्स एण्ड इन्सेक्ट्स टेक रेस्ट एट नाइट इन द ट्री।)
चिड़ियाँ, छोटे जानवर और कीट रात को पेड़ में विश्राम करते हैं।

Class 6 MP Board English Chapter 1 Question 5.
Where do we get fresh air from?
(व्हेयर डू वी गेट फ्रेश ऍअर फ्रॉम?)
हमें ताजी हवा कहाँ से मिलती है?
Answer:
We get fresh air from the tree
(वी गेट फ्रेश ऍअर फ्रॉम द ट्री।)
हमें ताजी हवा पेड़ से मिलती है।

Class 6 Lesson 1 The Tree Question 6.
What should we do for the tree?
(व्हॉट शुड वी डू फॉर द ट्री?)
हमें पेड़ कि लिए क्या करना चाहिए?
Answer:
We should always love and care for the tree.
(वी शुड ऑल्वेज़ लव एण्ड केयर फॉर द ट्री।)
हमें हमेशा पेड़ से प्यार करना चाहिए और उसकी देखभाल करनी चाहिए।

2. Match the column ‘A’ with column ‘B’
(कॉलम ‘A’ का कॉलम ‘B’ से मिलान कीजिए।)

Answers:
1. → (d)
2. → (e)
3. → b)
4. → (c)
5. → (a)

Grammar in Use
(व्याकरण प्रयोग)

1. Fill in the blanks:
(खाली स्थान भरें):
Answers:

2. Use these words to complete the conversation.
(वार्तालाप को पूरा करने के लिए इन शब्दों का प्रयोग कीजिए।)
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Answer:
(A) Mona: Do you like trees?
Shalu: Yes, I do.
Shalu: Do you like bananas?
Mona: No, I don’t.
Mona: Do you like mangoes?
Shalu: Yes, I do.

(B) Mohan: I like football, do you?
Shyam: No, I don’t.

(C) Grandpa: I like walking, do you?
Grandson: Yes, I do.

(D) Hariram: I like reading, do you?
Baliram : No, I don’t. I like watching the T.V.

Let’s Talk
(आओ, बात करें) 

Work in groups. Discuss and find out the different uses of trees. Each group will list the different uses, then exchange the lists among themselves. Make a final list in the class.
(समूह में कार्य करें। चर्चा करें और पेड़ों के विभिन्न उपयोग को ढूढ़ें। प्रत्येक समूह अलग-अलग उपयोगों की सूची बनाएगा, तब वे एक-दूसरे से आपस में सूचियों का आदान-प्रदान करें। कक्षा में एक अन्तिम सूची तैयार anti)
Hints:
rainfall, carbon dioxide, oxygen, wooden table, pencils, paper, medicines
Answer:
The final list prepared would be as follows:

Uses of Trees
(पेड़ों के उपयोग)

1. The trees bring rainfall.
2. They take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and give out oxygen for us to breathe. They thus, make the air pure.
3. The wood of the tree is used in making furniture like chairs, tables etc. and pencils.
4. Paper is also made from its bark.
5. Trees like neem and cinchona have medicinal value.
6. Rubber is obtained from rubber tree.

Let’s Read
(आओ पढ़ें)

See the Passage and questions in the book.
(पद्यांश एवं प्रश्नों को पुस्तक से देखें।)
Answers:

1. The poet see a tree – a crooked, grey tree in the park.
2. In January, it has no leaves, its looks like an ugly tree.
3. In February, it is covered with red and orange flowers.
4. The poem is about a Dhak tree, the flame of the forest.
5. (a) I see a tree in the park.
   (b) In February the tree is covered with flowers.

Let’s Write
(आओ लिखें) 

Write a paragraph on the uses of trees.
(पेड़ों के उपयोग पर एक पैराग्राफ लिखें।)
Answer:
Trees are very useful to us. They make the air pure by taking in carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. The oxygen given by them is used by living beings in breathing. They bring rainfall and prevent floods. They also prevent soil erosion or washing away of soil. The remove pollution. Their wood is used in making furniture, pencils; and paper is made from its bark. Some trees like neem, tulsi and cinchona are medicinally important. They also add to the beauty of nature. Life without trees cannot be imagined.

Let’s Do
(आओ करें)

Collect leaves of different trees and paste them in your notebook.
(विभिन्न पेड़ों की पत्तियों को एकत्रित करो और अपनी नोट-बुक में चिपकाओ।)
Hint:
The students can collect leaves of different trees around them like peepal, neem, mango, Ashoka, gulmohar etc. and keep them in their notebooks for a few days so that they may dry. Then they can paste them in their notebooks.

The Tree Difficult Word Meanings 

Tree (ट्री)-पेड़, Shade (शेड)-छाया, often (आँफन)-अक्सर, Grandma (ग्राण्डमाँ)-दादी माँ, Stays (स्टेज)-खड़ा रहता है, Rain (रेन)-वर्षा, Seed (सीड)-बीज, Grew (ग्रियू)-बड़ा हुआ, Buried (बरीड)-दबा हुआ, Deep (डीप)-गहरा, Soil (सॉइल)-मिट्टी, Spread (स्प्रेड)-फैला दी, Woke up (वोक अप)-जागा, Wide (वाइड)-चौड़ी, Around (एराउण्ड)-चारों ओर, Gradually (ग्रेज्युअली)-धीरे-धीरे, Wider and wider (वाइडर एण्ड वाइडर)-दूर-दूर तक, Branches (ब्रान्चेज) -शाखाएँ, Tired (टायर्ड)-थका हुआ, Play (प्ले)खेलना, Swing (स्विंग)-झूलना, Rest (रेस्ट)-आराम, Move on (मूव ऑन)-चल देना, Sparrow (स्पैरो)गौरेया, Parrot (पैरट)-तोता, Pigeon (पिजन)-कबूतर, Crow (क्रो)-कौवे, Squirrel (स्कवायरल)-गिलहरी, Together (टुगेदर)-एक साथ, Fresh (फ्रेश)-ताजा, Useful (यूजफल)-उपयोगी।

The Tree Summary, Pronunciation & Translation 

1. I have a tree,
A green green tree,
To shade me from the sun,
Under it I often sit,
When all my work is done.
(आई हैव ए ट्री,
ए ग्रीन ग्रीन ट्री,
टू शेड मी फ्रॉम द सन,
अण्डर इट आई ऑफन सिट,
हैन ऑल माई वर्क इज डन।)

अनुवाद:
मेरे पास एक पेड़ है,
एक हरा-भरा पेड़,
धूप से मुझे छाया देने के लिए,
इसके नीचे मैं अक्सर बैठता हूँ,
जब मेरे सभी कार्य कर लिये जाते हैं।
-R.L. Stevenson
आर.एल. स्टीवेंसन

2. “The big banyan tree in our village is fifty years old”. Says grandma, “It stays day and night in the sun and rain.”
(“द बिग बनयान ट्री इन ऑवर विलेज इज फिफ्टी ईयर्स ओल्ड।” सेज ग्राण्डमा, “इट स्टेज डे एण्ड नाइट इन द सन एण्ड रेन।”)

अनुवाद:
“हमारे गाँव में पचास वर्ष पुराना एक विशाल बरगद का पेड़ है।” दादी माँ कहती हैं, “यह दिन-रात धूप और बरसात में खड़ा रहता है।”

3. The tree grew out of a little seed buried deep in the soil. When the rain fell, the seed woke up from its sleep. The day the sun shone, it opened its eyes wide and saw the world around. A plant was born.
(द ट्री ग्रियू आउट ऑफ ए लिटिल सीड बरीड डीप इन द सॉइल। व्हैन द रेन फैल, द सीड वोक अप फ्रॉम इट्स स्लीप। द डे दी सन शोन, इट ओपन्ड इट्स आइज वाइड एण्ड सॉ द वर्ड एराउण्ड। ए प्लांट वाज बोर्न।)

अनुवाद:
यह वृक्ष जमीन में गहरे गाढ़े गये एक छोटे से बीज से बड़ा हुआ था। जब बरसात हुई, बीज अपनी नींद से जागा। जिस दिन सूर्य चमका, इसने अपनी आँखें खोली और अपने चारों ओर के संसार को देखा। एक पौधे का जन्म हुआ।

4. Gradually the plant grew up into a big tree. It spread its branches, flowered every year and bore fruits like berry. It grew bigger and spread its branches wider and wider.
(ग्रेज्युली द प्लाण्ट ग्रियू अप इनटू ए बिग ट्री। इट स्प्रेड इट्स ब्रान्चेज, फ्लावर्ड एवरी ईयर एण्ड बोर फ्रूट्स लाइक बेरी। इट ग्रियू बिगर एण्ड स्पैड इट्स ब्रान्चेज वाइडर एण्ड वाइडर।)

अनुवाद:
धीरे-धीरे यह पौधा एक विशाल वृक्ष बन गया। इसने अपनी शाखाओं को फैलाया, हर वर्ष फूलों से लदा और बेरी जैसे फलों को धारण किया। यह बड़ा और बड़ा होता चला गया और इसने अपनी शाखाओं को दूर-दूर तक फैला दिया।

5. All the village children play near it. They swing on its branches and have fun. Sometimes, when they get tired, they sleep under its shade.
(ऑल द विलेज चिल्ड्रन प्ले नीयर इट। दे स्विंग ऑन इट्स ब्रान्चेज एण्ड हैव फन। समटाइम्स, हैन दे गैट टार्यड, दे स्लीप अण्डर इट्स शेड।)

अनुवाद:
गाँव के सभी बच्चे इसके निकट खेलते हैं। वे इसकी शाखाओं पर झूलते हैं और आनन्द लेते हैं। कभी-कभी जब वे थक जाते हैं तो वे इसकी छाँव में सो जाते हैं।

6. In the afternoons passers-by sit under the tree. They rest for sometime and move on.
(इन द आफ्टरनून्स पासर्स-बाई सिट अन्डर द ट्री। दे रैस्ट फॉर समटाइम एण्ड मूव ऑन।)

अनुवाद:
दोपहर में गुजरने वाले व्यक्ति पेड़ के नीचे बैठते हैं। वे कुछ समय के लिए आराम करते हैं और चल देते हैं।

7. The tree is a home for many birds, small animals and insects. Sparrows, parrots, pigeons, crows, squirrels and ants, they all live together. The tree gives fresh air too.
(द ट्री इज अ होम फॉर मेनी बर्ड्स, स्माल एनीमल्स एण्ड इन्सेक्ट्स स्पैरोज, पैरट्स, पिजन्स, मोज, स्क्वाइरल्स एण्ड आण्ट्स, दे ऑल लिव टूगेदर। द ट्री गिव्स फ्रैश एयर टू।)

अनुवाद:
पेड़ कई पक्षियों, छोटे जानवरों और कीटों का घर है। गौरेया, तोते, कबूतर, कौए, गिलहरियाँ और चीटियाँ, वे सभी मिलकर रहते हैं। वृक्ष ताजी हवा भी देता है।

8. “See how useful our tree is,” says grandma. “We should always love and care for it.”
(“सी हाउ यूजफुल ऑवर ट्री इज,” सेज ग्राण्डमा। वी शुड ऑल्वेज लव एण्ड केयर फॉर इट।)

अनुवाद:
दादी माँ कहती हैं, “देखो हमारा पेड़ कितना उपयोगी है”। “हमें सदैव इसे प्यार एवं इसकी देखभाल करनी चाहिए।”

MP Board Class 6 English Question Answer

• The Tree Class 6 Question Answer
• The Swing Class 6 Question Answer
• The King and The Spider Class 6 Question Answer
• My Childhood Class 6 Question Answer
• The Star Class 6 Question Answer
• The Test Class 6 Question Answer
• The Race Class 6 Question Answer
• The Elephant Class 6 Question Answer
• The Cobbler and the Fairies Class 6 Question Answer
• A Kind Boy Class 6 Question Answer
• A Moonbeam Comes Class 6 Question Answer
• Birbal and the Washerman Class 6 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 7th Special English Solutions Chapter 3 The Wheat is Cheaper-I PDF download, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 7 English Chapter 3 The Wheat is Cheaper-I Questions and Answers

The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7th Question Answer

Comprehension

A. Answer the questions given below:

MP Board Class 7th English Chapter 3 Question 1.
Where did the merchant live?
Answer:
The merchant lived in an”Indian town.

Class 7 English Chapter 3 MP Board Question 2.
Where was he going one day?
Answer:
He (the merchant) was going to a town one day.

Class 7 English Chapter 3 The Wheat Is Cheaper 1 Question 3.
Whom did he see on his way?
Answer:
He (the-merchant) saw a farmer on his way.

MP Board Class 7 English Chapter 3 Question 4.
What did they agree to tell each other?
Answer:
They agreed to tell the wildest possible tale to each other.

Class 7th English Chapter 3 Question Answer Question 5.
What had each to pay the other, if one cast a doubt on the other’s story?
Answer:
Each of them had to pay the other a hundred rupees if he cast a doubt on the other’s story.

Class 7 English Chapter 3 Question 6.
What was the maid doing?
Answer:
The maid was combing the hair of the princess.

Class 7th English Chapter 3 MP Board Question 7.
What fell into the princess’s eye?
Answer:
The train of camels fell (right) into the princess’s eye.

Class 7 English Chapter 3 Question Answer Question 8.
What happened in the end?
Answer:
The farmer did not cast any doubt on the merchant’s story. He went on every part of the story till its end. The merchant felt disappointed.

B. Read the following sentences and tick true or false

1. There lived a farmer in a village. T / F
2. The merchant was greedy. T/ F
3. The merchant told an incident T / F
4. The maid was combing the princess’s hair. T / F
5. The farmer cast a doubt on the merchant’s story. T / F

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False

C. Tick the correct option:

(i) Who was an Englishman?
(a) Ravi
(b) Mr. Smith
(c) Ashok
Answer:
(b) Mr. Smith

(ii) Who wants to become a writer or a story teller?
(a) Ravi
(b) Ashok
(c) David
Answer:
(a) Ravi

(Hi) There was a long train of
(a) kites
(b) camels
(c) dogs
Answer:
(a) kites

Word Power

A. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:

1. A monkey has a long……… (tale/tail)
2. Bubal’s…………are famous for their wit. (tales/tails)
3. Ladies like to go to a…………… (Sail/sale)
4. Vivekhas a……….. boat of his own. (sail/sale)
5. The Milkmaid had a……….. of milk. (pail/pale)
6. The patient looked…………. (pail/pale)
7. Wounds ………… fast if bandaged properly. (hael/heel)
8. He got hurt in his……….. (heal/heel)

Answer:

1. tail
2. tales
3. sale
4. sail
5. pail
6. pale
7. heal
8. heel.

B. Rearrange the letters to make words

1. stwan – w………
2. Yotrs – s ……….
3. riwse – w……….
4. hrai – h……..
5. leamc – c……..
6. tiek – k………
7. daim – m…….
8. rfame – f………

Answer:

1. wants
2. story
3. wiser
4. Hari
5. camel
6. kite
7. maid
8. frame

Grammar in Use

A. Fill in the blanks with prepositions ‘by’, ‘of’, ‘for’, ‘to’ ‘on’.

1. The boy listened…………. me carefully.
2. I am fond………… milk.
3. She learnt the poem…………heart.
4. I was waiting………….my friend.
5. The book is………… the table.

Answer:

1. to
2. of
3. by
4. for
5. on

B. Use ‘as’ in place of ‘because’ or ‘so’. Two sentences are done for you.

1. (a) Because it was raining, we stayed at home.
(b) As it was raining, we stayed at home.

2. (a) I felt tired, so I went to bed.
(b) As I felt tired, I went to bed.

3. Because I had already seen the film, I did not go to the cinema.
4. Because the train was late, I went by bus.
5. I am going to Indore, so I can take your parcel with me.
6. The princess suffered from great pain, so she cried.
Answer:
3. As I had already see. the film, I did not go to the cinema.
4. As the train was late, I went by bus.
5. As I am going to Indore, I can take your parcel with me.
6. As the princess suffered from great pain, (so) she cried.

Read the following examples and notice how ‘used to’ describes things that happened regularly in the past.

1. My brother goes to work on bicycle now.
2. He used to go to work by bus.
3. My father does not play tennis now.
4. He used to play tennis when he was a young man.

write five sentences from the following table:

Answer:

1. When we lived in Delhi, we used to go to picture twice a week.
2. When I stayed with my sister, we used to go for swimming every week.
3. When we were younger, we used to visit Agra quite often.
4. When I stayed with my sister, we used to visit Agra.
5. When we were younger, we used to go to picture twice a week.

D. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb given in bracket.

1. He……………. at 7 O’clock yesterday, (get up)
2. She…………… till 11 O’clock now a days. (study)
3. She………… in the next party, (sing)
4. Ravi………….. cricket now. (play)

Answer:

1. got up
2. studies
3. will sing
4. is playing.

Let’s Talk

B. Ramu the farmer wants to buy quality seeds. He goes to the village co-operative store. There Ramu is talking to the stock keeper. Look at the picture given below and complete the conversation using the picture clues:

Ramu : Hello! Are there quality seeds available here?
The store-keeper : Yes Sir, What seeds do you want?
Ramu : I want wheat, rice and maize.
The store-keeper : They are all available here
Ramu : What are their rates per kg.?
The store-keeper : They are Rs. 10,12 and 15 per kg.
Ramu : Give me four kilos of each
The store-keeper : Pick up the packets from there.
Ramu : How much money should I pay?
The store-keeper : Rs 148/- Total.
Ramu : Here is the money. Give me the receipt.

Let’s Write

Write a funny incident with the help of the words given below:
1. wore socks
2. spoke foolishly
3. carried a bicycle in his hands.
4. tried to ride the bicycle backward but fell again and again
5. wore his tie as his belt
6. peeled the banana from its centre.
Answer:
The Muddle Head
There was a muddle head. He reversed the socks and wore them. He spoke foolishly. He carried a bicycle in his hands. Some times he rode the bicycle backward. He fell again and again and got injured. He wore his tie around his waist like a tie. He wore his shoes around his neck. He peeled the bananas from the centre. He ate the skin and threw away the pulp. He sneezed on the back of a fellow passenger.

let’s Do It

Find a funny story from your library book and tell it to your class.
Answer:
Class-Room Activity.

The Wheat is Cheaper-I Word Meanings

Page 15 to 17: Widely – to distant places – दूर-दूर तक, A lot of – a great number of – ढेर सारी, Perhaps – possible – सम्भवत, of course – in fact – निस्संदेह, Distance – space between two points – दूरी, Opportunity – chance – अवसर, Believe – think – सोचना विशवास करना, Stranger – lacking knowledge of – अजनबी, Fair – just proper – उचित, Wildest – odd – अटण्टी, Tale – story – कहानी, Cast – show – प्रकट करना, Bargain – agreement – सौदा, Wiser – more intelligent – अधिक बुद्धिमान, Train – line – कतार, Together – with one another – एक साथ, Disappointed – full of despair – निराशा, Attempt – effort – प्रयत्न, Continued – carried on – जारी रखा, Happened – chanced – अनायास होना, Carefully – attentively – ध्यानपूर्वक, Lifted – raised – उठाया

MP Board Class 7 Supplementary English Question Answer

• My Land Class 7 Question Answer
• A New Idea of Good Manners Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wasp and the Bee Class 7 Question Answer
• The Kings Choice Class 7 Question Answer
• Akbar and Birbal Class 7 Question Answer
• The Arrow and the Song Class 7 Question Answer
• Shravan Kumar Class 7 Question Answer
• Thomas Alva Edison Class 7 Question Answer
• Leisure Class 7 Question Answer
• Ramkrishna Paramhansa Class 7 Question Answer
• Words, Words, Words Class 7 Question Answer
• The Country Faith Class 7 Question Answer
• Uphill Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Great Pyramid Class 7 Question Answer
• Song of Radha, the Milkmaid Class 7 Question Answer
• The Story of Writing Class 7 Question Answer
• Tansen Class 7 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 7th Special English Solutions Chapter 5 The Wasp and the Bee PDF download, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 7 English Chapter 5 The Wasp and the Bee Questions and Answers

The Wasp and the Bee Class 7th Question Answer

Listen and Repeat

buzzing, elegant, behold indeed, mischief, delicate, sting, trifling, pretence, homely

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions:

MP Board Class 7th English Chapter 5 Question 1.
Who is talking to the bee?
Answer:
The wasp is talking to the bee.

The Wasp And The Bee Question Answer Question 2.
What does the wasp ask the bee?
Answer:
The wasp asks the bee why the people love her better than him.

The Wasp And The Bee Poem Questions And Answers Question 3.
How does the wasp explain himself?
Answer:
The wasp explains that he has a bright and golden yellow back. His shape is also graceful and charming.

Class 7 English Chapter 5 MP Board Question 4.
What does the bee tell the wasp?
Answer:
The bee tells the wasp that the people love her because she does not do any mischief with them.

The Wasp And The Bee Question 5.
Why don’t people like the wasp despite it being elegant?
Answer:
The wasp is elegant and has a charming shape and beautiful body. However the people do not like him because he stings the people out of fun and mischief.

MP Board Class 7 English Chapter 5 Question 6.
How does the bee explain herself?
Answer:
The bee tells the wasp that her dress is homely and plain. She has also got a small sting yet she is good-natured. She remains busy and does not sting the people. Therefore, the people do not get angry with her even though she is black in colour.

Class 7th English Chapter 5 Question Answer Question 7.
Whom do the people like, the bee or the wasp?
Answer:
The people like bee better than the wasp.

B. Read the following sentences and tick true or false.

1. A bee met a wasp that was just buzzing by. T / F
2. The wasp’s is as yellow as gold. T / F
3. Everybody likes the bee. T / F
4. The wasp’s dress is bright and costly. T / F
5. The bee is busy and good natured. T / F

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

Word Power

A. Fill in the blank spaces using these words to complete the given paragraph:

(buzzing, yellow, elegant, delicate, sting, likes, shape)
A wasp met a bee that was………… He said to the bee that his back is as …………. as gold. And his shape is most………. Yet nobody……………… him. The bee says, “You have a fine……….. and a wing, but there’s one thing which people cannot put up with, and that is your………..
Answer:
buzzing, yellow, elegant, likes, shape, delicate, sting

B. Match the sounds from column B with that of the animals, in column A

Answer:
1. d
2. b
3. e
4. a
5. c

Let’s Talk

Talk to your partner and decide who does what: One of you will ask the questions in column A and the other one will find the correct answers from column B.

Answer:

Let’s Write

A. Learn and write the poem in your notebook.
Answer:
Do you self

B. Complete the following stanzas from the poem:

The Wasp And The Bee Poem Questions And Answers Class 5 Question 1.
Now I put it at once to your own common sense.
Answer:
If you are not so ready at taking offence. As 9 sting them on every trifling pretence?

The Wasp And The Bee Poem Question 2.
Though my dress is so homely and plain as you see,
Answer:
And I have a small sting, they’re not angry with me. Because I’am busy and good natured bee.

Let’s Do It

Find a poem from your library books on a bee or a butterfly and read it to the class.
Answer:
Class-room Activity.

The Wasp and the Bee Word Meanings

Page 28 : Buzzing – humming – भिनभिनाना, Shape – cuts, features, form – शक्ल,Elegant – graceful – शानदार, Behold – see, look at – देखना, Indeed – really – वास्तव में, Mischief – childish deeds – शरारत, Delicate – tender – मुलायम, Own – accept – मानना, Handsome – good looking – सुद्नर, Taking offence – Getting angry – नाराज होना, petty, slight – तुच्छ, Pretence – excuse – बहाना, Busy – involved in work – व्यस्ता

The Wasp and the Bee Stanzas for Comprehension

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow each:

1. A wasp met a bee that was just buzzing by,
And he said, ‘My dear cousin, can you tell me why
You are loved so much better by people than I?’
‘Why, my back is as bright and as yellow as gold,
And my shape is most elegant, too, to behold; Yet nobody likes me for that, I am told.’

Class 7 English Chapter 5 Short Answer Question 1.
Whom did the wasp meet?
Answer:
The wasp met the bee.

Class 7th English Chapter 5 MP Board Question 2.
How did the wasp address the bee?
Answer:
The wasp addressed the bee as ‘dear cousin’.

The Wasp And The Bee Poem Summary Question 3.
What did the wasp ask the bee?
Answer:
The wasp asked the bee why she was loved better by the people than he.

Class 7 English Chapter 5 Question Answer Question 4.
Whose back was as bright and as yellow as gold?
Answer:
The wasp’s back was as bright and as yellow as gold.

2. Says the bee: ‘My dear cousin, it’s all very true,
But indeed they would love me no better than you,
If I were but half as much mischief to do.
‘You have a fine shape, and a delicate wing,
And they own you are handsome; but then there’s one thing.
Which they cannot put up with, and that is your sting.

English Class 7 Chapter 5 Question Answer Question 1.
Who does the mischief?
Answer:
The wasp does the mischief.

Class 7 English Chapter 5 Question 2.
Who is ‘you’ here?
Answer:
‘You’ here, is the wasp.

Rainbow Class 7 Lesson 5 Question 3.
Whom do the people own as handsome?
Answer:
The people own the wasp as handsome.

7th Class English 5th Lesson Questions And Answers Question 4.
What can the people not put up with?
Answer:
The people cannot put up with the wasp’s sting.

3. ‘Now I put its at once to your own common sense,
If you are not so ready at taking offence
As to sting them on every trifling pretence?
‘Though my dress is so homely and plain, as you see,
And I have a small sting, they’re not angry with me,
Because I’m a busy and good-natured bee.’

Class 5 English Chapter 7 MP Board Question 1.
Who takes offence so readily?
Answer:
The wasp takes offence so readily.

MP Board Solution Class 7th English Question 2.
How is the bee’s dress?
Answer:
The bee’s dress is homely and plain.

English Class 7 Chapter 5 Question 3.
Whose sting is small?
Answer:
They bee’s sting is small.

Class 7th English Chapter 5 Question 4.
Why are the people not am the bee?
Answer:
The people are not angry with the bee because she is good- natured and ever remains busy.

MP Board Class 7 Supplementary English Question Answer

• My Land Class 7 Question Answer
• A New Idea of Good Manners Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wasp and the Bee Class 7 Question Answer
• The Kings Choice Class 7 Question Answer
• Akbar and Birbal Class 7 Question Answer
• The Arrow and the Song Class 7 Question Answer
• Shravan Kumar Class 7 Question Answer
• Thomas Alva Edison Class 7 Question Answer
• Leisure Class 7 Question Answer
• Ramkrishna Paramhansa Class 7 Question Answer
• Words, Words, Words Class 7 Question Answer
• The Country Faith Class 7 Question Answer
• Uphill Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Great Pyramid Class 7 Question Answer
• Song of Radha, the Milkmaid Class 7 Question Answer
• The Story of Writing Class 7 Question Answer
• Tansen Class 7 Question Answer

In this article, we will share MP Board Class 7th Special English Solutions Chapter 8 The Arrow and the Song PDF download, These solutions are solved subject experts from the latest edition books.

Class 7 English Chapter 8 The Arrow and the Song Questions and Answers

The Arrow and the Song Class 7th Question Answer

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions.

The Arrow And The Song Question Answer Question 1.
Who is the poet of this poem?
Answer:
H.W. Longfellow is the poet of this poem.

The Arrow And The Song Poem Questions And Answers Question 2.
Where does the poet shoot an arrow?
Answer:
The poet shoots an arrow into the air.

MP Board Class 7 English Chapter 8 Question 3.
Where does the poet breathe a song?
Answer:
The poet breathe’s a song into the air.

Class 7 English Chapter 8 MP Board Question 4.
Where does the poet find the arrow?
Answer:
The poet finds the arrow in an oak tree.

MP Board Class 7th English Chapter 8 Question 5.
Where does the poet find the song?
Answer:
The poet finds the song in the heart of a friend. (He had learnt it from the beginning to the end.)

B. Tick the correct option:

(i) The poet shoots an arrow into
(a) The air
(b) an oak
(c) the sky
(d) the sea
Answer:
(a) The air

(ii) The song fall on
(a) the earth
(b) the table
(c) an oak
(d) chair
Answer:
(b) the table

Word Power

Choose the correct words to complete the sentences:

1. He is an ………. to his father’s property. (air/heir)
2. She is very ………… to me. (dear/deer)
3. He often comes …………… (hear/here)
4. ………. do you live? (Where/Wear)
5. He has a very bad eye ……… (site/sight)

Answer:

1. heir
2. dear
3. here
4. where
5. sight

Let’s Write

Complete the poem:

The Arrow And The Song Class 7 Question 1.
I breathed a song into the air,
Answer:
It feel to earth, I know not where.

The Arrow And The Song Question Answer Class 7 Question 2.
For, who has sight so keen and strong
Answer:
That it can follow the flight of song.

The Arrow And The Song Class 7 Question Answer Question 3.
Long, long afterward, in an oak.
Answer:
l found the arrow, still unbroke.

Class 7th English Chapter 8 MP Board Question 4.
And the song, from beginning to end
Answer:
l found again, in the heart of a friend.

Let’s Talk

Talk to your friend and ask him the questions given below. Then ask your friend to ask similar questions about acting in a play.

1. Do you know archery?
2. Where did you learn it?
3. Do you like shooting?
4. Are shooting and archery, good games?

Answer:
Similar questions about play acting.

1. Do you know how to act in a play?
2. Where did you learn this art?
3. Do you like acting in a play?
4. Is play acting a good hobby?

Let’s Do It

Learn the poem by heart?
Class-room Activity.

The Arrow and the Song Word Meanings 

Page 50: Earth – ground – भूमि, Swiftly – at a fast speed – तेज गति से, Sight – range of eyes – दृष्टि, Follow – chase – पीछा करना, Air – wind – वायु, For – because – क्योंकि, Breathed – puffed out, sang – गया, Afterward – later – बाद में, Still – अभी भी.

The Arrow and the Song Stanzas for Comprehension

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow each:
1. I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where,
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
breathed a song into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where
For, who has sight so keen and strong,
That it can follow the flight of song?

The Arrow And The Song Class 7 Question Answer Question 1.

1. Who shot an arrow?
2. Where did he shoot the arrow?
3. Where did it fall?
4. What could the sight not follow?
5. Who breathed the song and where?
6. Where did the song fall?
7. Could the sight follow the song?
8. Why could the sight not follow it (the song)?

Answer:

1. The poet shot an arrow.
2. He shot the arrow into the air.
3. It (The arrow) fell somewhere on the earth.
4. The sight could not follow it (the arrow)
5. The poet breathed the song into the air.
6. The song fell somewhere on earth.
7. No. the sight could not follow the song.
8. The sight could not follow the song because it (the sight) was neither keen not strong.

2. Long, long afterward, in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbroke;
And the song, front beginning to end,
I found again in the heart of a friend.

Class 7 English Chapter 8 Question Answer Question 1.

1. Where and when did the poet find the arrow?
2. Who had learnt the poet’s song?
3. How was the arrow when the poet found it?
4. Use the word ‘heart in a sentence.

Answer:

1. The poet found the arrow in an oak tree after a long time.
2. The poet’s friend had learnt his song.
3. The arrow was unbroken when the poet found it.
4. Never lose heart and patience.

MP Board Class 7 Supplementary English Question Answer

• My Land Class 7 Question Answer
• A New Idea of Good Manners Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wheat is Cheaper-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Wasp and the Bee Class 7 Question Answer
• The Kings Choice Class 7 Question Answer
• Akbar and Birbal Class 7 Question Answer
• The Arrow and the Song Class 7 Question Answer
• Shravan Kumar Class 7 Question Answer
• Thomas Alva Edison Class 7 Question Answer
• Leisure Class 7 Question Answer
• Ramkrishna Paramhansa Class 7 Question Answer
• Words, Words, Words Class 7 Question Answer
• The Country Faith Class 7 Question Answer
• Uphill Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-I Class 7 Question Answer
• The Pied Piper of Hamelin-II Class 7 Question Answer
• The Great Pyramid Class 7 Question Answer
• Song of Radha, the Milkmaid Class 7 Question Answer
• The Story of Writing Class 7 Question Answer
• Tansen Class 7 Question Answer

MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions Unit 3 Producer Behaviour And Supply

Micro Economics Producer Behaviour And Supply Important Questions

Micro Economics Producer Behaviour And Supply Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
There are factors of productions:
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(d) Five

Question 2.
Fixed cost is also known as:
(a) Variable cost
(b) Actual cost
(c) Supplementary cost
(d) Short-term cost
Answer:
(c) Supplementary cost

Question 3.
Supply falls on the same price when:
(a) Where there is decrease in supply
(b) When there is contraction in supply
(c) When supply increases
(d) When there is expansion in supply.
Answer:
(a) Where there is decrease in supply

Question 4.
Active factor of production:
(a) Capital
(b) Labour
(c) Land
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Labour

Question 5.
In the short-run following factors are included in the process of production:
(a) Fixed factors
(b) Variable factors
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Short-term production function is known as ……………
2. Returns to scale is related to ……………
3. Cost incurred in per unit production is ……………
4. Increase in income from a unit of production is called ……………
5. A producer is in the state of equilibrium when he earns ……………
6. Law of supply shows …………… relation between price and supply.
7. The elasticity of supply for milk and related good is ……………

Answer:

1. Law of variable proportion
2. Long term
3. Average cost
4. Marginal cost
5. Profit
6. Direct
7. Elastic.

Question 3.
State true or false:

1. Rent theory of Ricardo is based on the law of Diminishing returns.
2. Law of decreasing returns to scale arises due to Non-divisibility.
3. Fixed cost is also known as supplementary cost.
4. In case of perfect competition, a firm attains maximum satisfaction when MC curve cut MR curve.
5. There is inverse relation between price and supply.
6. The supply of perishable goods is inelastic.
7. There are four laws of production.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. False.

Question 4.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (d).

Question 5.
Answer the following in one word/sentence:

1. Which cost is known as Transferable income?
2. Name the total of fixed cost and variable cost.
3. If the price decreases slightly, supply becomes zero, what is it known as?
4. What is addition to total revenue by the sale of an additional unit of commodity known as?
5. What profit does a firm earn in the state of equilibrium?

Answer:

1. Opportunity cost
2. Total cost
3. Perfectly elastic
4. Marginal revenue
5. Maxi- mum.

Producer Behaviour And Supply Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is production function?
Answer:
Production function refers to the functional relationship between the quantity of goods produced and factors of production.

Question 2.
What is the total product of an input?
Answer:
Total product means the total quantity of goods produced by a firm during a given period of time with given inputs.
TP = AP x Number of variable factor (L) or TP = \(\sum { MP } \) – AP x Q.

Question 3.
What is average product of an input?
Answer:
Average product is defined as the output produced per unit of variable input. Calculated as:
AP = TP/L or AP = TP/Q.

Question 4.
What is the marginal product of an input?
Answer:
Marginal product refers to additional output produced, when one more unit of variable factor is employed.
MP = TP_n – TP_n -1.
MP = Change in output/Change in input
MP = ∆_q / ∆ x 1.

Question 5.
What is the law of diminishing marginal product?
Answer:
Law of diminishing marginal product means that when more and more units of a variable factors are employed along with a fixed factor, the marginal product of the factor must fall.

Question 6.
What is the law of variable proportion?
Answer:
The law which exhibits the relationship between the units of variable factor (Keeping all other factors constant) and the amount of output in the short is known as the law of variable proportion.

Question 7.
When does a production function satisfy constant returns to scale?
Answer:
A production function satisfy constant returns to a scale when proportional increase in all inputs results in an increase in input by the same proportion.

Question 8.
When does a product function satisfy increasing returns to scale?
Answer:
Production function satisfy increasing returns to scale when a proportional increase in all inputs result in increase in output by more than the proportions.

Question 9.
When does a production function satisfy decreasing return to a scale?
Answer:
A production function satisfy decreasing return to scale when a proportional increase in all inputs result in an increase in output by less than proportions.

Question 10.
What do you mean by production cost?
Answer:
Production cost refers to all sorts of monetary expenditure incurred in the production of the commodity.

Question 11.
What is fixed cost or supplementary cost?
Answer:
The payment for fixed factors of production in the short-run is known as fixed cost. Fixed cost does not change with the change in the quantity of production, e.g., Rent of ‘ the factory, insurance, premium, etc.

Question 12.
What is variable cost or prime cost?
Answer:
Variable cost or Prime cost:
Variable cost refers to those cost which are incurred by a firm for purchasing variables inputs like raw materials, labor fuel, electric power etc. These cost vary with the variation in the quantity produced. If the production is increased, variable cost will also increase and if the production is decreased, the variable cost will also decrease.

Question 13.
What is marginal cost?
Answer:
Marginal cost is the addition to total cost caused by a small increment in output. Marginal cost may be defined as the change in total cost resulting from the unit change in the quantity produced. Thus, it can be expressed by the formula:

MC=\(\frac { ∆TC}{ ∆Q }\), ∆ = Change.

Question 14.
What is total cost?
Answer:
Total cost:
The total expenditure incurred by a firm for the production of a specific quantity of a commodity is called total cost of production. The total cost increases with the increase in the quantity produced. As the production increases, total cost also increases.

Question 15.
What is opportunity cost?
Answer:
Opportunity cost is defined as the value of a factor in its next best alternative use or it is the cost of forgone alternatives. It is also defined as value of next best use to which that resource could be put.

Question 16.
What is implicit cost?
Answer:
Implicit costs are unrecognized costs that a firm realizes when it uses its assets and resources for one project over another. Implicit cost includes wages of the labor, rent of building, depreciation charges for machines, etc.

Question 17.
What is explicit cost?
Answer:
Explicit cost refers to all those expenses made by a firm to buy goods directly. They include payments for raw material, taxes and depreciation charges, advertisement, etc.

Question 18.
What do you mean by production cost ? Distinguish between the explicit cost and implicit cost
Answer:
Meaning of Production cost:
Production cost refers to all sorts of monetary expenditure incurred in the production of the commodity.

Difference between Explicit cost and Implicit cost:
Explicit cost:
Cash payment made by firms to outsiders for hiring factor services and buying raw material etc. is called explicit cost.

Implicit cost:
Implicit cost self-owned and self -supplied inputs or factors of production called implicit cost.

Question 19.
What do you mean by fixed factors and variable factors of production?
Answer:

1. Fixed factors:
   Factors of production which do not change with the change in output e.g., land are called fixed factors.
2. Variable factors:
   Variable factors of production are those factors which changes with the changes in output e.g., labor.

Producer Behavior And Supply Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write differences between Fixed Cost and Variable Cost.
Answer:
Differences between Fixed cost and variable cost.

Question 2.
Why cost curves are ‘U’ shaped ? Give reasons.
Answer:
The important reason of beings ‘U’ shape of cost curve is, the benefits of large scale production and internal surplus of the firm. These benefits can be divided into four parts:

1. Savings in Lab-our:
Division of Lab-our and specialization is used in large scale production. It increases the efficiency and working capacity of the labor and reduces the per unit cost of production.

2. Savings in Marketing:
Selling cost is not increased in the proportion of productions. As a result per unit cost is again reduced. If a firm doubles its production then its selling expenditure like advertisement etc. will not be doubled. Hence, it will enjoy the benefit of large scale economy.

3. Managerial Savings:
Managerial expenditures decreases with the increase in the production, which is termed as managerial savings. An efficient manager, manages the business affair in the same capacity even if the volume of production increases. Hence, per unit cost is again reduced.

4. Technical Savings:
Improvement in production technology results into technical savings. Use of modern and advance technology increases production on one hand and on the other hand, it reduces per unit cost of production. The main cause of this technical saving is extension of technical cost on more units produced. Thus, from the above description it is clear that cost curves which are directly concerned with the production is shape in U letter of English alphabet.

Question 3.
Discuss the relation between Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue.
Answer:
Following relationship exists between AR and MR:

1. AR increases as long as MR is higher than AR and when MR > AR, AR increases.
2. AR is maximum and constant when MR is equal to AR.
3. AR falls when MR is less than AR.
4. MP can be positive, zero and negative but AP is always positive.

Question 4.
When is a consumer in a state of equilibrium?
Answer:
A producer is in a state of equilibrium, if he is earning maximum profit or has profit maximization. A producer earns maximum profit where.
Profit = TR – TC, where TR>TC a producer earns abnormal profit and where TR < TC loss is also beard by the producer only.

Question 5.
What is meant by supply?
Answer:
Supply refers to the quantity of a commodity which a producer or a seller or a firm is willing to sell in the market at a particular price during a given period of time.

Question 6.
What is meant by supply schedule?
Answer:
Supply schedule is a tabular statement showing various quantities of a commodity being supplied at various levels of price during a given period of time. Supply schedule is of two types.

1. Individual supply schedule:
It refers to supply schedule of an individual firm in the market it shows different quantities supplied by a firm at different prices of a comm-oddities.

2. Market supply schedule:
It refers to tabular statement showing various quantities of a commodity that all the producers are willing to sell at various levels of price, during given period of time.

Question 7.
What is a supply curve?
Answer:
The supply curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity supplied for a given period of time. In a typical representation the price will appear on the left vertical axis, the quantity supplied on the horizontal axis. The supply curve has two aspects:

1. Individual supply curve,
2. Market supply curve.

1. Individual supply curve:
Individual supply curve is a graphic presentation of supply schedule of an individual firm in the market.

2. Market supply curve:
Market supply curve is a graphic presentation of market supply schedule.

Question 8.
Graphically explain the law of supply.
Answer:
Law of supply establishes direct relationship between price and quantity of goods supplied. According to this law, supply of the commodity will increase with increase in price and decrease with decrease in price other things remaining the same. Therefore, law of supply states that keeping other determinants of supply as constant, the supply decreases with the fall in price and increase with the rise in price. It means that the price of the commodity and its supply more in the same direction.
Supply function can be written as;
S = f (P)
S = Supply of commodity
P = Price
F = Function.
The law can be explained with the help of an example:

The given schedule shows positive relationship between price and quantity supplied of a commodity.

Question 9.
What are the causes of movement along the supply curve and shifting of supply curve ?
Answer:
When quantity supplied of a commodity changes due to change in its own price, assuming other things being equal, it is known as change in quantity supplied. When the change in supply is due to factors other than the price of the commodity, it is known as increase or decrease in supply. In order to understand the movement along the supply curve we have to understand two possibilities.

1. Increase in supply
2. Decrease in supply.

When due to changes in factors, other than price, more quantity is supplied, it is known as increase or extension in supply, inverse of this is known as decrease in supply or contraction of supply.

Question 10.
What do you understand by price elasticity of supply.
Answer:
Price elasticity of supply is the responsiveness of quantity supplied when the price of the good changes. It is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity supplied to the percentage change in price.

To calculate price elasticity of supply, we use the following formula:

P_es=\(\frac { ∆Q }{ ∆P }\) x \(\frac { P }{ Q }\)

Question 11.
Explain in brief the methods of measuring price elasticity of supply.
Answer:
Following methods are used to measure price elasticity of supply:

1. Percentage method,
2. Geometric method.

1. Percentage method or Proportionate method:
According to this method, price elasticity is measured as a ratio of percentage change in quantity supplied to percentage change in price of the commodity.

P_es = \(\frac { \frac { \triangle Q }{ Q } x100 }{ \frac { \triangle P }{ P } x100 } \) or P_es = \(\frac { \triangle P }{ P } x\frac { \triangle Q }{ Q } \)

2. Point method or Geometric method:
Geometric method measures elasticity at a given point on the supply curve and is also known as ‘Arc method or Point method. The following figures shows three straight line supply curves :

Figure (A):
Supply curve is extended towards X-axis. It intersects the X-axis in its negative range at point R. The price elasticity is greater than one (RQ > OQ).

Figure (B):
The supply curve intersects the X-axis in its positive range. The price elasticity of supply is less than one as
(RQ < OQ). In the figure at point E, the elasticity of supply is less than one.

Figure (C):
The point of intersection is the origin i.e., the straight line supply curve passes through origin. The price elasticity of supply is equal to 1 (RQ = OQ).

In all three figures supply curve is a straight line. SS is the supply curve. E is the point E on the supply curve which is a straight line on the ‘X’ axis which meets at point R.
So, at point elasticity of supply, E_s = \(\frac { RQ }{ OQ } \)

Where, RQ < OQ therefore, elasticity of supply at point E is less than one (E_s < 1).

Question 12.
What are the factors affecting elasticity of supply?
Answer:
The factors affecting elasticity of supply are:

1. Nature of the commodity
2. Cost of production
3. Time period
4. Techniques of production
5. Nature of inputs used
6. Natural constraints
7. Risk taking
8. Ability and interest of the producers.

Question 13.
Write characteristic features of Average fixed cost.
Answer:
Characteristic feature of average fixed cost are:

1. It slopes downward to the right from left because the total fixed cost is fixed and as the quantity of production increases, the average fixed cost decreases.
2. In the beginning, the average fixed cost slopes speedily and there after gradually.
3. It does not touch the axis and so it is in the shape of rectangular hyperbola.
4. It never becomes zero.

Question 14.
What do you mean by production cost ? Explain the difference between explicit cost and implicit cost with example.
Answer:
Meaning of Production cost: The expenditure incurred by a firm on factor as well as non-factors inputs (for productions of a commodity) is called cost of production. “The cost of production of an output, then may be defined as either the purchase price or the imputed value of all productive services used in pro – ducting the output and its equivalent to the total monetary sacrifice of the firm made to secure it.

“Cost of production includes all payments made to others for goods and services as well as such items as depreciation and obsolescence. It also includes and estimated wage for services rendered by owners, plus a returns to capital and land supplied by owners.”

1. Explicit cost:
Explicit costs refer to all those expenses made by a firm to buy goods directly. They include payments for raw materials, taxes and depreciation changes, transportation, power, high fuel, advertising and so on. According to Left witch, “Explicit cost are those cash payments which firms make to outsiders for their services and goods.”

Implicit costs include three types of cost:

1. Production cost
2. Selling cost
3. Other costs.

2. Implicit cost:
Implicit costs are the imputed value of the entrepreneur’s own re-sources and services. In facts, these costs refer to the implied or unnoticed costs. They include the interest on his own capital, rent on his land, wages of his own labor etc. More – over, these costs go to the entrepreneur himself and are not recorded in practiced. In the words of Left witch implicit costs are the costs of self-owned, self-employed resources. Thus, implicit costs are unrecognized costs that a firm realizes when it uses its assets and resources for one project over another.

Implicit cost includes:

1. Salary for his own services as a manager.
2. Interest on his own capital.
3. Rent on building constructed on his own land.
4. Depreciation charges for machines etc.

 

Question 15.
Explain the production on function of Cob-Doglus.
Answer:
Production function of Cob – Doglus : Production function of Cob-Doglus is generally applicable to construction industry. According to this function quantity of production depend only on two factors labor and capital.
Formula of it is, q = \({ x }_{ 1 }^{ \alpha } , { x }_{ 2 }^{ \beta }\)
Here, α and β are positive numbers. x₁ and x₂ are two quantities which are used in production.

Question 16.
Explain the concept of the short run and the long run.
Answer:
Short run:
Refers to a period in which output can be changed by changing only variable factors. In the short run, fixed inputs like land, building, plant machinery etc. cannot be changed. It means, production can be raised by increasing only variable factors but till the extent of fixed factors.

Long run:
Refers to a period in which output can be changed by changing all factors of production. In the long run firm can change its factory size, techniques of production, purchase new plant, machinery, patents, etc.

Question: 17.
Why AC curve is U-shaped in short run?
Or
Why AC curve U-shaped?
Answer:
The shape of Average Cost (AC) depends upon Total Cost (TC). Initially, total cost (TC) increases at a diminishing rate, which makes its average i.e., Average Cost (AC) to fall,then reaches its minimum point. Thereafter, Total Cost (TC) increases at increasing rate, which makes the Average Cost (AC) to rise.

This type of production behavior shows operation of law of variable proportion.

In other words, the shape of the AC curve depends upon the shape of the AVC and the AFC curves. In the beginning, we find that as output increases AVC and AFC both fall, therefore, AC curve falls sharply. When AVC has started rising and AFC is falling, AC may continue to fall if the fall in AFC is more than the rise in the AVC curve.

But with further increases in output, AC would start increasing because the rise in AVC more than offsets the fall in AFC. Therefore, the shape of the AC curve would be U-shaped, first falling and than rising.

Question 18.
Explain the relationship between marginal cost and average variable cost
Answer:
Relationship between Marginal cost and Average variable cost:

1. When AVC falls MC < AVC (It happens upto Q₁ level of output in the diagram).
2. When AVC is minimum MC = AVC (It happens at Q₁ level of output).
3. When AVC is rising MC > AVC (It happens beyond Q₁ level of output).

Question 19.
The following table gives the total product schedule of labour. Find the corresponding average product and marginal product schedules of labour:

Answer:

Question 20.
Let the production function of a firm be q=5L\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) K \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)
Find out the maximum possible output that the firm can produce with 100 units of L and 100 units of K.
Solution :
by equation q = q = 5L\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) K \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \), K = 100, L = 100
q = 5(100)\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) K x (100)\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) K
q = 5\(\sqrt { 100 } \) x V\(\sqrt { 100 } \)
q= 5 x 10 x 10
q = 500
Maximum possible out = 500 units.

Question 21.
Explain the various elements of cost of functions.
Answer:
1. Meaning of Cost:
The sum of cash payment made by firms to outsiders for hiring factor services and buying raw materials etc. i.e., explicit costs and cost of self own and self supplied inputs i.e., implicit costs constitute cost of production of a commodity

2. Short run costs of production:
Short run costs are the costs during which some factors of production are in fixed supply like plant and machinery.

(a) Total Cost:
Total Cost is defined as the aggregate of all costs of production at given level of output. Total Cost (TC) is derived by the sum of Total Fixed Cost and Total Variable Cost.
TC = TFC +TVC

(b) Total Fixed Cost (TFC):
Total Fixed Costs are the sum total of expenditure incurred by the producer on the purchase or hiring of fixed factors of production. These are also called supplementary costs or overheads cost or indirect cost. The do not change with a change in output.

(c) Total Variable Cost (TVC):
Total Variable Costs are those which vary with the quantity of output produced. These are defined as the expenditure incurred by producer on the use of variable factors of production. It is very much related with the production and fluctuates with the fluctuation in production. It is also called prime cost, special costs or direct costs.

(d) Average Cost (AC):
It is the cost per unit of output produced. It is also called unit cost of production.

(e) Average Fixed Cost (AFC):
It is defined as the fixed cost of producing per unit of the commodity.

(f) Average Variable Cost (AVC):
It is defined as the variable cost of producing per unit of the commodity.

(g) Marginal Cost (MC):
Marginal Cost (MC) is defined as “addition made to total variable cost or total cost when one more unit of output is produced.”
Marginal Cost_nth (MC_n) = Total Cost_n – Total Cost_{n – 1}
or
Total Variable Cost_n -Total Variable cost_{n – 1}

Question 22.
Write main assumptions of equilibrium of the firm.
Answer:
Following are the assumptions of firm’s equilibrium analysis:

1. Rational behavior:
   Every firm makes an endeavor to maximize its monetary profit or its behavior is rational.
2. Minimization of cost and maximization of output:
   Every firm aims at such a combination of factors of production as to attain maximum output at minimum cost.
3. Production of one commodity by one firm:
   The firm’s equilibrium analysis assumes that one firm produces one commodity.
4. Perfectly elastic supply of factors of production:
   The analysis takes it for granted that the supply of each factor of production is perfectly elastic. As a result, the price of each factor is constant.
5. Equal efficiency:
   The analysis assumes that all the units of factors of production are equally efficient.

Producer Behavior And Supply Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the concepts of Average fixed costs, Average variable costs and Average total costs.
Answer:
In the short period, average costs are of three types:

1. Average fixed costs
2. Average variable costs
3. Average total costs.

1. Average fixed costs:
If the total fixed costs is divided by the quantity produced, the quotient is average fixed cost. It can be expressed as:
AFC =\(\frac { TFC }{ Q} \)
Hence, AFC = Average Fixed Cost,
TFC = Total Fixed Cost,
Q = Quantity produced.

2. Average variable costs:
If we divide the total variable cost by the quantity produced, the quotient is average variable cost. It can be expressed as:
AVC = \(\frac { TVC }{ Q } \)
Here, AVC = Average Variable Cost
TVC = Total Variable Cost
Q = Quantity produced.

The average variable cost depends upon the average productivity of variable factors used in the production of a commodity. In the initial stage, the productivity increases, then remains constants and thereafter it tends to decrease. When the average productivity of variable factors increase, the average variable cost tends”to decrees and becomes constant to its minimum point. When the average productivity of variable factors starts decreasing, the average variable cost tends to increase. Thus, there is an inverse relation between productivity and cost.

3. Average Total Cost:
If we divide the total cost by the quantity produced the quotient is average total cost. It may be expressed as under:
ATC = \(\frac { TC }{ C } \)
Here, ATC = Average Total Cost,
TC = Total Cost
Q = Quantity produced.
In short period:
Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost
ATC = \(\frac { TC}{ Q} \)
ATC = \(\frac { TFC + TVC }{ Q } \)
ATC = \(\frac { TFC }{ Q } \) + \(\frac { TVC }{ Q } \)
ATC = AFC + AVC

Question 2.
Explain total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue with the help of an imaginary table and diagram.
Answer:
The relation of total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue can be explained with the help of table and figure.
Table: Representation of TR, AR and MR

The table shows that when AR is 10 TR and MR is also 10, when AR starts declining from 10 to 9 TR starts increasing from 10 to 18 and MR starts declining to 8. When AR is 8, TR is 24 and MR is 6.When AR is 5, TR is 30 and MR is 0 and after that TR starts declining and MR goes to negative. This can be explained with the help of figure.

1. In the figure TR is total revenue curve, AR is average revenue curve and MR is marginal revenue curve.
2. When TR started increasing AR and MR started declining. In the diagram when TR started increasing from 10 to 30 AR and MR started declining.
3. When TR is constant AR is declining but MR is ‘0’: When TR is constant that is 30 . AR start declining and MR is 0.
4. When TR started declining MR goes to negative: When TR started declining from 30 to 10, AR also declined and MR goes to negative.
5. When AR and MR both are falling, MR falls at a faster rate than AR. In other words, if AR and MR curves are downward sloping curve MR curve remains lower than
   AR curve.

Question 3.
Explain short period determination of price under perfect competition with example and diagram.
Answer:
Prof. Marshall has given importance to time in the determination of price. According to him in price determination not only demand and supply play important role but time factor is also very important. Sometimes the demand increases suddenly but because of insufficient time the production cannot be increased according to demand. Thus, in this situation demand plays an active role and it determines the price.

Thus, on the basis of time the price can be determined in two ways:

1. Price determination under short period: Under the condition of short period, of firm cannot adjust its supply of a commodity according to the demand. Hence there may be abnormal profit or loss. Under short period the price will be determined by the equilibrium of marginal cost, average revenue and marginal revenue.

It can be explained with the help of the following diagram. Here, marginal cost and marginal revenue both meet at point ‘P‘ hence OM quantity will be sold at PM price. In other words, under the short period marginal cost, marginal revenue and average revenue are equal.

(a) In case of profit:
When demand increases the supply cannot be increased in the short run then in that time period firm earns profit. In the figure at point E, MR = MC. E is the point of maximum profit and also the point of firm equilibrium.
Total production = OQ
Price (AR) = EQ or OP
Per unit cost (AC) = RQ
Per unit profit = EQ – RQ =ER
Total profit = Per unit profit x Production = ER x OQ
= ER x PE
= MPER OQ
OQ = PE

(b) In case of loss:
In the short run, during production, a firm has to face loss i. e., average cost is more than average revenue. This can be cleared with the help of the diagram. In the figure MC cuts MR from below. E is the point of equilibrium where at this point OQ is the total production, EQ or OP is per unit cost, RQ is per unit cost, and per unit loss (RQ-EQ) = RE
Total = RE x MR

Question 4.
Explain with the help of suitable example and diagram the relationship between average cost and marginal cost.
Or,
What is the relationship between average cost and marginal cost ? Explain with the help of a diagram.
This relation is exhibited by the following table and diagram:

In the figure quantity produced is shown along OX axis and cost along OY axis. AC is average cost curve and MC is marginal cost curve. The shape of the curve takes U turn because of the operation of the law of decreasing returns. P is the minimum point of average cost curve. Marginal cost curve MC, cuts average cost curve AC at point P and after that point it goes on increasing. Before point P average cost curve AC and MC curve goes on decreasing. After point ‘P’ AC and MC is rising but marginal cost curve increases at an increasing- rate.

Question 5.
What do you understand by production cost ? Explain marginal cost, fixed cost and variable cost.
Answer:
Production is the result of effective combination of factors of production. These factors are remunerated by the firm for the contribution of their services. Payment to these factors of production forms the cost of goods. In other words, the cost refers to all expenses incurred by the firm on the production of commodity. Expenses include explicit and implicit expenses. The expenditure incurred by a firm on factor as well as non-factors inputs (for productions of a commodity) is called cost of production.

Total Cost:
The total expenditure incurred by a firm for the production of a specific quantity of a commodity is called total cost of production. The total cost increases with the increase in the quantity produced . The total cost comprises of two types of cost:

1. Fixed cost or Supplementary cost.
2. Variable cost or Prime cost.
   Thus, Total Cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost.

1. Fixed cost or Supplementary cost:
It is also called general cost or indirect cost as it is not directly related with the quantity of production. It is also known as overhead cost. Thus, fixed cost is that cost which a firm incurs for the use of fixed resources like land, building, machine,organization,management, advanced technical personnel etc.
Fixed cost remains unchanged with the increase or decrease in the quantity produced. Fixed cost consists of following expenses.

1. Interest on capital
2. Rent of building
3. Depreciation on machinery
4. Salaries of permanent staff and officers etc.

2. Variable cost or Prime cost:
Variable cost refers to those cost which are incurred by a firm for purchasing variable inputs like raw materials, labor, fuel, electric power etc. This cost vary with the variation in the quantity produced. If the produced is increased, variable cost will also increase and if the production is decreased, the variable cost will also decrease. If the production is totally sloped by the firm in the short run , the variable costs will be zero. Variable costs are also called prime cost or direct cost as they are directly related with the quantity produced. In the short run, variable costs following expenditures are included

1. Price of raw material
2. Salaries of the labors
3. Fuel and electric power etc.

Thus, it is clear that Total cost is the Total of Fixed cost and Total of variable cost. The relation between average cost and marginal cost is very important for price theory. The relation between the two has the following special features.
1. Both are calculated on the basis of total cost:

2. Marginal cost curve always leads:
When average cost curve and marginal cost curve both are falling, marginal cost curve falls faster. Similarly, when average cost curve and marginal cost curve both are increasing, marginal cost curve increases faster than average cost curve. Thus, marginal cost curve always leads.

3. When average cost is minimum, the marginal cost is equal to average cost:
When average cost is lowest, the marginal cost curve cuts the average cost curve downward. In other words, here the average cost is just equal to marginal cost.

4. Both curves are of U-shape:
The averages as well as marginal cost curve are of U-shape. As long as average cost curve is falling, the marginal cost curve is below it. Similarly, when the average cost curve starts rising, the marginal cost curve is above it. If the average cost curve is U-shaped, then its corresponding marginal cost curve will cut it at its lowest point.

5. Both MC and AC are calculated from TC.

Question 6.
What do you mean by equilibrium of the firm. Discuss its main features.
Answer:
A firm is said to be in equilibrium when it has no incentive either to expand or to contract its output. A firm would not like to change its level of output only when it is earning maximum money profits. Hence, equilibrium is a point where firm earns maximum money profit.
Here, TR-TC is maximum.

Following are the feature of firm:

1. No change in the price of quantity of the product- In case of equilibrium, the firm does not make any change in the amount of production or value of the item. Thus, there is absence of any change.
2. Maximum profit: A firm receives maximum benefit in its equilibrium position and does not want to take any kind of risk.
3. Minimizing production cost: In its equilibrium position firm tries to minimize production cost and increase profit.
4. The firm’s equilibrium can be achieved by using total, total revenue and using marginal analysis method. There is no difference between the pricing of the product produced during equilibrium position of the firm.

Question 7.
Explain the concept of Returns to Scale. Write its three stages.
Answer:
The concept of ‘Returns to scale’ studies how the output changes when all factors are changed proportionately, so that the proportion among them do not change. The definition of returns to scale is given as under, “As the quantities of inputs (factors) are varied along a particular scale line, output will vary. The responsiveness of output to such changes in output is called returns to scale.”
Returns to Scale

1. Increasing Returns to Scale:
If the total output increases more than the proportion to the increase in inputs (factors of production), it is a case of increasing returns to scale.

For example:
if we increase all the inputs by 10 per-cent at a time, then the total output increases by more than 10 percent. Here, operates the stage of increasing returns to scale. In other words, we obtain in¬creasing returns to scale when a given percentage increase in all inputs leads to a higher percentage increase in the total output.

In the figure up to point D or equal product curve E₄, the increasing returns to scale occur since BC < AB, CD < BC. It means that equal increase in output are obtained by smaller and smaller increments in inputs.

2. Constant Returns to Scale:
When all the factors of production , are increased in a particular proportion, or the scale of production is increased, the quantity of production, as a result, in- u creases in the same proportion, it is a case of constant returns to scale, e.g., if we increase the quantity of all factors of production by 10 per cent and consequently the output is also increased by 10 per cent, it is called constant returns to scale.

It can diagrammatically be illustrated as the constant returns to scale with the help of equal product curve. It is assumed that in the production of goods only two factors, (labor and capital) are used.

In the figure, OR is the constant curve and A, B, C, D are points on the curve. These points show different quantities of labor and capital.

3. Decreasing Returns to Scale:
It occurs if a given percentage increase in all inputs results in a smaller percentage increase in output. e.g., if a car firm increases its variable inputs (capital, raw material and labor) by 50% but the output of u Lab – our – cars increases by only 35% then we say there are decreasing returns to scale from increasing the quantity of inputs.

Question 8.
Following table gives the schedule of Marginal product of labor, Total product of labor is zero. Find out total product and average product of labor.

Answer:
List of Total product and Marginal product of labor

Question 9.
A firm’s short term marginal cost schedule is shown in the following table. The total fixed cost of firm is Rs. 100. Find out Total variable cost, Total cost, Average variable cost and Short-run average cost.

Answer:

Question 10.
Let the production of a firm be, Q = 2L² K². Find out the maximum possible output that the firm can produce with 5 unit of L and 2 units of K. What is the maxi¬mum possible output that the firm can produce with zero unit of L and 10 units of K.
Solution:
Equation, q =2 L² K ²
Here, L= 5
K = 2
Given: q = 2 (5) ² x (2) ²
or q = 2 (25) (4)
or q = 200 units
So, the maximum possible output will be 200 units.
In the second state:
L = 0, K = 2
q = 2 x (10) ² x (10) ²
q = 2 x 0 x 100
q = 0
So, the maximum possible output will be zero. The maximum output would be zero with zero unit of L and 10 units of K. The reason is that the production function, our assumption is that if any input becomes zero, then the production would also be zero. Since, here labor is zero, the output would also be zero.

Question 11.
Find out the maximum possible output for a firm with zero unit of L and 10 units of K when its production function is Q = 5L + 2K.
Solution:
Equation,
q = 5L+2K L = 10,
K = 10
Given: q = 5L + 2K,
q = 5(0) + 2(10) q = 0 + 20
q = 20
So, the maximum possible output will be 20. In production function, our assumption is that if any input becomes zero, the production would also be zero. Since, here labor is 20, the output would also be 20.

MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Hindi Makrand Solutions Chapter 18 ‘विप्लव-गान’ (कविता, बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’)

विप्लव-गान पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्नोत्तर

विप्लव-गान लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
कवि की तान से कौन भस्मसात् हो रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि की तान से पहाड़ भस्मसात हो रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
किस वस्तु को कवि विष में बदलने की बात करता है?
उत्तर:
माता की छाती के अमृतमय दूध को कवि विष में बदलने की बात करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
विश्वम्भर की वीणा का विश्लेषण क्या है?
उत्तर:
विश्वम्भर की वीणा का विश्लेषण पोषक है।

विप्लव-गान दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
विप्लव-गायन से क्या तात्पर्य है? कवि ने विप्लव के कौन से लक्षण गिनाए हैं?
उत्तर:
विप्लव-गायन से तात्पर्य है-अंध-विचारों और जीर्ण-शीर्ण सामाजिक मान्यताओं को समाप्त करने की प्रेरणा देना। कवि ने विप्लव के अनेक लक्षण गिनाए हैं, जैसे-प्राणों के लाले पड़ जाना, त्राहि-त्राहि मच जाना, नाश-सत्यानाश का धुआँधार छा जाना, आग बरसना, बादल जल जाना, पहाड़ का राख में मिल जाना, आकाश की छाती का फट जाना, तारों का खण्ड-खण्ड होना, कायरता का काँपना, रूढ़ियों का समाप्त होना, अंध-विचारों का अंत होना, सामाजिक बन्धनों का टुकड़े-टुकड़े हो जाना, संसार का भरण-पोषण करने वाली ईश्वर की वीणा का मौन हो जाना, भगवान के सिंहासन का थर्राना, चारों ओर नाश-नाश और महानाश ही की ध्वनि सुनाई देना, प्रलयंकारी दृश्य उपस्थित हो जाना आदि।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि किन-किन रूढ़ियों को समाप्त करना चाहता है?
उत्तर:
कवि परम्परागत जीर्ण-शीर्ण मान्यताओं और सभी प्रकार की भज्ञानता – व मूढ़ तथा अन्धविचारों की रूढ़ियों को समाप्त करना चाहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
नए सृजन के लिए ध्वंस की आवश्यकता क्या है? इस कथन के आधार पर कवि द्वारा वर्णित तथ्यों का उल्लेख कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नए सजन के लिए ध्वंस की आवश्यकता है –

1. युग की जीर्ण-शीर्ण परम्परागत मान्यताओं को समाप्त करके उनके स्थान पर नई और स्वस्थ मान्यताओं को अंकुरित किया जा सके।
2. पाप-पुण्य के सद्सद्भावों की परख की जा सके।
3. कायरता काँप उठे और चले आ रहे अंध मूढ़ विचार समाप्त हो जाएँ।
4. लीक पर चलने की परम्परा समाप्त हो।
5. नियमों-उपनियमों के बंधन टुकड़े-टुकड़े हो जाएँ।

विप्लव-गान भाव विस्तार/पल्लवन

प्रश्न.

1. 1. “प्रलयंकारी आँख खुल जाए’ से तात्पर्य क्या है?
2. 2. “अंधे मूढ़ विचारों की वह अचल शिला विचलित हो जाए” में कवि क्या संदेश देना चाहता है?
3. 3. “कायरता काँपे, गतानुगति विगलित हो जाए” का भाव पल्लवन कीजिए।
4. 4. व्याख्या कीजिए?
   “नियम और उपनियमों ……… प्रांगण में घहराए।”

उत्तर:

1. “प्रलयंकारी आँख खुल जाए” से तात्पर्य है-सामाजिक परिवर्तन के लिए प्रलयंकारी, क्रान्ति का आना बेहद जरूरी है। उससे ही आमूलचूल अपेक्षित परिवर्तन सम्भव है।

2. “अंधे मूढ़ विचारों की वह अचल शिला विचलित हो जाए” में कवि यह संदेश देना चाहता है कि साधारण नहीं अपितु परम्परागत रूढ़ियाँ प्रलयंकारी क्रान्ति. से ही जड़ समेत हो जाएँगी।

3. “कायरता काँपे, गतानुगति विचलित हो जाए।”
उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के द्वारा कवि ने यह भाव प्रस्तुत करना चाहा है कि अभूतपूर्व और प्रलयंकारी क्रान्ति के आने से चारों ओर उथल-पुथल मच जाता है। चारों ओर . ताजगी, नयापन और उमंग का वातावरण फैलने लगता है। इस प्रकार के वातावरण में निठल्लापन, आलस्य, उदासी, निराशा आदि विकास की बाधाएँ दूर भाग जाती हैं। इसके साथ ही चले आते हुए अंधे मूढ़ विचार और परम्परागत सामाजिक नियम-उपनियम दरकिनार होने लगते हैं। इस प्रकार की क्रान्ति सचमुच में युगों की अपेक्षाओं और आशाओं के अनुरूप खरी उतरती है।

4. व्याख्या
“नियमों और उपनियमों के….प्रागंण में घहराए।”
व्याख्या:
हे कवि! तुम्हारी ऐसा ज्ञान हो जिसे सुनकर सभी प्रकार के सामाजिक बंधन, चाहे वे किसी छोटे-छोटे नियमों से बँधे हों या बड़े-बड़े नियमों से बँधे, वे एक-एक करके खण्ड-खण्ड हो जाएँ। इसे देखकर संत का भरण-पोषण करने वाले ईश्वर की पोषण करने वाली वीणा के तार मौन हो जाएँ। इसी प्रकार महाशिव का शान्ति दण्ड टूटकर बिखर जाए और उनका सिंहासन काँप उठे। उनका पोषण करने वाला श्वासोच्छवास संसार के प्रांगण (आँगन) में घहराने लगे। फिर पूरी तरह से नाश-नाश और महानाश ही की भयंकर ध्वनि गूंज उठे। इस तरह चारों ओर ऐसा भयानक दृश्य उपस्थित हो जाए, मानो प्रलयंकारी आँखें खुल गई हों।

विप्लव-गान भाषा अध्ययन

प्रश्न 1.
पाप-पुण्य दो विरोधी शब्दों की जोड़ी है, इसी आधार पर पोषक, नाश, कायरता, दाएँ शब्दों की जोड़ी बनाइए
उत्तर:
शब्द

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ लिखिए –
आँखों का पानी सूखना, धूल उड़ना, प्राणों के लाले पड़ना, छाती फटना, तारे टूटना।
उत्तर:

विप्लव-गान योग्यता विस्तार

प्रश्न 1.
“नवीन” जी की इस कविता से मिलती-जुलती किसी अन्य कवि की कोई कविता खोजकर उसे विद्यालय के प्रदर्शन बोर्ड पर प्रदर्शित कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

प्रश्न 2.
कभी आपने आँधी-तूफान का सामना किया हो तो उसका अनुभव अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

प्रश्न 3.
“नवीन” जी का सम्बन्ध उज्जैन से रहा है, हिन्दी के किन-किन साहित्यकारों का सम्बन्ध उज्जैन से रहा, उसे खोजिए और उसे सूचीबद्ध कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

विप्लव-गान परीक्षोपयोगी अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर

विप्लव-गान लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
कवि की तान से आकाश में क्या छा जाता है?
उत्तर:
कवि की तान से आकाश में त्राहि-त्राहि का स्वर छा जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि किसे विचलित होने की बात करता है?
उत्तर:
कवि अंध मूढ़ विचारों की अचल शिला विचलित होने की बात करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि किसकी आँखें खुल जाने की बात करता है?
उत्तर:
कवि नाश! नाश! हो महानाश!! की प्रलयंकारी आँखें खुल जाने की बात करता है।

विप्लव-गान दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
कवि किससे क्या करने के लिए कहता है और क्यों?
उत्तर:

1. कवि ने कवि से अपनी क्रान्तिकारी कविता की तान सुनाने के लिए कहता है। यह इसलिए कि वह उसे क्रान्ति का सूत्रधार मानता है।
2. उसकी कविता के गीत युग-परिवर्तन की शक्ति रखते हैं।
3. उसके गीतों में निर्माण और विनाश की स्थिति को दर्शाने की सामर्थ्य है।
4. उसमें काव्य-रचना का वह गुण-प्रतिभा है, जो युगों बाद किसी कवि में दिखाई देती है।
5. वह कवि की विचारधारा के ही समान नवीनता का समर्थक और पुरातनता का घोर विरोधी है।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रस्तुत कविता में प्रकृति के किन-किन रूपों का चित्रण हुआ है?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत कविता में प्रकृति के अनेक भीषण और ध्वंसकारी रूपों का चित्रण हुआ है ; जैसे-आकाश में त्राहि-त्राहि का भयंकर शोर सुनाई पड़ना, बादलों का जल उठना, पहाड़ों का राख में मिल जाना, आकाश की छाती फट जाना, तारों का खण्ड-खण्ड हो जाना, अंतरिक्ष में नाश करने वाली ध्वनि का मँडराना, शान्ति दण्ड धारण करने वाले शिव के शान्ति दण्ड का टूट जाना और उनके सिंहासन का थर्रा जाना आदि।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रस्तुत कविता के मुख्य भाव को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कवि को सम्बोधित इस कविता में रचनाकार ने कवि को क्रान्ति का सूत्रधार मानते हुए उसे परम्परागत और जीर्ण-शीर्ण समाज को ध्वंस करने के लिए विप्लव-गान के माध्यम से प्रेरित किया है। कवि के गीतों में युग-परिवतन की शक्ति छिपी रहती है। यही नहीं वह अपने गीतों में प्रलय की प्रेरणाएँ भी छिपाए रहता है। इस कविता में कवि ने एक ओर ध्वंस की और दूसरी ओर सृजन की सामर्थ्य को अपनी कविता में केन्द्रीभूत किया है। इसके माध्यम से कवि ने जागृति का गान गाया। इस कविता के रचयिता ने कवि के गीतों और अंध विचारों को समाप्तकरने के लिए आह्वान किया है।

साथ ही गीतों की तान छेड़ने एवं कायरता से परिपूर्ण भावों का उन्मूलन करने के लिए अपनी क्रान्ति भावना का प्रसार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। इस कविता के रचनाकार ने इस कविता में शान्ति के मार्ग से हटकर क्रान्ति का प्रलयकारी आह्वान किया है। इस कविता में प्रकृत की भीषण और ध्वंसकारी छवियों का चित्रण है। इस प्रकार कवि इस गीत में थर्रा देने वाला परिदृश्य निर्मित करने में सफल है।

विप्लव-गान कवि-परिचय

प्रश्न 1.
‘बालकृष्ण शर्मा’ नवीन का संक्षिप्त जीवन-परिचय देते हुए उनके साहित्य के महत्त्व पर प्रकाश डालिए?
उत्तर:
जीवन-परिचय:
बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’ का जन्म शाजापुर जिला तहसील के भयाना नामक गाँव में 8 दिसम्बर, 1897 को हुआ था। उनकी आरम्भिक शिक्षा शाजापुर में ही हुई। वहाँ से मिडिल उत्तीर्ण करने के बाद उन्होंने उज्जैन के माधव कॉलेज में प्रवेश लिया। कॉलेज की शिक्षा समाप्त करके वे माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी और मैथिलीशरण गुप्त के सम्पर्क में आ गए। इसके बाद कानपुर में तत्कालीन महान पत्रकार गणेश शंकर विद्यार्थी के आश्रय में रहकर क्राइस्ट चर्च कॉलेज में पढ़ाने लगे। उसी समय वे गाँधीजी के प्रभाव में आ गए। फिर वे उनके सत्याग्रह में कूद पड़े। इससे वे राजनीति में मैदान मारने लगे। उनका निधन 29 अप्रैल, 1960 को हुआ।

रचनाएँ:
‘नवीन’ जी की प्रमुख रचनाएँ कुंकुम, रश्मि रेखा, अपलक, क्वासि, विनोबा, स्तवन, प्राणार्पण हैं। आपने ‘प्रताप’ और ‘प्रभा’ नामक राष्ट्रीय धारा को आगे बढ़ाने वाली पत्रिका का वर्षों तक सम्पादन किया।

महत्त्व:
‘नवीन’ जी का भारतीय संविधान निर्मात्री परिषद के सदस्य के रूप में हिन्दी को राजभाषा के रूप में स्वीकार करवाने में आपका बड़ा योगदान रहा। ‘नवीन’ जी स्वभाव से उदार, फक्कड़, आवेशी किन्तु मस्त तबियत के व्यक्ति थे।

विप्लव-गान पाठ का सारांश

प्रश्न 1.
बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’-विरचित कविता ‘विप्लव-गानं’ का सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए?
उत्तर:
बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’-विरचित कवितां ‘विप्लव गान’ क्रान्ति का स्वर फूंकने वाली कविता है। इस कविता का सारांश इस प्रकार है –

कवि ने कवि को संबोधित करते हुए उसे क्रान्ति का अग्रदूत बताकर समाज में उलट-फेर कर देने के लिए आह्वान किया है। कवि को उत्साहित करते हुए कह रहा है-वह ऐसी गीतों की रचना कर गुमगुनाए कि प्राणों के लाले पड़ जाएँ, नाश और सत्यानाश का धुआँधार संसार में छा जाए। भस्मसात सब कुछ हो जाए, पाप-पुण्य का भेद मिट जाए, आकाश का वक्षस्थल फट जाए, तारे टूक-टूक हो जाएँ, कायरता काँपने लगे, रूढ़ियाँ समाप्त हो जाएँ, अन्धविश्वास की अटलता डगमगा जाए, अन्तरिक्ष में नाश करने वाली बिजली की तड़क होने लगे, नियमों-उपनियमों के सामाजिक बंधन टूट जाएँ, विश्वम्भर की पोषक की वीणा के.तार चुप हो जाएँ, शान्ति का दण्ड टूट जाए, शंकर का सिंहासन काँप उठे और चारों ओर नाश-नाश और महानाश की प्रलयंकारी दृश्य उपस्थित हो जाए।

संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या विप्लव-गान

प्रश्न 1.
कवि, कुछ ऐसी तान सुनाओ-जिससे उथल-पुथल मच जाए,
एक हिलोर इधर से आए-एक हिलोर उधर से आए।
प्राणों के लाले पड़ जाएँ, त्राहि त्राहि रव नभ में छाए,
नाश और सत्यानाशों का धुआँधार जग में छा जाए,
बरसे आग, जलद जल जाए, भस्मसात भूधर हो जाएँ
पाप-पुण्य सदसद्भावों की, धूल उड़ उठे दाएँ-बाएँ
नभ का वक्ष-स्थल फट जाए, तारे टूक-टूक हो जाएँ
कवि, कुछ ऐसी तान सुनाओ, जिससे उथल-पुथल मच जाए।

शब्दार्थ:

• उथल-पुथल – परिवर्तन।
• तान – स्वर, लय।
• प्राणों के लाले पड़ जाना – (मुहावरा) जान खतरे में पड़ जाना।
• रव – ध्वनि।
• नभ – आकाश।
• जग – संसार।
• जलद – बादल।
• भस्मसात – राख में मिल जाना।
• भूधर – पहाड़।
• वक्षस्थल – छाती।
• टूट-टूक – टुकड़े-टुकड़े।

प्रसंग:
यह पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक’ हिन्दी सामान्य भाग-1′ में संकलित और बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’-विरचित ‘विप्लव-गान’ शीर्षक कविता से उद्धत है। इसमें कवि ने कवि को सम्बोधित करते हुए उसे महान क्रान्तिकारी कविता की रचना करने के लिए समुत्साहित किया है। इस विषय में कवि ने कवि को सम्बोधित करते हए कहा है कि –

व्याख्या:
हे कवि, तुम कुछ ऐसी श्रेष्ठ और अद्भुत व बेजोड़ काव्य की रचना करके उसकी तान छेड़ों कि उसे सुनकर चारों ओर अपूर्व परिवर्तन क्रान्ति आ जाए। उससे क्रान्ति की हिलोरें कभी इधर से तो कभी उधर से आने लगें। इस प्रकार तुम अपनी कविता की ऐसी-ऐसी तान सुनाओ कि प्राणों के सब ओर लाले पड़ जाएँ और हाहाकार धरती से आकाश तक मचने लगे। चारों ओर भयंकर दृश्य ऐसे होने लगे कि नाश और सत्यानाश का धुआँधार हर जगह छा जाए। आग इस प्रकार बरसने लगे कि बादल खाक हो जाए और पहाड़ राख में मिल जाए। कभी इधर तो कभी उधर पाप-पुण्य के सत्य और असत्य भरे भावों की धूल-बंक्डर उड़ने लगे। आकाश की छाती फटने लगे और तारे खण्ड-खण्ड होने लगें। इस प्रकार हे कवि! तुम कुछ ऐसी तान छेड़ों की चारों और अपूर्व परिवर्तन (क्रान्ति) आ जाए।

विशेष:

1. भाषा में ओज है और प्रवाह है।
2. क्रान्तिकारी स्वर है।
3. मुहावरेदार शैली है।
4. वीर रस का संचार है।
5. पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश (त्राहि-त्राहि) और मानवीकरण अलंकार (नभ का वक्षस्थल) है।

पद्यांश पर आधारित काव्य-सौन्दर्य सम्बन्धी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न

1. प्रस्तुत पयांश का काव्य-सौन्दर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश के भाव-सौन्दर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
3. कवि कवि को किस रूप में देखना चाहता हैं?

उत्तर:
1. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में कवि ने क़वि को एक अभूतपूर्व तान छेड़ने के लिए कहा है, जससे चारों ओर महान उथल-पुथल मच जाए। इसे चित्रित करने के लिए प्रयुक्त हुए भाव बड़े ही सशक्त और ओजस्वी हैं। उनके अनुसार भाषा का चयन भी कम प्रभावशाली नहीं है। भावों को हृदयस्पर्शी बनाने वाली मुहावरेदार शैली का प्रयोग अधिक सुन्दर रूप में है। बिम्ब, प्रतीक और योजना भावों के अनुसार आकर्षक हैं।

2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का भाव-सौन्दर्य सरल किन्तु अद्भुत है। भावों की ओजस्विता में क्रमबद्धता, प्रवाहमयता और सरसता है। रोचकता के साथ-साथ भावोत्पादकता इसकी सर्वप्रधान विशेषता है। कुछ तान सुनाने के कथ्य को उथल-पुथल मचा देने वाले भावों की योजना निश्चय ही चमत्कार उत्पन्न कर रही है।

3. कवि कवि को क्रान्ति के सूत्रधार के रूप में देखना चाहता है।

पद्यांश पर आधारित विषयवस्तु से सम्बन्धित प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न

1. कवि और कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. कवि की तान से मचने वाले उथल-पुथल किस प्रकार के हैं?
3. यह उथल-पुथल किस तरह से होनी चाहिए?

उत्तर:

1. कवि-बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’ कविता-विप्लवगान।
2. कवि की तान से मचने वाला उथल-पुथल प्रलयंकारी है।
3. यह उथल-पुथल निरन्तर और चारों ओर से होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
माता की छाती का अमृतमय पय कालकूट हो जाए,
आँखों का पानी सूखे, वे शोणित की घुटें हो जाए,
एक ओर कायरता काँपे, गतानुगति विगलित हो जाए,
अन्धे मूढ़ विचारों की वह, अचल शिला विचलित हो जाए,
और दूसरी ओर कँपा देने वाला गर्जन उठ धाए,
अन्तरिक्ष में एक उसी नाशक तर्जन की ध्वनि मँडराए,
कवि, कुछ ऐसी तान सुनाओ, जिससे उथल-पुथल मच जाए।

शब्दार्थ:

• पय – दूध।
• कालकूट – जहर।
• शोणित – खून।
• गतानुगति – लीक पर चलना, पिछलग्गू होना, रूढ़िवादी होना।
• विगलित – पिघलना, समाप्त होना।
• मूढ़ – मूर्ख।
• अचल – निश्चल, स्थिर, जो गतिमाम न हो।
• शिला – विशाल पत्थर।
• तर्जन – तड़कना।

प्रसंग: पूर्ववत्!

व्याख्या:
हे कवि! तुम ऐसी तान छेड़ो कि जिसे सुनकर चारों ओर सब कुछ उलट-पुलट हो जाए। माता का अमृतमय दूध भले जहूर हो जाए। आँखों का पानी सूखकर भले ही इनकी चूट में बदल जाए। इसके बावजूद तुम्हारी तान ऐसी हो कि उससे कायरता काँप उठे। सभी प्रकार की रूढ़ियाँ समाप्त हो जाएँ। अंधविश्वास और मूर्खतापूर्ण विचारों की अटल और स्थिर विशाल पत्थर विचलित हो जाए। दूसरी ओर कँपकँपी पैदा कर देने वाला गर्जन होने लगे। यही नहीं, अंतरिक्ष में भी उसी प्रकार का नाश करने वाला तर्जन की ध्वनि मँडराते लगे। हे कवि! इस प्रकार की उथल-पुथल मचाने वाली तान अब तुम जल्द ही छेड़ दो।

विशेष:

1. भाषा में प्रभाव है और आज है।
2. शैली ‘भावात्मक है।
3. भयानक रस का संचार है।
4. ‘गतानुगति विगलित’ में अनुप्रास अलंकार है।
5. बिम्ब, प्रतीक और योजना यथास्थान हैं।

पद्यांश पर आधारित काव्य-सौन्दर्य से सम्बन्धित प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न

1. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का काव्य-सौन्दर्य लिखिए।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का भाव-सौन्दर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
3. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का मुख्य भावं क्या है?

उत्तर:

1. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन की भयानकता को चित्रित करने का प्रयास किया गया है। इसके लिए प्रस्तुत हुए भावों की योजना प्रभावशाली रूप में है। चूंकि कथ्य भयानक परिवर्तन का है, फलस्वरूप तदनुरूप भाषा-शैली को अपनाया गया है। शब्द-योजना उच्चस्तरीय तत्सम शब्द की है।

2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में साधारण क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन की नहीं, अपितु भयानक क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन की भाव-योजना प्रस्तुत की गई है। यह प्रस्तुति बहुत ही ओजमयी, प्रवाहमयी और उत्साहमयी है। इसमें निरन्तरता, क्रमबद्धता, विविधता और मुख्यता जैसी अद्भुत विशेषताएँ हैं। फलस्वरूप यह अधिक रोचक और आकर्षक बमै गई है।

3. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का मुख्य भाव है-भयानक और विविधतापूर्ण क्रान्तिकारी दृश्य का हृदयस्पर्शी चित्रण करना।

पद्यांश पर आधारित विषयवस्तु से सम्बन्धित प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. कवि और कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में मुख्य रूप से किस पर बल दिया गया है?

उत्तर:

1. कवि-बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’ कविता-‘विप्लव गान’
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में मुख्य रूप से सामाजिक रूढ़ियों और अन्ध-विश्वासों को समाप्त करने पर बल दिया गया है।

प्रश्न 3.
नियम और उपनियमों के ये बन्धन टूक-ट्रक हो जाएँ,
विश्वम्भर की पोषक वीणा के सब तार मूक हो जाएँ,
शान्ति-दण्ड टूटे-उस महारुद्र का सिंहासन थर्राए
उसकी पोषक श्वासोच्छवास, विश्व के प्रागंण में घहराए,
नाश! नाश!! हो महानाश!!! की प्रलयंकारी आँख खुल जाए,
कवि, कुछ ऐसी तान सुनाओ, जिससे उथल-पुथल मच जाए!!

शब्दार्थ:

• टूक-टूक – टुकड़े-टुकड़े।
• विश्वम्भर – संसार का पालन-पोषण करने वाला, ईश्वर।
• मूक – मौन, चुप।
• महारुद्र – भगवान शंकर।
• प्रांगण – आँगन, सहन।

प्रसंग – पूर्ववत्।

व्याख्या:
हे कवि! तुम्हारी ऐसा ज्ञान हो जिसे सुनकर सभी प्रकार के सामाजिक बंधन, चाहे वे किसी छोटे-छोटे नियमों से बँधे हों या बड़े-बड़े नियमों से बँधे, वे एक-एक करके खण्ड-खण्ड हो जाएँ। इसे देखकर संत का भरण-पोषण करने वाले ईश्वर की पोषण करने वाली वीणा के तार मौन हो जाएँ। इसी प्रकार महाशिव का शान्ति दण्ड टूटकर बिखर जाए और उनका सिंहासन काँप उठे। उनका पोषण करने वाला श्वासोच्छवास संसार के प्रांगण (आँगन) में घहराने लगे। फिर पूरी तरह से नाश-नाश
और महानाश ही की भयंकर ध्वनि गूंज उठे। इस तरह चारों ओर ऐसा भयानक दृश्य उपस्थित हो जाए, मानो प्रलयंकारी आँखें खुल गई हों।

विशेष:

1. भाषा धारदार है।
2. उच्चस्तरीय तत्सम शब्दों की प्रधानता हैं।
3. शैली चित्रमयी है।
4. भयानक रस का संचार है।
5. क्रान्तिकारी स्वर है।
6. सामाजिक परिवर्तन का आग्रह है।

पद्यांश पर आधारित काव्य-सौन्दर्य सम्बन्धी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश के काव्य-सौन्दर्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश के भाव-सौन्दर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
3. ‘शान्ति दण्ड टूटे, उस महारुद्र का सिंहासन थर्राए।’ से कवि का क्या आशय है?

उत्तर:

1. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में कवि ने सभी प्रकार के सामाजिक बंधनों को तोड़ने के लिए समूल क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन का उल्लेख किया है। इसके लिए कवि प्रतीकात्मक और दृष्टान्त शैली के द्वारा जो चित्र खींचा है, वह न केवल आकर्षक है, अपितु भाववर्द्धक भी है। चूँकि भयानक और अपूर्व क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन का विषय है। इसलिए इसे नपे-तुले, ठोस और सटीक शब्द को परोसकर भयानक रस से रोचक बना दिया गया है।

2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश के भावों की प्रस्तुति विषयानुसार है। भयानक और अपूर्व क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन को चित्रांकित करने के लिए भावों की योजना प्रसंगानुसार है। उपयुक्तता और सटीकता को लिए हुए ये भाव क्रमानुसार और कथ्यानुसार हैं। कुल मिलाकर प्रस्तुत पद्यांश का भाव-सौन्दर्य देखते ही बनता है।

3. ‘शान्ति दण्ड टूटे, उस महारुद्र का सिंहासन थर्राए’ से कवि का आशय है-क्रान्ति का स्वरूप प्रलयंकारी हो जिससे वह असम्भव को सम्भव कर सके।

पद्यांश पर आधारित विषयवस्तु से सम्बन्धित प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. कवि और कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में किसका चित्रण हुआ है?

उत्तर:

1. कवि-बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’ कविता-‘विप्लव गान’।
2. प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में प्रकृति के भीषण और ध्वंसकारी स्वरूपों का चित्रण हुआ है।

MP Board Class 11th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions Unit 2 Consumer Behavior and Demand

Micro Economics Consumer Behaviour and Demand Important Questions

Micro Economics Consumer Behavior and Demand Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
Consumer is in equilibrium when:
(a) MU_x = PU_x
(b) MU_x> PU_x
(c) MU_x < P_x
(d) MU_x ÷ P_x
Answer:
(a) MU_x = PU_x

Question 2.
Marshall has given the law of Equimarginal utility related:
(a) Related to goods
(b) Related to money
(c) In relation to both
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Related to goods

Question 3.
How many tremendous curves can touch the budget line:
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Several
(d) Depends on the basis of indifference maps.
Answer:
(a) One

Question 4.
Indifference curves were first introduced by the English economist in 1881 by:
(a) Edge worth
(b) Pareto
(c) Myers
(d) Hicks.
Answer:
(a) Edge worth

Question 5.
Any statement about the demand of an object is considered complete when it is mentioned in the following:
(a) Price of good
(b) Demand of good
(c) Time period
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 6.
If price of goods ‘X’ falls leading to increase in demand of goods ‘ Y’ then both the goods are:
(a) Substitute goods
(b) Complementary goods
(c) Not related
(d) Competitor.
Answer:
(b) Complementary goods

Question 7
According to total outlay method, the demand of a good is sinelastic when:
(a) Price will fall with the increase in amount spent
(b) When price of good decreases and money spent decreases
(c) Expenditure remains the same, even if price falls
(d) Expenditure decreases with the increase in price.
Answer:
(b) When price of good decreases and money spent decreases

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Consumer is a …………. human being.
2. If the price of substitute goods increases then the demand curve shifts to the ………….
3. …………. propounded the law of Diminishing Returns.
4. According to Marshall utility can be measured in terms of ………….
5. An indifference curve gives …………. level of satisfaction to the consumers.
6. Car and Petrol are goods ………….
7. There is …………. relation between price and demand.

Answer:

1. Rational
2. Right
3. Gossen
4. Money
5. Equal
6. Substitute
7. inverse.

Question 3.
State true or false:

1. Utility is an intensive assumption.
2. The proportion of the cost of two goods measures the slope of budget line.
3. Demand curve is generally negative sloped.
4. Budget set is a collection of all bundles that a consumer purchases from their income at market prices.
5. The elasticity of the demand of the object and the expenditure on the object is closely related.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True.

Question 4.
Match the following:

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (c).

Question 5.
Answer the following in one word / sentence:

1. Which curve is convex to the origin?
2. After which stage marginal utility and Total utility starts decreasing?
3. The point where a consumer derives maximum satisfaction is known as?
4. The elasticity of demand of luxurious goods is.
5. What is the demand for means of productions?

Answer:

1. Indifference curve
2. At zero point
3. Consumer’s equilibrium
4. Highly elastic
5. Derived demand.

Consumer Behavior and Demand Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the law of demand?
Answer:
The law of demand states that other things remaining the same, quantity demanded increases with the fall in price and quantity demanded decreases with rise in price.

Question 2.
What are complementary goods?
Answer:
Those goods which are jointly required to satisfy a particular want are known as complementary goods, e.g., bread and butter, car and petrol, pen and ink. These are also known as joint demand.

Question 3.
What is elasticity of demand?
Answer:
When we measure the proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity due to change in its price, is known as elasticity of demand.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Relatively elastic demand?
Answer:
Demand is said to be relatively elastic when percentage change in demand is greater than percentage change in price.

Question 5.
What is perfectly inelastic demand?
Answer:
The change of price does not affect the demand of certain commodities. The demand for these commodities remain almost constant. The demand of these commodities are known as perfectly inelastic demand (Ep = 0).

Question 6.
Write the differences between the demand and want
Answer:
Differences between the Demand and Want:
Demand:

1. Demand is created by want.
2. Demand goes on changing.

Want:

1. Desire gives rise to want.
2. Wants are more or less permanent.

Question 7.
What is cross elasticity of demand?
Answer:
Cross elasticity of Demand :
Cross elasticity of demand refers to a change in demand for a goods as a result of change in the price of another goods. Following formula for the cross elasticity of demand :

Cross elasticity of demand arises in case of interrelated goods such as substitutes and complementary goods.

Question 8.
What are substitute goods?
Answer:
Commodities which can be used in place of other goods are known as substitute goods. Fall in price of one commodity leads to rise in demand for other commodity.
Example : Tea and coffee, complain and bournvita.

Question 9.
What do you mean by consumer’s equilibrium?
Answer:
It refers to a situation under which a consumer spends his given income on purchase of a commodity in such a way which gives him maximum satisfaction and there is no tendency to change.

Question 10.
What is the effect of increase or decrease in the level of income on elasticity of demand?
Answer:
With the increase in income demand increases and with the decrease in income demand falls.

Question 11.
What do you mean by the budget set of a consumer?
Answer:
The budget set is the collection of all bundles of goods that a consumer can buy with his income at a prevailing market price.

Question 12.
What is budget line?
Answer:
The budget line represents all bundles which cost the consumers his entire income. The budget line is negatively sloping. If the consumer wants to consume an extra unit of goods 1, he will have to give up some amount of goods 2.

Question 13.
What do you mean by indifference curve?
Answer:
An indifference curve is the curve which represents all the combinations of two goods which gives the same level of satisfaction to a consumer.

Question 14.
What do you mean by market demand curve?
Answer:
Market demand curve represents the total of quantities of a commodity demanded by all the consumers in the market at different prices.

Question 15.
What do you mean by zero elasticity of demand or perfectly inelastic demand?
Answer:
A perfectly inelastic demand is one in which a change in a price causes no change in the quantity demanded.

Question 16.
What do you mean by market demand?
Answer:
Market demand means the total quantity of a good that all its buyers are willing to purchase at different prices over a given period of time.

Question 17.
What do you mean by Giffen goods?
or
What do you mean by inferior goods?
Answer:
Giffen goods may be defined as those goods whose price effect is positive and income effect is negative. In it the demand falls with the fall in price and rises with an increase in price.

Question 18.
What do you mean by price effect?
Answer:
When the price of a commodity falls the real income of the consumer goes up and thus demand of the commodity increases. This effect is called the price effect.

Question 19.
Write the assumptions of the demand curve.
Answer:
Following are the assumptions of demand curve:

1. There should not be any change in income and interest of consumer.
2. It is assumed that there is small and continuous change in price and demand relationship.
3. Goods can be divided into small units.
4. Perfect completion is found in the market.

Question 20.
What do you mean by normal goods?
Answer:
Normal goods:
Normal goods are those goods for which the demand increases with the increases in income of the consumer and decreases with fall in income.
For example :
Demand for such goods like car, refrigerators, televisions, etc. increases with the increase in income and their demand decreases with the decrease in income.

Question 21.
Explain the meaning of complementary goods. Explain with example.
Answer:
Complementary goods are those goods which are complementary to one another. In other words, they are used jointly or consumed together. For example: Ink and Pen, Car and Petrol. An increase or decrease in price of petrol will affect the use of car. If the price for petrol decreases, the demand for car will increase along with demand for car. On the other hand, if the prices of petrol increase the demand for petrol will decreases along with the demand for car.

Question 22.
Consider the demand curve D_p = 10 – 3_x. What is the elasticity at price
\(\frac{5}{3}\)?
Solution:
Given ; q = a – bp
q = 10 – 3p
a = 10, b = 3, p =\(\frac{5}{3}\)
e_D=-\(\frac{bp}{a-bp}\)
=(3 x \(\frac{5}{3}\)) ÷ (10 – 3 x \(\frac{5}{3}\))
= – (5) ÷ (10 – 5) = – 5 – 5 – 5 = -1
Price elasticity is (Ed) = -1
Price elasticity = -1.

Question 23.
Write the difference between Law of Demand and Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
Differences between Law of Demand and Elasticity of Demand:
Law of Demand:

1. The Law of demand is only a qualitative statement.
2. It indicates direction of change in demand in response to the change in its price.
3. It does not specify the quantity of change in demand in response to the change in price.

Elasticity of Demand:

1. It is a quantitative statement.
2. It indicates quantitative change in the demand for a commodity in response to a change in its price.
3. Elasticity of demand is a measure of rate of change in demand in response price. to a change in the price of a commodity.

Question 24.
What do you mean by income demand?
Answer:
The income demand refers to various quantities of goods and services which would be purchased by the consumer at various levels of income. We assume that the price of the commodity or service as well as the price related goods the taste and desire of the consumer do not change. The income demand shows relationship between the income and quantities demanded. If the income increases the demand for a particular good will be increased and vice versa.

Question 25.
What do you mean by income elasticity of demand? Give one definition.
Answer:
The income and demand of goods has direct relation. The income elasticity of demand means the change .in demand which occurs as a result of change in income. Here, price remains constant.

Definition of Watson:
“Income elasticity of demand in the ratio between percentage of change in income and % of change in quantity demanded.”

Question 26.
Define price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
It is a measure of degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to change in its price or it is the ratio of percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a percentage change in price.

Consumer Behavior and Demand Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by utility? Give definition of it.
Answer:

1. The power or capacity which satisfies human wants is called utility.
2. According to Prof. Waugh, “Utility is the capacity to satisfy human wants”.

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of utility. Give definition of it.
Answer:
1. Utility is a psychological word :
Utility is a formless thing which is concerned with human sentiments. It can only be experienced because it has no form. Therefore, utility is supposed to be a psychological word and that the utility of one commodity may be different for different persons. It is an abstract noun. .

2. Utility is an individual characteristic:
The second characteristic of utility is that it is personal. The same utility is found to be different for different individuals. The utility of a commodity for one individual depends on his desire, taste, fashion, habit, environment and such other circumstances.

3. Utility depends on intensity of want:
The utility of a commodity depends on the intensity of its want. A person will obtain utility of a commodity depending upon the intensity of the utility of the commodity to the individual. This is the reason why a man gets maximum utility from food when he is very hungry. But the utility becomes zero when his hunger is satisfied.

Question 3.
Explain the types of utility.
Answer:
There are three types of utility:

1. Total utility
2. Marginal utility
3. Average utility.

1. Total utility:
When a consumer uses more than one unit of a commodity, the sum total of the utility derived from all the units is called total utility. In other words, the utility derived from all the units of a commodity is called total utility.

2. Marginal utility:
The utility obtained from the last unit of a commodity is called marginal utility.“The marginal utility is the utility derived from the last unit of commodity consumed”.

3. Average utility:
When total utility of an article is divided with the total units of an article. The sum received is called average utility.

Question 4.
What are the factors which affect the marginal utility?
Answer:
Following are the factors which affect the marginal utility:

1. Quantity of goods:
   When the supply of a commodity is in surplus its marginal
   utility declines on the other hand if there is scarcity of goods, the marginal utility will increase. .
2. Substitute goods:
   If there are more substitutes available of a commodity, the marginal utility of that commodity declines and vice-versa.
3. Income of a person:
   With the in the income of a person, the marginal utility of a commodity increases, while on the other hand it may decrease.

Question 5.
Write the assumptions of consumer’s equilibrium.
Answer:
Following are the assumptions of the consumer’s equilibrium:

1. Maximum satisfaction :
   The first assumption on of the consumer equilibrium is that consumer is a rational human being and by purchasing two goods, he can achieve maxi-mum satisfaction.
2. No change in taste and habit of the consumer during analysis:
   It is assumed that during the time of analysis of consumer equilibrium, there is no changes in taste, habit and liking of the consumer.
3. Perfect competition:
   There is perfect competition in the market from where he purchases his goods.
4. Consumer has an indifference map:
   Consumer has an indifference map showing his scale of preference for various combinations of the two goods (Apples and Mangoes). This scale of preference remains the same through out the analysis.
5. No change in the price of the commodity:
   Prices of the goods in the market are given and they are constant during consumer’s equilibrium. Each goods is homogeneous and divisible
6. 6. Constant amount of money:
   Consumer is given a constant amount of money to spend on the goods and if he does not spend on one good he must spend it on other.

Question 6.
Write three importance of law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
Following three importance of the law of diminishing marginal utility is of great use to man in almost every walk of life:

1. Basis of production:
The law of diminishing marginal utility helps the producers to produce their articles and goods they know that,the consumer gets the diminishing utility by consuming successive units of a commodity. So, various types of articles are produced by him instead of same articles.

2. Basis of consumer’s surplus:
The law helps us to study consumer’s behavior. We know that by each successive unit gives less and less utility to the consumer, though the price of the commodity is the same. The consumer thus stops consuming the commodity at the points of satisfaction.

3. Law of demand:
The law of diminishing marginal utility is the basis of the ‘Law of demand. It is this law which explains to us why the demand curve slopes downwards. The diminishing tendency is utility with increase in supply shows the points cut by the price and amount demanded in.

Question 7.
Write defects of law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
The law of diminishing marginal utility is not free from the defects.

1. Utility cannot be measured cardinally:
According to Marshall, utility analysis is based on the hypothesis that utility is cardinally measured in utils or units and that utility can be added and subtracted.

2. Marginal utility of money is not constant:
The utility analysis assumes the marginal utility of money to be constant. Critics point out that marginal utility of money never remain constant. So it may affect consumer’s preferences.

3. The law depends on the supply of the substitutes and complements:
The law does not depend upon the supply of the commodity a consumer consumes but also on its substitutes and complements. If the green coconuts are available in plenty the utility of sarabat will decrease rapidly.

4. Rationality:
The theory assumes that the consumer is rational. However, various factors such as advertisement and ignorance can influence the consumer’s decision.

5. In-applicability in case of indivisible goods:
The application of this law to an indivisible bulky commodity seems to be absurd because no one would normally but at a time more than one unit of goods like TV set, Scooter, House etc.

Question 8.
Write the essential elements of demand.
Answer:
Following are the essential elements of demand:

1. Desire for goods: For demand desire of any good is essential. If a person does not have desire for anything, then it cannot be turned into demand.
2. Sufficient means or Wealth to purchase:
   A person should have sufficient wealth and means to get the goods, otherwise he/she cannot fulfill his wants.
3. Eagerness to spend:
   A person should be willing to use means or wealth to fulfill his demand. Otherwise it will remain only desire not the demand.
4. Fixed price:
   Demand is always expressed at a fixed price. If it is not expressed in terms of price, we cannot call it demand.
5. Fixed Time:
   Demand is always expressed at a particular time. In a specific time only quantity of good is demanded.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Marginal Utility and Total Utility.
Answer:
Differences between Marginal Utility and Total Utility:

Question 10.
Explain, why the budget line is downward sloping?
Answer:
A budget line is the line showing different possible combinations of two goods i.e., goods x and goods y, which a consumer can buy, given his budget and the prices of two goods. Now, when the consumer can purchase two goods only with the given income and the prices, it is but obvious that the consumer can buy more of goods x only when he buys less of goods y. So, the budget line will be downward sloping indicating an inverse relationship between the consumption of two goods.

Question 11.
Write the exceptions of law of demand.
Answer:
Following are the exceptions of the law of demand:

1. Articles of Distinction:
This exception was first of all discussed by Veblen. According to him, articles of distinction have more demand only if their prices are sufficiently high. Diamond, jewelry, costly carpets etc. have more demand because their prices are abnormally high. It is so because distinction is bestowed on diamond, jewelry, etc. by the society because of their being costly. Accordingly, their demand is also high. If their prices falls, they will no longer be considered as articles of distinction and so their demand will decrease.

2. Giffen Goods:
In other words, Giffen goods are those inferior goods in the case of which income effect is negative and stronger than the substitution effect of a change in price. As a result, when price of such commodities falls, their demand also shrinks. Both in case of inferior good and Giffen goods income effect is negative. But in case of Giffen goods, negative income effect is always stronger than the substitution effect.

While in case of inferior goods, it may or may not be so. Law of demand fails only if negative income effect is stronger than the substitution effect. So, that while law of demand may or may not fail in case of inferior goods, it must always fail in case of Giffen goods. Therefore, at higher price the quantity demand of diamonds by rich consumers may increase.

3. Expectation regarding future prices:
If price of a commodity is rising today and it is likely tor rise more in the future, people will buy more even at the existing higher price and store it up. They will do this order to avoid the pinch of higher price in future. Similarly, when the consumers anticipate a large fall in the price of a commodity in future, they will postpone their purchase even when price falls today so as to purchase this commodity at a still lower price in future.

4. Emergencies:
Law of demand may not hold good emergencies like war, famines, etc. At such times consumers behave in an abnormal way. If they expect shortage of goods, they would buy and hoard goods even at high prices during such periods. On the other hand, during depression they will buy less even at low prices.

Question 12.
A consumer wants to consume two goods the prices of two goods are Rs. 4 and Rs. 5, respectively. The consumer incomes is Rs. 20. Find out the following:

1. Write down the equation of the budget line.
2. How much of goods 1 can the consumer consume if he/she spends entire income on that goods?
3. How much of goods 2 Can a consumer consume if he/she spends her entire income on that goods?
4. What is the sole of the budget line?

Answer:
Equation of budget line is:
1. P_x Q_x + P_y Q_y < Y, 4 Q_y ≤ 20.

2. If he/she spends entire on goods 1 then his consumption on 1 will be,
= Total income of consumer =\(\frac{Rs.20}{Rs.4}\)
= Price of one goods.
= 5 units.

3. If the consumer consumes his full income on goods 2 then he will consume goods 2 in this quantity.
= Total incomes of consumer =\(\frac{Rs.20}{Rs.4}\)
=4 units.

Question 13.
How does the budget line change if the consumer’s income increases to ₹40 but the prices remain unchanged? (NCERT)
Answer:
An increase in consumer’s income implies that the consumer can purchase increased quantities of both the commodities at the prevailing market price. As a result the consumer will face a new budget line. The new budget line will shift-rightwards parallel to the original budget line. It can be explained with the following

In the above figure if the income of consumers is increased from ₹ 20 to ₹ 40 the budget line shift/upward) right side. Now the consumer can consume more quantity of goods than before because there is no change in price of goods. The new budget line is parallel to the original budget line.

Question 14.
How does the budget line change if the price of good 2 decreases by a rupee but the price of good 1 and the consumer’s income remain unchanged?
Answer:
If the price of goods 2 decreases by ₹1 and there is no change in income and price the budget line will change because the consumer can buy more of goods 2. It is clear form the following

Question 15.
Suppose a consumer can afford to buy 6 units of goods 1 and 8 units of goods 2 if he spends his entire income. The prices of two goods are ₹6 and ₹8 respectively. How much in the consumer’s income?
Answer:
Price of good 1= ₹6.
Quantity of good = ₹6.
Price of good 2 = ₹8.
Quantity of good 2 = ₹8.
Budget set;
or C₁ X₁ + C₁ X₂ = I
or 6 x 6 + 8 x 8 = I
or 36 + 64 = 1
100 = 1
So, income of consumer.

Question 16.
Consider the demand curve for a good. At price ₹ 4 the demand for the good is ₹ 25. Suppose the price of the good increases to₹ 5 and as a result the command for the falls to 20 unit Find out the price elasticity.
Solution:

=\(\frac { \frac { { q }_{ 1 }-{ q }_{ 0 } }{ { q }_{ 0 } } }{ \frac { p_{ 1 }-{ p }_{ 0 } }{ { p }_{ 0 } } }
\)
According to question, q₀ = 25, p₀ = 4, q₀ = 20, p₁ = 5
\({ e }_{ D }=\frac { \frac { 20-25 }{ 25 } }{ \frac { 5-4 }{ 4 } } =\frac { \frac { -5 }{ 25 } }{ \frac { 1 }{ 4 } } \)
\({ e }_{ D }=\frac { -5 }{ 25 } x\frac { 4 }{ 1 } =\frac { -20 }{ 25 } =-0.8\)

Question 17.
Write the assumptions of the law of marginal utility.
Answer:

1. Units of the commodity must be similar:
   Each successive unit of the commodity must be similar in quantity and quality.
2. Consumption should be continuous:
   The law will operate only when the consumption of unit is continuous without interval.
3. Interest nature of the consumer should not change:
   If in the period of consumer interest and nature of the consumer changes then the law will not be applicable.
4. Income should not change:
   The income of the consumer should not be changed. As soon as income changes man’s need changes.

Question 18.
Suppose the price elasticity of demand for a good is 0.2. If there is a 5% increase in the price of the good, by what percentage will the demand for the good go down?
Answer:

Substituting the value, we get

or, percentage change in quantity demanded
= 0.2 x 5 = 1
Demand of good will be reduced by 1 %.

Consumer Behavior and Demand Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any six causes of the implication of the law of demand.
Or
Why demand curve slopes downwards to the right?
Answer:
It is a general law that the demand curve slopes downwards to the right. It shows the inverse relationship between the price and demand i.e., when price rises demand falls and vice – versa. This is why, it is also known as negative slope of the demand curve.

Following are the causes responsible for the downward sloping of the demand curve:

1. Law of diminishing marginal utility:
According to this law, consumption of a commodity increases, the utility from each successive unit goes on diminishing. Accordingly for every additional unit to be purchased, the consumer is willing to pay less price.

2. Income effect change:
Change in own price of a commodity causes a change in real income of the consumer, with a fall in price, real income increases. Accordingly, demand for the commodity expands.

3. Substitution effect:
It refers to substitution of one commodity for the other when it becomes relatively cheaper due in relative prices.

4. Size of consumer group:
When price of a commodity falls, it attracts new buyers who can afford to buy it, hence, quantity demanded rises.

5. Different uses:
Many goods have alternative uses e.g., Milk is used for making Curd, cheese and butter. If price of milk reduces, it will be put into different uses. Accordingly, demand for milk expands.

6. Tendency to satisfy the unsatisfied wants:
Each person has some unsatisfied wants. When the price of the goods falls, he wants to satisfy his unsatisfied wants which leads him to increase its demand. Because of this tendency of human beings, the demand curve slopes downwards to the right.

Question 2.
Write any five exceptions to the law of demand.
Answer:
The law of demand i.e., more demand of the commodity at lower price and lesser demand at higher price does not apply in every case and situation. The exceptions to the law of demand are as follows :
1. Necessaries of life:
Certain commodities represent necessaries of life and so the consumer is forced to buy them even at high price. As such, the demand curve may go upward or the law of demand may not operate.

2. Social status symbol:
There are certain goods which constitute social status symbol and the consumer has to buy them for maintaining his prestige in the society. He is, therefore, compelled to purchase such goods inspire of an increase in their prices. The law of demand will not operate as such.

3. Precious stores:
The law of demand does not operate in the case of precious stones like diamond etc. People do purchase them inspire of an increase in their price in order to distinguish their recognition.

4. Ignorance and psychology of consumer:
If the consumer is not aware of the competitive price of a commodity prevailing in the market, he may buy it in more quantity at higher price. It may be a psychological phenomenon that high price represents high quality. The law of demand may not operate as such.

5. Change in fashion, habits, interest and preference:
The law of demand does not operate when there is a change in consumer’s taste, habit, interest, fashion and preference. A commodity of new fashion will be purchased more even if the price is increased and so also is the case of change in habit, interest, taste and preference.

Question 3.
Write any five factors affecting elasticity of demand.
Answer:
The elasticity of demand is affected by the following factors:
1. Nature of commodities:
Demand for necessity is inelastic whereas the demand for luxuries is elastic. Here too, we have to note the possibility that substitution plays an important role. Demand for necessities like bread and potatoes is inelastic because there are no close substitutes for them within the same price range and not merely because they are necessaries”. Hanson further sates that “The demand for some expensive luxury goods may be very inelastic not because they are luxuries but rather because they lack close substitutes.”

2. Consumer’s income:
Elasticity is closely related to person’s income. The demand of rich for all commodities may be quite unaffected by any changes of price. But this is not the case with the majority of the people as they have limited income and have to make a choice between this or that commodity. They cannot purchase all commodities.

3. Proportion of income spent on commodity:
The demand for a commodity is quite elastic over which consumer’s spend a large part of their income. It is so because even a small rise in price is likely to reduce substantially their ability to buy this item and so result in sharp percentage declines in the quantity demanded.

4. The possibility of substitution:
The most important influence on elasticity of demand is the degree of closeness of the substitute for the goods. The closer the substitute, the higher the elasticity of demand.

5. Possibility of postponement of the use of commodity:
If the consumption of a commodity can be postponed for further, the demand for such commodity will be elastic as the consumer does not feel its urgency. On the other hand if the consumption of a commodity cannot be postponed for future or which is very urgent, the demand for it will be inelastic.

Question 4.
Explain the factors affecting demand.
Answer:
Following are the factors affecting demand:

1. Income:
   When consumer’s income increases, he or she usually buys more goods which increases the demand.
2. Price of substitute goods:
   When the price of substitute goods increases, a consumer normally gives up at least some of its consumption and as a result the demand in-creases. (e.g., pineapple).
3. Prices of complementary goods:
   When the price of complementary good in-creases, a consumer normally gives up some of its consumption as a result demand decreases (e.g. sugar).
4. Number of consumer:
   When the number of consumers increases there are more people who buy the goods and as a result demand increases.
5. Consumer’s taste:
   When a consumer likes the goods more he or she buys it more and the demand increases.

Question 5.
Explain the types of price elasticity of demand.
Or
Explain the degree of price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Following are the types of price elasticity of demand:

1. Perfectly elastic demand:
Let us take one extreme case of elasticity of demand, when it is infinite or perfect elasticity of demand is infinity when even a negligible fall in the price of commodity leads to an infinite extension in the demand for it. Even when the price remains the same, the demand goes on changing.

2. Perfectly inelastic demand:
It means however great the rise or fall in the price of the commodity, its demand remains absolutely unchanged. In
other words, the elasticity of demand is zero. No amount of change in price induces a change in demand.  In other words, the change in price does not at all affect the quantity demanded. It is a case of perfectly inelastic demand.

3. Unitary elastic demand:
Demand for a commodity will be said to be unitary elastic, if the percentage change in the quantity demanded equals to the percentage change in the price. In other words, when the demand changes in the same proportion as in the price of the commodity, the elasticity of demand is equal to one.

4. Inelastic demand or Less than unit elastic demand:
When a considerable change in price does not lead to much change in the demand, the demand is said to be less elastic or inelastic. Here, the elasticity of demand is said to be less than unity. The slope of demand curve is more inclined towards Y axis.

5. Elastic demand or More than unit elastic demand :
When a small change in price leads to a greater change in demand, the demand is said to be elastic or more elastic. Here, the elasticity of demand is said to be greater than unity. In this case, proportionate change in demand will be more than proportionate change in price.

Question 6.
Explain the law of demand with the help of table and graph.
Answer:
The law of demand explains the relationship between price of a commodity and its quantity demanded in the market. It says that there is inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded. The law states that other things remaining same, the consumer will demand lesser quantity of goods at higher price and more quantity of goods at lower price. Thus, consumer’s equilibrium is the basis of law of demand.
Example:

The above table show that when the price of oranges is ₹ 1 per unit 80 units are demanded. If the price increases to ₹ 5 the quantity demand decreases it is 40 units.

This can be further explained with the help of figure:
From the figure it is clear that DD demand curve is a downward slopping curve. Which indicates that when the price of a good increases demand falls and when price reduces there is increase in demand. This shows inverse relation between price and demand. Demand

Question 7.
Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility with example.
Answer:
Definition of Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

1. Prof. Alfred Marshall:
“The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase in his stock of a thing diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has.”

The law of diminishing marginal utility has great importance in the study of economics. This law was firstly introduced by the French economist Herman Henrick Gosen. So, it is known as ‘Gosen’s first-law, Afterwards Prof. Marshall presented it scientifically in a systematic manner. This law explains the relation between the units of a commodity and it marginal utility.

The law is the most logical exposition of a consumer behavior. As we go on consuming more of anything in succession, the satisfaction derived by its successive units goes on decreasing. It is a matter of common observation that the more we have the commodity, the less urgently we want its subsequent units.

Explanation: We may take an example to illustrate this law. We are very hungry and we want food. We start eating bread. The first bread, that we eat is of utmost importance to us. The utility of this bread is say 40. Then we eat the second bread, but the utility of this bread is not as great as that of the first. Its utility is say 30, because our hunger has been slightly satisfied. The next bread that we eat have lesser and lesser of utility. The utility of the third and fourth bread is say 20 and 10 respectively.

Suppose after eating 5 units of bread his hunger is satisfied. Now we won’t like to eat the sixth bread. There will be no intensity to eat the sixth bread, therefore no utility of the sixth bread will be there. Still if we eat the sixth bread, we may get displeasure or dissatisfaction. This is the negative utility.Here we get zero utility. The seventh bread will give him negative utility because he has spend money on it without getting any satisfaction. Because of the consumption of the additional unit he might feel uneasy.

We may summarize it in this manner :

1. As long as we have intensity for a thing, there will be utility for that.
2. With the consumption of each unit of any commodity, the intensity for that commodity will be lesser and lesser, hence its utility will also diminish.
3.  If there is no intensity for a commodity, there will be no utility.
4.  In spite of no intensity if we keep on consuming a thing, there will be negative
   utility.

In the above example, we see that after consuming number of 5 breads, our hunger is satisfied, therefore the utility of bread will be up to 5 breads only. This utility is in the decreasing order because with the consumption of every bread his hunger also decreases. At the consumption of the sixth bread, the utility received is zero because the hunger has been fully satisfied. There is no need of the seventh bread, but still if he eats, there will be negative utility.

Question 8.
What is Giffcn paradox?
Answer:
In economics Giffen goods is a good that is in greater demand as its price increases and falls when the price decreases. A Giffen goods is typically an inferior product that does not have easily available substitutes. There is a positive relationship between the price and the quantity demanded.

This situation is also known as Giffen paradox. The demand for inferior goods such as coarse grain, coarse cloth, inferior meat etc., will not increase even with the fall of their price, because consumers of there commodities will start consuming more of a superior commodity. As a result, the demand for Giffen commodity will fall.

Question 9.
Explain the concept of consumer’s equilibrium with the help of suitable example.
Answer:
Consumers equilibrium refers to a situation, in which a consumer derives maximum satisfaction, with no intention to change it and subject to given prices and given income. The point of maximum satisfaction is achieved. The consumer equilibrium under indifference curve must meet the following conditions:

The three conditions must be satisfied for a consumer to attain equilibrium:

1. The price line should be tangent to an indifference curve or MRS of one commodity for another should be equal to their relative prices.

AB is the price line and IC₁, IC₂ and IC₃ are the indifference curves. This curve shows the combination of goods X and Y. IC₃ and IC₂ indifference curve which lie above and below the price line. In other words a rational consumer with limited income cannot do the expenditure and curve IC₁ shows less satisfaction, but IC₂ curve touches the price line at ‘P’ which is a point at which consumer maximizes his satisfaction.

2. In the given figure, slope of price line and indifferent curve is same or equal at point ‘P.’

3. At the point of equilibrium an indifference curve must be convex to the origin. Thus, the point of consumer equilibrium or maximum satisfaction may be defined by the condition that the marginal rate of substitution between any pair of two commodity will be equal to the ratio of their prices, or the marginal rate of substitution of money for any commodity is equal to the price of the commodity.

Question 10.
What is indifference curve? Write its features.
Answer:
An indifference curve is the curve, which represents all those combinations of two commodity which give same level of satisfaction.

Main features are :

1. The indifference curve must slopes downwards to the right.
2. Higher indifference curve represents higher level of satisfaction.
3. Indifference curves are convex to the origin.
4. Indifference curve cannot intersect each other.
5. Indifference curve do not touch the horizontal or vertical axis.
6. The consumer acts rationally so as to maximize satisfaction.
7. There are two goods X and Y.
8. The consumer possesses complete information about the prices of the goods in the market.

Question 11.
What is indifference map?
Answer:
A set of indifference curves is called indifference map. An indifference map depicts complete figure of consumer’s tastes and preference. The indifference map shows the preference of the consumer, he definitely prefer’s the combination lying on the higher indifference curve to the combination lying on a lower indifference curve because a higher indifference curve represents a higher level of satisfaction.

Question 12.
What do you mean by extension of demand and contraction of demand?
Answer:
1. Extension of demand :
When the quantity demanded of a commodity rises due to fall in its price, other things remaining the same, it is called ‘rise in quantity demanded or extension of demand. For example, as shown in when the price of apples falls ₹ 30 per Kg to ₹ 25 per Kg. A consumers purchase of apples rises from 1 Kg to 2 Kg per week. This is extension of demand.

2. Contraction of demand:
Contraction of demand or fall in quantity demanded refers to a fall in quantity demanded of a commodity as a result of rise in its price, other things remaining the same.” When the price of apples rises from ₹15 a Kg. to ₹ 20 a Kg. a consumer buys less apples, 4 Kg. instead of 6 Kg. In this case, there is contraction of demand or decrease in quantity demanded.

Any point on a demand curve represents a particular quantity being bought at a specified price. Different points on a demand curve represent quantities demanded at different prices. Therefore, a change in quantity demanded is indicated by a movement along a particular demand curve. A movement down a demand curve is called a “rise in quantity demanded” or “extension of demand.”

On the other hand, a movement up the demand curve is called a‘ fall in quantity demanded of ‘contraction of demand.’ Thus, a change in the quantity demanded as a result of change in price of a commodity alone does not involve the drawing of a new demand curve, but is represented by the movement up or down on a given demand curve. This is illustrated in.

It will be seen in fig. that when the price is OP₁ quantity demanded is OQ₁. Now, if the price of the commodity falls to OP₂, the quantity demanded rises to QO₂. This movement from A₁ to A₂ in the downward direction (as indicated by an arrow) on the given demand curve DD is the extension of demand.

On the other hand, if the price of the commodity rises from OP₁ to OP₃, the quantity demanded of the good falls to OQ₃. This movement from A₁ to A₃ in the upward direction (as indicated by the arrow) on the given demand curve is the contraction of demand.

Extension in demand results from
a fall in the price, other things remaining the same.

Contraction in Demand results from
a rise in the price, other things remaining the same.

MP Board Class 12th Economics Important Questions

MP Board Class 11th Hindi Makrand Solutions Chapter 19 अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को (व्यंग्य, डॉ. गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त बरसैंया)

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को पाठ्य पुस्तक के प्रश्नोत्तर

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक के अनुसार कौन-से प्रसंग आत्मीयता को प्रमाणित करते हैं?
उत्तर:
लेखक के अनुसार सुख-दुख के प्रसंग आत्मीयता को प्रमाणित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कुत्ता काटने की घटना का वर्णन श्रोतागण भइया जी से किस-किस प्रकार सुनते हैं?
उत्तर:
कुत्ता काटने की घटना का वर्णन श्रोतागण भइया जी से इस प्रकार सुनते हैं –

भइया ने खचाखच भरे दरबार में अपना फटा कुरता और पाजामा तथा मलहम-पट्टी लगे हाथ-पाँव और कंधों को प्रदर्शित करते हुए सबकी जिज्ञासा-शांति के लिए बताया कि रात के अंधेरे में वह जब टॉर्च लेकर एक सामाजिक कार्यक्रम की शोभा बढ़ाने जा रहे थे, तभी निर्धन परिवार के एक कुत्ते ने उन्हें काट लिया। वह कुत्ता कैसे पीछे से उन पर झपटा, कैसे उन्होंने दुतकारा, कैसे वे भागे, कैसे गिरे, फिर उठकर कुत्ते का मुकाबला कैसे किया और कहाँ-कहाँ कुत्ते ने काटा इस सबका पूरे अभिनय के साथ सविस्तार वर्णन जब भइया जी ने किया तो स्वाभाविक है कि सहानुभूति प्रदर्शकों ने भरे गले में अपनी आत्मीय वेदना व्यक्त की।

प्रश्न 3.
‘घर में इन्हीं की झंझट क्या कम है कि एक और मुसीबत मोल ले ली जाए।’ किसके द्वारा कहा गया वाक्य है?
उत्तर:
घर में इन्हीं की झंझट क्या कम है कि एक और मुसीबत मोल ले ली जाए।’ यह वाक्य भइया जी की धर्मपत्नी द्वारा कहा गया है।

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
कुत्ते के काटने पर भइया जी को उनके शुभचिन्तकों ने किस तरह के सुझाव दिए?
उत्तर:
कुत्ते के काटने पर भइया जी को उनके शुभचिन्तकों ने निम्नलिखित तरह के सुझाव दिए –

1. कुत्ता यदि पालतू है तो उसके मालिक के विरुद्ध पुलिस में रिपोर्ट करना चाहिए।
2. कुत्ते को दस दिन तक अपने घर में बाँधकर वॉच करना चाहिए।
3. भइया जी को दस कुएं झंकवा दिए जाएं।
4. भइया जी को तीन हजार रुपए का एक इंजेक्शन लगवा देना चाहिए।
5. भइया जी की झाड़-फूंक करवा ली जाए।

प्रश्न 2.
कुत्ते की उस मानसिक स्थिति का वर्णन कीजिए, जिससे उत्तेजित होकर उसने भइया जी को काटने का निश्चय किया।
उत्तर:
भइया जी अपने स्वभाव के अनुरूप झकाझक कपड़ों में थे ऊपर से कुत्ते पर टॉर्च की रोशनी मारी। कुत्ते को लगा कि मुझ निर्धन बस्ती के कुत्ते को यह संपन्न व्यक्ति अपनी चमक और रोशनी से चकाचौंध करना चाहता है। मेरा मालिक दिनभर परिश्रम कर पसीने से लथपथ फेटे, मैले-कुचैले कपड़ों पर आता है और इनके कपड़ों पर एक दाग भी नहीं? हम दर-दर की ठोकरें खाएँ और ये तथा इनके कुत्ते मालपुए खाएँ। गाड़ियों में घूमें।

झकाझक कपड़ों की शान बघारें। आदमी-आदमी तथा कुत्ते-कुत्ते में भेद पैदा करें। उसके भीतर की अपमान की व्यथा, आक्रोश की आग बनकर भड़क उठी और जैसे ही भइया जी उधर से निकले कि उसने आक्रमण करके कुरता-पाजामा को तार-तार कर दिया। हाथ-पाँव, कंधों को दाँत और नाखूनों से खरोंच डाला मानो घोषित कर दिया कि अवसर मिलते ही हम अपने अपमान का बदला लेने से नहीं चूकेंगे। निर्धन बस्ती का यह कुंत्ता एक दिन संपन्न बस्ती में अपना झण्डा अवश्य गाड़ेगा।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रस्तुत व्यंग्य के माध्यम से लेखक साहित्यकारों को क्या संदेश देना चाहता है?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत व्यंग्य के माध्यम से लेखक साहित्यकारों को यह संदेश देना चाहता है कि –

1. वे सत्ता और समर्थकों का गायक न बनें।
2. वे पैसे के पीछे न भागें और दीन-हीन शोषितों की बिरादरी की तरह रहें।
3. वे पद, पुरस्कार और सम्मान की ओर भागकर अपने को पथभ्रष्ट न करें।
4. वे सत्यमार्ग पर चलकर साहित्य-रचनाधर्म का पालन करें।
5. वे जरूरतमंदों और शोषितों के साथ बनकर समाज की विसंगतियों पर प्रहार करें।

प्रश्न 4.
“आजकल साहित्यकार सत्ता और समर्थों का गायक बनकर सम्मान और पैसे के पीछे भाग रहा है।” इन पंक्तियों में निहित व्यंग्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
“आजकल साहित्यकार सत्ता और समर्थों का गायक बनकर सम्मान और पैसे के पीछे भाग रहा है।”

उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों में निहित व्यंग्य यह है कि आज का साहित्यकार साहित्य-रचना के सत्यमार्ग को छोड़ चुका है। वह सुख-सुविधाओं के पीछे भाग रहा है। राजनेताओं, अधिकारियों और धनपतियों को देवता-भागवत के रूप में देख-समझ रहा है। फिर उनकी प्रशंसा, स्तुति और यशगान करने में ही वह रात-दिन लगा रहता है। यह इसलिए ऐसा करके ही वह सुख-सुविधामय जीवन बिता सकता है। वह यह अच्छी तरह से जानता है कि सत् साहित्य की रचना करके उसे कुछ नहीं मिलनेवाला है-न पद, न सम्मान और न पुरस्कार। उसे कुछ भी सुख-सुविधाएँ भी नसीब नहीं हो सकती हैं, बल्कि उसे तो शोषण, उपेक्षा और अभावों का शिकार होना पड़ेगा। इस प्रकार आजकल का साहित्यकार, साहित्यकार न होकर सत्ता और अधिकारियों का चापलूस, पिछलग्गू और उपासक पुजारी बनकर रह गया है जो हर प्रकार निंदनीय और हेय है।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को भाव विस्तार/पल्लवन

प्रश्न.

1. हिन्दुस्तान में दूसरों की समस्या या तकलीफ दूर करने के लिए हर व्यक्ति ज्ञानी होता है।
2. कुत्ते का मालिक तो कुत्ते से भी ज्यादा खतरनाक है।

उत्तर:
1. उपर्युक्त वाक्य के द्वारा यह भाव प्रकट करने का प्रयास किया गया . है कि हमारे देश की बात और देशों की अपेक्षा अलग है। यहाँ के लोग अपनी चिन्ता कम करते हैं, दूसरों की अधिक करते हैं। यही कारण है कि एक जब दूसरे को दुखी या परेशान देखता है, तो वह उसके दुख और परेशानी को दूर करने के लिए हर प्रकार के सुझाव देने लगता है। उस पर अपने ज्ञान भंडार को उड़ेल देता है। उस समय वह अपनी समस्या या तकलीफ को एकदम भूल जाता है, मानो उसे कुछ भी तकलीफ नहीं है।

इस प्रकार वह किसी को किसी समस्या या तकलीफ में पड़े हुए देखकर दूसरा बिना बुलाए उसके पास पहुँचकर अपने ज्ञान और सुझाव की झड़ी लगाने लगता है, मानो उस समय उसे और कोई काम नहीं है। ऐसे लोग बिन बुलाए मेहमान की तरह स्वयं को अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण मान लेते हैं। हकीकत यह होती है कि जब ऐसे लोग समस्या त्रस्त होने पर अपने होश तक खो देते हैं।

2. उपर्युक्त वाक्य के द्वारा यह व्यंग्य-भाव प्रकट करने का प्रयास किया गया है कि भ्रष्ट नौकर-कर्मचारी के अधिकारी और शासक भी कम भ्रष्ट नहीं होते हैं, अपितु वे तो अपने अधीन काम करने वालों से कई गुना भ्रष्ट होते हैं। उन्हीं के असाधारण बड़े भ्रष्टाचार से उनके अधीन काम करने वालों का भ्रष्टाचार करने की न केवल सीख मिलती है, अपितु उससे उनका हौसला भी बुलंद होता है। इससे वे कुछ भी उल्टा-सीधा करने से तनिक न डरते हैं और न संकोच ही करते हैं। वे भलीभांति जानते हैं कि वे किसी का भक्षक बन भी जाएँ तो उसका कोई भी बाल बाँका नहीं कर सकेगा। क्योंकि उसका रक्षक इस प्रकार सबल है ही। इस प्रकार ‘कुत्ते का मालिक तो कुत्ते से ज्यादा खतरनाक’ इस व्यंग्य वाक्य के द्वारा लेखक ने आधुनिक भ्रष्ट कर्मचारियों और उनके भ्रष्ट अधिकारियों पर करारा व्यंग्य प्रहार किया है।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को भाषा-अध्ययन

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ में आए अंग्रेजी भाषा के शब्दों की सूची बनाएँ और उनके हिन्दी अर्थ लिखें।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
‘अन्त’ शब्द का अर्थ है समाप्ति और ‘अन्त्य’ का अर्थ है, अन्तिम। ये शब्द समोच्चारित भिन्नार्थक शब्द कहलाते हैं। ऐसे ही अन्य शब्द लिखकर उनके अर्थ लिखिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों का संधि-विच्छेद करें तथा संबंधित शब्दों में आई संधि का नाम भी लिखें –
सहानुभूति, चतुरेश, शिशिरानंद।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों में आए समास का नाम लिखें –
तर्क-वितर्क, कुशल-क्षेम, कुरता-पाजामा, दीन-हीन।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 5.
‘लायक’ शब्द में ‘ना’ उपसर्ग का प्रयोग करके उसका विपरीत शब्द ‘नालायक’ बनता है। इसी प्रकार अन्य उपसर्गों का प्रयोग करके विपरीत अर्थ वाले दस शब्द बनाइए।
उत्तर:

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को योग्यता-विस्तार

प्रश्न 1.
मध्यप्रदेश से संबंधित चार व्यंग्य लेखकों का संक्षिप्त परिचय संकलित करें।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

प्रश्न 2.
अपने साथ घटित ऐसी ही किसी अन्य घटना का वर्णन हास्य-व्यंग्य शैली में कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रस्तुत व्यंग्य, प्रसिद्ध हिन्दी मासिक पत्रिका ‘कादम्बिनी’ से साभार लिया है। यह पत्रिका दिल्ली से प्रकाशित होती है। मध्यप्रदेश से प्रकाशित होने वाली हिन्दी भाषा के समाचार पत्र-पत्रिकाओं की जानकारी एकत्र कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

प्रश्न 4.
विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों में सप्ताहिक कॉलम में व्यंग्य प्रकाशित होते रहते हैं, ऐसे व्यंग्य को पढ़ें तथा संकलित कर व्यंग्य लिखने का प्रयास करें।
उत्तर:
उपर्युक्त प्रश्नों को छात्र/छात्रा अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से हल करें।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को परीक्षोपयोगी अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
भइया जी ने भी कुत्ते काटने की खबर क्यों फैला दी?
उत्तर:
भइया जी ने भी कुत्ते काटने की खबर फैला दी। यह इसलिए कि –

1. लोग उनसे यह शिकायत न कर सकें कि उन्हें खबर ही नहीं मिली।
2. भइया जी स्वयं खबर लेने-देने में गहरी दिलचस्पी लेते थे।

प्रश्न 2.
आजकल आत्मीयता और सहानुभूति कैसे प्रकट की जाती है?
उत्तर:
आजकल आत्मीयता और सहानुभूति दो मिनट की दरबार में हाजिरी, फिर प्रशंसा और समर्पण के दो बनावटी शब्दों के द्वारा प्रकट की जाती है।

प्रश्न 3.
भइया जी कुत्ता काटने का समाचार अखबारों में क्यों छपवाना चाहते थे?
उत्तर:
भइया जी कुत्ता काटने का समाचार अखबारों में छपवाना चाहते थे। यह इसलिए कि इस मौके को भुनाकर अपनी महानता और लोकप्रियता को और बढ़ाना चाहते थे।

प्रश्न 4.
अंत में सभी किस बात पर एकमत हुए?
उत्तर:
अंत में सभी इस बात पर एकमत हुए. कि दस दिन तक कुत्ते पर नजर . रखी जाए। तब तक झाड़-फूंक करवा ली जाए और कुएँ भी ऑकवा लिये जाएँ।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न 1.
भइया जी के प्रति सहानुभूति और आत्मीयता प्रदर्शित करने वालों में कौन लोग शामिल थे?
उत्तर:
भइया जी के यहाँ सहानुभूति और आत्मीयता प्रदर्शित करने वालों का ताँता लगा था। वे लोग भी शामिल हैं, जो पहले ही सुनकर हँसी उड़ा चुके थे। वे इस प्रकार कहते थे, अच्छा हुआ, कुत्ते ने काट लिया बुड्ढे को। वहाँ कुत्ते के पास क्या करने गए थे? घर बैठे चैन नहीं तो कुत्ते तो काटेंगे ही। कुछ ऐसे लोग भी भइया जी के दरबार में सबसे अलग पंक्ति में मौजूद थे-जो बाहर दुखी और भीतर से प्रसन्न हैं। दरबार में भांति-भांति के प्रश्न और भांति-भांति के उत्तर।

अलग-अलग प्रकार की बातें, सुझाव और अपनी ओर आकर्षित करने के तरीके। भइया जी सभी के केंद्र बने हुए थे। वे सभी को देखते-पहचानते और न आने वालों के बारे में भीतर-ही-भीतर सोचते-समझते और हिसाब लगाते हुए सभी के प्रश्नों, जिज्ञासाओं, आशंकाओं, सुझावों का समाधान कर रहे थे। उनसे उस समय बार-बार लगभग वही-वही प्रश्न क्रमशः आने वालों द्वारा किए जाते हैं और भइया जी वही-वही उत्तर ग्रामोफोन के रिकॉर्ड की तरह दोहरा रहे थे।

प्रश्न 2.
सहानुभूति प्रदर्शकों ने कब भरे गले से अपनी आत्मीय वेदना व्यक्त की?
उत्तर:
सहानुभूति प्रदर्शकों ने तब भरे गले से अपनी आत्मीय वेदना व्यक्त की जब भइया जी ने खचाखच भरे दरबार में अपना फटा कुरता और पाजामा तथा मलहम-पट्टी लगे हाथ-पाँव और कंधों को प्रदर्शित किया फिर सबकी जिज्ञासा-शांति के लिए बताया कि रात के अंधेरे में वह जब टॉर्च लेकर एक सामाजिक कार्यक्रम की शोभा बढ़ाने जा रहे थे, तभी निर्धन परिवार के एक कुत्ते ने उन्हें काट लिया। उस समय वह कुत्ता कैसे पीछे से उन पर झपटा, कैसे उन्होंने दुतकारा, कैसे वे भागे, कैसे गिरे, फिर उठकर कुत्ते का मुकाबला कैसे किया और कहाँ-कहाँ कुत्ते ने काटा। इन सबका वे पूरे अभिनय के साथ सविस्तार वर्णन किए।

प्रश्न 3.
भइया जी पर किस प्रकार संवेदनाओं की झड़ी लग रही थी?
उत्तर:
भइया जी पर संवेदनाओं की झड़ी लग रही थी और वे उनमें पूरी तरह डूबे जा रहे थे, जैसे उनका प्रशस्ति-गान किया जा रहा हो। उस समय कई लोग कुरता-पाजामा और भइया जी के विभिन्न अंगों को छूकर ऐसे देख रहे थे जैसे किसी कीमती रत्न की परख कर रहे हों। कुछ लोग यह पूछ रहे थे कि कुत्ता पालतू है या सड़क छाप? किस रंग का है? काला या सफेद। उसे इंजेक्शन लगा है या नहीं? जिस दिन कुत्ते ने काटा उस दिन कौन-सा दिन था? रविवार या बुधवार तो नहीं था? ऐसा इसलिए कि हर दिन का अपना अलग असर होता है। भइया जी ने उन सभी के उत्तर दिए। अंत में धीरे-धीरे आगे की कार्यवाही और चिकित्सा पर बात आ गई।

प्रश्न 4.
‘अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को’ व्यंग्य का प्रतिपाद्य लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कुत्ते द्वारा काटे जाने की सामान्य-सी घटना के द्वारा लेखक ने समाज में व्याप्त विसंगतियों और असमानताओं पर गहरा प्रहार किया है। सहानुभूति और संवेदना प्रदर्शन के दिखावटी रूप, परामर्श देने के खोखले उतावलेपन और आत्म-विज्ञापन हेतु ज्ञान की झड़ी लगाने पर लेखक ने तिलमिलाने वाले व्यंग्य की सर्जना की है। सामाजिक स्तर पर फैली हई असमानताओं से उत्पन्न आक्रोश की सार्थक अभिव्यक्ति दी है। इसके लिए लेखक ने कुत्ते की विवेकशीलता को रेखांकित करके व्यंग्य की धार को और ही अधिक तीखा बना दिया है।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को लेखक-परिचय

प्रश्न 1.
डॉ. गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त ‘बरसैंया’ का संक्षिप्त जीवन-परिचय देते हुए उनके साहित्य के महत्त्व पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
जीवन-परिचय:
डॉ. गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त का जन्म उत्तर-प्रदेश के बांदा जिला के भौंरी में 6 फरवरी, 1937 को हुआ था। उन्होंने उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त की। इसके बाद उन्होंने अध्यापन से जीविकोपार्जन का कार्य आरंभ किया। इस सिलसिले में उन्होंने उच्च शिक्षा विभाग में अध्यापन कार्य कई वर्षों तक किया। इस प्रकार कार्य करते हए उन्होंने अपनी योग्यता और प्रतिभा के बल पर प्राचार्य पद को प्राप्त कर लिया। इस पद पर कुछ समय तक कार्य करते हुए वे सेवानिवृत्त हो गए। इस समय वे स्वतंत्र लेखन कर अपनी योग्यता और क्षमता का परिचय दे रहे हैं।

रचनाएँ:
हिन्दी साहित्य में निबंध और निबंधकार’, ‘हिन्दी के प्रमुख एकांकी और एकांकीकार’, ‘छत्तीसगढ़ का साहित्य और साहित्यकार’, ‘आधुनिक काव्य : संदर्भ और प्रकृति’, ‘रस-विलास’, ‘वीर-विलास’, ‘सुदामा चरित’, ‘चिन्तन-अनुचिन्तन’, ‘बुन्देलखण्ड के अज्ञात रचनाकार’ ‘अरमान वर पाने का’, ‘निंदक नियरे राखिए’ आदि डॉ. गुप्त की प्रकाशित प्रमुख कृतियाँ हैं।

महत्त्व:
गुप्त जी ने समीक्षा, व्यंग्य, काव्य आदि विधाओं में लेखन किया है। दुर्लभ पांडुलिपियों के प्रकाशन के साथ अज्ञात रचनाकारों को केन्द्र बनाकर डॉ. गुप्त ने लगातार शोध-कार्य किया है। गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त की भाषा सहज है, लोक बोलियों के शब्दों का प्रयोग उनके प्रवाह को संप्रेषणीय बना देता है। साहित्य के क्षेत्र में उनके द्वारा दिए योगदान के लिए अनेक संस्थाओं के साथ-साथ महामहिम पूर्व राष्ट्रपति डॉ. शंकरदयाल शर्मा द्वारा उनको ‘साहित्य श्री’ से सम्मानित किया गया है।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को पाठ का सारांश

प्रश्न 1.
डॉ. गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त-लिखित व्यंग्य ‘अथ काटना कुत्ते भइया जी को’ के सारांश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
डॉ. गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त-लिखित व्यंग्य ‘अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को’ एक ऐसा व्यंग्यात्मक निबंध है जिसमें सामाजिक विडम्बनाओं पर कड़ा प्रहार किया गया है। इस व्यंग्य का सारांश इस प्रकार है… जब भइया जी को कुत्ते ने काटा तो यह खबर चारों ओर आग की तरफ फैल गई। जहाँ नहीं पहुँची, वहाँ भइया जी ने स्वये पहुँचा दी। खबर पाते ही लोगों की सहानुभूति भइया जी के प्रति होने लगी।

भइया जी के यहाँ दोनों ही प्रकार के लोगों का जमघट लग गया-बाहर से दुखी और भीतर से प्रसन्न लोगों का जमघट और दूसरी ओर उनके प्रति सचमुच में दुख प्रकट करने वालों का जमघट आए हुए लोग अपने-अपने अलग-अलग सुझाव दे रहे थे। भंइया जी सभी के प्रश्नों, जिज्ञासाओं, आशंकाओं और सुझावों का समाधान कर रहे थे। यों तो सबके भाव और सबके विचार अलग-अलग थे। भइया जी को इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता।

भइया जी के दरबार में किसी प्रकार के तर्क-वितर्क की इजाजत नहीं। वह जो कहें, उसे सुनिए और उसे मानिए। भइया जी की हार्दिक इच्छा है कि इस घटना को अखबारों में छपवा दिया जाए, जिससे कुछ अधिकारी और कुछ नेता आकर उन्हें धन्य करें। उससे वह शानपूर्वक कह सकें कि अमुक-अमुक उन्हें देखने आए थे। ऐसा इसलिए कि रोज-रोज कुत्ता किसी को नहीं काटता है। और जब काट ही लिया है तो उसे पूरी तरह भुनाया जाए। तभी तो अपनी महानता और लोकप्रियता का कुछ पता लग सकता है। लोगों की जमघट के बीच भइया जी.फटा कुरता-पाजामा और मरहम पट्टी लगे हाथ-पाँव और कंधों को दिखाते हुए आपबीती सुना रहे थे-रात के अंधेरे में एक टार्च लिये हुए वह एक कार्यक्रम की शोभा बढ़ाने जा रहे हो।

उसी समय उन्हें एक गरीब परिवार के कुत्ते ने काट लिया। उसने उन पर कैसे आक्रमण किया, वे उससे बचने के लिए क्या-क्या किए। फिर कुत्ते ने उन्हें कैसे काटा और कहाँ-कहाँ काटा, इन बातों को वे पूरे अभिनय के साथ बता रहे थे। उसे सुनकर सभी की सहानुभूति दिखाई देने लगी। फिर संवेदनाओं की ऐसा धारा उमड़ पड़ी कि भइया. उसमें कुछ देर तक बहते रहे। कोई उनके कुरते-पाजामे को रत्न की तरह परख रहा था तो कोई पूछ रहा था कि कुत्ता पालतू था या सड़क छाप। उसका रंग कैसा था। उसे इंजेक्शन लगा था या नहीं, उस दिन कौन-सा दिन था। कहीं रविवार या बुधवार. तो नहीं था। – भइया जी ने सबको एक-एक करके बतलाया। किसी ने सुझाव दिया कि अगर कुत्ता : पालतू है तो उसके मालिक के विरुद्ध पुलिस में रिपोर्ट करनी चाहिए।

किसी ने उसे यह कहकर चुप करा दिया कि कुत्ते का मालिक तो कुत्ते से भी अधिक खतरनाक है। तीसरे ने कहा कि कुत्ते को दस दिन तक अपने घर में बाँधकर ‘वाच’ करना चाहिए। माता जी ने इसका विरोध करते हुए कहा कि घर में इन्हीं की झंझट अधिक है। घर में बक-बक करने से अच्छा है, ये खुद ही जाकर उसे रोज देख-आया. करेंगे। इसी प्रकार भइया जी को चौदह इंजेक्शन लगवाने, दस कुएँ झाँकने, तीन हजार का एक इंजेक्शन लगवाने, झाड़-फूंक करवाने आदि उपाय बताए गए।

भइयाजी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा? इस पर विचार करें तो यह अनुमाम लगाया जा सकता है कि भइया जी लकलक कपड़ों में थे। उन्होंने टार्च की रोशनी कुत्ते पर मारी होगी। कुत्ता भड़क गया होगा कि उसका मालिक दिन-भर खून-पसीना बहाकर फटे-मैले-कुचैले कपड़े पहनता है और ये इस तरह चमकते कपड़े। वे दर-दर की ठोकरें खाते हैं और इनके कुत्ते मालपुए। इसे सोचकर उस कुत्ते ने भइया जी को काट लियां होगा। लेखक का सुझाव है कि उसके साहित्यकार बंधु पद, पुरस्कार और सम्मान की ओर भागकर अपना पथ भ्रष्ट न करें। वे समाज की विडम्बनाओं पर कड़ा प्रहार कर कुत्तों से बचने की कोशिश करें।

पुनश्च अभी-अभी पता चला है कि भइया जी की माता जी का प्रिय कुत्ता पीलू पर किसी बाहरी कुत्ते ने ईष्यावश जब आक्रमण कर दिया तो पीलूं डर से दुम दबा कर घर के भीतर घुस गया। लेकिन माता जी को उस बाहरी कुत्ते ने काट लिया। अब वह भी झाड़-फूंक आदि के चक्कर में भइया जी की बराबरी कर रही हैं। इसलिए भइया जी की बिरादरी के भाई-बहनो! अब सावधान हो जाओ। जमाना करवटें बदल रहा है।

अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को संदर्भ-प्रसंगसहित व्याख्या

प्रश्न 1.
सुख-दुख के प्रसंग ही आत्मीयता प्रमाणित करने के सबसे अनुकूल सार्वजनिक अवसर होते हैं। वह जमाना गया जब भीतर-ही-भीतर आत्मीयता, स्नेह और श्रद्धा की भावना रखी जाती थी। अब तो बाहर का महत्त्व है। भीतर का क्या भरोसा? भीतर कुछ, बाहर कुछ। इसीलिए आजकल बाहर मैदान में सामने खड़ा करके, लिखवाकर प्रमाणित किया जाता है कि आपके भीतर श्रद्धा, आस्था और आत्मीयता है अथवा नहीं। भीतर की भावना छाती फाड़कर दिखानी पड़ती है। बाहर के लिए दो मिनट की दरबार में हाजिरी, फिर प्रशंसा तथा समर्पण के दो बनावटी शब्द ही पर्याप्त होते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:

• आत्मीयता – अपनापन।
• समर्पण – भेंट।
• पर्याप्त – अधिक।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘हिन्दी सामान्य भाग-1’ में संकलित तथा गंगा प्रसाद गुप्त ‘बरसैंया’-लिखित व्यंग्य ‘अथ काटना कुत्ते का भइया जी को’ शीर्षक से उद्धृत है। इसमें लेखक ने आजकल के दिखावटी भावों पर व्यंग्य प्रहार किया है। इस विषय में लेखक का कहना है कि –

व्याख्या:
किसी के प्रति अपनापन या निकट का भाव प्रकट करने के कुछ खास मौके होते हैं। इस प्रकार के मौके व्यक्तिगत तौर पर होते हैं और सार्वजनिक तौर पर भी। यहाँ यह ध्यान देने की बात है कि व्यक्तिगत तौर की अपेक्षा सार्वजनिक तौर पर प्रकट किए जाने वाले अपनापन के भावों को अधिक खुलकर सामने रखने का मौका बहुत अधिक मिल जाता है। इस प्रकार जमाना पहले नहीं था। पहले तो लोगबाग किसी के प्रति अपनापन के भावों को खुलकर या सबके सामने नहीं प्रकट करते थे। वे तो उसे अपने भीतर-ही-भीतर से धीरे-धीरे प्रकट करते थे। इस प्रकार के अपनापन के भाव कई प्रकार के होते थे, जैसे श्रद्धा के भाव, प्रेम और दुलार के भाव, श्रद्धा और विश्वास के भाव आदि।

लेखक आजकल के बदलते हुए समय में किसी के प्रति अपनापन, श्रद्धा, आस्था, विश्वास, स्नेह आदि के भावों को प्रकट करने के तौर-तरीके बदल गए हैं। इस प्रकार के भावों को प्रकट करना अब आंतरिक कम होकर बाहरी अधिक हो गया है। आजकल की आत्मीयता सार्वजनिक रूप में प्रकट करना आवश्यक हो गया है। यह आत्मीयता व्यक्तिगत आत्मीयता से कहीं आसान होती है। आंतरिक आत्मीयता को प्रकट करने में बड़ी दिक्कत होती है, क्योंकि यह हृदय से निकलकर बाहर आती है, जबकि वाहरी आत्मीयता थोड़ी-सी भेंट और थोड़ी-सी मुलाकात के समय कुछ ही शब्दों में प्रकट हो जाती है। इस प्रकार इसके लिए बनावटी शब्द ही समुचित होते हैं।

विशेष:

1. भाषा सरल शब्दों की है।
2. दिखावटी अपनापन पर व्यंग्य प्रहार है।
3. व्यंग्यात्मक शैली है।
4. भाव रोचक हैं।

गद्यांश पर आधारित अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. आत्मीयता कब प्रकट की जानी चाहिए?
2. पहले की आत्मीयता कैसी होती थी?

उत्तर:

1. आत्मीयता सुख-दुख के प्रसंग पर सार्वजनिक मौके आने पर ही प्रकट की जानी चाहिए।
2. पहले की आत्मीयता सच्ची और भीतर-ही-भीतर होती थी।

गद्यांश पर आधारित बोधात्मक प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. बदले हुए जमाने में आत्मीयता कैसी हो रही है?
2. आजकल आत्मीयता किस प्रकार प्रकट की जाती है?

उत्तर:

1. बदले हुए जमाने में आत्मीयता भी बदलती जा रही है। अब वह आंतरिक न होकर बाहरी हो गई है।
2. आजकल आत्मीयता दो मिनट के दरबार में हाजिरी लगाने के बाद चापलूसी और भेंट के कुछ बनावटी शब्दों के द्वारा प्रकट की जाती है।

प्रश्न 2.
भइया जी की हार्दिक इच्छा है कि यह समाचार अखबारों में भी छप जाए और कुछ नेता और अधिकारी भी आकर उन्हें धन्य करें, ताकि वह शान से बतला सकें कि कौन-कौन देखने आए थे। आखिर कुत्ता रोज-रोज तो किसी को काटता नहीं। अब जब काट ही लिया है, तो उसे पूरी तरह से भुनाया जाए। इससे महत्ता और लोकप्रियता का भी अनुमान लग जाता है।

शब्दार्थ:

• भुनाया जाए – फायदा उठाया जाए।
• लोकप्रियता – सर्वप्रियता।
• महत्ता – महत्त्व।

प्रसंग:
पूर्ववत्। इसमें लेखक ने भइया जी को आजकल के अवसरवादी नेताओं की सोच-समझ के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया है। इस विषय में लेखक का कहना है कि –

व्याख्या:
भइया जी को कुत्ते ने काट लिया तो उन्हें अनेक प्रकार की इच्छाएँ . जोर मारने लगीं। उन इच्छाओं में एक हार्दिक इच्छा यह भी जोर मार रही थी कि कुत्ता काटने का समाचार आस-पास के लोगबाग तो जान ही गए हैं दूर-दूर के भी लोग इसे जान जाएँ, इसके लिए एक अच्छा तरीका यह भी हो सकता है कि इसे अखबारों में छपने के लिए दे दिया जाए। इससे यह खबर साधारण-से-साधारण लोग तो जान ही जाएँगे। उनके अतिरिक्त कुछ छोटे-बड़े नेता, समाजसेवी और छोटे-बड़े अधिकारी भी जान जाएँगे। फिर वे उनके पास आएँगे और उनके प्रति अपनी सहानुभूति और आत्मीयता को सबके सामने प्रकट करेंगे।

इससे वे बड़ी शान से सिर उठाकर सबसे कह सकेंगे कि कौन-कौन नेता और अधिकारी उनकी खैरियत पूछने आए थे। इस तरह इस मौके का क्यों न फायदा उठाया जाए! ऐसा इसलिए कि कुत्ता रोज-रोज तो नहीं काटता है। आज.काट लिया है, तो उसके बहाने लोगों की सहानुभूति और आत्मीयता को क्यों न बटोर लिया जाए। इससे जो महत्त्व, लोकप्रियता और जन-सम्पर्क प्राप्त होंगे वे शायद कभी फिर मिले। ऐसा इसलिए कि यह मौका बार-बार नहीं मिलता है और यह सबको नसीब भी नहीं होता है।

विशेष:

1. भाषा में ताजगी और ओज है।
2. व्यंग्य प्रहार की तीव्रता है।
3. अवसरवादी लोगों पर व्यंग्य किया गया है।
4. मुहावरों (शान से बतलाना, धन्य करना) के प्रयोग यथा स्थान हैं।

गद्यांश पर आधारित अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. ‘कछ नेता और अधिकारी आकर धन्य करें’ का आशय क्या है?
2. भइया जी को हार्दिक इच्छा क्यों हुई?

उत्तर:

1. ‘कुछ नेता और अधिकारी आकर धन्य करें’ का आशय है कि उन्हें साधारण लोग ही नहीं अपितु बड़े-बड़े अधिकारी भी जानते हैं। उनके आने से उनके प्रति बहुत बड़ी आत्मीयता प्रकट की जाएगी।
2. भइया जी को हार्दिक इच्छा हुई। यह इसलिए कि उन्हें ऐसा लगा कि इस हार्दिक इच्छा को कार्य रूप देने से उनका कद और बढ़ जाएगा।

गद्यांश पर आधारित बोधात्मक प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. ‘आखिर कुत्ता रोज-रोज तो किसी को काटता नहीं’ का व्यंग्यार्थ लिखिए।
2. अब जब काट ही लिया है, तो उसे पूरी तरह भुनाया जाए।’ का मुख्य भाव बताइए।

उत्तर:

1. ‘आखिर कुत्ता रोज-रोज तो किसी को काटता नहीं।’ का व्यंग्यार्थ है-‘रोज-रोज तो आत्मीयता और सहानुभूति बटोरने के लिए मुसीबत नहीं आती है।
2. ‘अब जब काट ही लिया है तो उसे पूरी तरह से भुनाया जाए।’ का मुख्य भाव है-जब मुसीबत आ ही गई है तो उसका फायदा लोगों से सहानुभूति प्राप्त करके उठा लिया जाए। न जाने यह मौका फिर कभी आएगा या नहीं।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रश्न उठता है कि आखिर भाइया जी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा होगा? असल में भइया जी अपने स्वभाव के अनुरूप झकाझक कपड़ों में थे। ऊपर से कत्ते पर टॉर्च की रोशनी मारी। कुत्ते को लगा कि मुझ निर्धन बस्ती के कुत्ते को यह संपन्न व्यक्ति अपनी चमक और रोशनी से चकाचौंध करना चाहता है। मेरा मालिक दिनभर परिश्रम कर पसीने से लथपथ फटे-मैले-कुचले कपड़ों में आता है और इनके कपड़ों पर एक दाग भी नहीं।

हम दर-दर की ठोकरें खायें और ये तथा इनके कुत्ते मालपुए खाएँ। गाड़ियों में घूमें। झकाझक कपड़ों की शान बघारें। आदमी-आदमी तथा कुत्ते-कुत्ते में भेद पैदा करें। उसके भीतर की अपमान की व्यथा आक्रोश की आग बनकर भड़क उठी और जैसे ही भइया जी उधर से निकले तो उसने आक्रमण करके कुरता-पाजामा को तार-तार कर दिया। हाथ-पाँव, कंधों को दाँत और नाखूनों से खरोंच डाला मानो घोषित कर दिया कि अवसर मिलते ही हम अपने अपमान का बदला लेने से नहीं चूकेंगे। निर्धन बस्ती का यह कुत्ता एक दिन संपन्न बस्ती में अपना झण्डा अवश्य गाड़ेगा।

शब्दार्थ:

• झकाझक – चमकते-दमकते।
• संपन्न – सुखी।
• शान बखारे – बड़प्पन दिखाएँ।
• व्यथा – कष्ट, दुख, पीड़ा।
• तार-तार करना – टुकड़े-टुकड़े करना।
• खरोंच डाला – नोंच डाला।

प्रसंग:
पूर्ववत्। इसमें लेखक अमीरी-गरीबी में भेद रखने वालों पर कुत्ते के माध्यम से व्यंग्य प्रहार किया है। भइया जी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा इसे व्यंग्यात्मक रूप में प्रस्तुत करते हुए लेखक का कहना है कि –

व्याख्या:
यों तो कुत्ते किसी-न-किसी को काटते हैं और अलग-अलग कारणों से काटते हैं, लेकिन भइया जी को कुत्ता ने काय है तो किन कारणों से, यह एक विचारणीय प्रश्न है। इस विषय में सोचने-समझने पर यह अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है कि जिस समय भइया जी को कुत्ते ने काटा, उस समय वे हमेशा की ही तरह चमकते-दमकते कपड़े पहने हुए थे। चूंकि उस समय अंधेरा था। इसलिए वे टार्च की रोशनी किए हुए एक कार्यक्रम की शोभा बढ़ाने जा रहे थे। इसी दौरान उनके टार्च की रोशनी सामने एक कुत्ते पर पड़ी।

उस रोशनी से वह कुत्ता भड़क उठा। उसे क्रोध आ गया होगा कि यह सम्पन्न और चमक-दमक वाला आदमी गरीब बस्ती में रहने वाले कुत्ते पर अपनी शान दिखा रहा है। उसका मालिक दिन-भर खून-पसीना बहाने पर भी हमेशा फटा-पुराना और गंदे कपड़ों में रहता है। इसलिए उसके यहाँ रहकर हम इधर-उधर भटकते रहते हैं। फिर भी हमें भरपेट भोजन नसीब नहीं होता है। लेकिन इनके कुत्तों की तो मौज ही मौज है। ये मालपुए खाते रहते हैं। अच्छे-अच्छे कपड़े पहनकर अपने मालिक के साथ गाड़ियों में इधर-उधर मस्ती छानते रहते हैं।

भइया जी को काटने वाले कुत्ते को इस बात पर भी क्रोध आया कि क्या इस प्रकार के आदमी को चाहिए कि आदमी आदमी के प्रति भेदभाव करे और कुत्ता कुत्ते के प्रति भेदभाव रखे। यह तो सचमुच अपनी जाति और बिरादरी के प्रति अत्याचार और अन्याय है। यह तो किसी समझदार प्राणी के लिए बर्दाश्त से बाहर है। इस प्रकार की बातों से वह कुत्ता उत्तेजित हो गया होगा। अपनी उस उत्तेजना का शिकार उसने भइया जी को बनाया। उसने उन्हें देखते ही उन पर ताबड़तोड़ काटना शुरू कर दिया।

उसने उनके चमकते-दमकते कुरते-पाजामे को काट-नोचकर तार-तार कर दिया। उनके हाथ, पैर और कंधे अपने नुकीले दातों और तेज नाखूनों से काट-नोंच डाला। ऐसा करके उसने यह साबित कर दिया कि वह और उसकी गरीब बिरादरी किसी से होने वाले अपमान को नहीं सहन करेंगे। जैसे ही कोई मौका मिलेगा, वे उस अपमान का बदला लेकर ही रहेंगे। इस तरह उसे विश्वास है कि निर्धन बस्ती का होकर भी वह अपनी विजय-पताका धनी बस्ती में कभी-न-कभी अवश्य फहराकर ही रहेगा।

विशेष:

1. कथन रोचक और सरस है।
2. व्यंग्यपूर्ण वाक्य-गठन है।
3. उर्दू-हिन्दी की मिश्रित शब्दावली है।
4. मुहावरों (दर-दर की ठोकरें खाना, शान बघारना, भड़क उठना, तार-तार कर देना और झण्डा गाड़ना) के प्रयोग सार्थक हैं।
5. साधन-सम्पन्न व्यक्तियों द्वारा अमीरी-गरीबी में भेद करने के प्रयासों पर तीखा व्यंग्य प्रहार किया है।
6. व्यंग्यात्मक शैली है।

गद्यांश पर आधारित अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. ‘भइया जी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा होगा?’ लेखक ने ऐसा क्यों कहा है?
2. भइया जी को कुत्ते के काटने का मुख्य कारण क्या रहा होगा?

उत्तर:
1. ‘भइया जी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा होगा? ऐसा लेखक ने इसलिए कहा है कि भइया सज्जन, बुजुर्ग और विद्वान हैं। वे चींटी तक से डरते हैं। इसलिए जब उन्हें कुत्ते ने काटा तो उसकी कोई बहुत बड़ी खास वजह होगी। उसके बारे में अवश्य सोच-विचार या अनुमान लगाया जाना चाहिए।

2. भइया जी को कुत्ते के काटने को मुख्य कारण रहा होगा कि उस कुत्ते को यह लगा कि यह संपन्न आदमी अपनी शान-शौकत से निर्धन बस्ती के उस कुत्ते को अपमानित करना चाहता है।

गद्यांश पर आधारित बोधात्मक प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. कुत्ते ने भइया जी पर किस तरह का आक्रमण किया?
2. कुत्ते ने भइया जी को काटकर क्या संदेश दिया?

उत्तर:

1. कुत्ते ने भइया जी पर बुरी तरह से आक्रमण किया। उसने उन पर आक्रमण करके उनके कुरता-पाजामा को तार-तार कर दिया। यही नहीं, उनके हाथ-पैर और कंधे को अपने दांतों और नाखूनों से काट-खरोंच डाला।
2. कुत्ते ने भइया जी को काटकर यह संदेश दिया कि करीब अपने अपमान का बदला अमीरों से भी लेने में नहीं चुकते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
आजकल साहित्यकार सत्ता और समर्थकों का गायक बनकर सम्मान और पैसे के पीछे भाग रहा है। दीन-हीन शोषितों की बिरादरी का यह रचनाकार सुखभोगी बनकर भ्रष्ट हो रहा है। अतः इसे सचेत कर सही मार्ग पर लाना जरूरी है। मुझे भइया जी को कुत्ते द्वारा काटे जाने का कारण और समाधान मिल गया। मैं कुत्तों की ओर से अपने साहित्यकार बंधुओं को आगाह करता हूँ कि वे पद, पुरस्कार और सम्मान की ओर भागकर अपने को पथभ्रष्ट न करें। सत्यमार्ग पर चलें। जरूरतमंदों और शोषितों के साथी बनकर समाज की विसंगतियों पर प्रहार करें अन्यथा उन्हें कुत्तों के प्रहार से नहीं बचाया जा सकता। झाड़-फूंक और इंजेक्शन भी उनकी रक्षा नहीं कर सकेंगे।

शब्दार्थ:

• गायक – गाने वाला।
• आगाह – सावधान।
• विसंगतियों – विषमताओं, विडम्बनाओं।
• प्रहार – चोट।

प्रसंग:
पूर्ववत्। इसमें लेखक ने यह बतलाने का प्रयास किया है कि वर्तमान समय में किस प्रकार साहित्यकार अपने साहित्य निर्माण की दिशा से भटककर पदलोलुप बन रहा है। इस विषय में लेखक का कहना है कि –

व्याख्या:
वर्तमान समय में साहित्यकार साहित्य-रचना छोड़कर सत्ताधारियों और सत्ता के समर्थकों की चापलूसी कर रहा है। इस चापलूसी के पीछे उसका एकमात्र उद्देश्य यही है कि उसे कोई पद-सम्मान मिल जाए। उसे पहले से अधिक साधन और सुविधा प्राप्त हो जाए। हालाँकि वह दीन-हीन और शोषित होने के साथ उपेक्षित है। लेकिन वह अपनी इस दुर्दशा को भूलकर मिली हुई सुख-सुविधा से साहित्य-रचना के सत्यमार्ग से भटक रहा है। उसे लगभग भूल चुका है। इसलिए अब यह आवश्यक लेखक का पुनः कहना है कि उससे यह अच्छी तरह से समझ में आ गया है कि भझ्या जी को कुत्ते ने क्यों काटा था और उसका इलाज क्या है।

इसलिए अपने साहित्यकार प्रेमियों-बंधुओं को इस बात के लिए सावधान करना चाहता हूँ कि वे अपने साहित्य-रचना के सत्यमार्ग का परित्याग कर पदलोलुप और सुविधाभोगी बनने से बाज आएँ। सत्य साहित्य-रचना में ही व्यस्त रहें। यही नहीं, जो शोषित और उपेक्षित हैं, उनके प्रति सहानुभूति रखें। उनका सच्चा साथी बनकर सामाजिक भेदभावों को जड़ से उखाड़ फेंकने के लिए कमर कस लें। अगर वे ऐसा नहीं करेंगे तो उन्हें सामाजिक कुत्तों के काटने से नहीं बचाया जा सकता है और न ही उन्हें इससे बचने का कोई मौका ही दिया जा सकता है। यह भी ध्यान रहे कि सामाजिक कुत्तों के काटने का कोई इलाज भी नहीं होता है, न झाड़-फूंक और न इंजेक्शन ही।

विशेष:

1. भाषा सरल शब्दों की है।
2. शैली व्यंग्यात्मक है।
3. मुहावरों (पीछे भागना, भ्रष्ट होना व आगाह करना) के प्रयोग यथास्थान हुए हैं।
4. पदलोलुप और सुविधाभोगी पथभ्रष्ट साहित्य पर सीधा व्यंग्य प्रहार किया गया है।
5. व्यंजना शब्द-शक्ति है।
6. यह अंश मर्मस्पशी है।

गद्यांश पर आधारित अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. आजकल के साहित्यकार क्या हो रहे हैं?
2. आजकल के साहित्यकारों के प्रति लेखक का कौन-सा भाव प्रकट हुआ है?

उत्तर:

1. आजकल के साहित्यकार पदलोलुप और सुविधाभोगी हो रहे हैं।
2. आजकल के साहित्यकारों के प्रति लेखक का आत्मीय भाव प्रकट हुआ है।

गद्यांश पर आधारित बोधात्मक प्रश्नोत्तर
प्रश्न.

1. आजकल के साहित्यकारों को सही मार्ग पर लाना क्यों जरूरी है?
2. आजकल के साहित्यकारों को लेखक ने क्या सुझाव दिया है?

उत्तर:

1. आजकल के साहित्यकारों को सही मार्ग पर लाना जरूरी है। यह इसलिए कि वे साहित्य रचना के सत्यमार्ग को छोड़ सुखभोगी और पदलोलुप बन रहे हैं।
2. आजकल के साहित्यकारों को लेखक ने सुझाव दिया है कि वे जरूरतमंदों और शोषितों के साथी बनकर समाज की विसंगतियों पर प्रहार करें।

MP Board Class 11th Hindi Solutions

MP Board Class 11th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Important Questions

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Persons dealing with chemistry in Egypt were called:
(a) Scientist
(b) Alchemist
(c) Chemist
(d) Philosphers
Answer:
(b) Alchemist

Question 2.
Father of Modern chemistry:
(a) Priestly
(b) Kannada
(c) Kobert Boyle
(d) Rutherford.
Answer:
(c) Kobert Boyle

Question 3.
The number of molecules present in 16 gm of oxygen gas are:
(a) 6.023 × 10²³
(b) 12.044 × 10²³
(c) 3.011 × 10²³
(d) 1.55 × 10²³
Answer:
(c) 3.011 × 10²³

Question 4.
The empirical formula of an organic compound is CH₂ and its molecular weight is 42. Its molecular formula is:
(a) CH₂
(b) C₃H₆
(C) C₂H₂
(d) C₃H₈
Answer:
(b) C₃H₆

Question 5.
Modern basis of atomic mass is:
(a) ₇N¹⁴
(b) ₈O¹⁶
(c) ₆C¹²
(d) Ar
Answer:
(c) ₆C¹²

Question 6.
Number of gram atom in 80.25 gm sulphur (at mass of S = 32):
(a) 2.5
(b) 3.2
(c) 5
(d) 10
Answer:
(a) 2.5

Question 7.
One molal solution contains 1 mole of a solution in:
(a) 1000 gm of the solvent
(b) One litre of the solution
(c) One litre of solvent
(d) 22.4 litre of the solution
Answer:
(a) 1000 gm of the solvent

Question 8.
Number of atom in 12 gm ₆C¹²:
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 6.023 × 10²³
(d) 12 × 6.023 × 10²³
Answer:
(c) 6.023 × 10²³

Question 9.
Mass of 22.4 litre of nitrogen at N.T.P. will be same as the mass of 22.4 litre of:
(a) Ammonia
(b) Water vapour
(c) Carbon mono – oxide
(d) Hydrogen chloride
Answer:
(c) Carbon mono – oxide

Question 10.
For the same volume of gases at N.T.P. their:
(a) Number of molecules will be same
(b) Number of atoms will be same
(c) Masses will be same
(d) Densities will be same
Answer:
(a) Number of molecules will be same

Question 11.
On reaction of 2 litre N₂ and 2 litre H₂ at N.T.P.. The volume of ammonia obtained will be:
(a) 0.665 litre
(b) 1.0 litre
(c) 1.33 litre
(d) 2.66 litre
Answer:
(c) 1.33 litre

Question 12.
Molarity of pure water:
(a) 18
(b) 50
(c) 55.6
(d) 100
Answer:
(c) 55.6

Question 13.
At the end of chemical reaction total weight of reactant:
(a) Always increases
(b) Always decreases
(c) Do not change
(d) Always increases or decreases
Answer:
(c) Do not change

Question 14.
Volume of 0.1 mole gas at N.T.P. will be:
(a) 22.4 litre
(b) 2.24 litre
(c) 0.224 litre
(d) 22,400 litre
Answer:
(b) 2.24 litre

Question 15.
10 mol of water is:
(a) 1gm
(b) 100 gm
(c) 18 gm
(d) 180 gm
Answer:
(d) 180 gm

Question 16.
Atomic number of deuterium is:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 17.
Equation: Zn(_s) + 2HCl_i → Zncl₂ + H₂ ↑ does not provide any information about:
(a) Physical state of reactant and product
(b) Concentration of reactant and product
(c) Thermal change in the reaction
(d) Direction of the reaction
Answer:
(c) Thermal change in the reaction

Question 18.
Maximum number of molecules are in:
(a) 54 gm nitrogen peroxide
(b) 28 gm carbon mono – oxide
(c) 36 gm water
(d) 46 gm carbon mono – oxide
Answer:
(a) 54 gm nitrogen peroxide

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. In ancient time the persons dealing with chemical change were called ………………………
2. Scientist ………………… is known as father of chemistry
3. Actual number of molecules in one grame mole of a gas is ………………………
4. Empirical formula of acetic acid is ……………………
5. …………………. is reciprocal of Avogadro’s number
6. The word chemistry originated from the words ………………….
7. Number of molecules is ………………… in 22.4 litre hydrogen gas at S.T.P.
8. Mass percentage of copper in cupric oxide is ………………………
9. Vapour density of organic compound is 59, where empirical formula is C₃H₇O. It molecular formula will be …………………….
10. Substance which take part in chemical reaction are called …………………….
11. Indian philosopher ……………………….. postulated that all substance are made up tiny indivisible particles are called ……………………..
12. Atom of different elements having same atomic mass but different atomic number are called ………………………
13. At S.T.P. 5.6 litre of a monoatomic gas contains ……………………………. atoms.
14. Iodized salt contains some amount of ……………………… along with NaCl.

Answer:

1. Alchemist
2. Berzelius
3. 6.023 × 10²³
4. CH₂O
5. Avogram
6. Chemia, Chemical reaction
7. 6.023 × 10²³
8. 79.8
9. C₆H₁₄O₂
10. Reactant
11. Kannada, Atom
12. Isobar
13. 1.5 × 10²³
14. Nal.

Question 3.
Answer in one word/sentence:

1. Gram molecular mass of O₂ is?
2. 16 and 32 gm by weight of oxygen combine seperately with 28 gm N₂ to form two oxides N₂O and N₂O₂. This is proved by which law?
3. Number of molecules 6.023 × 10²³ present in one gram molecular mass of any substance is called?
4. Number of molecules or atoms presents in one gram molecular mass of a solid matter or gaseous substance is?
5. Atomic mass of sodium is 23 a.m.u. then mass of its 6.023 × 10²³ will be?
6. Mass of one mole atoms of an element is equal to its which mass?

Answer:

1. 32 gram
2. Lawofmultiple proportion
3. Mole or Avogadro’s number
4. 6.023 × 10²³
5. 23 gram
6. Gram atomic mass.

Question 4.
Match the following:
(I)

Answer:

1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (e)
5. (c).

(II)

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c).

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Standard unit of atomic mass is:
Answer:
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.).

Question 2.
Empirical formula of benzene is:
Answer:
CH.

Question 3.
Number of C atom in 1 mole of C0₂ is:
Answer:
6.023 × 10²³

Question 4.
Significant figure in 0.0500 is:
Answer:
3.

Question 5.
Molarity of pure water is:
Answer:
55.6.

Question 6.
Volume of 0.1 mole gas at N.T.P. will be:
Answer:
2.24 L.

Question 7.
Fractional crystallization method used to separate two substance depend on the difference between their:
Answer:
Solubility.

Question 8.
Formation of 5 oxides of nitrogen (N₂O, NO, N₂O₃, N₂O₄, N₂O₅) is according to the law of?
Answer:
Multiple proportion.

Question 9.
Gram molecular mass of 0₂ is:
Answer:
32 gram.

Question 10.
10^-15 is expressed for which value?
Answer:
Femto.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Short Answer Type Questions – I

Question 1.
What is the law of constant proportion?
Answer:
The law states that, “A chemical compound is always found to be made up of the same elements combined together in the same proportion by weight.” Example: Water from different sources is collected and decomposed. After decomposition in each sample of water, it is found that the weight of hydrogen and oxygen is according to the ratio 2:16 or 1:8.

Question 2.
Write the definitions of gram atomic mass and gram molecular mass?
Answer:
Gram atomic mass:
Gram atomic mass of an element may be defined as: The mass, which is numerically equal to its atomic mass, expressed in atomic mass units (a.m.u.). It is also called one gram atom of the element. For example, Atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 a.m.u. and one gram atom hydrogen is 1.008 gm.
Similarly, Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 a.m.u.
Gram atomic mass = 16 gm.
Gram molecular mass or Gram molecule:
The gram molecular mass of an element is the mass of the substance in gram, which is numerically equal to the molecular mass of substance in atomic mass unit. It is also called one gram molecule of the substance.
For example, molecular mass of carbon dioxide (CO₂) = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 a.m.u.
∴ 1 gram molecule of CO₂ = gram molecular mass of CO₂ = 44 gm.

Question 3.
What is Empirical formula?
Answer:
Formula which shows the simple ratio of the atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound. Importance: Empirical formula gives ratio of elements present in the compound. For example: The ratio of C and H in benzene (C6H6) is 1:1, therefore, its empirical formula is CH.
Other example:

• Empirical formula of acetic acid is = CH₂O
• Empirical formula of glucose is = CH₂O.

Question 4.
What is mole?
Answer:
The number of elementary particles present in 12 grams of C – 12 is called mole. It is equal to 6.023 × 10²³ particles. This is known as Avogadro number. 6.023 × 10²³ atoms, molecules or ions are called one mole atom, one mole molecule or one mole ions respectively.

Question 5.
Define limiting reagent? (NCERT)
Answer:
The reactant which is completely consumed when a reaction goes to completion is called limiting reagent or limiting reactants because its concentration limits the amount of products formed.

Question 6.
What do you mean by significant figures? (NCERT)
Answer:
The significant figures in a number are all the certain digits plus one doubtful digit. It depends upon the precision of the scale or instrument used for the measurement.
Example: In 3.03, three digits are significant.

Question 7.
How many significant figures are present in the following: (NCERT)

1. 0.0025
2. 208
3. 5005
4. 126,000
5. 500.0
6. 5

Answer:

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 3
5. 4
6. 5.

Question 8.
What is rounding off rule? (NCERT)
Answer:

1. If digit coming after the desired number of significant figures happens to be more than 5, the preceding significant figure is increased by 1.
2. If the digit involved is less than 5, it is neglected as such i.e. the preceding significant figure remains unchanged.

Question 9.
Round off the following up to three significant figures: (NCERT)

1. 34.216
2. 10.4107
3. 0.04597
4. 2808

Answer:

1. 34.216
2. 10.4107
3. 0.0460
4. 2810.

Question 10.
What is the SI unit of mass, length, time, temperature and amount of substance?
Answer:

Question 11.
Determine the empirical formula an oxide which has 69.9% iron and 30.1 % hydrogen by mass?
Answer:

Empirical formula = Fe₂O₃.

Question 12.
Calculate the mass of sodium acetate required to make 500 ml of 0.375 molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 80.0245 gm mol^-1 (NCERT)
Solution:

Mass of solute = 15.0045 gm.

Question 13.
Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density 1.41 gm ml^-1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in it is being 69%.
Solution:
Molar mass of nitric acid = 63 mol/L

Question 14.
How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO₄)? (Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 amu). (NCERT)
Solution:
1 mole of CuSO₄ contains 1 mole (1 g atom) of Cu
Molar mass of CuSO₄ = 63 – 5 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 159.5 g mol^-1
Thus, Cu that can be obtained from 159.5 g of CuSO₄ = 63.5 g
∴ Cu that can be obtained from 100g of CusO₄ = \(\frac { 63.5 }{ 159.5 } \) × 100 g = 39.81 g.

Question 15.
What is law of multiple proportion? Explain with an example?
Answer:
Law of multiple proportion: When two elements combines to form two or more compound, a fixed weight of one element reacts with other in the ratio which is simple. Example: CO contains 12 parts by mass of C and 16 parts by mass of oxygen while CO₂ contains 12 parts by mass of C and 32 parts by mass of oxygen. Thus, a fixed mass of C(12) combines with oxygen in the ratio 16:32 or 1:2 which is a simple ratio.

Question 16.
What is the law of constant proportion?
Answer:
The law states that, “A chemical compound is always found to be made up of the same elements combined together in the same proportion by weight.” Example: Water from different sources is collected and decomposed. After decomposition in each sample of water, it is found that the weight of hydrogen and oxygen is according to the ratio 2:16 or 1:8.

Law of constant proportion of matter in light of modern investigations:
Formation of a compound by combination of isotopes of an element with another element puts a question mark on the validity of law of constant proportion. For example, Lead has two isotopes with atomic mass 206 and 208.

First isotope of lead combines with oxygen in the ratio 206:16 while the second reacts in the ratio 208:16. But compounds formed in nature are generally mixture of isotopes and the atomic mass of the element is the average of the atomic masses of various isotopes. Thus, composition of chemical compound remains fixed. Therefore, validity of this law is doubtful.

Question 17.
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when: (NCERT)

1. 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
2. 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 gm of dioxygen.

Answer:
The balanced equation for the combustion of carbon in dioxygen/air is –

1. In air combustion as complete. Therefore, CO₂ produced from the combustion of 1 mole of carbon = 44 gm.
2. As only 16 gm of dioxygen is available, it can combine only with 0.5 mole of carbon i.e. dioxygen is the limiting reactant. Hence, CO₂ produced = 22 gm.

Question 18.
Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass percent of iron and oxygen are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively. Given that the molar mass of the oxide is 159.8 gm mol^-1. (Atomic mass Fe = 55.85, O = 16.00 a.m.u.) (NCERT)
Solution:
Calculate empirical formula same as

Empirical formula = Fe₂O₃.
E.F. mass of Fe₂O₃ = 2 × 55.85 + 3 × 16 = 159.7 gm/mol
 = \(\frac{159.8}{159.7}\) = 1
M.F. = E.F × n
= Fe₂O₃ × 1
M.F. = Fe₂O₃.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Short Answer Type Questions – II

Question 1.
Explain the Gay Lussac’s law of gas volume?
Or, One volume of nitrogen combine with 3 volume of hydrogen to give 2 volume of ammonia. Which law supported by this ratio ? Write statement of this law?
Answer:
Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes:
When gases react together, they do so in volumes which bear simple ratio to one another and to the volumes of the gaseous products provided all measurements were made under similar condition of temperature and pressure.
For example:

Simple ratio of 1:3:2
Hence above example illustrate law of gacous volume.

Question 2.
Define molality of a solution and also write its formula?
Answer:
Molality of solution may be defined as the number of moles of the solute dis¬solved per 1000 gm of the solvent. It is represented by m.
Molality =

Question 3.
Convert the following into SI unit:

1. 28.7 pm
2. 15.15 fts
3. 25365 mg.

Solution:

1. SI uint of length is made28.7 pm × \(\frac { 10^{ -12 } }{ 1pm } \) = 2.87 × 10^-11 m.
2. SI unit of time is second 15.5 µs × \(\frac { 10^{ -6 } }{ 1\mu s } \) = 1.515 × 10^-5s.
3. SI uint of mass is kg 25365 mg × \(\frac { 1g }{ 1000mg } \) = 2.5365 × 10^-2kg.

Question 4.
What is the law of conservation of matter ? What is the present position of this theory?
Answer:
Law of conservation of matter:
In 1744, Lavoisier gave the law of conservation of matter based on the experiments. This law states that when a chemical reaction takes place, the total mass of the system remains the same before and after the reaction. This law is also referred to as the law of indestructibility of matters, which implies that matter can neither be created nor destroyed by any physical or chemical means.
For example: C + O₂ → CO₂

Thus 12 grams of carbon combine with 32 gram oxygen to form 44 gram oxygen. In the light of modern investigations, law of conservation of matter: From modem investigations, it is proved that matter can be changed to energy. In some reactions, some energy is produced which causes loss in mass.
According to Einstein’s famous equation of energy – mass relation,
E = mc²

Where, E = Energy (in erg), m = Mass of the substance (in gm), c = Velocity of light (in cm/sec).
In reactions, which we perform in laboratories, very less quantity of energy is absorbed or produced, so the change in mass is very less and is negligible. Such types of changes can be seen clearly in nuclear reaction (atomic bomb). For ordinary reactions, the law is quite valid.

Question 5.
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when:

1. 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air
2. 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen
3. 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen. (NCERT)

Answer:
The balanced equation for the combustion of carbon in dioxygen/air is:
G

1. In air, combustion is complete. Therefore, CO₂ produced from the combustion of 1 mole of carbon = 44 g.

2. As only 16 g of dioxygen is available, it can combine only with 0 5 mole of carbon, i.e., dioxygen is the limiting reactant. Hence, CO₂ produced = 22 g.

3. Here again, dioxygen is the limiting reactant. 16 g of dioxygen can combine only with 0.5 mole of carbon. CO₂ produced again is equal to 22 g.

Question 6.
State the relation between molecular formula and empirical formula?
Or
What is the molecular formula? Explain it with an example?
Answer:
Molecular formula:
It is defined as the formula which expresses the actual number of atoms of various elements in one molecule of a compound.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)_n
or

Example: The molecular mass of a compound with empirical formula CH₂O is 180.
∴  = \(\frac{180}{12 + 2 + 16}\)
= \(\frac{180}{30}\) = 6
Thus, Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)_n
= (CH₂O)₆
= C₆H₁₂O₆.

Question 7.
Write the difference between Atom and Molecule?
Answer:
Differences between Atom and Molecule:

Question 8.
Differentiate between molarity and molality?
Answer:
Differences between Molarity and Molality:

Question 9.
What is law of reciprocal proportion? Explain?
Answer:
Law of reciprocal proportion or Law of equivalent proportion: This law was put forward by Richter in 1792. It states that: When two different elements unite with the same quantity of a third element the proportions in which they do so will be the same as, or some simple multiple of the proportions in which they unite with each other. Or, Weights of two elements (say A and B) which separately combine with a fixed weight of a third element (C) are either the same or simple multiples of the weights (of A and B) in which they combine with each other.

This law can be explained with the help of the following examples:
Consider three elements carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Element carbon and oxygen combines with a definite mass of hydrogen in the ratio given below:
In methane (CH₄), H:C = 4:12
and in water (H₂O), H:O = 2:16 or 4:32
According to this law if carbon and oxygen combines with each other then their ratio should be 12:32 or some simple multiple of it. We know that in carbon dioxide, CO₂, ratio of C:O = 12:32 which is according to this law. Hence, it illustrates law of reciprocal proportion.

MP Board Class 11 Chemistry Important Questions